{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"mus_sovcom_50-2-17","title":"Barrett, Richard: Rebuttal File Exhibit AA","collection_id":"mus_sovcom","collection_title":"Sovereignty Commission Online","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036"],"dcterms_creator":["Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission"],"dc_date":["1997"],"dcterms_description":["Records collected by the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission on Richard Barrett, founder and leader of the Nationalist Movement, a white supremacist organization based in Learned, Mississippi.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["from Barrett, Richard: Rebuttal File Exhibit AA, Sovereignty Commission records, Mississippi Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of Series 2515 : Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records Online, 1994-2006"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Segregationists--Mississippi","Political candidates--Mississippi","White supremacy movements","Lawyers--Mississippi","Nationalist Movement (Learned, Miss.)","Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission"],"dcterms_title":["Barrett, Richard: Rebuttal File Exhibit AA"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Mississippi. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.mdah.ms.gov/arrec/digital_archives/sovcom/imagelisting.php?foldercheckbox%5B%5D=1445%7C50%7C2%7C%7C17"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records are state government records made available to the public pursuant to American Civil Liberties Union v. Fordice, 969 F.Supp. 403 (S.D.Miss.1994). The web-enabled version of the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records is intended for public use in research, teaching, and private study in accordance with the provisions of the Fair Use clause of the United States Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). MDAH makes no warranty or assurances that materials contained in this collection are free from U.S. copyright claims or other restrictions on free use and display. It is the user's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright or other use restrictions when publishing or distributing materials found in this collection. MDAH requests that prior to publication of Sov. Com. images the user submit an MDAH Broadcast/Publication Permission form for approval by the Department. This form must be accompanied by documentation which proves that copyright requirements have been satisfied. Contact MDAH Reference Staff for details on how to obtain and complete the B/PP form: (601) 576 6876 or refdesk@mdah.state.ms.us. There are no MDAH Use Fees associated with use of Sov. Com. images. MDAH asks that each image used in a presentation, display, or publication be accompanied by a credit line, which at a minimum includes the name of this collection, the unique resource identifier for each image, the name of this institution, and URL. ; Cite images according to the following structure: Original Creator, \"Title\", Original creation date (if known), Unique Resource Identifier, Series Number and Title, Archival Repository, date of last web page revision, image location/URL, (image viewed on date)."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Barrett, Richard, 1943-2010"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid012","title":"Clipping, Newspaper","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Chattanooga News-Free Press"],"dc_date":["1960-04-07/1960-04-30"],"dcterms_description":["Series of Chattanooga News-Free Press clippings about desegregation actions and protests in April 1960. a1,2) \"School Board Meets To Face Integration Suit Next Week\" Details a federal suit seeking desegregation of Chattanooga public schools and the response of the city school board. April 7, 1960. b) \"To Avoid Integration: What To Do\" Newspaper editorial concerning the Supreme Court decision against racial segregation in schools and their proposed alternative to that decision. April 7, 1960. c1,2) \"Negroes Ask Integration Within City\" Provides detailed discussion of federal suit brought against Chattanooga city schools to force racial integration of the schools. April 7, 1960. d1,2) \"Board Expected Federal Appeal\" Details the city school board's response to desegregate its school since the 1955 Supreme Court decision and their justifications. April 7, 1960. e) \"Integration Suit Papers Being Served On Supt. Letson, Others\" Details the summonses served to eight Chattanooga city school authorities regarding the integration suit. April 8, 1960. f) \"Letson, Petersen Are Served Writs\" Details federal marshall's serving of writs to three Chattanooga school board authorities and the outstanding warrants. April 9, 1960. g) \"Integration Suits Served\" Details the summonses served to eight Chattanooga city school authorities regarding the integration suit. April 9, 1960. h1,2) \"6 School Locations Would Avoid Mixing\" Details assessment of schools based on zoning of how desegregation would impact local schools. April 11, 1960. i1,2) \"City School Integration Suit's Hearing Unlikely Until '61\" Details the timeline for the suit against the city school board to be heard in court. April 11, 1960. j) \"Central Not In Race Suit\" Correction to article on April 11, 1960 regarding which schools would be impacted by desegregation. April 12, 1960. k) \"Integration Writ Given 5 On Board\" Details the delivery of five more summonses to school board authorities regarding the integration suit. April 12, 1960. L) \"School Board Plans Discussion On Suit\" Details planned school board meeting to discuss its answer to the suit. April 14, 1960. m) \"Sit-Down Here Investigated\" Details police response to report of sit-down at Krystal restaurant, which turned out to be an error. April 14, 1960. n) \"Negroes Picket On Market St.; 10 Youths Carry Signs Urging Boycott Of Stores With Segregated Facilities\" Details a picket on Market Street by ten African American youths urging a boycott of stores with segregated facilities. April 16, 1960. o1,2) \"Negroes Picket Variety Stores In Boycott Plea\" Details a picket on Market Street by 20 African American youths urging a boycott of stores with segregated facilities. Also, a side story of an automobile accident involving Klu Klux Klansmen and an African American man. April 17, 1960. p) \"Negroes Pray In Mid-Street\" Short notice of seven African American ministers who prayed for the end of Jim Crow at the intersection of Market and E. 9th Streets. April 18, 1960. q1,2) \"Segregation Hit By Negro Groups In Actions Here\" Details three sets of actions taken by African Americans in town including, seven ministers praying at the intersection of Market and E. 9th Streets, picketing Market Street stores, and sit-ins at variety stores' lunch counters. April 19, 1960. r1,2) \"Principal To See (1) If Any Howard High Pupils In Monday Sit-Down, (2) If Letson Order Applies\" Details Howard School principal, C.C. Bond, questioning if school superintendent's directive against students participation in demonstrations applied in recent sit-ins and if his students were involved. April 19, 1960. s) Photograph used in newspaper article, April 19, 1960, found in 2016.004.007.r(1). t1,2) \"Picketing Quiet By Negroes Here\" Details picketing actions of seven African American youths on Market Street and some following sit-ins at downtown variety store lunch counters. As well as school principals responses to these actions. April 20, 1960. u) \"New Question For 'Mixing'\" Briefly details the education board's motion to eliminate the inclusion of teachers from the recent integration suit. April 26, 1960. v1,2) \"Education Board Asks Limitation In Negroes' Suit\" Details the education board's motion to eliminate the inclusion of teachers from the city's recent integration suit. April 26, 1960. w) \"15 Negro Youths Hold New Sit-In\" Briefly details a lunch counter sit-in by African American students. April 20, 1960. x1,2) \"Sitdown Link Denied By Howard Principal\" Details Howard school principal C.C. Bond's investigation of the students who participated in the new sit-in and his conclusion that they were not in violation of a non-participation directive issued by the school board following the February demonstrations. April 21, 1960. y) \"Sit-Ins Are Held At 4 Stores Here\" Briefly details a lunch counter sit-in at McClellan, Woolworth, and W. T. Grant stores. April 30, 1960. z) \"Police Called In Kress Sit-In\" Details an incident at Kress Store in which African American students were conducting a sit-in and complaining about a lack of courtesy by the store's staff. April 30, 1960. aa) \"Letson Finds 'Sit-In' Order Not Violated\" Details position of John Letson, superintendent of city schools, that there had not been a violation of his February conduct directive by students who gathered downtown in early April. April 22, 1960"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Chattanooga News-Free Press Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Clipping, Newspaper"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/425FF1E7-36C0-4CD8-986A-011388397918"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid009","title":"Clipping, Newspaper","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Chattanooga News-Free Press"],"dc_date":["1960-02-05/1960-02-26"],"dcterms_description":["Series of Chattanooga News-Free Press clippings about the Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation actions in February 1960. a) \"Revises Petition On Court Stand\" Details a revised Congressional petition by Charles Ballinger, and supported by J. P. McCallie, charging the Supreme Court with over-reach in its 1955 school desegregation ruling. February 5, 1960. b1,2) \"Negroes 'Sit Down' Here; No Incident, No Service\" Details the actions of 30 Howard School students sitting at the lunch counters of F. W. Woolworth and McLellan Stores. Additional information about other lunch counter sit ins in the South. February 20, 1960. c1,2) \"About 200 Negroes In Sitdowns at Four Stores\" Details the actions of 200 students sitting at the lunch counters of F. W. Woolworth, McLellan Stores, W. T. Grant Co., and S. H. Kress \u0026 Co. February 23, 1960. d1,2) \"200 Negro Students Sit Down At 4 Stores\" Details the actions of 200 students sitting at the lunch counters of F. W. Woolworth, McLellan Stores, W. T. Grant Co., and S. H. Kress \u0026 Co. February 23, 1960. e) \"The Sitdown\" Two photographs, one showing a mostly unoccupied lunch counter for \"Negroes,\" the other shows the white lunch counter with African American students sitting at it. There is a sign on that counter saying it is closed. February 23, 1960. f1,2) \"Negroes Seek Admission To city White Schools Now\" Details the request by James R. Mapp, Josephine Maxey, Rev. H. H. Kirnon to move their children to Glenwood School and to immediately and totally integrate Chattanooga schools. February 23, 1960. g1,2) \"Mixing Lawsuit Expected Here\" Details the Chattanooga School Board's response to the request for \"total integration\" of city schools, headed by James Mapp, president of the Chattanooga chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). February 23, 1960. h) \"Chamber's Education Committee Keeps Hands-Off On Integration\" Details the Chamber of Commerce's decision to defer studying school integration until the School Board resolves the issue. February 23, 1960. i1,2) \"Mixed School Demand Seen\" Details the James Mapps' \"request\" for school integration will formally be changed to a \"demand\" with an answer within 10 days. February 24, 1960. j1,2) \"Board to Receive Written Demand\" Details James Mapp change from a verbal request to a written demand to the school board to integrate the public schools. February 24, 1960. k1,2) \"All Police Called To Duty, Patrols Being Stepped Up\" Details Police Chief Ed Brown's emergency order to call in off-duty patrolmen and 40 auxiliary officers in response to the \"brawling\" that happened that afternoon due to lunch counter sit-ins. February 24, 1960. L1,2) \"Near Race Riot of 500 Teen-Agers Leaves 12 Arrested, Several Injured, 1 in Hospital\" Details results of \"near race riot\" after white students confronted African American students who were engaged in a lunch counter sit-in at Kress, Woolworths, W, T, Grant, and McLellan's. The 11 white students arrested are named, along with the single black student. There are numerous photographs in this article. February 24, 1960. m1,2) \"Racial Fight Breaks Out In Market Street Store; Negro, 11 Whites Arrested\" Gives detailed account of the \"race riot\" at Kress store caused by 150 white students resisting the 50 black students involved in a lunch counter sit-in and its aftermath. February 24, 1960. n1,2) \"School Head Acts To Stop Riots\" Details school superintendent John Letson's request that all students stay away from the downtown area during the afternoon and the developments following the \"race riot\" with regards to charges against the white students and black student. February 24, 1960. o1,2) \"White Boy Fined, Negro Is Bound\" Details court actions taken on students arrested during the \"racial fight.\" February 25, 1960. p) \"Mayor Calls On Citizens To Limit Trips Downtown\" Details Mayor Olgiati's request that citizens limit their activities downtown, parents have their children come straight home after school, and that everyone respect police requests for disperse. February 25, 1960. q1,2) \"Expulsions Await Those Joining Mobs\" Details school superintendent John Letson's policy aimed at limiting student involvement in either demonstrations or counter-demonstrations downtown. Also mentioned are the responses of private and parochial schools. February 25, 1960. r1,2) \"Police Crackdown, Stiff Penalties Brought To Bear On Mobs To Cool Heat Of Downtown Racial Rioting\" Details police actions related to demonstration and crowds including the arrest of 14 whites and 13 blacks, providing names of those arrested. February 25, 1960. s) \"Scenes of Racial Rioting As Mobs Shifted Over Downtown Area\" Five photographs with captions of the police response to the crowds surrounding the second demonstration. February 25, 1960. t1,2) \"Restraint Noted City Officials, Policemen, Public Generally Keep Down Mob Temper\" Provides detailed description of second demonstration and resulting tension. Includes five photographs with captions. February 25, 1960. u) \"'God Help Us,' A Woman Cries At Spectacle on Alien Streets\" A literary description of the protest and crowd response of the second demonstration. February 35, 1960. v) \"Firemen Switch To Police Duty\" Details city decision to assign 25 firemen to police duty \"for as long as needed\" and to increase shifts to 12 hours. February 25, 1960. w) \"Second Time For City To Use Hose On Crowd\" Notes the last time firemen has to use water against a crowd was in 1917 during a strike. February 25, 1960. x) Two photographs with captions. One shows firemen hosing down the crowd. The other shows police chasing after a rock thrower. February 25, 1960. y1,2) \"Fire Hoses Curb Milling Crowd, Negroes Turned Off Market, Cool Heads Prevent Big Blowup\" Gives detailed account of police and fire actions related to demonstration and gathered crowds, including names of people arrested. February 25, 1960. z) \"Pastor Asks End To Hostile Acts\" Details statement from Rev. Samuel Wiley, president of the Chattanooga Pastor's Association, appealing to all citizens for an immediate end to all hostile acts and to come together for the sake of the community. February 26, 1960. aa) Photograph used in newspaper article 2016.004.004.e. A white woman wearing a uniform is behind a lunch counter, working. The lunch counter is empty except for two African American young men who are sitting at the counter. Another African American young man is walking towards the counter."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Chattanooga News-Free Press Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Discrimination in public accommodations--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Clipping, Newspaper"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/4CDE5151-C2C1-438A-888C-512417512147"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gych_rbrl001rbrcx","title":"Richard B. Russell, Jr. collection, subgroup c, series x: civil rights, 1922-1971","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971"],"dc_date":["1922/1971"],"dcterms_description":["Subgroup C, Series X. Civil Rights is organized into forty-two subseries: A. Anti-lynching; B. Carter, Hodding - Articles; C. Civil Rights; D. Bills and Legislations; E. Civil Rights Commission; F. Civil Rights Fight; G. Cloture; H. Demonstrations; I. Fair Employment Practices Commission [FEPC]; J. Federal Registrar's Bill; K. Filibuster; L. Guidelines; M. Housing; N. Integration - Pro; O. Literacy Vote Bill; P. Little Rock; Q. NAACP; R. Negro; S. Negro Relocation; T. Negro Repatriation; U. Negro Resettlement; V. Negro-Ray Sprigle Articles; W. Poll Tax; X. Racial; Y. Racial-Alabama; Z. Racial - Mississippi; AA. Racial-Out of State; BB. Racial Segregation; CC. Requests for Civil Rights Material; DD. Riot Commission; EE. Riots; FF. Rule Change; GG. School Segregation; HH. Schools; II. Schools - Integration Directives; JJ. Segregation; KK. Segregation in the Armed Services; LL. Slander of the South; MM. Southern Caucus; NN. States' Rights; OO. Supreme Court; and PP. Constituent Correspondence Answered by Robo.","Materials Separated from the Resource:   John C. Stennis Papers, Mitchell Memorial Library, Mississippi State University, Lyndon B. Johnson Papers, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Richard B. Russell, Jr. Gubernatorial Papers, Georgia Department of Archives and History, U.S. Senate. Committee on Appropriations, Center for Legislative Archives, NARA, U.S. Senate. Committee on Armed Services, Center for Legislative Archives, NARA.","Processing Information: Clippings have been copied onto bond paper for protection of content. Artifacts, photographs, books, and audiovisual materials have been separated for preservation purposes and inventoried. Case mail, cross-reference copies, and military academies are closed. Additional files are restricted throughout the collection, as noted in the container listing.","The Richard B. Russell, Jr. Collection, Subgroup C, Series X: Civil Rights relates to many aspects of the civil rights issue. Almost all of the files deal with black-white relations in the United States, particularly those involving legislative action during Senator Russell's career in the Senate. Issues, such as the antilynching bill, the Fair Employment Practices Committee, racial integration, and the various civil rights bills from 1948 until 1964, are documented. There are also records related to other topics such as cloture, the literacy voting bill, the poll tax, school prayer, and some subjects which are indirectly related to the race issue. Any additional non-textual materials originally filed with papers were removed for preservation purposes and improved access. These materials include photographs, audiovisual items, scrapbooks, vertical files, memorabilia, and books.","Subgroup C, Series X. Civil Rights relates to many aspects of the civil rights issue. Almost all of the files deal with black-white relations in the United States, particularly those involving legislative action during Senator Russell's career in the Senate. Issues, such as the antilynching bill, the Fair Employment Practices Committee, racial integration, and the various civil rights bills from 1948 until 1964, are documented. There are also records related to other topics such as cloture, the literacy voting bill, the poll tax, school prayer, and some subjects which are indirectly related to the race issue.","Richard Brevard Russell, Jr. held public office for fifty years as a state legislator, governor, and U.S. senator. The highlights of his legislative career included support of non-interventionist foreign policy, passage of the National School Lunch Program, securing funding for military installations and research facilities—including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—and his opposition to equal rights for African Americans, most evident in the filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Russell was born in Winder, GA on November 2, 1897, to Judge Richard B. Russell, Sr. and Ina Dillard Russell, a teacher. He was the fourth of thirteen children and the first son. He earned a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Georgia in 1918. After a brief period practicing law, Russell ran for and won a seat in the Georgia House of Representatives in 1920. In 1927, he was elected Speaker of the House, a position he held until 1931. In 1930, Russell ran for governor against a crowded field of seasoned candidates, but he was victorious thanks to a grassroots campaign and his skill in door-to-door canvassing. He took the oath of office in June 1931 but only spent eighteen months as governor before the death of Senator William J. Harris presented him with the opportunity to run for the United States Senate. Russell entered the U.S. Senate in 1933 and served until his death in 1971. He became one of the Senate's most influential members. During his tenure, he served sixteen years as chair of the Armed Services Committee and held a seat on the Appropriation Committee that spanned his tenure in the Senate. Additionally, Russell held positions on the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, the Committee on Immigration, the Aeronautical and Space Sciences Committee, and the Democratic Policy and Democratic Steering Committees. Although he wielded considerable power through these committee appointments, Russell did not seek a position in the Senate leadership. Instead, he supported the ambitions of his protégé, Senator Lyndon Johnson from Texas for majority whip and later for majority leader. Russell ended his career as president pro tempore of the Senate—a post reserved for the member with the longest tenure in the Senate—making him third in the line of presidential succession. Russell was known for his support of national defense, non-interventionist foreign policy, and his advocacy for agricultural interests (particularly those in Georgia). Russell opposed the United States entangling itself in international conflicts, especially in Vietnam and the Congo. In agricultural policy, the creation of the National School Lunch Program in 1946 was his most significant achievement for the nation's farmers. The program had the double effect of providing nutritious meals for schoolchildren while avoiding an economic crash by giving farmers a way to sell their surplus produce. Russell's opposition to civil rights legislation overshadowed his many legislative achievements. He began contesting civil rights legislation as early as 1935 when he joined other southern senators to block anti-lynching bills. Over three decades, Russell developed a reputation as a defender of “white traditions” and white supremacy. During the Senate’s debate of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Russell led the Southern Bloc in a sixty-day filibuster in an attempt to prevent the bill’s passage, vowing to “resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would have a tendency to bring about social equality and intermingling and amalgamation of the races.” The filibuster came to an end only after a partnership of moderate Republicans and northern Democrats introduced a compromise bill that garnered the sixty-seven votes needed to invoke cloture and end the filibuster. The substitute civil rights bill passed on June 19 by a margin of 73-27. Though Russell advised against attempts to resist the Civil Rights Act at the state level, he remained unapologetic in his criticism of it. In a speech given in the Senate on June 18, 1964, Russell sought to encourage the other members of the Southern Bloc, saying “…there will never come a time when it will be necessary for any one of us to apologize for his conduct or his courage.”  Russell left behind a list of political and legislative achievements and a reputation for mastery of legislative strategy. Despite his other distinctions, racial animus and obstructionism would become the most remembered aspects of his legacy. As biographer Gilbert Fite noted, Russell might well have achieved more, were it not for his racial views."],"dc_format":["image/jp2"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights movements--United States","Literacy tests (Election law)--United States","Patronage, Political--United States","African Americans--Civil rights","Legislators--United States","Cloture","United States--Race relations","Poll tax--United States","School integration--United States","School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock","Legislators--Georgia","Civil rights movements--Georgia","United States. Congress. Senate--Cloture"],"dcterms_title":["Richard B. Russell, Jr. collection, subgroup c, series x: civil rights, 1922-1971"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/gych_rbrl001rbrcx"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Richard B. Russell, Jr. Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia."],"dlg_local_right":["Richard B. Russell, Jr. Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia. Library acts as \"fair use\" reproduction agent. Before material from collections at the Richard B. Russell Library may be quoted in print, or otherwise reproduced, in whole or in part, in any publication, permission must be obtained from (1) the owner of the physical property, and (2) the holder of the copyright. It is the particular responsibility of the researcher to obtain both sets of permissions. Persons wishing to quote from materials in the Russell Library collection should consult the Director. Reproduction of any item must contain a complete citation to the original."],"dcterms_medium":["archival materials","correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ndd_holsaertfaith_r4hq3s49r","title":"Letter from Dessie Christian, October 20, 1963","collection_id":"ndd_holsaertfaith","collection_title":"Faith Holsaert Papers 1950-2011","dcterms_contributor":["Holsaert, Faith"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1963-10-20"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":["fhpst04034","https://repository.duke.edu/iipsrv/iipsrv.fcgi?IIIF=/srv/perkins/repo_deriv/multires_image/8/2/aa/82aacffb-9d5f-4bc1-acc7-697f543d7630/fhpst04034001.ptif/full/!350,350/0/default.jpg"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Faith Holsaert papers"],"dcterms_subject":["Feminism","Civil rights","Social justice","Women political activists","Women's rights","Voter registration--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Letter from Dessie Christian, October 20, 1963"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Duke University. Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4hq3s49r"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Duke has not determined the copyright status of this item. Regardless of its status, we have made a good faith determination that online access through the Duke Digital Repository is an acceptable fair use and otherwise permitted under U.S. copyright law. For more information, see our page on copyright and citations: https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/research/citations-and-permissions."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ndd_karales_r4qj7868m","title":"Barn","collection_id":"ndd_karales","collection_title":"James H. Karales Photographs 1953-2006","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Ohio, 40.25034, -83.00018"],"dcterms_creator":["Karales, James H."],"dc_date":["1953"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":["kfpst0080250010","https://repository.duke.edu/iipsrv/iipsrv.fcgi?IIIF=/srv/perkins/repo_deriv/multires_image/76/eb/24/aa/76eb24aa-1636-4ada-8351-98593ce76730/full/!350,350/0/default.jpg"],"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["James H. Karales photographs"],"dcterms_subject":["Documentary Photography"],"dcterms_title":["Barn"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Duke University. Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4qj7868m"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This item is made available for research, scholarship, and private study. Copyright in this item has not been transferred to Duke University. For reuses of this item beyond those permitted by fair use or otherwise allowed under the Copyright Act, please consult https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/research/citations-and-permissions."],"dcterms_medium":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ndd_karales_r4rx93p0t","title":"Selma to Montgomery March, Alabama","collection_id":"ndd_karales","collection_title":"James H. Karales Photographs 1953-2006","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["Karales, James H."],"dc_date":["1965"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales on assignment for Look Magazine during the voting rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama in March 1965."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":["kfpst0060080010","https://repository.duke.edu/iipsrv/iipsrv.fcgi?IIIF=/srv/perkins/repo_deriv/multires_image/e2/f2/09/aa/e2f209aa-f9fd-4f7e-b9dd-8b7a44673d36/full/!350,350/0/default.jpg"],"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["James H. Karales photographs"],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights movements--United States--20th century--Pictorial works","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Pictorial works","Documentary Photography"],"dcterms_title":["Selma to Montgomery March, Alabama"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Duke University. Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4rx93p0t"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This item is made available for research, scholarship, and private study. Copyright in this item has not been transferred to Duke University. For reuses of this item beyond those permitted by fair use or otherwise allowed under the Copyright Act, please consult https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/research/citations-and-permissions."],"dcterms_medium":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ndd_holsaertfaith_r4h708642","title":"Letter to mother and sister, January 16, [1963]","collection_id":"ndd_holsaertfaith","collection_title":"Faith Holsaert Papers 1950-2011","dcterms_contributor":["Holsaert, Faith"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1963-01-16"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":["fhpst04006","https://repository.duke.edu/iipsrv/iipsrv.fcgi?IIIF=/srv/perkins/repo_deriv/multires_image/1/4/aa/14aadb9c-10fd-4b46-ae46-62f0e9773ae9/fhpst04006001.ptif/full/!350,350/0/default.jpg"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Faith Holsaert papers"],"dcterms_subject":["Feminism","Civil rights","Social justice","Women political activists","Women's rights","Voter registration--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Letter to mother and sister, January 16, [1963]"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Duke University. Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4h708642"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Duke has not determined the copyright status of this item. Regardless of its status, we have made a good faith determination that online access through the Duke Digital Repository is an acceptable fair use and otherwise permitted under U.S. copyright law. For more information, see our page on copyright and citations: https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/research/citations-and-permissions."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ndd_karales_r4p55dr6m","title":"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)","collection_id":"ndd_karales","collection_title":"James H. Karales Photographs 1953-2006","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Karales, James H."],"dc_date":["1960/1961"],"dcterms_description":["This image forms part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales from 1960 to 1961 at a Passive Resistance Training offered by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Atlanta, Georgia. The series of photographs were part of a Look Magazine assignment."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":["kfpst0030130010","https://repository.duke.edu/iipsrv/iipsrv.fcgi?IIIF=/srv/perkins/repo_deriv/multires_image/aa/8a/e4/15/aa8ae415-339c-4b71-9299-b5da7db4630e/full/!350,350/0/default.jpg"],"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["James H. Karales photographs"],"dcterms_subject":["Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Documentary Photography"],"dcterms_title":["Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Duke University. Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4p55dr6m"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This item is made available for research, scholarship, and private study. Copyright in this item has not been transferred to Duke University. For reuses of this item beyond those permitted by fair use or otherwise allowed under the Copyright Act, please consult https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/research/citations-and-permissions."],"dcterms_medium":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid013","title":"Clipping, Newspaper","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Chattanooga News-Free Press"],"dc_date":["1960-05-01/1960-05-27"],"dcterms_description":["Series of Chattanooga News-Free Press clippings about desegregation actions in May 1960. a1,2) \"Counter Sit-Ins at 4 City Stores\" Details sit-ins held at four downtown stores' lunch counters by African American youths, particularly the sit-in that occurred at Kress. May 1, 1960. b) \"Integration Motion Filed\" Details response of attorneys for African Americans involved in integrations suit regarding the school board's motion to remove school personnel from integration consideration. May 4, 1960. c1,2) \"Brief Entered In School Case\" Details response of attorneys for African Americans involved in integrations suit regarding the school board's motion to remove school personnel from integration consideration. May 4, 1960. d) \"Darr Spurns Negroes' Bid\" Details Federal Judge Leslie R. Darr's decision to exclude school personnel from the pending Chattanooga school integration suit. May 6, 1960. e1,2) \"Negroes' Effort To Broaden Suit Is Turned Down\" Details Federal Judge Leslie R. Darr's decision to exclude school personnel from the pending Chattanooga school integration suit, including Darr's justifications. May 6, 1960. f) \"Times To Carry Dynamic Reports On Negro Life In Northern Cities\" Details the \"Times\" plans to run 12 articles by Harry S. Ashmore. The series is entitled \"Negro Ghettos of 'The Deep North'\" and is proposed to be a \"penetrating study of the race problem outside of the South.\" May 8, 1960. g1,2) \"Negro Extremists Rouse Harlem; Migration From South Continues\" The first article in a 12-part series by Harry S. Ashmore. Discusses the impact of African American migration out of the South on urban cities and the rise of \"Negro Fascism.\" May 9, 1960. h) \"Presbytery Action Due\" Briefly details a meeting, called by four Knoxville area churches, to discuss a decision to integrate the Presbytery's camp and conference center near Kingston, TN. May 10, 1960. i) \"Presbytery Mixes Camp\" Details the final decision coming out of the Presbytery meeting regarding integration of its camp and conference center near Kingston, TN. May 11, 1960. j) \"Church Approves Integrated Camp\" Details the final decision coming out of the Presbytery meeting regarding integration of its camp and conference center near Kingston, TN. May 11, 1960. k) \"Profile of the Poor\" The fourth article in a 12-part series by Harry S. Ashmore. Details the experience of an African American family, formerly from Georgia, living in a tenement in Harlem, New York. May 12, 1960. L1,2) \"50 Are Booked In Kress Sit-In\" Details the arrest of 50 Howard students who were engaged in a sit-in at the Kress lunch counter. May 13, 1960. m1,2) \"'Sit-in' Negro Fined $50 In City Court, 17 Others Due Same If Penalty Affirmed\" Details the arrest of 50 students in a sit-in at Kress lunch counter and the beginning of a test case to determine if the city's anti-loitering ordinance is constitutional. Also lists names and addresses of those arrested. May 13, 1960. n1,2) \"24 Held, Negroes Picket City Jail\" Details the arrest of 24 students in a sit-in at Kress lunch counter and a subsequent protest march around the city jail block. May 14, 1960. o1,2) \"11 Negroes Back In Court\" Details the arrest of 24 students in a sit-in at Kress lunch counter and a subsequent protest march around the city jail block. Also lists names and addresses of those arrested. May 14, 1960. p1,2) \"Negro Cases Postponed\" Notes the illness of students' attorney R. H. Craig and postponement of hearing. Details the arrest of 24 students in a sit-in at Kress lunch counter and a subsequent protest march around the city jail block. May 14, 1960. q) \"Judge Postpones Sit-In Hearings\" Briefly details the illness of attorney R. H. Craig and fines levied against defendants involved in the lunch counter sit-ins at Kress. May 15, 1960. r1,2) \"D.A. Studies Sit-In Cases\" Details State Attorney General, Edward E. Davis, announcement that he is considering placing state charges against the demonstrators but did not indicate what those charges would be. May 17, 1960. s1,2) \"Kress Drops Charges On 21 Negroes\" Details the decision of Kress department store to drop charges against 21 youths arrested during a sit-in and the agreement reached between demonstrators and Kress management on how many students can demonstrate at the store. May 18, 1960. t1,2) \"Court Order Alters Sit-In\" Details the decision of Kress department store to drop charges against 21 youths arrested during a sit-in and the agreement reached between demonstrators and Kress management on how many students can demonstrate at the store. May 18, 1960. u1,2) \"Judge Notes Rights Of Juveniles In Sit-Ins, But Limits Number To 6\" Details Judge Burrell Barker's position that African American juveniles had the right to engage in sit-in demonstrations but the courts had the right to limit their numbers. May 18, 1960. v1,2) \"21 Sit-In Charges Retired By Judge\" Details the decision of Kress department store to drop charges against 21 youths arrested during a sit-in and the agreement reached between demonstrators and Kress management on how many students can demonstrate at the store. May 19, 1960. w) \"Assignment Part Of Suit Stricken\" Details U.S. District Judge Leslie R. Darr's order removing the part of the integration suit against Chattanooga schools that dealt with school personnel. May 19, 1960. x1,2) \"Sit-Ins Resumed; Numbers Limited\" Details sit-ins at seven downtown department store lunch counters. Also covers Judge Burrell Barker's decision regarding 11 African American boys who were arrested on May 12. May 20, 1960. y) \"No Appeal Yet By NAACP\" Briefly details Thurgood Marshall's announcement that there won't be an appeal regarding Judge Darr's decision to remove school personnel from the pending integration suit. May 23, 1960. z) \"22 Negro Youths 'Wards Of Court'\" Briefly details Judge Burrell Barker's decision to make 22 African American boys and girls wards of the court for their part in demonstrations at Kress store earlier in May. May 25, 1960. aa) \"22 Negro Youths Warned By Judge\" Details Judge Burrell Barker's decision to make 22 African American boys and girls wards of the court for their part in demonstrations at Kress store earlier in May. Includes text from Judge Barker's comments to the court. May 25, 1960. bb) \"School Unit Notified\" Briefly details formal notification of the Chattanooga school board members and Superintendent Letson that depositions related to the pending lawsuit will start June 1st. May 25, 1960. cc) \"Integration Action Starts\" Briefly details formal notification of the Chattanooga school board members and Superintendent Letson that depositions related to the pending lawsuit will start June 1st. May 25, 1960. dd) \"Attorney Lauds Barker's Ruling\" Details Judge Burrell Barker's decision to make 19 African American boys and girls wards of the court for their part in demonstrations at Kress store earlier in May. Contains statement from their attorney, R. H. Craig, supporting Barker's balanced judgment regarding the students and the students' responsibilities as citizens. Contains statement from Judge Barker regarding his reasons for his position. May 27, 1960. ee) \"'Rule of Six' Used Again\" Briefly details Judge Burrell Barker's decision to make 19 African American boys and girls wards of the court for their part in demonstrations at Kress store earlier in May. May 27, 1960. ff(1), ff(2) \"Sit-In Arrests Net 24 Negroes\" Details the arrest of 24 African American youths in sit-in protests at Kress' lunch counter. May 17, 1960 gg(1), gg(2) \"Negro Fined $50 On Sit-In\" Details the hearings of 18 of 50 Howard students who were charged with loitering at the Kress lunch counter. Details the events surrounding that recent civil rights protests. Also lists names of those arrested. May 13, 1960."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Chattanooga News-Free Press Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Discrimination in public accommodations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","S.H. Kress \u0026 Co."],"dcterms_title":["Clipping, Newspaper"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/57AEF3C4-ACCF-478A-B4B2-043093383720"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ndd_richardsonjudy_r41g0jz7r","title":"Letter to Stern Family Fund, RE: Freedom School Funding","collection_id":"ndd_richardsonjudy","collection_title":"Judy Richardson Papers 1963-2014","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1965-05-27"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":["jrpst003036","https://repository.duke.edu/iipsrv/iipsrv.fcgi?IIIF=/srv/perkins/repo_deriv/multires_image/4/8/aa/48aaeab4-b93c-4b7b-974c-a892e02cda13/jrpst003036001.ptif/full/!350,350/0/default.jpg"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Judy Richardson papers"],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights movements--United States","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","African American women civil rights workers--Biography"],"dcterms_title":["Letter to Stern Family Fund, RE: Freedom School Funding"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Duke University. Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r41g0jz7r"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["The copyright in the materials of the Judy Richardson papers is owned by multiple creators, including the donor. The collection is made available by Duke University Libraries, with permission of the estate, for the purpose of research, teaching, and private study. For all other purposes, including but not limited to commercial uses, researchers must contact the Library to request permission."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1047","title":"J.B. Stoner : Transcribed Interview","collection_id":"ffc_crlsa","collection_title":"Civil Rights Library of St. Augustine","dcterms_contributor":["Samuel Proctor Oral History Program, University of Florida"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Florida, 28.75054, -82.5001"],"dcterms_creator":["Stoner, J.B.","Kallal, Edward, Jr."],"dc_date":["1976-04-06"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with J.B. Stoner, a Klansman and racial agitator who led segregationist rallies in St. Augustine in 1964. Stoner recounts his time in St. Augustine and relates how he and other Klan members were treated well in the city. Stoner discribes the various groups that engaged in white supremacy and the good working relationship they had with the local police department. Stoner recalls the various marches and rallys the Klan organized, the problems caused by local news reporters and how the police protected them from violence. Stoner insists that he and his groups won the battle of St. Augustine.","SJ JA Side One bd that-' s oue ~Y to travel. $ : t voul.dn' t \"3llt to travel on .this kind o~ .thl;ng· th~gll. )\\l.ght i:un into an ~ltme .. K'.: ~ li-.we- tli::LS~au· of ·. ~estion$ .. ttei·e • . ao.d .uh.; · • • $':: Okay·. \u0026OQ:e I; 'lOD. t t won.~t De. a.Iile. to imBlirer. K: ~. your ~iglit,'.tliat's. your .p~r~ect ~egitintate. ~i:gbt, ot course . . 1'nd uh. ~.sup-pose, .t tte. Best placa to 'h;eg1n. :ts .just kind of, .hOW\" di ·d .you firs t; .get involved .in, .un; St. Augu.sti'tle?' s~ Ull, I•ecmise.\"'l'· f-rtends .,..,.,e ao\"\" . there 1 such. as ConoJ.e·~, .Gene. ·Jlμssel.l. o:nd .Gene. Speltn aod otlie.rs·. · z:: Uh. !\\uh. And they inv1ted you? S: Ye~. K.: Did, did .•. s: t.ocal cJ.~:eAS· paid~· cx(\u003een8••\u003e do~· .. tlieke. · K\"! ·Did . .ency? $1 . To . stay .. do~. tl\\·e.te . Uh:, . I' .• nt , do\\'il '. ttte~e . to · Speak. i1 . f:~ tiJl)e4' and -th.er pai!i _,,y\u003cto,. st~X· ~·~ ·~•gUl.ar . le.\"3tli:s'.oi· U,\\lle• · · ·i...'1 • :J;~. see:.. · ·.Ji}io~ .ult, ·• ·o lil:OUld '«~s~·~:. tund.s'? s·: .we11, dt~~crent .oo.es:. . · ·ir: .11!i'. liuti; · . ..,,uld . it •Jl!O~J:lJk ~· B'W'f11' ,·: '•ll'l.trr...v::c:.,,~r: • ·:·: ·: ::·: ·: • ·:·:. S-f 3A Side One bd / !'.age 2 S: 1bey, they ~ic.k\u0026d, well uh, r can'.~ ·r~embe.r certain U he'd be. ooe of chem, as I \u003c•call. 10 Woul.d., ult, . you saJ.\"d, you sa.td tlie .cli•be.r 0£ COIQmorco \u003c:.~nged. . their ·. IC 1{0uld you el.a.Dorat• Oil thatt $\": After. the civil t.:J.gtitll oct QS passed the cbac.\u0026er of COJ1J11e.rce sw;itched oyer to tlte' ~gger 1ido, encl othebdse; .ltit)') I.\" bel.iev6 1110St .ot .the ~gge.rs . in, St. ~u.gust1ne vould 1ia;ve 111ovcd' out. Ki To!J . Cli.1.nL this iu duo priwa\u003cri1.y·. thcn: to t(olfs' inUuencot S1 , Ye~· sir. It: l()iy. do .JOu .tliinll..WbU clluged his \"'1ndt S: Vell, uh, s;ost 6.anUr• , uti, they're iM!ul.y iDtereated in • proit.t. rather tlion any\u003c~ else. IC: s ·o you .think M.r. W'c\u003elf t:hen 84V' a. greater pxoti't tu eupport~g the black.at $': l(.il be. . th~ught, thought he did. ~ll he: didn't wc.a.ct1y support the • . u11, ~igge\"ts . J9ja.t they, did w:as the'.ch~ber of COll:llnQr.c o clement , uh, .uh;.he used llis influeoce 10 that tliey 1(0Uldn't.cooperate. td:th , U$ PtL~O~e .. El t · see. $• _ Bu.t they: w.nted us there to scan. 1id:tb. until knlaa. 'f.olf ..... C: \\Ito's t.li.at ..t.he .chSAbel\" of c~rce? S': ... :~es, .ey~r:y6bdy wanted\"'*• :ov~y5;pdY· Wl¥lt•d all ..... t!; .Tliis·.'f.oilld... l)e in,' 63? S': ••• yes\u003e •ll .o1 .it 'WJll ato~tUig in t~. t•U. .o' ' ' 6:3 o•' +o·'.b'I( :·;··. · In fact all tlie. .W:ite, ju.st .•li'out all . tile\" Vtiite · people except a tew: ~gger lovers SJ 3A Side One I\u003e\u003c! / l'.•8• 3 wanted us there. 'But uh, uh, t· l.(as t£eated .'Very 'W'.\u0026ll \\ol;htt I. \\Cas there,~ I;;: enjayed mysel.f. K': /J.. v~ ·vacation? S; l'es s:r . • 1 ,, JC So in ·t.he:.fall of· '·63 tH:o1f.you starte.~ .goi:ilg down thet'e. \\{OJ\u0026 ¥Ou the·re cont.1:c:uous.ly. or '\\.ilS it 11\\orC Off and on? \u0026': No, I,~ go,\u0026d to Atla.Dta·. And.ttie.n. I'- had a case JD fede-J'al court .here in Jacksonville. But I : was down tRcre .q_ui-c:e a b.it of ttte time. I : vas also \u003cltl atto:rney in a court· t·ri:al d0'1:0 tl\\erc in the fall .o(, uh, r~ve for­.. gotten exactly..~en., uli: ldl.en .the tr~ was, but, uh, \"\"henever Bal.~\u0026 and \u0026o}l}e otHer ~1.Ssers tried to bre?k,. up a kl.an •et~g, .uh, fou r white ~ellow s v ere OrrM:ted. JO Oh yeah, Sept-or '18. S: I' vas their, I · was ttteiJ' attorney. x-. tlitnk.1-t vas .about, ~ . th.ink .that ~s still in .!·'6.3 .W:tien..it vas·· tr~cd~ JO . y~~f, . $:eptO!lll5:e~' ttu. ·s-: Uh'. . tlh~· trial pa~t ~,DJeaD .t!i~}J8h. '. .,Af.ld .un; · t~'t: .at: .that •J;eeti:ng ld.th, tlie:1i-lill~ l :•s an atto:r;lie;y ... ·. ~ey:· t,:1~d · one, ·.clfe . ,~;ry .. iound hiq not;; guilt~-­me · o.tliej:: ·.~ee .ddendantSl.\\(ere. Si~tf:ng . in . the'. C:Qul:t X'OOJ!} ·9' d +theiJ; l(ito.esses · no/re.--irtJs' (/.-11,,.; 14-. .. 'f\"L·H ·: .. :... u f couldn ''t . identJ.ty .. th--..i oo ·.i:Jiet-': .. .. .. · · A dism, sed. au· \"CI fV'\u003ek. \"':- j,';;;l.t ·r: . . uH-, ~ou.-en'·:C .at ~tHJ':t nQn-sfe\u003c:i~i«w•'.\\l.J!~· \" ) ~ /· L~\"'\"\"c/ ncl!e t,rQfl\u003c')t..iV Cf,\u003c--,~( a'/l.. S/' 2 ~ ] 1 $J 3!\u003e,. Side One Od l'.ago 4 S: N:o str. t''9e read about it 1n the. Mt:amt Dai1y News and the Long Island papers-, ~ wi.sli'. t ''d lieen . tlie-i:e. K::: Wits .tlia.c:,. ~G that, uh, \"Hr. Lynett tfult vas there? K: t:'\u003eve .. rcad·,several. .re~:cts aDout . that. Wh$ tho:tt, ~ that, .vov,ld you o;).y . th'at· lil;8s .t.Lfi:t.ut the -ooly ._..klAn mC~t1:~· or··th\u0026 itajor clan ineet~g that happened in \"63.. d~'.tb:ere, ·or ~ore .tlicre Otlie·r· ones?· $': 'lb.at. lZSS .tJie only. R:l.4n\"'~lli9-~.f#lB.f :~tfi4t ·was, ·. that llon t{a8 . the only klan tuncti.on.i;1lg iu St. ·~gustine.8.t ttte time, · in Jacksonville too • .. T?e,:e, tlier\" •s =re .tlian one kl.an organ~zatio'/l;J :::;';e:'; ~ht'.. ~a·').·;:;~· ·~~/ dit;f~ent, .uh, klan organt.z0:'tion5 •ct b, fu various.\"\"lt. T 1i\u003e'f'MS. ·- 10 _ 1rov;-.,.any,uh, hOW\"1Mny kl.on ~rgani-zations, uh, w.ould you say :we-re based tn; tih·, St. ·A:usustine. $:: Just one. IC Just one. HOw:- many, bolt' many ••• $.1 And it, it , and most of it'·e ..m;ee)Bers .w;ere Catholi~s. !\\'! Ulf liuli. $'o .you \u003e\u003c0uld ·say .. then. th'at . the./i:'J:#(f~.\u003cr-f/lli..f,J:/'~ur... could ~ • .._ kft\u003e.v~,...,,? · \":'\" _6e:. conS1d~ed· 11 ltla~ -m;a:i · o,:,.\\B$.l ·t;\\!li~, ,. S'! ~ lt:d ~a~ .... tl!\u0026Y·'.\"Ce . on·· ~·~i-endly. te1lfl\\S w;:f.:tlt, · v,lth:.the klan. K\"! lfell .ttiat, ·.tttat'·s .one Of.11l.Y· ~8· tiiSto;i;ic~ . questionS ~~·y~b.een : t~fpg to so1Ve; 1s .. £~e· At.ct~t ~t~·actuaμy.a..nan ·ot· ~~s; tn.s~;.~ .. o,(·; .~~xe .~b~~ ·, . . . : c,: ;i;~~r::.5:;::~~:·: · s-: us-,· tliQe~\u0026 . ~lla,til.~- ecqe;~ ~ g.u~siF-:-irerc · ~s· cop;C Oyi!J:l3e· ia 3A Side One w 1'.•88 5 ~= / ,. .. Rut thc,._5ut tRe ooo llan vtUch 1'\"0uld be diBtioct from the, it' a organi­zat:: lcD. say it \"\"\"*·s dtatinc:.t lroa ••• K(1\u003evd11S lj((-.yer11s,;~eeM-U 'Diet 1ilere. aoperate tlumtM\u0026 trout .JacbonY.tlle. tele:a:a:s JIS!lllt:;1;;tr that ws u... acJ.y.nan in St. Augustine. 0 /cfAV\u003cf\"'1S ·. IC: W'e:re ttie Jackloavillee klara1et s-\"'lfll'l\" active? S': YetJ air .they lielpe.d out.St • .Apgustine. \"IQ 1liey clid, .ye•, tl\\4t'• ·w,tlat, tcean. !(ere th.Y helping .the relliu ••• $': . l'~, and.the Qarcho•· C a.cd. 'tb.• aardtes? s·i We v ou.ld liiold, uh, rallies and , ult, ttie· ~i,sgers vould .c01le out and provoke .tlie peo{J.-e_in_ our rolly. ~ donl..\"t in.OW' 1\"hYJ cause t .bey.a.loys loat out. Jac21e ~oO'i.oson ·ws do\"'1 tffere one ~glit oncl would ellake Ju:i.ods, •o they Aid. SO a newsun want dow. there to sJiab ha.ode vitb ev•J'Y ~is n~sor little ~aer and all ttte n;tgset's o11oreh.ipg out ot the cl'N.rcb, come up to tlie 9C{U\u0026-re. Jut be wouldn't ut-cb up tbon himself. IC un bub. .At . these rallies would tho peOple that '\u003cere .attend~ considerocl ~stly, utt, n .anmaeo or · ~ra . tttey local 1(bitc.people. s; .rtiaro -~·e -'!Jti•e-eeople · f~.IJ .tile .... \u003c\u003eI. • • c-1·~· JCl 1lR. ... Ii'. and t !fey, '(OU I.cl : • • $': \\(ell tlie.!.idiol6 COlqllp.lui:cy; · th\"e J!tiol.9 celiAu~ty: tipa, uh; {\u003et'ACt1cally- $0lid iu tlfe1~ . suppo~t o,. o;;f-:~~'V; f\\e'\"!;\":· .. C Did you .np_tice i~, ao~-tlS::a,t yOU..:lm°\"'toncend;,oa; 90J¥! .de\u0026l of . .y1oleoce ..ttiat d~ .oceu-F, against .. . ch\"a:.,bl.\u0026clW.., ... :~ld .y.o u.· SP.f· f:t ·1{3o .iSIJO\u0026. i:J..y . . youtlis· SJ 3A Stde QM bd niatteJ:. of ~royoction . I'.•\u0026• 6 / S': tfell 'Wfien the Di88•1'• 1'{0uld come dO't(n .a,nd provokO trouble Wy .everybody' a got t.?:i.\u0026 opportu:n.ity, uh , toI Ig et .::A!-.ni3sere. II \u003c/ ._s'l'll~l\u003cef\"\"'.\".\".J' S:: tJb, ve.l.l. you ed.d the comwity was pretty, you k:n(X(\", eo11d in :it' a ••• S: Tes sir. :Kl .... i~\"'s solidaritr- eo to epe.ak.. S': \u0026'VeryDody ...,._, , t\"d wal.2. around .ct1e·'et reets at timu '(1th ~ acelve by ~gb'teen' in.ch contedcrato fl4g on a s t ic:K, evorybody wes . alw$lys.· greet~ns: 1¥! and .ch~er1:Jlg 418, even .wen:.w,e .1(eren•t hav~s o coeet~og • . W'e d.ioye, I·. \u0026.d a con,d4rtalile at that time 8.nd .ever)'l\u003eody· vaa '\"\"'~g .a.t u.s a safins tlfey. ~ for· 11s. t.t we fun. lei \\ltiat speci11.c stepa did you,ub, t.ak.e to, u.h, generate th1a solidarity, . /(. /C- ~ th.1lU'- our rallie.a nnd utches generated fiidaTity. c And in, in tba 11Wlrchot, uh, were the ilan, u ~ux@.on ma.in1y the peop1o tKa t would ~rgaoi:e thesn., or did t fie·.AcJ.eo.t t!1c~ haye a lot .to .d~ wi~h. tbom. ti -11 ilanSOlf:D -inly orgAndzed'.illet\u003e..f\u003eut .\u003cher• 'tll'\u003cI people othe.~ .tho,n lc1an J'1at\" v.::::1 uh, \"!U. Me wm,e: s-ai.cLh•._vauld, iu .t~ of~ you linO'I(\\ •~i:~g~og t\u003eG~.its aod .that kind o~ . :t:b.ose klnd ot 11)11tto~8 . 'C St\u003e VoUld · Y,OU' say. thougl'i that al.l in.all you'Y9 worked prettj' close vi.th SJ 3'1, ~de Ono IX! {11 e;. ~ u {. .::J ,A. Mr. !iewscc:a vh.ile }'OU ve:ce down tbere'l S: Yes sir. 1'.•s• 7 / C Acd ult', ve.''re. s2ippin3 arou.nd a li.ttle Mt, t: have lost the order of ey. no-ce:s. Hare • . And in tet'lll of eolidar i'~Y '. did you work with, uh, ·~•of tlie uh, a~e of the ao-called~ eow.er·. atructure . also? $': ~ powrf at:ruct~• aupported Ut; up until ae¥n Wolf put the preSIU't'e on~· t o .,P.tcti ' esa. 'that's w1iere the trouble••· 10 ftcd. .Ll:fey~ .lot's eay· part ot tl:iat ci:ty, u tt, Mayor Shelly· OJ' saa.eone like chat 'lf!Oul.d ••• S': V. bad, they d.l, eve.rytiody 1(88 very be.lpful. 'Ibero na, only• .1(0 bad ~c.e :lotcxfe.renc• troa Gov. Pm:ris Bryan~eent in tho soJMth~g like 25ll stat:• troopers io. Th.l.t didn't., uh, that didn' t atop us.. lt: vu _Beman W.Olfo that , uh, holped tlle n:t-ase.rs· out. E: ~ see vould .... S: Cause vet-d hava vhtpped the niggers at: tho t:IJao that, uh, .be put . tho pressure on, . vC •a already \\/hipped the uJ.aser• until WOU• put the pru.aure on the aatalllisJmiant to sw,f.tcli. IO To~ ~un .in btil).I . ot 1ntiJ:)idat~n8 1..tlfe119 out ,o,l .their ,.a.r;cbo1;.·9J: '1-h; •• iA teAs ,o( vinn.1;na f1Yer· co~an.1ty .. .supi;:or't? S» t1\u003ell it 1!.\u0026a cutd~8 off th~ .gmer\u0026l \"\"Pl\"''t. · x.~ '.DO you ·.t!i:1:nlC~ ·.you .th\"'iJ\\2.tO.te · ~·· a:. UJte ••• s~ ... ms told .tliQJ'.9, .. ltc. put the pi:e\u0026s.uKe On '..tli:aill. to:.ao .ahead aod .~tart, .uh , ·~reotipg ¥0Clla!• •to ~iaser• and lett~ng· ~gge~•· e~t in.tbel~ .~•stuaro.o.ts. · · SJ\u003c 3~ S.l.!I• One Id ;.: ~age 8 / r;: l)o you tliinlt tfiat if he bad not done that, the .federal, government ~ght liav\u0026- cca.e in and uh,. .. to.b.n eUps. S': No, ±t.. lre.m:an WC\u003elfo had otayed ou t o f it V:liy most of tho ~iggets in St. \"\"\"'5c:l.ne woul.d have \"°\"eel out. JC In ~ur wr~g .relation1hi'P \u003cltd you al.so~ .uJl. did you have ca\\lee to wo;rk 1111Jcli wit!i,. uli', Slieriff Davis.also? ' $': _ BL.•••· lie waa alway• frtendl.n be. ueve~ gave. a.e any trouble. I! So di.d you Rnov.· liim., uli, vory v.ell. Did.ne· ub ••• ~ \\fell ~ bt:V- JifJa, ye.I !' 8811' 6J.ID quJ:t e.. Often. r Sm(' Qyet'ybod).''.dOW:U .there ~ite often. K: ADd. uh, he never gave you nny· opeci'fic proDl.cns. ~ No sir, not, oot AtJ.1 that vie. tN.t I' c:ons:ldor serious • . Ue'-s a lm( en(orce­t' # D.t office;, 'Wbicli, uh,. he had hie profdem:s. So uh, but uh, that va.a aeant) n.eyer any. ·t'(!al -ei:obl·~· K: I: se:e. '9'hat .about , uh, Kr. I.yocb, of c:ouz;se you a.od. ltt. L~ch ¥.!I:~ the uh.. • • ~ ~ ....,ro . the pritlCi'{lle. ~tgures ~ r: \\\\\u0026at vu your, vb.at lr(aS your . ~tft¥a.8 rel~t1'9nah1p dth. h~? S: Ofi\".h•~ ond 0 l'vere c.lose.ly usocloted 1A -the ~o.t:ioD\u0026l ~tat.e .. 1(.igbts 'Varty .. i\nd ·.'Oil', '.v~ Al'!I'~• · ••\u003eried ,.L-tli'. averY-..,llUe: il\\'oui\u003e .thot \"'!!!'to. anr hel~. 0~ r: . Teall'. »v.l\u003em did. lie.. .. -~ ~ Dh ·:-~ .. gone, :. h\"e~ l(ent . to . beoyetlfl'qclt.in, ..un ,: tbe~ \u0026nd oi · ~o.pte:iafl.61:' 1972.. ~ iq67t - ------ --------- P•s• 9 / .... ~' 1!172... ·10 ai \":72..:' ~ate. UH~well in t~ of epe.ali,n.s .cbore.e\"vu it divided pretty .zJCli ~Ur:r or uh, did 'JOU ta£e turn. .., epeakiogf '~' \"'~ in. l~ , uh, · he spoke every night, utt. obout till the w;e'atbe.t: got too cold. 1n .ctse fall of :'63. And I'.\\otent \"9ld\" dcnm aod apok.e, uh, only a. coup.le. ~.thee . Then in the, uli, 1~1p1 of. 1964, r got there at le.ast · · fr'f\"l\u003cCficd/, II a-1-rk. • ·11C11l.di....-Blie.ad of Iii:=: a.od uh.. •o, \\lb, ·fur 'c· c{q 1·+ spealdog dutJ.c..s '; i\u0026J.I. on-me 'Wltil lie rewroe.d froi:. Californ:t\u0026. IC t;Jfen \u003cli:d..be get·aa.R..' : y;,·:\"{:'J~:\"f!.l'f'I\u003c.. 7 JO .m.n:.wen..b~. got 1n ••• tlten it\"\"\" pretty 111ucb split .ofO 'lli'en \"\" sharod the spealUng, yes. ;., f1-l s /1; ·~ \"'~ r/.-._ t-r aee, .uh, \"11.ere there, allde frOllt' the rellies 11!?C\"T'!!• · · . .J. · · · · , were;: tliere -QOte trad.1Uoo.\u0026l klm rail.le.~ got;ug on at . the. ••• t:lJte rlth tho fi:r•ty CToaa1 $'; \\(all once the uh, up i u July alter' tho e1t:.ah~11t otopP*d aup~r~ng ua, uti., .tliere 1{ere. i:.J.an ral.liu...held outetda ot tO'llD. JO On . tltat, .gentlemen. t.·s , -~uR, .che C1c~Hiid.'f!B G!,IJe'~~t · S': ,. Ye~. , 5-, N:J4 ~ waa· aJ;\"rt1ted on·accouat o~...tli~t Md so 't(U·.Conni•• and . so.w:e.re. three . o.th1!¢s.. .Uh' , one • . one tolloW.:, J)on' Cothr4n. Soll)Qbod~\" ttdyi.sed: HiJI) to ' eat•,,- a . ~ea o~ gutlcy. , 1111 ~eaded.' gu11cy • .,,d · ~aid a t:vo hund.;e\u003cl .dollar fiue • .. Dta.rcat of us told tlim ve we.re not ple.~. guilty· so .they dJ.c:aissed SJ 3A Side One bd Ol.lr cases. ,P,age ·10 , .. : r: i' see.. '!hat. tliat ' a,. tliat lirf:up up a. you kl'lov-,. a 'lueatioa. to sdu.d. t!?i.- it aee=s that the rallies- held oo tli~ lacnd1 al..l l(eelt. aad ~ then the ~ da;r ther dedded to arrest JOU all. llov did tile \"\"\"\"r ot tile la...S .. tia-ye_ a c\u0026nge: of be.art, or . . .. $': No tliat \\CU n ~t t lie profil.ea, uJi,.. uli, tllq tu\"rest:ed us hec-.sa• SOMl\u003eody,. uh, t:ossed a fire. tioa.6' into th\u0026: restaurmt at Cha t11tJl'tf°.:f\u003e7 Koan- ~e.. llarrU\\ fell.ow- 111 1 j ib.e~diatrtct state.a attorney fr\u003c!IJ ~lia t • •• C 111i.. lilB,. Dan \\{arren? S': Je•,. He C6mia Uf\u003e and t1ie 4-tcoraei-~a.l of Flortda c;:a• ove.'l 'Who vaas ~t-+t.l '\" f t I l)\the follo\"1oa elocUCXI . ADd than, ob, \u003cky dUo' t \"'-\u003c vbo did that but uh,. emce Conni'e And :r: vere _agl-utors for t 'he wh.1tc peopl e ~ t11ey arrested us and t.be others. $: :t dou't inov\u003e JC You don't l::n05() ir\"s uh ... . · $': /ID.ySody. cou.14.liavo done it, lO t- ~i\u003er ..tlleories,..Uacks' did 11: or th•:...i.'i.tes d~d i\u003e.-AOd· ~ '!O~ ·.1 \"'!~· .. .. Sl ... ~U .ld(ite.s·•Y· Have done it. t.'-a.12ot · ac:atsl_N: ....\u0026 :he ~gers ot dobag it\"., 1C llli::llblf.· t ·.su. \\all .j,u t°\"\" oj •.• SJ 3A ~e One bd · ~aga ll It! S: did!l.'.t 11.R.e birl ati}'Pl.Ol'e, SO :my6ody ••• ~be did :it, tie did it jut to o6ey tbo lav-doo.' t . you think.? Ve.12...fu! d.1.dn't have to go over'Board v:ith it. ·. lfqst; I • see.. tlh, \then he did S\\dtch OVOl\", as I:\" !='ecaJ.l , you aad .. ~'\nn:ca f\u0026i.=!.y aucce.aa:ful i:a organ.iz.~8 o •• • S': ~,\u003cIi• Ketinnal $tat•'• ~i:gbtil puty-•bed a pichtt line eut 1.n front 11 /I ot li1.s plac•, saying n i,ager.S w:elcom.e and all, ve. ~nted to help hill! got $'o tlios. were your picket ts~ aod S-: Ye_:s:·, well soae of the. •r have tieen, .uh, 111-tgl\t ba.ve .been a~e of ble celattye• on t De pickAl:tt line, I con't ttm:Q6er . But uh, the:o~ uh, no li.usio.u1 caa :in. Even th~gh. ve w:elccc.ed the niggers in on it to dine, DO Busiheas came. in·. r ~ag:ino the ewt0;_8ger VaB ...psct a.bout that. ~ ~ vu th.at the f'ir1t dot that the National State's Rlghta farty vas dow:n Sn St: ';f.-;#:ne? 'Well U nttt,t.. and J' 6otb. r e-pro1ont , tlie. National Stat e '•• and Gene \\Ills\"\" vu Katinoal .$to.ta\\s· (\\igbta PsJ:q\u003e JO .\"\"\"lilt I:J I ' neye~, · ~u know.\\ ·prior to J:titS·. inc1'deot .the~ va,s no indicatioo...-. a.(, .you· i»~ die. name neve1f.sliON\"id 'Up in . th• papers p.r.tor' to ~ thh. $'; lle ~pe.w •. ootIU:na. l?don .. t .thtnltaoything •\"°'tild up in the ea-ee,n. =~ t.licy.: lo(CoU .th~at lytna «~ort to .clie s 1 t3teS nilte . ..aboui: . St . /i;ug:ustino. · _ . · · '1/..t CDM(Vt.·1ffc-e • •'f ,I ' Lt, ·. 11ov\u003e l!J.ilia•I'\" fi·..aec1 ~·po~x 'lyiJ\u003eg .... poit • . · c: OK'; yvu 41oan .ttil! .floirt.t.. l_egiolatiye !.Dvesl;iaa~ •• · 13-. rek · · -j'k S': ~h·, .tile: tJxmEe: socict~~ 'Uk, l(aDtcd tt.· t:i'Pt) the' racc--,:nixf:n8 o;f:::dle- J oliD. SJ .3A ~de One bd c~rck JJ::=i:e Society. S; Yes. / '$;rc.C., John ~ Socioty is a raco-•ixing orge n..izat1.oo. ·. I:: Tlie, ult, the H.a~n tha.t w:era. that \\l;ere involved in tae rallies and .t.\u0026 des:oaatr•t:ioo• iD terJ:;S of eorce1a~ge, voUld ~ say-. there vere !Dlore local 2lan9111;en or '1110re fr011 say. J'acbonvWc, if ~u can '·t call that ••• '$: • vell a.a.•. general rule tlie'tle 'Weto, uli, plenty of, there t(ere pleoty of t~ Teal. St:. ~guatine tla.nsM.-a, Wt uh, at ti.mes for rallies and marches t...11'~ j c.. . ' 'a\"\" · f peo~e cocna down ftor!J .Jacisonvi:lla. IO ,\u0026id .Goat. ,ot ..ttte.Se 1Urcties. t(Ue going oa pretty regularly fo-r a .1(hile. S': ~· \u0026i.~ t ,tiey. were. Ki \\eiat juat .aliout every n;lght? S: ~ll • bad rallica every night, 1ilhe..tbe.r w •re.bed or not)at the alave ~net. JO Y~· S': And 50¥, sc:qe ~1J8•t lovers· once and .\\dlilt vould ·•ke a Jli,stak.e and COJ;Je up oo .u ;o \u003c:dge .oi .the cr\"\"'1, and \"11, diallud .w~t .I.rnch: Md· I · \"91'6 ~\u003cf' rJb~u ..t.lfe)'td 1llab 'J;'~Orb~ uli, JlJ:'O ~~ge11'.-x-esJlRJ:ks ,against ,uJ:\\ .. ~hy,~ usually, .reali'Zad .th\"eir 'Jld.-atoke. ll lo? ~eallze it $Uddcly. $.': 1\"-190an. noSQdY. .. told the 1(tli·teS to do .t\u0026.t, l \u003eJl}ean -~h:o .~1it~.t1'. ...t ge~o. atiKKed 'Up .. ~«Mil I:\" wouldn't. go . bl a n;i8.86J:0·\u003cJ'al.ly an~ get. on . tho . ~dge oi it and start · d.:tounc~ tKo ~gger: speab:r, and seqe ~f:gger l.ovor coJ:tea• up on th'e· f:!;d8e· of a .lflli1to crovd .wtien t ho.it: stir ~od up at a ti.Dao of· a crioit like SJ 3A, Stde. One bd / . 1'.•8• 1.3 that aud sun: de.nouncipg the w:hite racial speakers why you're just aaSd.:tg for tl'OUfil.e. C \u0026ov-do 1°\" tllini. a crisis ~,., PJ'OYO.ied in the first l'lacet ' 'I S: Well Dr .. m\"J:l.~g and the ~!BS~t's wanted tq go o.ht!ad · and toke over the tovn. 1l\u003eq ....,t\u003cd to have their wy evuythl)\u003e8 really. ~ \\.tlo.t do :rou meau when you say tlietr ~t ' $:\": ll;iltll :Dr-~' ub, intended to run All the white. race a out of tO\\l.l. it: ID t\"\"'!S .of Dr. TXaJlin\u0026 and uh, Md l!\u0026rtin Luther J:ing, do .i-ou thin!\u003c • tltcy we.re CoslP.ies? ~ W..11 ~.cm.U. tliat 1.4 liie secondary, tbeJ.r both, both ~ssere try~g to du troy: tho \u003cigbts .of .mite pco1.\u003ele; •• Kf/18 kn•~ c,,,_.nilts and had .!/. Cc:im-..nU.st: frJ.'ellds. l' don't 1mo1(\" t\u0026t 'lllUCh a\u0026:»ut Ha'J.1.-~. But ¥1.pg vas \"01 t1Je CJiyj.1 ~b.ts prograai tor ·;cace ·\"1x1;ng and tbat' s .aa btld. •• fOU cc get. K\": l;(\u0026ll I: tieliovo r•111 au:re \u0026j..lUlg w.a.s, t!or the. sn=o .p~posee. ~ I' know: of course th• Co!IJND..is.t Pot'ty 111 'o~ · race. ~~g, but as tor ll,*8 •s· to, •ll Ba Jiad ~aJ.st · ~io.ada i.ut Alt to .ld1e:the,r·.aa. COllJPJ.la1St I : don l:'t . i:DW, fiut it vouldn. '\"t 1n01Ce Qny. dtt.fenoc• . .tt o·.iii,o ~het.h cr. be w,s • C~ni'st· o17 not. he was 111gge.: f'.tglitiaa .•saJ.nat US:tiffdte eeopi,.. thatt'd .• B-e 11. · ~~c;t9,N~lil t not tlte'.· factoR~ · · IC , ljb'ot 11o ~- t lilllk. the ••• . ~ C.o.us:e. I'~ ·opposed . to rp.ca ~ixip.g .. oyen',i~ ~ conaerya.tiye. ~~ager 1(0.nts to force· ~tac• 11Jb~3 .. K; 1'11)' t!o 'fOU tlli-.1\u003c..tho l\u003chite (\u003eCO~le . ~uld \"•tch..ld.th · saY,• the. S.C.L.C. '~ lhc\u003ce-vuent\"t ~. t' don't rcaem'Ser bardl:r any \\dti~e people.11arching d~ere 1d\"th r.he S'.C.t.c. X:-'\"'e :Seen. 11l4rche8 all over t 'he south and ~·ye seen vlites )liRe fM· J.t'/tt\\~rnarcli. lid.th\" tliem.. But, uh. St. August1t1e, J • ...i... •• ) K'! £ov inst.aJlc.e the college .that cama down for spring, ove.r the spring break, 'IS· •• ... ~ · \"~ ,..t:q_ey'. didn '-\u003et, .tl\\'ey: veren 1:t. in-..tlic1 OOll'.le of Chem came . do.,μ. llll~ got in on tlie. act ,wfi'l!f'l;e?er tli~e -were, Ilna va•. got.a.a in ebe Maaing pool end all 6'ut not •fter the wfiites •tarted holding rallies .and counter urches. : JC: ~rafttt, ao 1t10\u003eofcer· a •hi·le that Che vbiue kind of diaappe.ared frcm tlfe 11.nea. S': Tirey S1U'e did. yu eiJ:, they ran out on the niggers . I don' t blaaa 'em;, .t119 dill a ..,.\u003ct thiug. K; \\Olat do YQu ••• S': TKere. Vill\u0026 a ei::ofile:a 'Cith..n.e-c:s p\u0026t;0grap6ere. for a .ldrl:le becaa.se thq-.ef\u0026. w.nt:l.p.S to cob p:tctures·_o,, -uh, di.to. ~ d0J90n8tx11,tors :that \u003c1f!i'gbc..\u0026n used it'\\ . u • ovidmce .\"\u0026~t t~..,... \"°\"\" IC1nd ot . .P.LI:. '\"\"\"'~ up •o .c.i..r. they d14n ''t talla tindly to ~ictw:ea. oeJ,ns· •~Teen. ~ v:a~ goin\u0026 to· say) ~ ~ goi:Da ~o \u0026ak.. 19l~ \\{0014 o( .Liie, o( .J:he • ••• ~~ Tlie~h~, .un·, ·..n~~rlt news coyet:,ASe, '.JJh~h.efore ~~ .. Sta.J;tod .out ,,;opllies; ev~jen4 .\"ucl!e$ . llfi\", . they ...s,· ~ !PJUS .tliat i.oei~ed .the n,iggei:a to i.eep on 1l)O ?IC ~113 • SJ 3\" Side One bd K'.! ltl'Cm•se of , taecttU1c the~ got publici.ty? / · ~: ~se of .i:ae. vv; covcroge. 1C: l.' see.. ~as,._ 1(3$ it, did .rou per~e.. aq ~e. in Attitude.., c .:Bllt d:td ...... 1'.•ge.15 uh, of S': lJUt ~a--111.os:t of c8c. .n~ got Wrt· \u0026.d.l .... ,,,..._, uh. and l~e_ D.eeu t here ht~ . \u003c ad seen i't: Sap~ l\u003eelore va. started liold~ aarch.t:a end rallies libencvtt ..tlitu ud \"'1aers get Into f~ and the-f ..-w to talut pii:ture.s of tJia. -.ilnes .\"\"1'1:6. could k used Ill court, and th\u0026 fti:tca didn't like that 21nd o·f one-ctded. f.iustneas. lC X: 8»ppose., ull., so tho. ftgl\\.cir would )'OU · •al'., uli, cha. Ugh.ta . chat happened say-, u~ the. e•-rly eal't of June. heforct .the Cll'C'chJ;n..8 got otortcd? St .: \u0026ltore. June., yes- a::tr. tie.fora. Juoe... C 1.'\u0026\u003ese; .u1f, . ..,.r~ oot so •utll, cl1cln,•t li;\\ye \"° ~ch.. to do v;lth; '!\":t' State•• 1\\i'81!U' fa.rtr or .tlia ra- otJ4111%\u003c1~? S': Ko t 8-t \\l:J,S'. jua.t local vftite ct:tJ,'zeD.9· .. t:lip.,t ~ .tl\\at ~B\u0026•X'S. · l!Pu1d .c~e. ue­t\"\" 1\u003e to · p)\"Oyi\u003eli'e. Nid they: dido. \"t . 1(;1.Cl: .~.1\" p:l'ctute co.ien:...,bilc.. they. -a\u003ere. ~igli.tll18 ni)!ge.ri. 'IO \"t.aiat .aD'out .clie .u\u0026',, .the action on.~~D:e4cliea.:,;so to speak.f · SJ 3~ Side One bd ... / S': Uh, I tmov- about the aet:toc on the. 6e.adlea lltd t .be:re ere SOllllt; good '-'itita WClltn ov~t' the.re doi ng 1n0• t ot that, I chin~ but uh, t: vent to tl:ie l\u003ee.ocliee at t i mes. '5ut uti. r was trying to keep up Yitb everyt~ ·. a:aba on weryvttere. and I·, an.d :t a.J.esed aoac of tl\\a.t. c I see. w . .. l(bat dtd you hear ea.y. •ec.Ond hao.d? \\Cas it. vu iJ; J110•tly ,•Sain just .tli't .WJd,te ccrmuni·tr re.act:f:u8· •• s-: '!'.°'!'· ab: • •• ._or vu 1t -AOX'e ~rgan~sS Oy. sar t:Jte Ancient '1ty• ·f/ir\"fl;l '2.w\u0026. +-.... A..t:i..J c;l..,HU-.n':JC!i•l., v ~ll.., · · • • · oJ · the t4An aod tlfe lfational State's R,tgh.ts Party· vet::e a.U involved 1n it. \u0026ut uh, f)ut tbe:r -•re onl~\" o p4rt ot.t\"t. ThCf· also. t1ie)\"'·1':1glit\" of, tlte.Y\"-\u003cAi\u0026H.t .of he.leed mcou~age . tlie loeal ci.tU:ena certa.tnly \u0026elptd. out ritb intbusiarisa)trCllll all the reports I heard obout . tire tiuclru _,lil\u003ce tliey- did d°\"\"t°\"\". C And do you .tltin.2 ttie loca.l police •leo fie.lped out by, uh. tut'n~8 thaf.l:' 5, \\\u003cell, uh, t· never did h\u0026v. any t ·rouElo \"hh. aor ot the lotal. police. lhey we~o clll nice to 11e. · ~ see: . · °P'UD.d61'$tond you ;.ll: had s(IJIJt.,..: baa p.r etty., good P.A O.t ecti.o1. 1 ~ .y.our 41Jardres. Oh- ~• did • . -~ s1T. wll tffa.t, I~ would'-:nt, I::- wouldll't . ~oy lg\u0026. had protect.ion? -..l!tt-.~~iC ..t:h~e poli-,:.e flado.'~bCen .. t.fi'~e .~'t'.:d ... lLCHln a a;l;U•r~ 11hen the. ~gge-rs ' •ta\u003cte4 Ull:O\u003ed.na .rocill and . th'ipgs . tl!\"\\', l\u003cl\u003ept .tb·e, . tljoy· . ..,.,ra..lwioi\u003eips .the · ~-S.ocs. ~~8 thei,.el. yea..1'oc'!ll•• . .the .i/ti1 te -.J!O~heo . i;ould · tioye cleAned out ~'88•t:-t.o161 onoe they. were pr,ovot(ed...liY fl:l:gg«s. I I I I I SJ 3A Slde One b.d .... · l'.•a• 17 / E.: Well vu, was thare crucb rock. throvi;D\u0026 and violence ,a.gd.:ut. your oer chcs? $': mt, ~ere was eOM Wt i f hoda.' t 6ean for , th\u0026 poli:c.e .why, it would have .~c. 1.t vou.ld have been a, i t would hove beeu a lot of dead ~gen, SCli:M Ciu ~oplo, tliey'd a hurt IOM white people, but they· said in .tba lo.as .. tlie .. y:-uul.c would.. Have. ll'een .that ~ the ~hi.te~ .1(0uld haye; .ub, cleaned C A\u0026n:zt. liov--a.anJ\" people would pattitit\u003e•te in thct arc.heat '-$': ~dao.\"c, I\" can't give you any numSer. llllt t here vere nice sets .of crOl{ds. ve aarc!fed at niallt ti:te and. dar t ill.• too: . W.•''d have • ~uare . tull , aa:rc'h. tl'iT~lr ~1:8ger town. ~ ... In ttte, pretty _.ch the v:hole t:ally would. go oa to the urchl Kl mat f:'• a pre:tcr good turn out~.b ~ Tes air, veil - bad a.. lot of~ {f ..... 'i;\"-U JO Uh'• do rou tbinJc. the uh, do you th11\tc.,,the ub, dilliturbanCf:_B 1n. $t. \"\\U8U.Gt :lDO. say 1.nt:r eased Mllherabi.p :ln the kl.an or tbe StClte' e. ~aht.e fa..rtTo •• -~ . yea otr. C , • .,tl1.oc..~d encour.aged th~? ' $': Te.a,' I\" ttii..ilk 1't di'd, t' thid. it did all ·nowMl ..the\".couatey. · C DJ#' ~t ,. was 1~ , .1(0Uld rou ••Y·-tlie incre-.sed ._i\u003eei;sb1p \"IO~ . cqn,~1no4 . to sar-.-St.,. Augustin• or· would otll\"er. people d.ts,aar•e Vi~. th\u0026tf --si Np-~~~;' ~.l:l!i'Qlt..tlillt .tlfo nationa.l pu~'q,~hel~ed -~• -'thif• i:ac.1ltto , . ·q~8~i~acionS. oyeTY'ttieJ::e ~- ge;in 490r4a ~-rs. SJ' 3A s:i~o Ono w ~·s• ts $: / .... lklt they· did. gaiD w uld you .. 1 oip11:1-caa.tl:r aore to tho S\u003c. Auguati\"-\" uea?- l{t:l.l ti'nd aliout all tlio, we had oll .aSout aU the young Wi te boys tbe\"t\"e ' Tlfere nan~t too ·~Of• 1S10rc, there wren' c many more. to ge.t out there. 'fl!\u003e a:f.T. \tlll•U:lke. \\(BS . ttlere 1-Ucli ot a. difference 6\"eb(eon .th6 youths attitudes Ko. ·no tlie atti\"blcle.e vere the aaae: witb . tlle .l(b1te .. the yout h .'(e.re •ore, Tliey. were -111ore prone to ·v1:olenco. ~ ..••• in pl!yaitally, phyoicoUr Sotter oliape. II U C M · Stiori:ff 'P\"- viS term.ed it, they•·re t'I\u0026 hard :ia . .rubb et' baUs. -. ' I I I I I I I I I I I . th\"'at save \"ua troulilo too. Uh, if w \u0026.dn'-t .n.atrained the vhy uh, they'd l l .\\lh1pp.ed .tha state patrol ~- suesa .. ttie~'d . scnd 111 the national:. guard • ... l} 'lq.. lio111,..; $0 roii would ~~· ttiat .tlnl·, ub-. .•• · ' $1 .1lfey~ tl!lt~· h'ad ..,. .P: B:.:c aaenta-..,...,¥18 ...... eacrol.lJl\\i~o1iJIS,· IQ . OH· yeati1 ' 1.¢ didn'·'t: b.o~ tHat .. l(•s• 19 / \". S; Well I dida.\"t l(ant the oot:lonal, guard to cocte- in. S: 'We. aidn't re.str•1n. nor wouldo.'t SAY' lit• exactly, we r utrained them s:c:qe. :~t ~.-an, uli\", enyt!=e o p\"a trol..un. uh, picked on acme 11hitc boy 4ld ~ on.. hi2'• .tlte p•tro1-an w:aa ..the one .t~t loat .out. ·K: Teali1 ~ 1{osc of the: p.iltrolmen l(ere frie.ndlr. .see tliat wa1 only· . few ea.tro~eo 'US\\ .,.aat of tlie at.ate·patrohien. IC B\\lt the, uh, local, tlie local police and the. uh, the sharitf*• departmeot \"ere pre.t:t:y ~ch friendly al.so? ·~ • Tes sit:. g:: Md so t~ only real pro1il.,.• · l\"\"-~ -•~• ldU. ~e state paqoi,,_a~ ... st WJ:ten'-mo1t of . th(.'fl\\ ~l'e tor'us e:xcep.t ,f:or ' eo•: of '.the 11411.,~anld:na ones' and ..t.be .P~I\". agf!nts 1n state pat.rol ' ua.i'(o~s. 10 It see:ai• .. cc»~e tli4t afto:r: .. sa:r .th·eon~6:18· ·uh , near- ;riot up, .... ~~li-.ye ft vas .tltC! 2Stli', tllat .they. did es:aclt.acncD • 1ittle..li,1.t. OU1i' ~~fl'IJR. r, \\ I~ ·4~-d.tl 'rt JC int liblr,....6\\at :uh..., h--W.: did, . lioit· did . tlt.ef)..·. ho°'(\\dO You .thtnJt.. l:hat ·-major; .whf' did s:r la Side One l\u003ed / l'.a\u0026• 20 that :..ajor outbreak bappen the, uh, 25tht Do you recall, :lt:'s, .it vu ult • •• ·:r: I .H'ftll!Tnber • I · .r emecbor t'he ~gges t l,.isht of all , uh, t vas speaking at tli6 ::tma- .tliat tliose oorry· ni\u003cggers diaturD~ 'ff:fY' sp~ech. Uh, I t hink. the police doas. concriliuted .a lot to that hc:euse t hey kept barki;ng all t ho t1Qe. ADd . t!iat cauaod, uh, tnat heleed a sort of a paodiaoo.iuci, built tcn1ion · and caused po.ndimoni'UJ!l t o Drenk. loose . r think, I think i f the fOl.J.ck- ~oaS •lia?'t. t\u003e'een there, .1.t d'gb.t not ti.ave taken place so el.Sf'-' It .,,igl!l:..llave, pro!iallly _,.l..d tiaV\u0026, li\\lt I:\",.eau tile .police dogs ceruiDly· -~r2::lna. ce,rtainly• aarfvated t he ai\"tUlttoo • . And then the ~ggera they vere oscortt;o.g vere tnunt~ng tlie vtU:tce, o.nd t he l(bitoe d1-dn'·t . l ii.c to - ti'e teunted Sf' the n13gers . And the n:t.a:gers, ~ iggere, they l(ere cUX')'1n8 ~ off tllat '\\4bt, it looted like a..Dattlefield. IC \\(hat uh, did you uh, did you' run acro11 any· evidence of B:lack.-violcnce .asaJ:o\u0026t, uh, w:fii'te. peo{\u003ele'? $\": 'f~ aiT, tliey $bot ono. and i±l.l ed one w.bito 'hQY. c . To.a, that vas m. uM', '63 I:.lie..lieve. In tema of tb• rallies.· and .the .,.arctru. was-.t.li\u0026re, utl ••• -..S'l .l'eo)l' • . t.here-.we-re wtlitc fi~s·..tl:ia.~ aot ott4chd:ti~- 'Di.:g9cu:o, j_h~t'-'G \"'\\dl\"t o~ tan' e-w~ked tlie aou61e. , JL . . C\"\"' w • 1 \" JC ~SO ~ • .'2Jlt;o- Iftbep rOCl ~'D8 - · que•tlODe ~e juat ~· d~Cll~f!l8• ,s; \"• need to.. l:iJ1?Y.:. li'ecauae:, -uli, · tte.'1e elrcad~- late. 10 ~~igtit~ oih\";'. I.~11 just oslZ: a cou~e 1J90;ta. . ~1cti.; .ul\\, q_u••~i~os .. · ~ell nt s.r 3A :,:!:de One lid / P.•B• 21 the- kl\u0026o. T\u0026lli'U ,them.selves, uh, .then. did Haus also help you erra;nge those, l*\u003ess f1a ,, '' c ::i •, I $li'ou.ldn \"t ••Y·.2tAii, Kr. 1ttm:nlt\": S': 1Jell. to ctte:·.l\u003eest of 1lJT10ell0q+ be .• arn;ogecl .thet. c - E?.C dJ.i!?: .s~ I could.a. 1:'t swa o.r to i t, true .un. ~•an thait. was t:wel.ve years .aso, and 1' ~ Ult..liDli\"'. · -.~U .. ~. did . tlief' ul:l, .\\lhy do you . think; uh, why did co11tent.1ooe die- 4cnm ilr-St. \"ugustine? .. ~ ..'..E l!c.ause..,. S\"ecause . tlte .C\u0026a6er ot '\"1.nerCe . establiebalent; undet;' the influence o( • llb1~e1swttctied lidco. C $\"o ycu \\IOttld aay tlieo., uh, that you all, .uh, wen the battles aod lost th• var? it T1i'e d:tiQQ-i; of cCQ21erce, yes: eirp..liecause. ot .that .. Uh, .tbe4hamhe.r .ot ao...orct :ID-st placeo. goes' alC\u003c18 'O;itb n_fJgen. Uh, .tbey:. tbfnk.1-t''• •=rt~ Out actually t: t!U.DR:..it'• dutt071;n8 the country and, go~g to deacroy d teir busta.uees tC? go along \"1th the lliggen like .they',ye SMU $1 . l'e.8 1111. -. l{ltll ;myt~· \"'~go to a c~~~·-ld:i:ero .thera.'a . .raci\u0026l ~leq:I th·· ~~ o~ :\"o\"°'erce. ie ,..,,,uauy. linecr--up«m ·. tb'e' .uaa•.-s ride . 1l\u003c\u003e '\"\"' • . .tlt!ni: t~ey'\u003el:e just . doing,~:\u003c . to 'Pl'Ot0Ct .tlfeir:..1'1JSin~ll or ••• \" l.fs kl£~ ·· ,_, ···· · .. tftll · ..... • • • .. r \"4. ~- fi'\"anbrS -up. . .th\"a· lin\u0026\u003e eut pre.ssur•.· Oo. ·• '•- • 3fiey: teel .tlt~~e ~ore sUSject to· p~cseu~e .. tltan o t liar .~eople. A lot · of·. tlifal don\"t -lib: D:i.886l'k..5'ut,, ,\"U!f • th'OY.~ gWe lraf' to Pl:\"'oaGuioe . too ·easn~ .be.couse 5.1 3A. Side\u003clne bd ,,. . P.age 22 / they're. tbey'ro too worried a5out tlie.iT bualneeaes. And their .busi.ne.as lit-ould 1ia.- Oette.r off t.f they \u0026uc.Red the ~g\u0026:Ot'S . X:. think. that all the d.a:louscrati.on i .o 19\"64 c:mJ;• t:l'tut:ed good adver:tisea.en.t for St. Auguetine • st:Dce ttteo. it tw slowed down a 1i'ttle a.t· the tia, liut. t a.ea.a, l' thluk tliat pul!UcitY· lias. ltelped in tlie long run. IC It could .well tie. Uh;; • • s ·: ~ v.tia ~vas down ttiero)unt11. WJ;\u003elfe put . the pJ,\"easure on-' ~••tuaX'anta woa.Lbl\"c: e\"Vb let ._ pay·•Y· 8U18,.; J:) i\\Oally? S': . .... tl:iq.- all iuiwtc4 on•• eat~\u0026 ttte. J:l llo you thini. there vas. ·$1 ~got, I' got royal ttcam.ent. F ca •:c co.plain at all about tbe. Wf r 'Oii treated in St. Augustine. 10 .Tliat\"s intorcst~ng fncct. Wpuld you ' MY.' there ven: any other contdbuti:q fact~• to the crisie, .ull, otliar tli4n tti:e nee rcliltioua? for instance, th\u003cr '\u003c'Ir• having that ~8 Y;E.C • . a tril(o, · tho Ylori da East COa\u0026t i\\411road. llo you t!i1nl(.th1t played any. eignitlcanc ~actor in h~ightened .uosioos tn IP ' ~ soe • . fl~I' .. ~ Of CO\\l'l8e~li2es tC!: 80 tO Coul't . ond, :W1, p uc do\\IJ\\ .vJiite peioplo vhere - -- - -·- -- --~ --·- __ , _ - - - s:t· 3A, · ~de, One .l\u003ed. J.'.age 23 as tbe SCLC ll;a~ gett~ng out on the streets and beattpg them down. ·JO . Gec--...i:lg out on the streets .. S': BU't' w . we~ the 6attle of St. A.u -g. ustine axcept .for lolhat, uh, WOlfe did co •i:e tlieCrtiamJ\u003eer ofao•erce, uli, wJ:thdr4lrl' their .support • . t:,; #J.d ~ . to t Hat, 'Up tO tliat point ••• ... ~ UR:e It said; .-.::iost of . tliet11. don\"t l12o ~t:ssors. ·r: Uh':..ituli_ Up to tliat .point the, uli, wft.tte coan.un:tty sbow:ed ,e ••• ' $'' ' ~Cl.1 -tlie cODllNI'li't~' was s t ill vitlt us, t lie Comsountty l48S .still with U$ as faJT a~..tHa~ goes. IC .;llUt tlie, -ub·, Qbsi:nessmen vCTcnt-e . S: Bue- ttte. \u0026usinesSJ11,en, 112otel and ·restaurant peoele '(ere pressured by l(Olfe: .to sv,i:tctt.s:bles. And of course tlie ~i.'gge-rs \u003cyere go1.ns in their businesses and all and of course, uli, they were c ~gbt in the cross fi\u003cre, afraid . the .iederal.. goyerm:Qent would prosecute them, and a11. But uh, tf they just, \"\\lb'; · if tliey\\'d just '6een pat:i'ent a little longer there l(O'Uldu' t have 'been any. n;:f.\u0026s:Ms living in St:. Augustine. Th.ey-' d all 'lllOVed out and then they no 1t0ul4n ':t b:avo ;Dc:l:t: prob le:=. Ki l;' tKink '*''Ve pretty 111,uctt.uli ••• K! ~'Oill. - :;-. . lo~lnlve\"'!f·ad,sr...,,.,~ V\"\"'? 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