{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"aru_unequal_1455","title":"Little Rock Schools Change Fall Opening Date","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1958-08-25"],"dcterms_description":["With litigation pending, the Little Rock School Board delayed the opening of school","Desegregation -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Little Rock Central High School -- Little Rock (Ark.) -- Little Rock -- Pulaski"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Little Rock Schools Change Fall Opening Date"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Civilrights/id/1455"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact Special Collections for information on copyright."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aru_unequal_1456","title":"Little Rock Schools Change Fall Opening Date","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1958-08-25"],"dcterms_description":["With litigation pending, the Little Rock School Board delayed the opening of school","Desegregation -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Little Rock Central High School -- Little Rock (Ark.) -- Little Rock -- Pulaski"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Little Rock Schools Change Fall Opening Date"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Civilrights/id/1456"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact Special Collections for information on copyright."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"usm_hmp_mus-m341-0026","title":"Memo, Will D. Campbell to Dr. J. Oscar Lee; August 25, 1958","collection_id":"usm_hmp","collection_title":"Historical Manuscripts and Photographs","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036"],"dcterms_creator":["Campbell, Will D"],"dc_date":["1958-08-25"],"dcterms_description":["From the Campbell (Will D.) Papers; Copy of a typewritten memo from Will D. Campbell to Dr. J. Oscar Lee, dated August 25, 1958.  Campbell expresses hesitation in abandoning Christians in Mississippi working on behalf of the civil rights movement, as well as apprehension with regard to the segregation laws in the state at the time.","Electronic version made available through a National Leadership Grant for Libraries from the Institute for Museum and Library Services.","This item is part of the Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["M341 Campbell (Will D.) Papers","A finding aid for this collection is available online at: https://doi.org/10.18785/fa.M341","Box 5, Folder 12"],"dcterms_subject":["Church and social problems","Clergy","Mississippi","Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Memo, Will D. Campbell to Dr. J. Oscar Lee; August 25, 1958"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Southern Mississippi. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://usm.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/IO_33acff70-bdd9-4f6c-bb12-91cddf66120e"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["University Libraries provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. When possible, we have provided information regarding the copyright right status of an item; however, the information we have may not be accurate or complete. Obtaining permissions to publish or otherwise use is the sole responsibility of the user."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"dlg_bald_am-1311","title":"The spotlight shifts at Little Rock / Baldy, 1957 Oct. 1 [i.e., 1958 Aug. 24].","collection_id":"dlg_bald","collection_title":"Baldy Editorial Cartoons, 1946-1982, 1997: Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoons at the Richard B. Russell Library.","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959"],"dcterms_creator":["Baldowski, Clifford H., 1917-1999"],"dc_date":["1958-08-24"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts Orval Faubus and Dwight Eisenhower labeled \"Personalities\" standing on a stage in the shadows while the spotlight of \"Public Attention\" is on a book titled \"Laws.\""],"dc_format":["image/jp2"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["[Atlanta, Ga. : Atlanta Constitution, 1958 Aug. 24]"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoon Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dcterms_subject":["Central High School (Little Rock, Ark.)","School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock","School integration--Law and legislation--United States"],"dcterms_title":["The spotlight shifts at Little Rock / Baldy, 1957 Oct. 1 [i.e., 1958 Aug. 24]."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_bald_am-1311#item"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_bald_am-1311"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["The Baldowski cartoons created for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution are licensed to the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.","Contact repository re: reproduction and usage."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: [Title of the cartoon], [Date of cartoon], editorial cartoon by Clifford H. Baldowski, Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoon Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, presented in the Digital Library of Georgia."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_extent":["1 item ; 39 x 32 cm. paper pen and ink."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969","Faubus, Orval Eugene, 1910-1994"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tws_oid32_32510","title":"Memphis World, 1958 August 23rd","collection_id":"tws_oid32","collection_title":"Memphis World","dcterms_contributor":["Beauchamp, J. A."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis, 35.14953, -90.04898"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1958-08-23"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":["MW_v28n18_1958-08-23"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Memphis World Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights","Race","African Americans"],"dcterms_title":["Memphis World, 1958 August 23rd"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Rhodes College"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://hdl.handle.net/10267/32510"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["newspapers"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"scdl_sthurmond_1861","title":"Statement by Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC) concerning conference report on H. R. 13247, on Senate floor, 1958 August 22","collection_id":"scdl_sthurmond","collection_title":"Strom Thurmond Collection, Mss 100","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009"],"dcterms_creator":["Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003"],"dc_date":["1958-08-22"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Clemson, S.C. : Clemson University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Student aid","College integration","Federal aid to education","United States. Congress. Senate"],"dcterms_title":["Statement by Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC) concerning conference report on H. R. 13247, on Senate floor, 1958 August 22"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Carolina Digital Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/strom/1861"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of Clemson University. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required."],"dcterms_medium":["speeches (documents)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"scdl_sthurmond_1860","title":"Statement of Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC) on Armed Services Reduction in Force Program on Senate floor, 1958 August 22","collection_id":"scdl_sthurmond","collection_title":"Strom Thurmond Collection, Mss 100","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009"],"dcterms_creator":["Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003"],"dc_date":["1958-08-22"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Clemson, S.C. : Clemson University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Armed Forces","United States. Congress. Senate"],"dcterms_title":["Statement of Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC) on Armed Services Reduction in Force Program on Senate floor, 1958 August 22"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Carolina Digital Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/strom/1860"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of Clemson University. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required."],"dcterms_medium":["speeches (documents)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mum_jws-race_958","title":"William C. Haygood to Mr. Silver, 22 August 1958","collection_id":"mum_jws-race","collection_title":"James W. Silver Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Wisconsin, Dane County, Madison, 43.07305, -89.40123"],"dcterms_creator":["Haygood, William Converse, 1910-"],"dc_date":["1958-08-22"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988"],"dcterms_subject":["Wisconsin. State Historical Society"],"dcterms_title":["William C. Haygood to Mr. Silver, 22 August 1958"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["John Davis Williams Library. Department of Archives and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://clio.lib.olemiss.edu/cdm/ref/collection/JWS_race/id/958"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of materials in the James W. Silver Collection remains with the creator or original publication. These items may not be reproduced, re-posted or saved except under fair use, as stipulated by copyright law: reproduction is not to be \"used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.\" If a user makes use of these digital files for purposes in excess of \"fair use,\" that user may be liable for copyright infringement."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"scdl_sthurmond_1793","title":"Statement by Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC) recorded for his weekly radio broadcast, 1958 August 21","collection_id":"scdl_sthurmond","collection_title":"Strom Thurmond Collection, Mss 100","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009"],"dcterms_creator":["Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003"],"dc_date":["1958-08-21"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Clemson, S.C. : Clemson University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["States' rights (American politics)"],"dcterms_title":["Statement by Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC) recorded for his weekly radio broadcast, 1958 August 21"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Carolina Digital Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/strom/1793"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of Clemson University. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required."],"dcterms_medium":["radio scripts"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39536","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of CBS reporter George Herman interviewing Jack Rathbone, executive secretary of the Tenth District Educational Corporation, about a private school set up to serve white children should the courts order school integration in Arlington County, Virginia, 1958 August 21","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Herman, George, 1920-2005","Rathbone, John, 1904-1967"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Virginia, Arlington County, 38.87862, -77.10096"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1958-08-21"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Arlington County, Virginia in August 21, 1958, CBS reporter George Herman interviews Jack Rathbone about the creation of a private school for white children should the courts order school integration.","The clip begins by showing a chalkboard with the phrase \"George Mason School\" written on it. The camera pans left to focus on a house with a United States flag hanging from the porch. CBS reporter George Herman interviews Jack Rathbone, who is wearing a suit and a bow tie. Reporter Herman asks Rathbone how he and his supporters got the idea to turn the building behind them into a school. Rathbone reports that his organization, the Tenth District Educational Corporation, is following the example set by Prince Edward School Foundation in Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia. Prince Edward County had used vacant buildings to set up an all-white private school. He continues that he views the private school as \"a temporary bomb shelter for our children, as someplace for them to go when integration does strike Virginia.\" Asked if the foundation has enough money to run the school, Rathbone replies that it does. Herman asks about the education of African American children if the public schools close rather than integrate, and Rathbone reports that the white parents who organized the school have volunteered to share information with African American parents \"so they can set up the same type of buildings for themselves.\" Herman asks if the African American parents would have to raise their own funds for the private schools. Rathbone's reply is not completely recorded. After a break in the clip, Rathbone asserts that Virginia schools will only integrate if federal forces make them do so. He declares that if the federal government forces schools to desegregate, a private educational system will be set up for white children in response. The clip breaks again and then ends with Rathbone emphasizing that \"the South will never accept integration.\"","Following the May 17, 1954 United States Supreme Court decision, Brown v. Board of Education, African American parents in Arlington County, Virginia hoped the local school board would begin desegregating local schools. However state officials, led by legislators from the more racially-charged, southern part of Virginia, built a state-wide plan of \"massive resistance\" to school integration. The laws passed by the Virginia aimed at preventing desegregation included denying state funding to integrated schools, creating tuition grants so white students could attend all-white private schools, and creating a state-wide pupil placement board to determine which schools students could attend. In response, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) filed lawsuits in Charlottesville, Norfolk, and Arlington and Warren Counties seeking to overturn these laws and to integrate the schools. In the Arlington County case, which involved both African American and white parents, federal judge Albert V. Bryan in 1956 ordered the elementary schools to integrate. The state appealed the ruling, delaying any attempted desegregation. On September 5, 1957, the first day of the school year, eight African American students not involved in the NAACP lawsuit tried to enroll in four all-white schools across Arlington County. The students were turned away. Later that month, Judge Bryan ruled that the Arlington County School Board must immediately admit seven of the eight students. More appeals by the school board and the state again delayed integration. The following summer, responding to the growing threats of integrated schools, Arlington County segregationists led by Jack Rathbone formed the Tenth District Educational Corporation to provide private schools for white students seeking to avoid integration. The first \"model school,\" established in a former home near the county courthouse, was dubbed the \"George Mason Grammar and Academic High School.\" On September 17, 1958, after reviewing assignments made under the Arlington County School Board's pupil placement plan, Judge Bryan ruled that four African American students should be admitted to Stratford Junior High School in February 1959. In January 1959, both state and federal appeals courts struck down a Virginia law requiring integrated schools to close. In a special session held at the end of January 1959, Virginia governor Lindsay Almond told the legislators that massive resistance was dead and that there was no way to stop desegregation in Arlington County and other Virginia communities. During the special session, the legislature repealed a compulsory education law and provided funds for tuition grants for white students who refused to attend integrated schools. On Monday, February 2, 1959, four African American students integrated Stratford Junior High School in Arlington County, Virginia; by the end of the week, seven previously all-white schools in various parts of the state were integrated with no reported violence.","Reporter: Herman, George, 1920-2005","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn39536"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation in education--Virginia--Arlington County","School integration--Virginia--Arlington County","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Virginia--Arlington County","Private schools--Virginia--Arlington County","School buildings--Virginia--Arlington County","Flags--United States","Segregationists--Virginia--Arlingotn County","Interviews--Virginia--Arlington County","Reporters and reporting--Virginia--Arlington County","Blackboards--Virginia--Arlington County","Federal-state controversies--Virginia--Arlington County","Arlington County (Va.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of CBS reporter George Herman interviewing Jack Rathbone, executive secretary of the Tenth District Educational Corporation, about a private school set up to serve white children should the courts order school integration in Arlington County, Virginia, 1958 August 21"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39536"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39536"],"dcterms_temporal":["1958-08-21"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn39536, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of CBS reporter George Herman interviewing Jack Rathbone, executive secretary of the Tenth District Educational Corporation, about a private school set up to serve white children should the courts order school integration in Arlington County, Virginia, 1958 August 21, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0835, 26:29/28:06, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 37 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Herman, George, 1920-2005","Rathbone, John, 1904-1967"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34033","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of governor J. Lindsay Almond at a press conference declaring that schools will close if federal troops are sent to enforce desegregation, Richmond, Virginia, 1958 August 21","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay), 1898-1986"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Virginia, City of Richmond, 37.55376, -77.46026"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1958-08-21"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from August 21, 1958, Virginia governor J. Lindsay Almond speaks to reporters at a press conference held in Richmond, Virginia and declares that schools will close if federal troops are sent to enforce desegregation.","As the clip begins, Almond is sitting at one end of a table with reporters taking notes at the other end of the table. Almond asserts \"there will be no enforced integration in Virginia.\" While expressing his respect for president Dwight Eisenhower, he declares without \"defiance\" that if federal troops are sent to Virginia to enforce court-ordered desegregation, he will close the schools.","Governor Almond held a press conference on August 21 in response to comments made by president Eisenhower the day before. According to newspaper reports, Eisenhower declared it was \"the solemn duty of all Americans to comply with the Supreme Court's order to end racial discrimination in public schools.\" In other comments made during the press conference and not recorded in this newsfilm clip, Almond defends education as \"a state matter\" and maintains that desegregation \"would destroy the process of education.\" During his comments, he asked for support of a state policy against racial integration in public schools.","School integration lawsuits in Virginia began in 1951 in Prince Edward County. That case was eventually incorporated into the United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education. Almond, who was Virginia attorney general at the time, was one of the lawyers who argued in favor of segregated education. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled against segregation in public education. State officials in Virginia organized a plan of \"massive resistance\" to court-ordered desegregation, passing laws requiring integrated schools to close and providing tuition grants to white students displaced by school desegregation. In the fall of 1958, nine white public schools closed in Norfolk, Charlottesville, and Warren County, Virginia. On January 20, 1959, both state and federal courts overturned the state law requiring integrated schools to close. After the ruling, Almond called a special legislative session during which he announced the end of the \"massive resistance\" campaign. The following Monday, February 2, 1959, seven schools in Arlington and Norfolk integrated.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn34033"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation in education--Virginia","School integration--Virginia","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Virginia","Federal-state controversies--Virginia","Governors--Virginia","Press conferences--Virginia--Richmond","Reporters and reporting--Virginia--Richmond","Intervention (Federal government)--Virginia","Government, Resistance to--Virginia","Virginia--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of governor J. 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