{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"aru_unequal_1132","title":"FBI Interview with Little Rock Policeman Tommy Dunaway","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1957-09-25"],"dcterms_description":["Signed statement from former Little Rock police officer Tommy Dunaway regarding his resignation from force during Little Rock Central High School crisis.","Integration -- Desegregation -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Little Rock (Ark.) -- Police Force -- Little Rock -- Pulaski"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["FBI Interview with Little Rock Policeman Tommy Dunaway"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. 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Mellon Foundation and Council on Library and Information Resources."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Little Rock, Ark. : Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Central High Museum, Inc. papers (CHSC 314)","History of Segregation and Integration of Arkansas's Educational System"],"dcterms_subject":["Central High School (Little Rock, Ark.)","Little Rock Public Schools (Little Rock, Ark.)","African Americans--Education--Arkansas--Little Rock","African Americans--Civil rights--Arkansas--Little Rock","School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock","United States. Army. Airborne Division, 101st."],"dcterms_title":["General speaking with reporters"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Butler Center for Arkansas Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://arstudies.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15728coll1/id/13268"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site believes this item is covered by our copyright, fair use, or public domain. If you claim copyright, contact the National Historic Site."],"dcterms_medium":["photographic prints"],"dcterms_extent":["8 x 10 in"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"dde_ddetimeline_125","title":"Memorandum of telephone call between President Eisenhower and Attorney General","collection_id":"dde_ddetimeline","collection_title":"Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century Information: Dwight D. 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Governor Faubus, opposed to integration, sent members of the Arkansas National Guard to prevent African American students--the \"Little Rock Nine\"--from entering Little Rock Central High School on September 4. Federal courts ordered Governor Faubus to remove the troops and permit the nine students to enter the school on September 23, 1957. However, because of the rioting that continued outside, the students were removed from the school after three hours. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered troops from the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to restore order and to protect the students. After a single year of integration, Governor Faubus closed the Little Rock public high schools to avoid further integration. The United States Supreme Court declared Faubus' action illegal and the public schools reopened August 1959.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of: Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Collection: Dwight D. Eisenhower's Papers as President (Ann Whitman File), Series: DDE Diary Series, Box Number: 27, Folder Title: September 1957 Telephone Calls."],"dcterms_subject":["Federal-state controversies--Arkansas","School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock","African American students--Arkansas--Little Rock","High school students--Arkansas--Little Rock","Segregation in education--Arkansas--Little Rock","Race riots--Arkansas--Little Rock","Violence--Arkansas--Little Rock","Race relations","Little Rock (Ark.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Central High School (Little Rock, Ark.)","Soldiers--United States","Presidents--United States","Attorneys general--United States","Mobs--Arkansas--Little Rock"],"dcterms_title":["Memorandum of telephone call between President Eisenhower and Attorney General"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Dwight D. Eisenhower Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://presidentialtimeline.org/html/record.php?id=125"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["Rights Status: Unrestricted"],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["memorandums"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969","Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 1904-1996"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tws_oid32_33200","title":"Memphis World, 1957 September 25th","collection_id":"tws_oid32","collection_title":"Memphis World","dcterms_contributor":["Beauchamp, J. A."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis, 35.14953, -90.04898"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1957-09-25"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":["MW_v27n19_1957-09-25"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Memphis World Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights","Race","African Americans"],"dcterms_title":["Memphis World, 1957 September 25th"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Rhodes College"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://hdl.handle.net/10267/33200"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["newspapers"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39964","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of federalized Arkansas National Guard troops arriving in Little Rock, Arkansas to escort nine African American students into Little Rock Central High School, 1957 September 25","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1957-09-25"],"dcterms_description":["This series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from September 25, 1957 shows federalized Arkansas National Guard troops arriving in Little Rock, Arkansas to escort nine African American students into Little Rock Central High School. Road sign reads \"Little Rock Air Force Base.\" Transport vehicles filled with troops enter the city.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn39964"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of federalized Arkansas National Guard troops arriving in Little Rock, Arkansas to escort nine African American students into Little Rock Central High School, 1957 September 25"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39964"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39964"],"dcterms_temporal":["1957-09-25"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn39964, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of federalized Arkansas National Guard troops arriving in Little Rock, Arkansas to escort nine African American students into Little Rock Central High School, 1957 September 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0845, 44:23/45:24, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 1 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39860","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporters interviewing students who leave school to protest integration by the \"Little Rock Nine\" at Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957 September 25","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1957-09-25"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from September 25, 1957, reporters interview students who have left Little Rock Central High School following the admittance of nine African American students, and United States soldiers surround the school following rioting in the community.","The clip begins with soldiers standing in a line in the middle of the street; behind on the sidewalk, white citizens crowd together. Soldiers are also seen walking behind a hedge or a fence. Next, a reporter interviews a young woman who stands with her back to the camera. The young woman believes most of the furor over the integration by the \"Little Rock Nine\" has been political; she also believes that United States president Dwight D. Eisenhower was right to send troops to the school to prevent mobs and rioting. She continues that students would be able to handle the situation on their own if parents and the mob would not interfere. She further believes that the situation would never have gotten so bad if it had been left alone from the beginning. At one point, the reporter interrupts the young woman to ask if she will turn around and face the camera. She emphatically refuses, saying, \"it won't help me at all.\"","After this, a reporter interviews another young woman who faces the camera and stands with her hands on her hips. When asked if she will return to Central High School, the young woman asserts that she will not return to the school because she will not attend classes with African Americans (who she refers to using a derogatory racial epithet). When asked about her alternatives, the young woman lists several area schools that are not integrated or suggests that she might attend a private school. Finally, a reporter interviews a young man who has also left Central High School. The young man leaves the decision of his return to the school up to his parents. The clip ends with more soldiers passing by in full gear.","The Little Rock school district decided to integrate its schools in 1957. Arkansas governor Orval Faubus opposed the integration plan and sent Arkansas National Guard troops to prevent the admittance of African American students to Little Rock Central High School on September 4, 1957. A federal judge ordered the removal of the national guard and the entry of the black students. After the students' entrance on September 23, white Little Rock citizens rioted, and the students were removed after three hours at the school. United States president Dwight D. Eisenhower responded by federalizing the national guard and ordering soldiers to the area to ensure the safe attendance of the African American students. About fifty white students left the school in protest when the African Americans entered on September 24. After a year of integration, Little Rock closed its public schools to avoid further integration.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn39860"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African American students--Arkansas--Little Rock","High school students--Arkansas--Little Rock","Demonstrations--Arkansas--Little Rock","Segregation in education--Arkansas--Little Rock","Reporters and reporting--Arkansas--Little Rock","School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Arkansas--Little Rock"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporters interviewing students who leave school to protest integration by the \"Little Rock Nine\" at Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957 September 25"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39860"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39860"],"dcterms_temporal":["1957-09-25"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn39860, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporters interviewing students who leave school to protest integration by the \"Little Rock Nine\" at Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957 September 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0843, 56:57/58:11, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 14 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mum_jws-race_970","title":"Benjamin I. Harrison to Dr. James W. Silver, 24 September 1957","collection_id":"mum_jws-race","collection_title":"James W. Silver Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, Lafayette County, Oxford, 34.3665, -89.51925"],"dcterms_creator":["Harrison, Benjamin I."],"dc_date":["1957-09-24"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988"],"dcterms_subject":null,"dcterms_title":["Benjamin I. Harrison to Dr. James W. Silver, 24 September 1957"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["John Davis Williams Library. Department of Archives and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://clio.lib.olemiss.edu/cdm/ref/collection/JWS_race/id/970"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of materials in the James W. Silver Collection remains with the creator or original publication. These items may not be reproduced, re-posted or saved except under fair use, as stipulated by copyright law: reproduction is not to be \"used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.\" If a user makes use of these digital files for purposes in excess of \"fair use,\" that user may be liable for copyright infringement."],"dcterms_medium":["memorandums"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Webb, Walter Prescott, 1888-1963"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"bcas_p15728coll1_13367","title":"Black man prone on pavement with wallet in hand, surrounded by police officers","collection_id":"bcas_p15728coll1","collection_title":"Butler Center for Arkansas Studies Photographs Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, 34.76993, -92.3118","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1957-09-24"],"dcterms_description":["A black man prone on the pavement with his wallet in hand being surrounded by police officers.","This project was supported in part by a Digitizing Hidden Special Collections and Archives project grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and Council on Library and Information Resources."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Little Rock, Ark. : Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Central High Museum, Inc. papers (CHSC 314)","History of Segregation and Integration of Arkansas's Educational System"],"dcterms_subject":["Central High School (Little Rock, Ark.)","Little Rock Public Schools (Little Rock, Ark.)","African Americans--Education--Arkansas--Little Rock","African Americans--Civil rights--Arkansas--Little Rock","African Americans--Segregation--Arkansas--Little Rock","School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock","Police"],"dcterms_title":["Black man prone on pavement with wallet in hand, surrounded by police officers"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Butler Center for Arkansas Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://arstudies.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15728coll1/id/13367"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site believes this item is covered by our copyright, fair use, or public domain. If you claim copyright, contact the National Historic Site."],"dcterms_medium":["photographic prints"],"dcterms_extent":["8 x 10 in"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"bcas_p15728coll1_13279","title":"Black students walk to Central High School with 101st Airborne soldiers","collection_id":"bcas_p15728coll1","collection_title":"Butler Center for Arkansas Studies Photographs Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, 34.76993, -92.3118","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, Central High School, 34.73683, -92.29895"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1957-09-24"],"dcterms_description":["Black students walk up steps to Central High School with 101st Airborne soldiers.","Recto: Escorted by Federal 101st Airborne troops black students walk up stairs to Central High.","This project was supported in part by a Digitizing Hidden Special Collections and Archives project grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and Council on Library and Information Resources."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Little Rock, Ark. : Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Central High Museum, Inc. papers (CHSC 314)","History of Segregation and Integration of Arkansas's Educational System"],"dcterms_subject":["Central High School (Little Rock, Ark.)","Little Rock Public Schools (Little Rock, Ark.)","African Americans--Education--Arkansas--Little Rock","African Americans--Civil rights--Arkansas--Little Rock","School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock","United States. Army. Airborne Division, 101st"],"dcterms_title":["Black students walk to Central High School with 101st Airborne soldiers"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Butler Center for Arkansas Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://arstudies.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15728coll1/id/13279"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site believes this item is covered by our copyright, fair use, or public domain. 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