{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"alm_u0008-0000003_247","title":"Interview with Johnny Phillips","collection_id":"alm_u0008-0000003","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Phillips, Johnny","Hamrick, Peggy"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1984-08-16"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Phillips briefly discusses living through the Depression in Birmingham, Alabama. Phillips explains that he took no help from anybody during the Depression. He didn't take advantage of the Red Cross or work for the WPA; he grew a garden and raised animals. He says his family bought coal and also burned their own wood. He mentions hoboing and how dangerous it was, but he says he never hoboed. Phillips explains that he left Birmingham and went up north in the forties and fifties for work. Work was scarce in Birmingham, but he got a job at a Ford plant in Chicago.","The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg","image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Working Lives Oral History Project"],"dcterms_subject":["Phillips, Johnny--Interviews"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with Johnny Phillips"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/cdm/ref/collection/u0008_0000003/id/247"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Images are in the public domain or protected under U.S. copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), and both types may be used for research and private study. For publication, commercial use, or reproduction, in print or digital format, of all images and/or the accompanying data, users are required to secure prior written permission from the copyright holder and from archives@ua.edu. When permission is granted, please credit the images as Courtesy of The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections."],"dcterms_medium":["interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_u0008-0000003_293","title":"Interview with William Lemons","collection_id":"alm_u0008-0000003","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Lemons, William","Hamrick, Peggy"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1984-08-16"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, William Lemons discusses his opinions about several topics related to the Depression, including what he thinks of Herbert Hoover and FDR. He also talks about race relations. Lemons recounts how his family came from Georgia when he was young, and he explains what he sees as the difference in attitude between Georgia blacks and those from Alabama. He talks about being a cook in the Navy, a job he says he got because of his disposition. He explains that he's in general a positive person, and it gets him far in life, makes him lucky. Lemons describes his experience of living through the Depression. He says his family fared well because he had a relatively steady job for those times. In fact, he was often in the position to help others, especially by giving them food. He claims he had a nice boss, and it made his life easier. Lemons also explains his opinions about the country's leaders during that time. He says that Hoover, as well as the entire Republican party, was distanced from the plight of the common man. On the other hand, FDR was a rich man, but he \"had poor people at heart.\" He also discusses his opinions of Kennedy, Eisenhower, and Regan. Lemons talks about segregation and says he didn't have a lot of conflicts during that time. He claims he had several white friends, and he got along with them: \"'Cause I had a place, and I stayed in my place.\" He says he \"never bucked the law.\"","The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg","image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Working Lives Oral History Project"],"dcterms_subject":["Lemons, William--Interviews"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with William Lemons"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/cdm/ref/collection/u0008_0000003/id/293"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Images are in the public domain or protected under U.S. copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), and both types may be used for research and private study. For publication, commercial use, or reproduction, in print or digital format, of all images and/or the accompanying data, users are required to secure prior written permission from the copyright holder and from archives@ua.edu. When permission is granted, please credit the images as Courtesy of The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections."],"dcterms_medium":["interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_idn_3824","title":"Letter from Charlie G. Williams to I.D. Newman, August 16, 1984","collection_id":"suc_idn","collection_title":"Isaiah DeQuincey Newman, (1911-1985), Papers, 1929-2003","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009"],"dcterms_creator":["Williams, Charlie G."],"dc_date":["1984-08-16"],"dcterms_description":["1 page","State Board of Education -- Education Improvement Act"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. South Carolina Political Collections"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Isaiah DeQuincey Newman Papers, General, 1984.","Isaiah DeQuincey Newman Papers"],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights--South Carolina","Civil rights movements--South Carolina","Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Letter from Charlie G. Williams to I.D. Newman, August 16, 1984"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of South Carolina. South Carolina Political Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/idn/id/3824"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright Not Evaluated. For further information please contact the University of South Carolina, South Carolina Political Collections, Columbia, SC 29208."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence","letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_u0008-0000003_137","title":"Interview with Catherine Bean","collection_id":"alm_u0008-0000003","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Bean, Catherine","Hamrick, Peggy"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1984-08-15"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Catherine Bean talks about her life in rural Alabama. Bean was born in 1922 in New Brockton, Coffee County Alabama. Her family was sharecroppers. They moved to Geneva County in 1910 and then to Birmingham in 1938. She attended Tuskegee University and taught school between Hartford and Geneva. She retired after she married James Garfield Bean, a sharecropper from Troy, Alabama. She describes sharecropping and its challenges. She also discusses having her childhood home burned. Bean taught school in Slocum and Cottonwood, Alabama. She had 30-40 children in her classroom and was the only teacher in the school. If someone got sick, the doctor would be summoned; there were no hospitals. Bean also discusses revivals in the area. She said they would sing and pray, and women would run the prayer service.","The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg","image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Working Lives Oral History Project"],"dcterms_subject":["Bean, Catherine--Interviews","Sharecropping--Alabama","Education--Alabama","Medical care--Alabama","Alabama--Religion","United States--Civilization--1970-"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with Catherine Bean"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/cdm/ref/collection/u0008_0000003/id/137"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Images are in the public domain or protected under U.S. copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), and both types may be used for research and private study. For publication, commercial use, or reproduction, in print or digital format, of all images and/or the accompanying data, users are required to secure prior written permission from the copyright holder and from archives@ua.edu. When permission is granted, please credit the images as Courtesy of The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections."],"dcterms_medium":["interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_gravely_162","title":"John Popham oral history interview, 1984 August 14","collection_id":"suc_gravely","collection_title":"William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Greenville County, Greenville, 34.85262, -82.39401"],"dcterms_creator":["Popham, John","Gravely, William"],"dc_date":["1984-08-14"],"dcterms_description":["An oral history interview on August 14, 1984, by William Gravely with John Popham, who was the New York Times southern correspondent who covered the court case surrounding suspected members of the lynching party which killed Willie Earle in 1947. Topics covered include Popham's life experiences, other highlights of his career, and the various personalities who were involved in the trial itself or were covering the trial. A draft transcript is included with the interview."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. Department of Oral History, University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Call Number: GRA 041","William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--South Carolina--History--20th century","African Americans--South Carolina--Interviews","Civil rights--South Carolina","Lynching--South Carolina--Greenville","Trials(Murder)--South Carolina--Greenville","Greenville County (S.C.)--Race Relations--History"],"dcterms_title":["John Popham oral history interview, 1984 August 14"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Caroliniana Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm17173.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/gravely/id/162"],"dcterms_temporal":["1946/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright: University of South Carolina. The transcript and audio are provided for individual research purposes only; for all other uses, including publication, reproduction, and quotation beyond fair use, permission must be obtained in writing from: Department of Oral History, University Libraries, University of South Carolina."],"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["42:46"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Popham, John","Earle, Willie, 1922-1947"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_idn_3658","title":"Middleton-Rosemond United Methodist Church, Agenda for Council on Ministries Meeting, August 14, 1984","collection_id":"suc_idn","collection_title":"Isaiah DeQuincey Newman, (1911-1985), Papers, 1929-2003","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Richland County, 34.0218, -80.90304"],"dcterms_creator":["Middleton-Rosemond United Methodist Church (Columbia, S.C.). Council on Ministries"],"dc_date":["1984-08-14"],"dcterms_description":["1 page","Meadowlake -- Middleton-Rosemond United Methodist -- Columbia (S.C.)"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. South Carolina Political Collections"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Isaiah DeQuincey Newman Papers, Topical, Methodist Church, Middleton-Rosemond, Columbia, 1983-1984.","Isaiah DeQuincey Newman Papers"],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights--South Carolina","Civil rights movements--South Carolina","Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Middleton-Rosemond United Methodist Church, Agenda for Council on Ministries Meeting, August 14, 1984"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of South Carolina. South Carolina Political Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/idn/id/3658"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright Not Evaluated. For further information please contact the University of South Carolina, South Carolina Political Collections, Columbia, SC 29208."],"dcterms_medium":["agendas (administrative records)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Newman, I. DeQuincy, 1911-1985"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"auu_auc-050_auc-076-1908","title":"VEP Press Release, August 13, 1984","collection_id":"auu_auc-050","collection_title":"Neighborhood Union Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Voter Education Project, Inc. (Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1984-08-13"],"dcterms_description":["Press release from the Voter Education Project regarding analysis of four factors that could determine whether the white incumbent in Georgia's Fifth Congressional District would be unseated by one of his four Black challengers. The factors were the Black turnout rate, the white turnout rate, the black crossover rate, and the white crossover rate. The VEP analysis showed that a close election was possible, but a clear win for the incumbent or one of the Black challengers was also possible."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Voter Education Project Organizational Records||http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12322/fa:076"],"dcterms_subject":["Political participation","African Americans--Civil rights","Voter registration","African Americans--Politics and government","Demographic surveys"],"dcterms_title":["VEP Press Release, August 13, 1984"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12322/auc.076:1908"],"dcterms_temporal":["1980/1989"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["press releases"],"dcterms_extent":["3 pages"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"auu_auc-076_auc-076-1908","title":"VEP Press Release, August 13, 1984","collection_id":"auu_auc-076","collection_title":"Voter Education Project Organizational Records","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Voter Education Project, Inc. (Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1984-08-13"],"dcterms_description":["Press release from the Voter Education Project regarding analysis of four factors that could determine whether the white incumbent in Georgia's Fifth Congressional District would be unseated by one of his four Black challengers. The factors were the Black turnout rate, the white turnout rate, the black crossover rate, and the white crossover rate. The VEP analysis showed that a close election was possible, but a clear win for the incumbent or one of the Black challengers was also possible."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Voter Education Project Organizational Records||http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12322/fa:076"],"dcterms_subject":["Political participation","African Americans--Civil rights","Voter registration","African Americans--Politics and government","Demographic surveys"],"dcterms_title":["VEP Press Release, August 13, 1984"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12322/auc.076:1908"],"dcterms_temporal":["1980/1989"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["press releases"],"dcterms_extent":["3 pages"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_u0008-0000003_244","title":"Interview with Patrick Hughes, Jr.","collection_id":"alm_u0008-0000003","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Hughes, Patrick, Jr.","Hardy, Charles"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1984-08-10"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Patrick Hughes recounts his family history, including his father's controversial work as a preacher that resulted in him being run out of Birmingham, Alabama. Hughes tells the story of his father's call to preaching, how he lived in Virginia and West Virginia before moving the family to Birmingham. He explains how his father's preaching got him in trouble. He told the black women in his congregation to stop having sex with their white bosses, and the women reported this to their bosses. The white men came after Hughes's father to lynch him, so he and a friend holed up in the friend's hardware store and protected themselves with shotguns. After this incident, the friend advised Hughes's father to leave Birmingham, so he moved to Colorado. [Tape also contains musical clips whose lyrics are not provided, but which are summarized in the transcript as the following: 1) \"about being a Klansman and fighting for glory and liberty,\" 2) \"about making cowboys and niggers our new game,\" and 3) \"an anti-LBJ voice to 'Dixie' instrumental\"]","The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg","image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Working Lives Oral History Project"],"dcterms_subject":["Hughes, Patrick, Jr.--Interviews"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with Patrick Hughes, Jr."],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/cdm/ref/collection/u0008_0000003/id/244"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Images are in the public domain or protected under U.S. copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), and both types may be used for research and private study. For publication, commercial use, or reproduction, in print or digital format, of all images and/or the accompanying data, users are required to secure prior written permission from the copyright holder and from archives@ua.edu. When permission is granted, please credit the images as Courtesy of The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections."],"dcterms_medium":["interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_u0008-0000003_65","title":"Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth","collection_id":"alm_u0008-0000003","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Shuttlesworth, Fred","Sillman, Marcie"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1984-08-09"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth discusses his early life and his eventual role in the Civil Rights Movement. Throughout the interview, Shuttlesworth speaks about the role of his religious faith played in his life and his involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1956 Alabama outlawed the NAACP. Shuttlesworth recounts holding a meeting when a deputy approached with a pistol and demanded that that no other NAACP meetings be held. Knowing that he would probably be arrested, Shuttlesworth called a mass meeting at Sardis Baptist Church in Birmingham. There were 600-700 attendees. During this meeting, the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights was formed. This organization was formed to get around the law that prohibited NAACP meetings. Regular meetings continued to be held, with detectives sitting in. He also details his involvement with Bull Connor. Shuttlesworth consistently maintained that African-Americans be allowed to serve on the police force; this request eventually resulted in a confrontation with Connor at the Birmingham City Hall. In this interview, Shuttlesworth also describes the Klan's attempt on his life which he says did not slow down his efforts; his religious faith gave him strength to continue. Shortly after this event, he organized a bus ride in Birmingham, where blacks sat with whites. Shuttlesworth recounts being beaten for trying to enroll his children in Phillips High School. He also describes the constant harassment from the local police department. He recalls sitting in the white section of an Atlanta train station and the mob scene that resulted from this action. In 1958, Shuttlesworth's church was bombed; the person behind this incident was brought trail 22 years later and sentenced to 10 years in jail. He recalls that very few white people were involved in the movement. Shuttlesworth believes that most were afraid to speak up and simply accepted the law. He added that they were also afraid of Bull Connor and afraid of being ostracized. He briefly mentions the involvement of other Civil Rights leaders in Birmingham. Shuttlesworth's organization invited Martin Luther King Jr. to Birmingham. Shuttlesworth says: \"we invited him because Birmingham was the citadel of segregation.\" Shuttlesworth sees the legacy of the Civil Rights Movement as the opening wedge for other movements, like the peace movement.","The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg","image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Working Lives Oral History Project"],"dcterms_subject":["Shuttlesworth, Fred--Interviews"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/cdm/ref/collection/u0008_0000003/id/65"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Images are in the public domain or protected under U.S. copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), and both types may be used for research and private study. For publication, commercial use, or reproduction, in print or digital format, of all images and/or the accompanying data, users are required to secure prior written permission from the copyright holder and from archives@ua.edu. When permission is granted, please credit the images as Courtesy of The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections."],"dcterms_medium":["interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_wlohp_0000063","title":"Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth, 1984 August 9","collection_id":"alm_wlohp","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Sillman, Marcie"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Shuttlesworth, Fred L., 1922-2011"],"dc_date":["1984-08-09"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth discusses his early life and his eventual role in the Civil Rights Movement. Throughout the interview, Shuttlesworth speaks about the role of his religious faith played in his life and his involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1956 Alabama outlawed the NAACP. Shuttlesworth recounts holding a meeting when a deputy approached with a pistol and demanded that that no other NAACP meetings be held. Knowing that he would probably be arrested, Shuttlesworth called a mass meeting at Sardis Baptist Church in Birmingham. There were 600-700 attendees. During this meeting, the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights was formed. This organization was formed to get around the law that prohibited NAACP meetings. Regular meetings continued to be held, with detectives sitting in. He also details his involvement with Bull Connor. Shuttlesworth consistently maintained that African-Americans be allowed to serve on the police force; this request eventually resulted in a confrontation with Connor at the Birmingham City Hall. In this interview, Shuttlesworth also describes the Klan's attempt on his life which he says did not slow down his efforts; his religious faith gave him strength to continue. Shortly after this event, he organized a bus ride in Birmingham, where blacks sat with whites. Shuttlesworth recounts being beaten for trying to enroll his children in Phillips High School. He also describes the constant harassment from the local police department. He recalls sitting in the white section of an Atlanta train station and the mob scene that resulted from this action. In 1958, Shuttlesworth's church was bombed; the person behind this incident was brought trail 22 years later and sentenced to 10 years in jail. He recalls that very few white people were involved in the movement. Shuttlesworth believes that most were afraid to speak up and simply accepted the law. He added that they were also afraid of Bull Connor and afraid of being ostracized. He briefly mentions the involvement of other Civil Rights leaders in Birmingham. Shuttlesworth's organization invited Martin Luther King Jr. to Birmingham. Shuttlesworth says: \"we invited him because Birmingham was the citadel of segregation.\" Shuttlesworth sees the legacy of the Civil Rights Movement as the opening wedge for other movements, like the peace movement.","Interviewed by Marcie Sillman in 1984."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Archive of American Minority Cultures"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of the online collection: Working Lives Oral History Project."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights movements--Alabama","Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Mass meetings--Alabama--Birmingham","Ku Klux Klan (1915- )","Birmingham (Ala.)--Race relations","Intimidation","Direct action--Alabama--Birmingham"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth, 1984 August 9"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/cdm/ref/collection/u0008_0000003/id/65"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["To obtain permission to publish or reproduce, please contact the W. 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Welch discusses his life's work as a pastor and his views on the Civil Rights movement. Welch compares city and country churches, saying the people in the country are \"more sincere and real\" and have quieter services, while in the city the services are more emotional. He discusses conducting revivals and talks about the \"joy and satisfaction\" he gets out of preaching. He discusses several well-known local pastors. He explains the work of the church. He says they didn't believe in interfering with labor disputes. He discusses burial societies:  a person paid a little money each month, and they received money if they went into the hospital and upon their death, for their burial expenses. He also describes how they kept a benevolent fund to aid victims of floods. However, he says the church couldn't do much to help during the Depression. Welch discusses Jim Crow laws and trying to register to vote. He was asked questions about the government. It took him a long time to finally get registered. He thinks finally got tired of dealing with him. He explains that he never participated in any marches, but his church held prayer meetings and \"institutes\" about how to act under pressure; they followed Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, practice of nonviolence. He says he knew King and once gave a revival for King's father when the man was too sick to do it himself. He also mentions Fred Shuttlesworth; he says he \"had a lot of iron in him,\" so whites were too intimidated to bother him too much. When speaking about the unfair laws of the time, Welch says, \"It was miserable if you thought it would last always.\"  But he always preached that they wouldn't last. He says he didn't try to break any unfair laws, just tried to get around them through boycotts. For example, many gas stations would refuse to check oil for black patrons, so the blacks learned who would and wouldn't, passed on that information to others, and succeeded in changing those gas stations' policies through not giving them their business.","Interviewed by Peggy Hamrick on August 7 and August 9, 1984."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Archive of American Minority Cultures"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of the online collection: Working Lives Oral History Project."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American clergy--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Religion","Voter registration--Alabama--Birmingham","Direct action--Alabama--Birmingham","Boycotts--Alabama--Birmingham","Birmingham (Ala.)--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with Rev C.C. 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