{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_641653","title":"Plaintiffs' Preliminary Statement from Hamilton E. Holmes, et al. vs. Walter N. Danner, Registrar","collection_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt","collection_title":"Civil Case Files, 1938-1995, Records of the District Courts of the United States","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794"],"dcterms_creator":["United States. District Court (Georgia : Northern District : Atlanta Division)"],"dc_date":["1960"],"dcterms_description":["A selection of representative pages has been digitized. The plaintiffs' preliminary statement charges the University of Georgia with a \"tacit policy of limiting admissions to the University of Georgia to white persons\" despite federal court decisions declaring segregated educational institutions to be a violation of the 14th Amendment.","On January 6, 1961, federal district court Judge W. A. Bootle ordered the immediate admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, ending 160 years of segregation at the school. Bootle's decision precipitated a constitutional crisis for state legislators, who passed legislation several years earlier mandating an immediate cut-off of state funds to any white institution that admitted a black student. As rumors circulated Athens and Atlanta regarding the possibility of the university's closing, college administrators urged students to remain calm and observe their usual routines. Order did prevail on campus until January 11, when an angry mob gathered outside Hunter's dormitory, causing significant property damage and garnering negative publicity for the university and the state. In the wake of the disturbance, state officials condemned the rioters and ultimately repealed the laws barring state support of integrated schools."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":["National Archives Identifier: 641653"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Records of the District Courts of the United States, 1685-2009, Civil Case Files, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter v. Walter Danner, Registrar of the University of Georgia, Civil 450, 1959 - 1964, National Archives at Atlanta."],"dcterms_subject":["College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","University of Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Plaintiffs' Preliminary Statement from Hamilton E. Holmes, et al. vs. Walter N. Danner, Registrar"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["United States. National Archives and Records Administration. Atlanta Branch"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://catalog.archives.gov/id/641653"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["civil court records"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Bootle, William A., 1902-2005","Holmes, Hamilton, 1941- --Trials, litigation, etc."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":"IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT\r\nFOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF GEORGIA\r\nATHENS DIVISION\r\n\r\n\r\nHAMILTON E. HOLMES, a minor,                                 )  [handwritten] Rec\r\nby his father and next friend,                                            Sept. 13. 1960\r\nALFRED HOLMES, and CHARLAYNE                          )   [Illegible signature]\r\nA. HUNTER, a minor, by her\r\nmother and next friend, MRS.                                       )\r\nALTHEA BROWN HUNTER, on behalf\r\nof themselves and others                                              )\r\nsimilarly situated, \r\n                                                                                      )\r\n                                                            Plaintiffs,                           CIVIL ACTION NO. 450\r\n                                                                                      )\r\n            VS.\r\n                                                                                      )\r\nWALTER N. DANNER, Registrar of\r\nthe University of Georgia,                                              )\r\n\r\n                                                            Defendant.        )\r\n\r\n                                                                                      )\r\n\r\n\r\nPLAINTIFFS' MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES\r\nIN SUPPORT OF\r\nMOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION\r\n\r\n\r\nPRELIMINARY STATEMENT\r\n\r\nThis is an action brought by the plaintiffs on behalf of\r\nthemselves and others similarly situated. The minor plaintiffs\r\nare Negro students who are qualified in all respects for ad-\r\nmission to the University of Georgia but who, because they are\r\nAmerican citizens of Negro descent, may not attend the University\r\nof Georgia. The exclusion of Negros from the University of\r\nGeorgia is a matter of common and historical knowledge of which\r\nthis Court might take judicial notice. However, plaintiffs'\r\nevidence will show that there is presently in existence a tacit\r\npolicy of limiting admissions to the University of Georgia to\r\nwhite persons despite recent court decisions holding such state\r\naction violative of the equal protection and due process clauses\r\nof the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution and that\r\nthis policy is being pursued by the defendants in this case.\r\nPursuant to this policy, the application for admission forms\r\nrequire the applicant to state his or her race. An application\r\nwhich reveals that the applicant is a Negro is immediately isolat-\r\ned from all other applications and subjected to delayed response.\r\n[Illegible writing]\r\n\r\nManning v. Board of Public Instruction of Hillsborough\r\nCounty, Florida, 277 F. 2d 370 (C.A. 5th 1960).\r\n\r\nOrleans Parish School Board v. Bush, 242 F. 2d 156 [check mark]\r\n(5th Circ. 1957).\r\n\r\nVI. However, in the instant case the plaintiffs have exhausted\r\nthe remedy provided which consumed a period of three months prior\r\nto the filing of this lawsuit.\r\n\r\n\r\nRespectfully Submitted,\r\n[Signature]\r\nDONALD L. HOLLOWELL\r\n859½ Hunter St., N. W.\r\nAtlanta 14, Georgia\r\n\r\n[Signature]\r\nTHURGOOD MARSHALL\r\nCONSTANCE BAKER MOTLEY\r\nDERRICK A. BELL\r\n10 Columbus Circle\r\nNew York 19, New York\r\n\r\nATTORNEYS FOR PLAINTIFFS\r\n\r\n\r\n- 5 -"},{"id":"abj_p16044coll1_12358","title":"Planning Commission Case of Curtis D. Belcher, May 14, 1960 to August 30, 1960","collection_id":"abj_p16044coll1","collection_title":"Theophilus Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor Papers, 1959-1963","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973"],"dc_date":["1960"],"dcterms_description":["Papers are arranged alphabetically by subject. The Papers, which consist of correspondence, memos, and reports, are the office files kept by \"Bull\" Connor during his last five years as Commissioner of Public Safety of the City of Birmingham, Alabama."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Birmingham, Ala. : Birmingham Public Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Theophilus Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor Collection Number 268, Archives Department."],"dcterms_subject":["Planning Commission (Birmingham, Ala.)","City planning--Alabama--Birmingham","Birmingham (Ala.)--Officials and employees--Biography","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Birmingham","Politicians--Alabama--Birmingham","Birmingham (Ala.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Planning Commission Case of Curtis D. Belcher, May 14, 1960 to August 30, 1960"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Birmingham Public Library (Ala.)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm16044.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16044coll1/id/12358"],"dcterms_temporal":["1951/1960"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This material may be protected under Title 17 of the U. S. Copyright Law which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"usm_hmp_mus-m368-0149","title":"Platform and principles of the Mississippi State Democratic Party (brochure); 1960","collection_id":"usm_hmp","collection_title":"Historical Manuscripts and Photographs","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036"],"dcterms_creator":["Democratic Party (Miss.)"],"dc_date":["1960-01-01"],"dcterms_description":["From the Miller (Michael J.) Civil Rights Collection; This bi-fold brochure is an official statement of the goals and principles of the Mississippi State Democratic Party in the 1960s.  The brochure was used as a publicity device for the party in the early 1960s.","Electronic version made available through a National Leadership Grant for Libraries from the Institute of Museum and Library Services.","This item is part of the Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["M368 Miller (Michael J.) Civil Rights Collection","Box 3, Folder 9"],"dcterms_subject":["Politics, Practical","Publicity","Segregation","Voting"],"dcterms_title":["Platform and principles of the Mississippi State Democratic Party (brochure); 1960"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Southern Mississippi. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://usm.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/IO_b2ff05e2-57d0-4b3f-99e3-0fc552350bf4"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["University Libraries provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. When possible, we have provided information regarding the copyright right status of an item; however, the information we have may not be accurate or complete. Obtaining permissions to publish or otherwise use is the sole responsibility of the user."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"xhs_inrec_162","title":"Playing Baseball at the PAL Club","collection_id":"xhs_inrec","collection_title":"Indianapolis recorder","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Indiana, Marion County, Indianapolis, 39.76838, -86.15804"],"dcterms_creator":["Indianapolis recorder (Firm)"],"dc_date":["1960"],"dcterms_description":["The batter and catcher are ready for the pitcher to throw the ball. The young man behind the catcher is giving a signal to the pitcher."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Indianapolis Recorder Collection, P 0303, Indiana Historical Society"],"dcterms_subject":["Baseball--Indiana--Indianapolis","African American baseball players--Indiana--Indianapolis","Clubs--Indiana--Indianapolis","African American boys--Indiana--Indianapolis","Sports--Indiana--Indianapolis"],"dcterms_title":["Playing Baseball at the PAL Club"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Indiana Historical Society"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://images.indianahistory.org/digital/collection/p0303/id/162"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"usm_hmp_mus-m357-0096","title":"Poem by Rita Walker; undated","collection_id":"usm_hmp","collection_title":"Historical Manuscripts and Photographs","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036"],"dcterms_creator":["Walker, Rita"],"dc_date":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_description":["From the Dahl (Kathleen) Freedom Summer Collection. One-page poem authored by Rita Walker, a Freedom Summer volunteer and native of Holly Springs, Mississippi.","Electronic version made available through a National Leadership Grant for Libraries from the Institute of Museum and Library Services.","This item is part of the Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["M357 Dahl (Kathleen) Freedom Summer Collection","Box 2, Folder 1"],"dcterms_subject":["Political poetry"],"dcterms_title":["Poem by Rita Walker; undated"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Southern Mississippi. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://usm.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/IO_6349bbdc-d117-41bc-a974-ad46668512c6"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["University Libraries provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. When possible, we have provided information regarding the copyright right status of an item; however, the information we have may not be accurate or complete. Obtaining permissions to publish or otherwise use is the sole responsibility of the user."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"lru_tulane-moore_70381","title":"Police and men","collection_id":"lru_tulane-moore","collection_title":"Long Civil Rights Movement: Photographs from the Ronnie Moore Papers, 1964 -1972","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_description":["Police and unidentified men lined up on building steps.","reference@amistadresearchcenter.org"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["New Orleans, La. : Tulane University Digital Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights demonstrations","Louisiana"],"dcterms_title":["Police and men"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Amistad Research Center"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane%3A70381"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Physical rights are retained by the Amistad Research Center. The materials in this exhibition are being made available for personal and scholarly research use only. Copyright is retained in accordance with U.S. copyright laws. If you are the rightful copyright holder of an item represented in this exhibition and wishes to have it removed, please submit a request to reference@amistadresearchcenter.org including proof of ownership and clear identification of the work, preferably with URL."],"dcterms_medium":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_extent":["8 x 10 inches"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"abj_p16044coll1_12532","title":"Police Department Complaints, January 8, 1960 to December 21, 1960","collection_id":"abj_p16044coll1","collection_title":"Theophilus Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor Papers, 1959-1963","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973"],"dc_date":["1960"],"dcterms_description":["Papers are arranged alphabetically by subject. 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Police Department","Police--Alabama--Birmingham","Birmingham (Ala.)--Officials and employees--Biography","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Birmingham","Politicians--Alabama--Birmingham","Birmingham (Ala.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Police Department Expense Accounts, March 10, 1960 to December 9, 1960"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Birmingham Public Library (Ala.)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm16044.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16044coll1/id/12585"],"dcterms_temporal":["1951/1960"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This material may be protected under Title 17 of the U. S. Copyright Law which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"abj_p16044coll1_12917","title":"Police Department for Action by Chief, February 24, 1960 to December 8, 1960","collection_id":"abj_p16044coll1","collection_title":"Theophilus Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor Papers, 1959-1963","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973"],"dc_date":["1960"],"dcterms_description":["Papers are arranged alphabetically by subject. 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S. Copyright Law which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"abj_p16044coll1_12633","title":"Police Department General and Special Orders, January 6, 1960 to November 1, 1960","collection_id":"abj_p16044coll1","collection_title":"Theophilus Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor Papers, 1959-1963","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973"],"dc_date":["1960"],"dcterms_description":["Papers are arranged alphabetically by subject. 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