- Collection:
- Veterans History Project: Oral History Interviews
- Title:
- Oral history interview of Paul G. Moss
- Creator:
- Eberhard, Sarah
Moss, Paul G., 1918-2010 - Date of Original:
- 2004-02-04
- Subject:
- World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American
Guadalcanal, Battle of, Solomon Islands, 1942-1943
Iwo Jima, Battle of, Japan, 1945
B-29 (Bomber)
Moss, Inez Riley, 1922-2014
Moss, Arthur B., 1922-1998
Moss, Wade
Moss, Fred, 1924-
Peterson, Pete
Kerins, Jack
Gagnon, Rene, 1925-1979
Letcher, John Seymour, 1903-1994
United States. Marine Corps. Marine Division, 3rd
United States. Marine Corps. Marine Regiment, 12th
United States. Navy. Seabees
Mt. Suribachi
Boeing B-29 Superfortress (heavy bomber)
United States. Marine Corps. Marine Artillery - Location:
- Guam, 13.47861, 144.81834
Japan, Volcano Islands, Iwo Jima
Marshall Islands, Enewetak Atoll, 11.5141037, 162.064393241945
New Zealand, -40.900557, 174.885971
Papua New Guinea, Bougainville Island, -5.9631994, 154.9998011
United States, California, San Diego County, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, 33.35386, -117.42558
United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018
United States, Georgia, Atlanta Metropolitan Area, 33.8498, 84.4383
United States, Georgia, Chattahoochee County, Fort Benning, 32.35237, -84.96882
United States, Georgia, Marion County, Buena Vista, 32.31904, -84.51714
United States, Virginia, Stafford County, Marine Corps Base Quantico, 38.48959, -77.46688 - Medium:
- video recordings (physical artifacts)
mini-dv - Type:
- MovingImage
- Format:
- video/quicktime
- Description:
- In this interview, Paul Moss recalls his service in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He describes his early years and education. He recounts his mother's brother's service during World War I and his motivation for enlisting. He details his training, where he met his future wife. He discusses in detail his activities in the Pacific. He relates his trip back to the United States, surprising his wife, Inez, and his transfer to Marine Corps Schools at Quantico to be an instructor. He describes their V-J Day celebration and marriage. He describes what it was like for his parents to have all four of their boys in the service during the war and talks about his brothers. He displays two books written by members of his unit.
Paul Moss was a Marine in the Pacific during World War II.
PAUL MOSS (see wife's interview: Inez Moss) VETERANS HISTORY PROJECT ATLANTA HISTORY CENTER February 4, 2004 Interviewer: Sarah Eberhard Transcriber: Stephanie McKinnell COUNTER 000 Sarah Eberhard: My name is Sarah Eberhard, and today is February 4, 2004. I'm interviewing Paul G. Moss at the Atlanta History Center in Atlanta, Georgia for the Veteran's History Project. If I could get you to state your name and your branch of the service. Paul Moss: My name is Paul G. Moss, M-o-s-s, and I'm a Jr. The branch of service was marine corp. I went into the _ SE: OK, were you drafted or did you enlist yourself? PM: I enlisted as a reserve in June of 1941, prior to Pearl Harbor. I was very close to being drafted but I beat the draft by joining my service that I wanted. SE: Tell us a little bit about your life before the service, what were you working, were you in school, what your family life was like prior to enlisting. PM: Good, I grew up as a son of a railroad agent who moved up and down the tracks. I spent most of my formative years in Buena Vista, Georgia but I graduated from Troy, Alabama high school, finished at the University of Alabama in 1940 and went to work for the Southern Bell telephone company. I, in 1940, I was transferred to Birmingham in 1941. There, in about June of 1941. I knew that I was close to being drafted, so I looked around in several services and decided to go into the marine corps, primarily because my mother's brother was a marine in World War I, and he died of an illness at Parris Island. I, is that it? SE: Did you have any friends that you joined with or had you made the decision just on your own, was there a group of you? PM: Oh, no, I was the only one. I just primarily wanted to beat the draft and select my service, so I joined early, about six months prior to Pearl Harbor, my anticipating going into service selected my service. SE: Did you have any special interests going into the service or areas that you were looking to specialize in, or did they assign you? PM: I had no choice, I mean had no desire to make a choice, other than the marine corps. There was an officer's candidate class for which I was enrolled. And so I did go to officer's candidate school in Quantico, Virginia where I came on active duty. SE: When you first signed up with the reserves, how soon after that did you go to training? PM: I signed up in June of 1941 and shortly after Pearl Harbor I got a call to show up fast, and so I reported for that, orders for duty January of 1942. I went to Quantico, VA, I don't get ahead of your story, but I went to Quantico, VA to the officer's candidates class, the fifth officer's candidates class of the marine corps. We, after our class began, it was shortened from eighteen weeks to nine weeks due to the urgency of having fellows overseas. After finishing the officer's candidates class, I was sent to the reserve officer's class for several weeks in Quantico in the marine corps schools. I finished that about June of [1941], when I was sent to Fort Benning, Georgia, _ training again as a communications officer. I guess I spent about nine weeks at Fort Benning getting that training before going to active duty, active troop assignment in about October of 1942. A side item is that during the time at Fort Benning, which was very close to my home in Andalusia, I went to Andalusia several weekends and there I met Inez Riley, who I later proposed to and married. I visited with her on the way from Fort Benning to Camp Pendleton, stopping at Waco, Texas for several days. I reported to Camp Pendleton in about October or November of 1941, well '42, I'm sorry, and was assigned to the 12th marines, an artillery unit of the 3rd marine division. That would have been in about November of 1942. I may be getting far ahead of the story, but we was put aboard a ship in January of '43, I guess it was and sent to New Zealand, an entire division. I think we were sent to New Zealand because the Japanese had made such a run in the south pacific that the people in New Zealand were a little bit squeamish about having protection. All of their men had been with the British in South Africa as part of that troop and so they didn't have many men and many defenses left. We stayed there for several months before going up to Guadalcanal which was… [background voices] Oh yeah, in New Zealand, we carried on some maneuvers, this is prior to going to Guadalcanal. The last maneuver we had was going up into the country of the _ I think there was a _ of New Zealand to shoot our artillery. During this time, one of the units make a battery called our colonel and told him that they had just barbecued a _ big and would he come and join them for the feast. He delightfully did so, having been with a family on a wild pig feast earlier. He, and they knew of his desire. It turned out that the next morning after the feast, the regimental commander called Colonel Letcher and asked him said what in the world are you doing killing this farmer's pig, and not only that but you tore down his fence to cook it. The colonel was just aghast because this had pulled on him, and it was a true thing, I don't think he took any punishment for it, it was the case. Shortly after that, we went up to Guadalcanal. The islands were still being strafed by the Japanese and this was at a time of the Kennedy episode in _ in the Solomon islands where his boat went down. We were there in a coconut grove and constantly fearing that some Japanese would be coming towards us. It never happened, but we did get the strafing almost every night from the Japanese aircraft. SE: Now what type of facilities, had much been built there in terms of a base shed or… PM: Oh, no, I'm glad you asked this. At New Zealand, we had wooden decks and tents on top of the wooden decks, so we had fairly comfortable arrangements. But when we got to Guadalcanal we had only tents to spread and we put, our tents were located in a coconut grove which had been commercially owned, I'm sure. And we stayed there until we got aboard ship to go on our operations. But that was a pretty crude and yet, there were some prominent visitors, I don't know who, I think Mrs. Roosevelt came, because quite a few prominent visitors had came. I didn't hear any of them. SE: Was there much of an airfield yet there at that time or _? PM: They had just completed that airfield, Henderson field I guess it was, it was the only one there I think. And it was of course actively used. There was a need for keeping our fighters _ airfield so that they could protect, they could strafe the New Guinea area and the upper part of the Solomon islands. So we were sent to Bouganville, landed there about the first of November 1943. And this was a volcanic island, very crude position there. We went aboard a sandy beach and, of course were strafed by the Japanese there almost every night. We came into some torrential rains there and bogged down up to our knees in the sand, and then we dug our foxholes, they were filled up with water because of the torrential rains. And so when the Japanese would come strafing most of us didn't hesitate to duck and jump into the water filled foxholes. But the next morning we'd get up and find holes all in the sand where they had gotten tree_ or where bombs and they were scattered all over the area, so we were very fortunate none of those fragments hit us. But we were there so that the Seabees could come and build an airfield. The fighters _ needed protection to fly into New Guinea. We built one airfield and then we built a second airfield, that was, or rather the Seabees did. They were, my job was a telephone and radio officer. And so we were constantly having trouble with our wires and used to direct the guns and their firings. Forward observers stayed with the advanced troops and telephoned with instructions about firing back to the gun positions. We built a second airfield there and we were disturbed one day by looking out and seeing this ground just wave, looked like it was rolling water, and it was of course an earthquake I guess you'd call it, an earthquake. And we did have a mountain there that came in for some fun. People told the colonel that they could see the gun that was firing at us. We were getting shot at by artillery pieces from the Japanese. We had landed on the side of the island opposite from where they were based, so when they got in position to see us, they were shooting artillery towards us. When we turned, kept shooting our rifles, how howitzers to this place that there was being directed by the forward observers, it finally became aware that we were not going to reach it with our artillery. The colonel finally asked the observer, said what are you shooting at? You are shooting at the volcano, and of course that's what they were shooting in, so we had mistaken that. I guess that we were there through the first of the year and as soon as we had gotten the airfields built, the fighters started coming in very fast. SE: And that would have been in early '44? PM: That would have been, the landing was in '43, wasn't it, I said, and yes, in early '44 we left there and went back to Guadalcanal for bivouacs. The next operation we knew in advance where it was, and they had showed us maps of it and showed us that there was going to be a very heavy bomber base there. We had no idea what a very heavy bomber was, but when we got to that operation, it turned out that we were aboard a ship and for about a month. We went back and forth close to the Mariannas every night so that we could go in and support the 4th division that had landed there, you know whether they would need us or not at night, if they didn't need us, they'd turn around and the ships would go back out to sea. Finally after about twenty days we went back to [Inowetok] and we were allowed to get off the ship and go aboard in the bay then the water in that atoll, and we loaded up and instead of going to Guam on the 19th of June, which had bee planned, we went in at about the 19th of July, that delay having been to support the Mariannas. We went to Guam, again, we landed on a beach which was opposite the ones where the Japanese were. It was a very unlikely spot with coral reefs going extensively 5 or 600 yards out into the water. So the water was very low when the low tide was _, we could walk on the coral reef. This made the landing rather difficult, so our landing craft usually went into the fresh water inlet where the creek came out so that we could get ashore without too much exposure on the coral reef. On that _ after we got out of the landing craft, we were in the early phases with the general and the advance guards going ashore so they could direct the infantry. We went in to establish artillery support for them and so to get to our regimental headquarters of fire control center, we went up this little creek several hundred yards and established a fire control spot where we could direct our artillery support of the infantry when the army came in. This was fine and we were there for about five days, very, feeling very comfortable about it. We had no contact back _ with the Japanese. And all of the sudden we had overrun all of the infantry ahead of us and were overrunning our position, and the hospital and the division headquarters. As a matter of fact, one of my good friend was killed in that attack from the Japanese. Unfortunately I was out doing my morning duties when they became shooting. One of the fellows remembered very much the fact that I had to run from the latrine with my pants down. But, it was a very fortunate thing we came through it fairly well. Earlier when I was coming ashore, I had been under fire from the grenades and a grenade hit my knapsack which I had tossed aside and hidden behind a tree, but they hit the knapsack and the only thing that survived was a picture that I had of Inez, which I had taken overseas with me. I still have that, and we have a dent in the frame showing that attack, but I didn't have any damage from it, I came out safely. I guess it took us twenty five or thirty days to secure our position there, then we moved on up into a more comfortable coconut grove area. We stayed there, the infantry carried out some mopping up operations of stragglers in the Japanese fire. We found a tremendous amount of Japanese food and many of us were, had a tendency to eat that food because it was some of the best we had seen. We were constantly warned that _ should be very careful because it could be poisoned. SE: Now, I want to just for a moment give a time frame on this, that this is taking place, that you're moving on to this point where this is going on. PM: We landed about I think it was July 19th, or maybe… And the counter attack came about five days later after we had gotten ashore. Twenty days later we moved on in inland to a more secure spot on the opposite side of the island. We had, our infantry carried out mop up operations. SE: That would have been later on, about August or September? PM: Right. And we were very comfortable at Guam and had secured the entire island very well. Although some stragglers were found several years later I think. We stayed at Guam until about February of '45, I guess it was, January or February of '45, when we went ashore to, incidentally before I leave it, I wanted to say that I did go up to the airfield at Guam and see the very heavy bombers which was a B-29 that had come there and were going to be used to shoot at Japan, carry bombs to Japan. Which brought up the next operation, we went up to Iwo to give the airplanes a landing spot. We were losing B-29s because they'd run out of gas, it'd be hit by anti aircraft weapons. But we went up to Iwo Jima and we were the third _ division was the third division. We were also the third division that was ashore there because two other marine divisions went in the initial contact. We were _ ashore the fifth day at Iwo Jima. On that fifth day, or maybe it was the fourth day, the flag was raised at Iwo, and we saw it from shipboard. But we landed that same day I think. Then that capture, that high point, and given the flag there, took the Japanese observation of us away to a degree. And so that they could not train their artillery in on us. We were an artillery unit too, and we went over the island to the opposite side from where we landed is a couple of hundred yards, it's a very small island, and established gun positions and fire control units. We stayed in that position, and we're right under the airfield, for the time that we were there, some twenty or twenty five days. The, we were there to see the first aircraft land on the airstrip, which was quite a cheerful point, it got cheers from everybody from seeing that aircraft safely. I understand that about 2000 aircraft landed there before, in these next few months. So you can see that was with ten or twelve guys aboard on each aircraft, you can see there was a significant number of people that we helped out by having that island. Now this was of course, _ late March of 1945, went back to Guam where we were in supposedly retreat and rest spot. But about five days after I'd been there, the colonel came to me saying that PG, how soon can you be ready to go to the states. I told him in fifteen minutes. And so he says well be in the JEEP at two o'clock because there's an airplane going back to Hawaii and get on it. So I went up to, and of course delighted to find that I could get back to the states and left everything that I had there. But I got aboard this aircraft with no air control on it at all _, and so when we got up to 20,000 feet it was pretty cold. And we flew to Johnson island in Hawaii. In Hawaii I stayed for about five days waiting for transportation to the United States. I got back in early April to San Francisco from Honolulu. And immediately I couldn't get Inez on the telephone in San Francisco so I went on down to the Los Angeles area where she was and waited for… what's that? Yeah, I had to buy uniforms in San Francisco to be civilized again. And went down to, what is _ name again, Santa Ana, El Toro base where Inez was stationed. I waited until she got in and we finally got together and I stayed there for about four or five days. SE: But she had no idea that you were going to show up? PM: Oh, no, she couldn't. There was no way I could get in touch with her. SE: So she came back, or she came in, and you were just sitting there waiting for her? PM: Something like that. I had a real good friend who had given me the name of his family in Santa Ana so I had a place to stay, and they were delightful, the _ family, gave me a place to stay while I was there. And they even loaned us a car didn't they, they gave us a car that Inez and I visited San Bernadino and up the mountains over there in the San Bernadino area… [off-mike, unclear] PM: Yeah, up San Bernadino, it was that first night was a hell of a commotion wasn't it? [off-mike, unclear] PM: Yes, Long Beach. And then we went on over to Palm Springs and the whole area, the Knotts Berry Farm. We just had a nice time but for four or five days. Then I left here and came back to my home in Andalusia, AL to visit my parents before going to Quantico. I had orders to go into marine corps schools at Quantico where I served as an artillery instructor, communications artillery instructor to an officer's class at Quantico. There I was when V-J day came, Inez was up, and I got, because of a high number of points that I had, I had immediate deactivation orders. I think on the 9th of September, some such day as that. And so I was sent home fast. We did have a wonderful opportunity of seeing the _ parade in Washington with about as many aircraft over Washington as I've ever seen, looked like a solid blanket of aircraft over Washington to celebrate V-J day and celebrating Admiral Nimitz _ was back in that time too. So it was a delightful time, we went, I was given my separation orders and I went to Cherry Point to get Inez. And we went home and planned our wedding and planned that we would get married and get her out of service. SE: How did you go about that, getting her to Cherry Point from California? PM: I just went to the headquarters and asked them how could they do it. I found a fellow who was grudgingly willing to transfer, he wouldn't transfer her to the Washington area, but he said he'd get her back to the east coast. I didn't know she was going to Cherry Point, but I didn't see how I could commute to El Toro very well. SE: So what, how long was it after you got out that she was able to get out, what was the time, how much longer did she have to be in? PM: She was out in November I guess, maybe two months. We went home for… IM: It was probably a shorter time than that because you came from Quantico down to Cherry Point to meet me and then we came to Atlanta and on to Andalusia, so _ stayed very long _. Anyway, we were there but when we went back to get me out, it was only a matter of a couple of days. So he had the _ time _ status _. PM: I didn't cover that earlier, but I was working with the telephone company when I went overseas, and I was in Birmingham when I went in the service. They gave me a leave of absence, military leave, and I returned to them in Atlanta and they assigned me to Atlanta for work here after the war. So I've probably left a lot out, but that's the… IM: You might mention that you had three brothers who were in service too as marines _. They all came through without a scratch. PM: Three of us were in the Pacific area at one time. One was in 4th division, he was, and I was in the 3rd division. He was in the Marianna islands and I was at Guam. And he was, he got, he was sent back to Perdue to go to school after his operation, which was shortly after I got back home I guess. My mother and father had a rough time because there were three of us in the marines. And one went through the quartermaster service in the army so there were four of us all in service. SE: There were four children in the family? PM: That's all, four boys. SE: And every single one of you was involved? PM: Oh, absolutely. SE: What was the, we talked earlier about your communication with Inez, but what communication was with your family? How long did it take for them to, or how often were you able to stay in touch with them? COUNTER 447 PM: Oh I could stay in touch with them but I couldn't identify my locations. And so I don't know that they knew where I was until after the fact _. And I think its probably true of Inez too, she didn't have any idea where I was. But because _, we were censoring, I was a censor, I censored all the mail for fellows. I didn't say anything about my reunions. I have not kept up with my outfit, but I had about 75 or 80 fellows with whom I was working. I was the communication officer, and they were the wire men and the radiomen. Our function was to keep communications between the forward observers and the gun positions. And so we had to lay wire and use radio. In 1975, I got a call from a fellow and he said that he was so and so, and I didn't know the name, John somebody. He said he was in Jacksonville, Florida and said he had been trying to find me, said he was in my outfit. And I asked him, I said well I'm glad to hear from you. He says well Pete Peterson lives right close to you, and I didn't remember Pete but he told me who he was. He said they were going to have a reunion in Atlanta very shortly and they wanted me to come. These were the enlisted fellows had been having this reunion for fifteen and twenty years after the war, they had had it regularly every year, got together. And so they were meeting in Atlanta with Pete who lived fairly close to me. I went to that in 1975, and they meet every year, and I've been several times. I didn't miss, I missed the last one, but we still stay in touch. We're down now to about thirty guys I guess, and so it's harder to get together but we do stay in touch. As a matter of fact, Pete has written this book which he says is still a PFC I think. This is his wartime experience and this is a copy which I'll be glad to make, you can have. That's not the autographed one is it, no. This is another one by a fellow, Jack [Kerins] who was a radio operator. He happened to be in the ditch with me when we were under fire going in Guam. And we've since enjoyed swapping stories about it, we still stay in touch with him, I've talked with him in the last couple of months. And you know this book, this is one that you can have also, _ he wrote, and it's primarily his personal experience as a marine and it describes the conditions. SE: Were these _ IM: Just magazines, this is a brief history of the 12th Marines _. This magazine you can have to keep. SE: These came out during… IM: This is October '43, and this is _ later, I'm not sure when. [inaudible] PM: My colonel, battalion commander of the 1st battalion, was a brother-in-law of the fellow who defended Wake Island, what was his name?, a major who, marine major who defended Wake Island when it was under attack was a brother-in-law of mine. Oh yes, and one of the fellows in my outfit was an aircraft observer, I mean an air observer, he went up and spotted targets for our artillery and telephoned them back. He was a Connelly, he was a brother of John Connelly of Texas, governor of Texas, I don't remember his name, we did have it, but… SE: And when you have your reunions, people are coming from all over the country. PM: Oh yes, California too, and most of them are in the Indiana area, middle America, some in Missouri, all over the country. We have met here a couple of times. IM: We're celebrating our 50th anniversary by having the marine corps reunion _. SE: Was there anything else you'd like to add, any particular information, your training or your _, any other just experiences that you _. PM: One of the interesting experiences I had was when I flew from Hawaii to San Francisco. I was sitting in the right hand seat and the left hand seat next to me was this fellow [Gonya] who was one of the fellows in the picture of the flag at Iwo Jima. He was one of the five fellows that posed in that and I had a nice visit with him all the way. I never did stay in contact with him, wish I would had. He was being brought back for selling a bond, war bonds. SE: So that raising of the flag at Iwo Jima had an immediate impact, the photo? PM: Oh yes, it was… I have a copy that was presented by the photographer to a friend of mine, and so he gave it me also, passed it along to me. And it is a very symbolic moment of course, but it is a… another interesting fact is that at Iwo Jima one of the largest concentrations of artillery that we've ever had was involved in what we call rowing barrage. And people have described the washboard effect on Iwo Jima as being filled with caves with Japanese and it was a very deeply entrenched positions. And so about sixty pieces of artillery were involved in a roving barrage that raised sights a little bit for the Japanese, and this was a tremendous experience for us because it was a corps artillery and the artillery from three divisions was all involved in it. SE: I also wanted to mention again, I found it very interesting when you were talking about the flag going up. At the time, we think of it being a symbolic photo now, but it was also as you mentioned, a diversion for US troops coming in, from the Japanese, were diverted from that going on where as others were coming in. PM: Well the _ was that Iwo Jima served as an observation post for them. They could see the entire island so any time that the troops came ashore, they had a perfect sight on where to shoot and defend the island. Getting to the top of the island eradicated that observation post. And there were still… TAPE 2-SIDE A COUNTER 000 …many others and that's _ fighting going on another fifteen days I guess or three weeks. But it was quite an event that brought down cheers from the whole island where all the marines aboard were delighted to see that flag up. And of course as you know, there was a smaller flag placed up there originally, and these troops were sent up to pose for this flag after the fact. But it was a very symbolic message to the troops that everybody in the island saw. SE: I'd like to wrap up with you both mentioned that you have plans you're going to the dedication of the World War II memorial. Are you going to be getting together with any of your marine friends up there, do you have any special plans involved for that? PM: We will communicate with each other about it, but we don't have any plans to be with them. Our family is very much our three adult children, are very much wrapped up in the fact that their mother and daddy were marines, and so they don't let anything happen without letting us know about it. IM: There are several marines in the area that we _ hope to generate interest in _ because _ there are supposed to reunions all over the _ it should be a real fine time. Mentioned that all these men were enlisted and it was totally amazing what _ to do, _ so proud of _. PM: _ vice president of the American Cancer Society, responsible for raising funds, there was one in Annapolis was a very successful building contractor I guess a construction contractor and has done quite well. All of these fellows have been extremely well. SE: Did a lot of them come back and go back to school? PM: Oh yes. And Inez reminded me of a story, we went through Texas and stopped out beyond Fort Worth, wasn't it?, and talked, visited one of our guys and he was quite amazed that she, rather me, says heck that's what they called it. IM: One reunion in Annapolis and they have a home overlooking the bay, and _ Annapolis and look at all those houses _ bricks on them, they're all mine. _ Washington and we were kind of about the Iwo Jima memorial and we stopped _ person that we asked was a Japanese tourist. But it was fun to have the picture of all these guys at _ memorial, that meant a lot and enriched out lives so much. PM: This is the finest group of fellows you ever saw in your life, and they've been successful, all of them have wonderful mates, wives, we've enjoyed both their wives and them. SE: Had, do you keep up through email and… PM: Nothing formal, but we do have, they do have annual reunions and we telephone calls and communications. SE: Well, I think we're about at a stopping point here, so I'm going to go ahead and turn this off and get it rewound here. COUNTER 051 - Metadata URL:
- http://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/cdm/ref/collection/VHPohr/id/269
- Additional Rights Information:
- This material is protected by copyright law. (Title 17, U.S. Code) Permission for use must be cleared through the Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center. Licensing agreement may be required.
- Extent:
- 50:13
- Original Collection:
- Veterans History Project oral history recordings
Veterans History Project collection, MSS 1010, Kenan Research Center, Atlanta History Center - Contributing Institution:
- Atlanta History Center
- Rights:
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