{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34130","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white demonstrators protesting the court-ordered integration of schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Ninth Ward New Orleans, 30.089567, -89.86922","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-14"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 14, 1960, white demonstrators protest the integration of William J. Frantz elementary school in New Orleans, Louisiana. The clip's image quality is inconsistent; some images may appear washed out.","The clip begins with federal marshals escorting Ruby Bridges, an African American first grade student to William J. Frantz school. In the background a woman shouts, \"They've got places for you.\" More demonstrators are heard yelling at the students; one screaming woman holds her child in her arms. New Orleans policemen stand between the women and the street, preventing them from approaching the school. Another mother prompts her child to tell a reporter \"We don't want to integrate.\" The child turns into his mother to cry.","In 1956 Federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws and ordered the Orleans Parish school board to submit an integration plan. After four years of delay, caused in part by pressure from the Louisiana state legislature, the school board agreed to a grade-a-year integration plan beginning with the first grade in November 1960. The board asked African American parents to submit applications to transfer their children to white schools. From the 135 applications received, the board selected four girls to attend William Frantz and McDonogh 19 schools in New Orleans' poor Ninth Ward. Officials from Norfolk, Virginia, who had already undergone court-ordered integration, warned Orleans Parish school board members not to begin desegregation with poor schools. Parents from two New Orleans elementary schools in more affluent sections of the city also volunteered their schools for integration. The board's decision to ignore the advice and integrate Ninth Ward schools caused extra tension among local parents. Many parents felt their children were being sacrificed to integration and resented that the children of school board members, community leaders, and even judge Wright still attended segregated schools. While the school board did not disclose which schools were to be integrated November 14, the presence of police cars in front of the schools tipped off demonstrators. Many of the demonstrators were mothers who brought their children with them. The women, nicknamed the \"cheerleaders\" by the press, came to the schools every morning and afternoon through the school year to yell, throw eggs and tomatoes, and spit at the girls as they walked to and from school, escorted by federal marshals.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn34130"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","African American girls--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American students--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Education--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","Crowds--Louisiana--New Orleans","Demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","Discrimination in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","Children, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race discrimination--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","United States marshals--Louisiana--New Orleans","Women, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white demonstrators protesting the court-ordered integration of schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34130"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34130"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-14"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn34130, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white demonstrators protesting the court-ordered integration of schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0759, 49:51/50:28, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 37 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mum_jws-race_1137","title":"Arthur J. Hays to Dr. Silver, 13 November 1960","collection_id":"mum_jws-race","collection_title":"James W. 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These items may not be reproduced, re-posted or saved except under fair use, as stipulated by copyright law: reproduction is not to be \"used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.\" If a user makes use of these digital files for purposes in excess of \"fair use,\" that user may be liable for copyright infringement."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tws_oid32_32747","title":"Memphis World, 1960 November 12th","collection_id":"tws_oid32","collection_title":"Memphis World","dcterms_contributor":["Beauchamp, J. 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Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required."],"dcterms_medium":["speeches (documents)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mum_jws-race_1150","title":"Clifton R. Whitley to Dr. Silver, 10 November 1960","collection_id":"mum_jws-race","collection_title":"James W. Silver Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, Marshall County, Holly Springs, 34.7676, -89.44869"],"dcterms_creator":["Whitley, Clifton R."],"dc_date":["1960-11-10"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988","James W. Silver Collection, Archives and Special Collections, University of Mississippi Libraries"],"dcterms_subject":["Rust College"],"dcterms_title":["Clifton R. Whitley to Dr. Silver, 10 November 1960"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["John Davis Williams Library. Department of Archives and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://clio.lib.olemiss.edu/cdm/ref/collection/JWS_race/id/1150"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of materials in the James W. Silver Collection remains with the creator or original publication. These items may not be reproduced, re-posted or saved except under fair use, as stipulated by copyright law: reproduction is not to be \"used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.\" If a user makes use of these digital files for purposes in excess of \"fair use,\" that user may be liable for copyright infringement."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"scdl_sthurmond_2072","title":"New Release on address of Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC) to the Carolinas Branch of the Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, 1960 November 10","collection_id":"scdl_sthurmond","collection_title":"Strom Thurmond Collection, Mss 100","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009"],"dcterms_creator":["Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003"],"dc_date":["1960-11-10"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Clemson, S.C. : Clemson University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Socialism","Welfare state","Associated General Contractors of America"],"dcterms_title":["New Release on address of Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC) to the Carolinas Branch of the Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, 1960 November 10"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Carolina Digital Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/strom/2072"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of Clemson University. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required."],"dcterms_medium":["press releases"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tws_oid32_32746","title":"Memphis World, 1960 November 9th","collection_id":"tws_oid32","collection_title":"Memphis World","dcterms_contributor":["Beauchamp, J. 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Some of the signs that the people are holding read \"Human rights are above states' rights,\" \"There is no excuse for the evil of segregation,\" \"Discrimination hurts America, and \"Freedom and justice for all.\"","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn34524"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights demonstrations--Washington (D.C.)","Civil rights--Washington (D.C.)"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of people marching in Washington, D.C. for civil rights, 1960 November 8"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 36 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"xhs_inrec_456","title":"Jackie Robinson","collection_id":"xhs_inrec","collection_title":"Indianapolis recorder","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Indiana, Allen County, 41.09087, -85.06656"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1960-11-05"],"dcterms_description":["The year 1947 saw two defining moments in United States sports and race relations history.  Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in major league baseball. 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November 4, 1960. b) \"Order Entered In School Case\" Details the decision by Judge Darr regarding school desegregation and the school board's response options. November 4, 1960. c) \"Board Seeks Legal Brief\" Details a school board meeting in which they asked their legal counsel to prepare an opinion about whether they should appeal Judge Darr's integration decision. November 10, 1960. d1,2) \"City Board Seeks Counsel's Opinion On Appeal Timing\" Details a school board meeting in which responses to Judge Darr's decision were discussed, as well as possible public reaction to the various responses. November 10, 1960. e) \"Local Control Of Georgia Schools Seen Solution In Integration Crisis; Option Legislation Asked\" Details De Kalb County, GA school superintendent James Cherry presentation to Catoosa County, GA educators regarding \"local option\" control of schools to limit the impact of desegregation. November 21, 1960. f1,2) \"Ideas Differ On Appeal Of Mixing Order\" Details conflicting opinions by the school board's legal counsels regarding a response to Judge Darr's desegregation decision. The full text of the two opinions are presented. November 22, 1960. g1,2) \"Prepared For Race Crisis, Met It Well, Dunlap Says\" Details Police Commissioner Dunlap's refutation of the Southern Regional Council's report on the \"racial disorders\" that occurred in February. The full text of his statement is presented. November 29, 1960. h1,2) \"Appeal Weighed By School Board\" Details scheduled school board meeting to discuss the conflicting opinions by their legal counsels regarding response to desegregation order. The full text of the two legal opinions are presented. November 23, 1960. i) \"City School Decision Due' Briefly details a scheduled school board meeting to discuss the conflicting opinions by their legal counsels regarding response to desegregation order. November 25, 1960. j1,2) \"School Board To Ask Darr To Approve Appeal Move\" Details the school board's decision to file a discretionary appeal with the local federal district court against Judge Darr's desegregation order, presenting attorney Raymond Witt's position that the school board is not in violation of the Supreme Court ruling. November 26, 1960. k) \"Board To Ask Darr To Okay 'Mix' Appeal\" Details the school board's decision to file a discretionary appeal with the local federal district court against Judge Darr's desegregation order, rather than an appeal to the appellate court. November 26, 1960. L1,2) \"City Attorneys Say Cannot Argue School Board Appeal\" Details position of city attorneys Joe Anderson and Ellis Meacham that they would be \"unable to argue\" for the school board's appeal should it go to the Court of Appeals, given their recommendation against filing an appeal of the decision. November 28, 1960. m1,2) \"Board Requests Right To Appeal Integration Suit\" Details the school board's decision to file a discretionary appeal with the local federal district court against Judge Darr's desegregation order. November 29, 1960. n) \"City School Board Meets\" Briefly details scheduled closed meeting of school board to consider whether to appeal Judge Darr's desegregation ruling. November 29, 1960. o1,2) \"Darr Denies First Appeal Of Mix Ruling\" Briefly details Judge Darr's denial to file a discretionary appeal by the school board but indicates that they could appeal directly to the Court of Appeals. November 30, 1960. p1,2) \"Darr Turns Down Elucidation Plan Of School Board\" Details Judge Darr's denial to file a discretionary appeal by the school board but indicates that they could appeal directly to the Court of Appeals. Includes text of Darr's comments. 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