{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"umc_awr_49505","title":"League for Industrial Democracy: Minutes, 1957-1958","collection_id":"umc_awr","collection_title":"Advancing Workers’ Rights in the American South","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1957/1958"],"dcterms_description":["Folder of materials from the \"Subject Files, 1943-1965\" series from the AFL, CIO, and AFL-CIO Civil Rights Department."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Labor"],"dcterms_title":["League for Industrial Democracy: Minutes, 1957-1958"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Maryland, College Park. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://hdl.handle.net/1903.1/49505"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["records (documents)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aru_unequal_1335","title":"Lesson from Little Rock","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1957"],"dcterms_description":["Essay by Reverend Colbert C. Cartwright condemning the Little Rock School Board for not better preparing for integration.","Integration -- Desegregation -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Little Rock Central High School -- Little Rock (Ark.) -- Virgil Blossom -- Little Rock -- Pulaski","LESSON FROM LITTLE ROCK - On the day that Arkansas National Guardsmen first formed a cordon around Little Rock's Central High School to block the entry of nine Negro students, a Lutheran pastor had the occasion to make a sick call at a house across from the school. As he walked past a rocket launcher partially blocking the street, he asked one of the guardsmen if he thought such heavy weapons were necessary. 'If you'll pardon the expression, sir\" was the reply, \"I feel like a damned fool - protecting 2,000 white high-school students from 9 colored students.\" There are many aspects of the Little Rock school crisis which can only be termed foolish - regardless of one's choice of theological modi- fiers. However, behind Gov. Orval E. Faubus' action lie facets of the Little Rock school problem which are in danger of being overlocked. It will be tragic if the Nation sees nothing more at Little Rock than a pic- ture of Faubus' folly. Others Share Responsibility The Little Rock school board and Superintendent Virgil Blossom must share responsibility for the Little Rock debacle. Their whole approach to the task of making a transition from a dual to an integrated school system unwittingly invited the drastic action which Gov. Faubus took on Sept. 2 when he called out the Nation Guard. It has been Faubus' contention that the Little Rock community \"is not in the condition to have integration at the moment.\" This is a judg- ment impossible to prove or disprove. Many observers are convinced that the transition would have been made with a minimum of trouble if the Gov. had not interfered. There are other persons of both races who have watched with growing alarm the school board's development of an approach to the problem with disregarded everything experience has taught us about human nature. The Arkansas Gazette summarized that approach accurately: (1) The Little Rock plan of integration was voluntarily evolved by Little Rock School board over a period of 3 years. It was a legal design intended to accomplish the minimum integration over the longest period of time permissable under the Supreme Court ruling. (2) The plan was presented to the people of Little Rock in these terms and fully explained. School Superintendent Virgil Blossom himself made an estimated 200 speeches in this 3-year period setting forth the plan in detail to intereted white and colored parent groups. The general attitude of Dr. Blossom in explaining the plans for integration to white groups was that the prospect was as distasteful to him and the school board as to anyone else. His argument rested solely on the fact that the school board knew no way to get around the Supreme Court decision. He emphasized the wisdom of the school board's desingning its own deliberate program to avoid having to take a faster route if a Federal district court should delineate a plan. The superintendent ex- plained the plan to anyone who would listen. He asked help from no one. The Louisville Approach This approach to preparing the community for the mingling of the races in public schools revealed no awareness of the lessong taught by troublesome Clinton, Tenn., or peaceful Louisville, KY. Superintendent Omer Charmichael, of Louisville, has said that one thing was plain to him from the beginning: Preparation for so racial a change has little hope of success unless it is a community wide program. In the Louisville story he explains the manner un which he sought to involve the whole community in a discussion of desegregation. He solicited help from parent-teacher associations, the Kentucky Council on Human Relations, churches and church- related groups, women's clubs, civic groups, and other organizations. He"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Lesson from Little Rock"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Civilrights/id/1335"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact Special Collections for information on copyright."],"dcterms_medium":["essays"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Cartwright, Colbert S., 1924-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aru_unequal_1336","title":"Lesson from Little Rock","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1957"],"dcterms_description":["Essay by Reverend Colbert C. Cartwright condemning the Little Rock School Board for not better preparing for integration.","Integration -- Desegregation -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Little Rock Central High School -- Little Rock (Ark.) -- Virgil Blossom -- Little Rock -- Pulaski","\"from Little Rock\" page 2 ured the cooperation of radio stations and disseminated literature relations. As the whole Louisville community became involved in talking about race relations, the problem was seen not only from the legal om the moral, social, and psychological points of view. It is significant that the hindsight of the people of Clinton to the wisdom of the Louisville approach. Looking backward, Mayor Lewallen said: \"We thought we had done enough when we set up a committee and talked the situation over with some of the civic and leaders. We were wrong.\" He observed that events have scuttled southern maxim that the less said about race relations the better. Consultation on the Proposal In relationship to the community, the Little Rock School Board has intently taken an autocratic approach. Carefully avoiding consulta- tion with either Negro or white patrons, the board on May 24, 1955, an- d to the public a plan for gradual integration under which high-school- grades qould be desegregated probably in September 1957. If all all, integration would follow in the other grades over a period of approximately 6 years. Since no one had been consulted, many persons oned the plan. Many Negroes wanted a faster plan; many white per- anted no plan at all. Interested citizens, both Negro and white, o Dr. Blossom with questions. When any point of the plan was ques- tioned, there was only one reaction - a defensive bristling. Five months after the plan was announced the Arkansas Council on Relations convened a meeting at Little Rock at which Dr. Blossom expalined his plan, Irene Osborne who had been working in Washington, D.C. shal community support for the school desegregation program there, on hthe importance of community relations in making the transition. Blossom exhibited open hostility toward the approach she suggested. ers' Help Not Sought In December 1955, the Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance of r Little Rock, composed of Negro ministers, asked the school board joint on advisory committee, which would include Negroes, to work direction of racial integration in the schools. The board not declined, but refused to suggest any alternate way in which the Little Rock community might help in paving the way to a smoother trans- At about the same time, Dr. Blossom presented the plan of gradual integration to the Greater Little Rock Ministeral Alliance, composed te ministers. The plan was received with general enthusiasm. But the alliance suggested that it endorse the plan pffocoa;;y and pub- Dr. Blossom urged it not to do so. To the present time he has sought the help of ministers of either race in preparing the commun- r the board's plan of integration. During the 1955-56 school year professional educators in Little Rock became concernced because no preparation was being given high-school rs for the new problems they would face when integration came. suggested to Dr. Blossom that informal meetings or teachers be ar- to discuss such problems. He did not think well of the sugges- and at no time has he sought to help teachers face their own pre- s or to provide with guidance in dealing with problems of group os. At a luncheon meeting on October 12, 1956, Robert Snyder, for 3 chairman of the St. Louis Council on Human Relations, explained to er of Little Rock civic leaders the way in which 85 organizations city worked to help the schools meet the problem of school de- ation. Dr. Blossom was present, but indicated no interest in gain- ch support from Little Rock agencies. On March 11, 1957, he ex- explained the school board's plan to the community council, a group made up representatives from all metropolital area organizations and agencies ned for civil betterment. Although he did not emphasized the need preparing the community for school integration, he did state for the time publicly that he would call on the various groups tp help the community. He did not stay when. To date their help has not"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Lesson from Little Rock"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Civilrights/id/1336"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact Special Collections for information on copyright."],"dcterms_medium":["essays"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Cartwright, Colbert S., 1924-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aru_unequal_1337","title":"Lesson from Little Rock","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1957"],"dcterms_description":["Essay by Reverend Colbert C. Cartwright condemning the Little Rock School Board for not better preparing for integration.","Integration -- Desegregation -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Little Rock Central High School -- Little Rock (Ark.) -- Virgil Blossom -- Little Rock -- Pulaski","\"Lesson from Little Rock\" Of human relations, became increasingly disturbed as they realized that the social forces of Little Rock when not being marshaled to aid in a smooth transition to integration. No one knew that what might happen. There might be trouble, for which no one was ready. Had the school board developed adequate plans with law enforcement officials for every eventuality? Several prominent Little Rock citizens investigated the possibility of bringing to the city a law enforcement official nationally known as an expert in the field of police-community realtions to councel quietly with local officials. When Dr. Blossom approached on the possibility, he replied that he had adequately studied the problem and needed no outside help. The Governor To The Rescue Governor Faubus' decision on September 2 to call out the troops and to block integration was the natural outcome of every step the Little Rock School Board had taken. It had insisted all along that the only reason the schools were integrated was that the Federal Government was forcing it to do so. It had consistently refused to seek the help of the community in gaining moral support ofr its reluctant help. Then the Governor in shining armor came to the rescue. He said the school board did not need to integrate, that since the community was not prepared for integration there would be violance. He would call out the militia as the \"preservator of the peace.\" Dr. Blossom, the school board and Little Rock's leading citizens were stunned by Faubus' unprecedented actions. They did not want the Governor to interfere. Knowing that some racial mixing in the public schools is inevitable, they would prefer tp have it come about peacefully and on their own terms. What they failed to consider was that their whole approach had plaed directly into the hands of the members of white citi- zens councils. Having sought to prepare the communitu solely upon a legal- istic basis, they had no defense when the Governor, prompted by rabid segre- gationists in Little Rock, insisted he had found the needed loophole. Three days after the Governor order his troops to prevent in- tegration in the name of State rights, the school board found itself in the position of being on the Governor's side. It went to Federal court and petitioned the judge to suspend temporarily the plan for integration. This was exactly what the Governor and his white citizen council cohorts were pleading for. The School Board's house of cards had fully collapsed. Citizens who had agreed to compliance if there was no other way out now took fresh hope in the Governor's action and the school board's acquies- cence. Little Rock became sharply divided. Arguments among Little Rock citizens will continue for years as to whether Governor Faubus got a square deal in Federal court. Few will question why the problem arose in the first place. Fewer still will be aware of the responsibility the school board must share for the ridicu- lous situation which arose. The experiences of Washington, Louisville, and Clinton all point to the fact that transition, difficult at best, can come about only if all the resources of the community are marshaled to help. Tey have taugh that the moral and social psychological aspects of the problem must be adequately considered. Little Rock tried a different path. On Sept. 2 it was confronted with a \"dead end\" sign. It is still a question whether the school board can read the sign."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Lesson from Little Rock"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. 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Cartwright condemning the Little Rock School Board for not better preparing for integration.","Integration -- Desegregation -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Little Rock Central High School -- Little Rock (Ark.) -- Virgil Blossom -- Little Rock -- Pulaski"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Lesson from Little Rock"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Civilrights/id/1338"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact Special Collections for information on copyright."],"dcterms_medium":["essays"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Cartwright, Colbert S., 1924-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"dlg_bald_am-803","title":"Let's wash up and go vote! / Baldy, [1957]","collection_id":"dlg_bald","collection_title":"Baldy Editorial Cartoons, 1946-1982, 1997: Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoons at the Richard B. Russell Library.","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Baldowski, Clifford H., 1917-1999"],"dc_date":["1957"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts T.V. Williams and W.T. Rodenhamer in a mud hole labeled \"The Campaign of '57.\" Williams is carrying a moneybag, and Rodenhamer is carrying a box."],"dc_format":["image/jp2"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["[Atlanta, Ga. : Atlanta Constitution, 1957]"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoon Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dcterms_subject":["Governors--Georgia--Election","Political campaigns--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Let's wash up and go vote! / Baldy, [1957]"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_bald_am-803#item"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_bald_am-803"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: [Title of the cartoon], [Date of cartoon], editorial cartoon by Clifford H. Baldowski, Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoon Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, presented in the Digital Library of Georgia."],"dlg_local_right":["The Baldowski cartoons created for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution are licensed to the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution."],"dcterms_medium":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_extent":["1 item ; 36 x 32 cm. paper pen and ink."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Rodenhamer, William T.","Williams, T. V. (Truman Veran), 1909-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"int_jjhp_249192","title":"[Letter from Fred Parks to Members of the Texas Bar - 1957]","collection_id":"int_jjhp","collection_title":"John J. Herrera Papers","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Texas, 31.25044, -99.25061"],"dcterms_creator":["Parks, Fred, 1906-"],"dc_date":["1957"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/png"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Government and Law","Social Life and Customs--Clubs and Organizations","State Bar of Texas","Fees"],"dcterms_title":["[Letter from Fred Parks to Members of the Texas Bar - 1957]"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Texas. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth249192/"],"dcterms_temporal":["1939/2019"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_extent":["2 p. ; 29 cm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"bcas_p15728coll3_41564","title":"Letters from Robert R. Brown","collection_id":"bcas_p15728coll3","collection_title":"Butler Center for Arkansas Studies Documents Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, 34.76993, -92.3118","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, Central High School, 34.73683, -92.29895"],"dcterms_creator":["Brown, Robert R. (Robert Raymond), 1910-1994"],"dc_date":["1957/1958"],"dcterms_description":["This project was supported in part by a Digitizing Hidden Special Collections and Archives project grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and Council on Library and Information Resources."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Little Rock, Ark. : University of Arkansas at Little Rock Center for Arkansas History and Culture"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Bishop Robert R. Brown papers, 1957-1964 (UALR.MS.0081)","History of Segregation and Integration of Arkansas's Educational System"],"dcterms_subject":["Education--Arkansas--History?--Little Rock--History--20th century","School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock","Segregation in education--Arkansas--Little Rock","Central High School (Little Rock, Ark.)--History","Bishops--Arkansas--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Letters from Robert R. Brown"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Butler Center for Arkansas Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://arstudies.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15728coll3/id/41564"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Brown, Robert R. (Robert Raymond), 1910-1994"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"bcas_p15728coll3_41801","title":"Letters to Robert R. Brown","collection_id":"bcas_p15728coll3","collection_title":"Butler Center for Arkansas Studies Documents Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, 34.76993, -92.3118","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, Central High School, 34.73683, -92.29895"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1957/1958"],"dcterms_description":["This project was supported in part by a Digitizing Hidden Special Collections and Archives project grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and Council on Library and Information Resources."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Little Rock, Ark. : University of Arkansas at Little Rock Center for Arkansas History and Culture"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Bishop Robert R. Brown papers, 1957-1964 (UALR.MS.0081)","History of Segregation and Integration of Arkansas's Educational System"],"dcterms_subject":["Education--Arkansas--History--Little Rock--History--20th century","School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock","Segregation in education--Arkansas--Little Rock","Central High School (Little Rock, Ark.)--History","Bishops--Arkansas--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Letters to Robert R. Brown"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Butler Center for Arkansas Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://arstudies.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15728coll3/id/41801"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Brown, Robert R. 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