{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"suc_p17173coll43_7013","title":"South Carolina Council on Human Relations, Box 3, Folder 133, 22 November 1960-30 November 1960","collection_id":"suc_p17173coll43","collection_title":"New insights in the American civil rights movement: South Carolina Council on Human Relations records","dcterms_contributor":["South Carolina Council on Human Relations"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009"],"dcterms_creator":["South Carolina Council on Human Relations"],"dc_date":["1960-11-22/1960-11-30"],"dcterms_description":["Folder 133 contains the administrative records of the South Carolina Council on Human Relations, Southern Regional Council, and correspondence between members, community leaders, and the Council."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. South Caroliniana Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["New Insights in the American Civil Rights Movement: South Carolina Council on Human Relations Records","South Carolina Council on Human Relations, Box 3, South Caroliniana Library"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights workers","African American civil rights workers","Civil rights--America","African Americans--Civil rights","South Carolina Council on Human Relations","South Carolina","Civil rights--South Carolina","Race relations","South Carolina--Race relations","Southern Regional Council"],"dcterms_title":["South Carolina Council on Human Relations, Box 3, Folder 133, 22 November 1960-30 November 1960"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of South Carolina. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm17173.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p17173coll43/id/7013"],"dcterms_temporal":["1955/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright Undetermined. For further information please contact South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence","lists (document genres)","documents (object genre)","advertisements","postcards","memorandums"],"dcterms_extent":["1 folder"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tws_oid32_32749","title":"Memphis World, 1960 November 19th","collection_id":"tws_oid32","collection_title":"Memphis World","dcterms_contributor":["Beauchamp, J. A."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis, 35.14953, -90.04898"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1960-11-19"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":["MW_v30n33_1960-11-19"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Memphis World Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights","Race","African Americans"],"dcterms_title":["Memphis World, 1960 November 19th"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Rhodes College"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://hdl.handle.net/10267/32749"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["newspapers"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mum_jws-race_1122","title":"Chesley Morri to Dr. Howerton, 18 November 1960","collection_id":"mum_jws-race","collection_title":"James W. Silver Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, New York, Kings County, Brooklyn, 40.6501, -73.94958"],"dcterms_creator":["Morris, Chesley"],"dc_date":["1960-11-18"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Dr. Howerton","James W. Silver Collection, Archives and Special Collections, University of Mississippi Libraries"],"dcterms_subject":["University of Mississippi"],"dcterms_title":["Chesley Morri to Dr. Howerton, 18 November 1960"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["John Davis Williams Library. Department of Archives and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://clio.lib.olemiss.edu/cdm/ref/collection/JWS_race/id/1122"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of materials in the James W. Silver Collection remains with the creator or original publication. These items may not be reproduced, re-posted or saved except under fair use, as stipulated by copyright law: reproduction is not to be \"used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.\" If a user makes use of these digital files for purposes in excess of \"fair use,\" that user may be liable for copyright infringement."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mum_jws-race_1142","title":"William B. Hesseltine to Jim, 17 November 1960","collection_id":"mum_jws-race","collection_title":"James W. Silver Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Wisconsin, Dane County, Madison, 43.07305, -89.40123"],"dcterms_creator":["Hesseltine, Wiliam B."],"dc_date":["1960-11-17"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988","James W. Silver Collection, Archives and Special Collections, University of Mississippi Libraries"],"dcterms_subject":["Southern Historical Association"],"dcterms_title":["William B. Hesseltine to Jim, 17 November 1960"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["John Davis Williams Library. Department of Archives and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://clio.lib.olemiss.edu/cdm/ref/collection/JWS_race/id/1142"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of materials in the James W. Silver Collection remains with the creator or original publication. These items may not be reproduced, re-posted or saved except under fair use, as stipulated by copyright law: reproduction is not to be \"used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.\" If a user makes use of these digital files for purposes in excess of \"fair use,\" that user may be liable for copyright infringement."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tws_oid32_32748","title":"Memphis World, 1960 November 16th","collection_id":"tws_oid32","collection_title":"Memphis World","dcterms_contributor":["Beauchamp, J. A."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis, 35.14953, -90.04898"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1960-11-16"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":["MW_v30n32_1960-11-16"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Memphis World Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights","Race","African Americans"],"dcterms_title":["Memphis World, 1960 November 16th"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Rhodes College"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://hdl.handle.net/10267/32748"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["newspapers"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39015","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of law enforcement officers trying to control white demonstrators protesting the court-ordered integration of elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 16","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Ninth Ward New Orleans, 30.089567, -89.86922","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-16"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 16, 1960, white policemen try to control white demonstrators during a protest against the court-ordered integration of two elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana. The clip's audio is inconsistent; some portions may not be completely recorded.","The clip begins with two white policemen, one on foot and one on horseback, trying to direct white spectators onto sidewalks in front of homes. Later, other policemen are also seen directing the crowd. Next another group of white demonstrators crosses a bridge in what appears to be downtown New Orleans. The protesters hold signs and appear to chant. An unidentified protester walks by the camera holding a flag with the letters \"KKK\" on it. Another sign has the phrase, \"Must we shed blood?\" Later demonstrators appear to cheer and policemen on horseback chase the crowd and try to maintain control. Finally police pull a man from a doorway and push him against a car.","Although a federal judge overturned New Orleans school segregation laws in 1956, pressure from the Louisiana legislature helped the Orleans Parish School Board resist integration until 1960, when federal judge J. Skelly Wright ordered the school board to begin a grade-a-year integration plan starting with first grade that fall. The school board accepted 135 applications from African American students seeking to transfer to white schools; from those applications the school board chose four African American girls to integrate first-grade classes in two schools. Officials Norfolk, Virginia, which had recently undergone court-ordered integration, warned the school board against integrating poor schools first. The school board ignored the advice and selected two schools in the poorer Ninth Ward, William Frantz and McDonogh 19. White segregationists, angered by the school integration and the choice of poor schools, demonstrated every morning and afternoon at both schools for the entire school year. Protesters yelled at the African American girls and their federal marshal escorts and at the white parents and children who ignored the Citizens' Council's boycott of the schools. On Wednesday, November 16, two days after classes were first integrated, over two thousand teenagers left their classes at nearby Francis T. Nicholls High School and charged toward McDonogh 19. When they were repulsed there, the protesters, joined by adult New Orleans residents, went downtown and demonstrated in front of the school board and mayor's offices before firemen and a police line used fire hoses to disperse the crowd.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn39015"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race relations","Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","Children, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","High school students--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Signs and signboards--Louisiana--New Orleans","Mounted police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Whites--Louisiana--New Orleans","Violence--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race riots--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of law enforcement officers trying to control white demonstrators protesting the court-ordered integration of elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 16"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39015"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39015"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-16"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn39015, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of law enforcement officers trying to control white demonstrators protesting the court-ordered integration of elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 16, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0160, 48:06/48:43, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 37 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42003","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white demonstrators protesting court-ordered school desegregation; city and state officials urging parents to discourage their children from demonstrating; people injured by the demonstrating mob in the hospital; and debates by state legislators, New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1960 November 16","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Davis, Jimmie, 1899-2000","Morrison, deLesseps S. (deLesseps Story), 1912-1964"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, East Baton Rouge Parish, 30.53824, -91.09562","United States, Louisiana, East Baton Rouge Parish, Baton Rouge, 30.44332, -91.18747","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-16"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 16, 1960, white demonstrators protest court-ordered school desegregation, city and state officials discourage demonstrations, and injured bystanders wait at the hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana; in Baton Rouge, legislators welcome a congressional delegation and speak in favor of segregation.","The clip begins in New Orleans with white demonstrators in cars driving down the street; one boy hangs out of a car window and waves a flag. A group of white protesters stand in front of New Orleans city hall and chant \"Two, four, six, eight, we don't want to integrate.\" After a break in the clip, another group of demonstrators stands in the city's downtown shopping district with picket signs. Police and firemen turn on a hose and begin to spray the crowd; most of the demonstrators rush back from the hose although a few appear to play in the water. Two policemen carry an angry demonstrator, and groups of teenage protesters run down the street and are later held back by police.","During a brief night scene, police cars drive past with their lights on while other officers appear to try and put out a fire. Other men examine a rocket on the side of the road. The clip breaks again and returns to a daytime scene. More police cars and police motorcycles drive down the street. Law enforcement officers walk toward city hall. Teenage demonstrators hold flags and chant segregation slogans. Several policemen in dark uniforms stand in a line with their backs to the camera; demonstrators appear to face the policemen. Back in the shopping district, teenage demonstrators dance in the water as officials use hoses to try and disperse the students. Afterwards the clip shows several scenes of groups of demonstrators running down the street.","Next, New Orleans mayor deLesseps Morrison, standing in front of a United States flag, urges parents to keep their children inside at night in an attempt to prevent further rioting in the city. Following Mayor Morrison's comments, the camera shows nurses in a hospital treating white and African American patients who were injured during the demonstrations; the patients lay on gurneys in the hallway. Later in Baton Rouge, an unidentified legislator proposes that in order to lessen the impact of court-ordered desegregation governments \"should be moving to reduce their reliance upon public education and offer all reasonable cooperation to parents who wish to provide for the education of their children in private schools.\" He goes on to suggest that such action will facilitate an orderly transition. While he recognizes that private schools will require a lot of work and financial support, he feels it is the best way to ensure \"separate schools for white children.\" Another unidentified legislator introduces members of the Louisiana congressional delegation. At the request of the state legislature, United States senator Russell B. Long and Representatives Overton Brooks, Edwin E. Willis, Harold B. McSween, and F. Edward Herbert came to Baton Rouge to confer with state officials on the court-ordered integration of New Orleans schools. After a break in the clip, reporters appear to interview Louisiana governor Jimmie Davis, who also urges New Orleans residents upset by the school integration to let the legislature fight against desegregation.","The clip ends back in New Orleans with another segment of white students protesting integration, shouting and chanting segregation slogans. Some images from earlier in the clip are repeated, including police vehicles and officers lined up with their backs to the camera. Police lead an agitated white woman away. More students demonstrate, yelling and waving flags. A large crowd walks towards the downtown area, yelling and cheering. Policemen on motorcycles drive down the street while other officers stand along the sidewalk and keep the crowd back. Demonstrators walking past the camera shout and wave as they pass. Officers lead a white man away from the crowd. Firemen pull out a hose and later spray demonstrators as they chant, \"Two, four, six, eight, we don't want to integrate\" and dance in the water. The camera focuses on a young woman who tries to encourage the crowd. More images are repeated from earlier in the clip including police leading a man away from the crowd and police pushing the crowd back. Two young men fill their shoes with water that they later fling at the line of policemen and firefighters before two policemen lead them away. A sign on the back of a police motorcycle has the slogan, \"School's open, drive carefully.\" The camera pans to the right and focuses on a fireman holding the hose and talking to another officer.","In 1956 federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws. Legal maneuvering by the state legislature and Orleans Parish School Board delayed integration until 1960, when Judge Wright ordered the school board to begin desegregating the first grade that fall. State officials refused to accept the court order and held several special sessions before and after the November 14 integration in an attempt to prevent or reverse desegregation. On Wednesday, November 16, two thousand high school students from nearby Francis T. Nicholls high school left class and marched toward McDonogh 19, one of the integrated schools, chanting slogans against integration. When they were turned back from the school, the crowd marched downtown to city hall and then to the school board headquarters. The demonstrators were eventually dispersed when city officials authorized the use of fire hoses on the crowd. Rioting that evening resulted in twelve assault cases against African Americans; many people ended up in the hospital because of violence.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42003"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New Orleans","Demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","Civil rights movements--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","Crowds--Louisiana--New Orleans","Whites--Louisiana--New Orleans","Federal-state controversies--Louisiana","Governors--Louisiana","Legislative bodies--Louisiana","Legislators--Louisiana","Mayors--Louisiana--New Orleans","Signs and signboards--Louisiana--New Orleans","Picketing--Louisiana--New Orleans","Fire hose--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police vehicles--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Flags--United States","Nurses--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Louisiana--New Orleans","Private schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","Protest marches--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white demonstrators protesting court-ordered school desegregation; city and state officials urging parents to discourage their children from demonstrating; people injured by the demonstrating mob in the hospital; and debates by state legislators, New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1960 November 16"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42003"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42003"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-16"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42003, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white demonstrators protesting court-ordered school desegregation; city and state officials urging parents to discourage their children from demonstrating; people injured by the demonstrating mob in the hospital; and debates by state legislators, New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1960 November 16, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0912, 6:17/12:20, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 6 mins., 3 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Davis, Jimmie, 1899-2000","Morrison, deLesseps S. (deLesseps Story), 1912-1964"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mum_jws-race_1169","title":"Franklin M. Wright to Professor Silver, 15 November 1960","collection_id":"mum_jws-race","collection_title":"James W. Silver Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis, 35.14953, -90.04898"],"dcterms_creator":["Wright, Franklin M."],"dc_date":["1960-11-15"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988","James W. Silver Collection, Archives and Special Collections, University of Mississippi Libraries"],"dcterms_subject":null,"dcterms_title":["Franklin M. Wright to Professor Silver, 15 November 1960"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["John Davis Williams Library. Department of Archives and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://clio.lib.olemiss.edu/cdm/ref/collection/JWS_race/id/1169"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of materials in the James W. Silver Collection remains with the creator or original publication. These items may not be reproduced, re-posted or saved except under fair use, as stipulated by copyright law: reproduction is not to be \"used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.\" If a user makes use of these digital files for purposes in excess of \"fair use,\" that user may be liable for copyright infringement."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"scdl_sthurmond_2073","title":"News release on electoral college reform urged by South Dakota Senator Karl E. Mundt, 1960 November 15","collection_id":"scdl_sthurmond","collection_title":"Strom Thurmond Collection, Mss 100","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009"],"dcterms_creator":["Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003"],"dc_date":["1960-11-15"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Clemson, S.C. : Clemson University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Electoral college"],"dcterms_title":["News release on electoral college reform urged by South Dakota Senator Karl E. Mundt, 1960 November 15"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Carolina Digital Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/strom/2073"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of Clemson University. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required."],"dcterms_medium":["press releases"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40294","title":"POLICE BREAK UP DEMONSTRATION OVER INTEGRATION OF SCHOOL","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-15"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation","African Americans","Demonstrations","Police","Education","Discrimination","Schools"],"dcterms_title":["POLICE BREAK UP DEMONSTRATION OVER INTEGRATION OF SCHOOL"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40294"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40294"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn40294, (No title), WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0853, 11:33/12:47, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39014","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American first-grade girls integrating McDonogh 19 Elementary School as they are watched by white policemen and by cheering African Americans in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Ninth Ward New Orleans, 30.089567, -89.86922","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-14"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 14, 1960, two African American girls integrate the previously all-white McDonogh 19 Elementary School in New Orleans, Louisiana, watched by white policemen and by cheering African Americans.","The clip begins with a car driving past the camera; inside a young African American girl with a white bow in her hair looks out the window. Next, white policemen in dark uniforms get off a bus. A white federal marshal walks with an African American woman and young girl up the stairs of McDonogh 19 school. The clip then shows African American women cheering and clapping their hands before the camera turns back to the African American woman and girl entering the school. Another woman and girl climb the steps and also enter the school. Finally, the camera again focuses on policemen as they get off a bus.","During the clip, an unseen reporter narrates the action. The clip audio is inconsistent and comments may not be completely recorded. The reporter indicates that the four African American girls integrating the two elementary schools in New Orleans were driven by United States marshals, who \"made sure no harm came to the children or their parents as they entered and left school.\" The reporter also explains that while white policemen were there \"to see that integration took place without trouble,\" segregationist spectators yelled at the children and their mothers, and African American spectators applauded the integration.","Although federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws in 1956, pressure from the Louisiana state legislature helped the Orleans Parish School Board resist integration until 1960, when Judge Wright ordered the school board to begin a grade-a-year integration plan, starting with the first grade, that fall. The school board accepted 135 applications from African Americans seeking to transfer to white schools and then chose four first-grade girls to attend two schools in the Ninth Ward. Officials from Norfolk, Virginia, who had undergone a court-ordered integration in 1959, warned the Orleans Parish School Board against integrating poor schools first. The board rejected this advice and assigned the girls to William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools in the poor Ninth Ward of the city. On November 14, 1960, about 150 federal marshals were in New Orleans to ensure integration would proceed as ordered by the courts and against the wishes of the Louisiana legislature. Federal marshals wearing yellow armbands escorted the four girls and their mothers into the two schools. African American demonstrators applauded and cheered as the girls entered school while white demonstrators, tipped off by the presence of police at the schools, protested the integration by screaming at the children and their mothers. The \"cheerleaders\" as they came to be known, protested the same way every morning and afternoon throughout the school year. The girls, Leona Tate, Tessie Prevost, and Gaile Etienne at McDonogh 19 and Ruby Bridges at William Frantz, later reported that the noise and the crowds at the schools made it seem like Mardi Gras. By the end of the first day of integration, so many parents had taken their children out of the schools that only forty students remained at McDonogh 19. The Citizens' Council encouraged parents to boycott the integrated schools, and for most of the year the only students at McDonogh 19 were the three African American girls.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn39014"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race relations","Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American girls--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American women--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American students--Louisiana--New Orleans","United States marshals--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Civil rights demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American first-grade girls integrating McDonogh 19 Elementary School as they are watched by white policemen and by cheering African Americans in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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The clip's audio may be difficult to hear at times.","The clip begins with the reporter, Lloyd Rittiner, and Dr. James Redmond standing in front of a wall-mounted map of the city of New Orleans. The reporter asks school board president Rittiner if the first day of integrated classes in New Orleans public school went well. Rittiner reports that he is pleased that \"the people of Orleans Parish have accepted a difficult situation very admirably.\" Continuing, Rittiner expresses his belief that while some anti-integration demonstrations may continue, \"the worst is over.\" The reporter next turns to Dr. James Redmond and asks him about legislation passed by the Louisiana state legislature the day before, Sunday, November 13, seeking to forcibly prevent desegregation by firing Dr. Redmond and the school board's lawyer, Sam Rosenberg. Dr. Redmond declares that he still works for the Orleans Parish School Board. Asked if there have been reports on the day's events from teachers or principals, Dr. Redmond indicates that the school board wanted to let the teachers and principals concentrate on their work and did not ask them for reports. After a break in the clip, the reporter asks Rittiner if he expects more interference from the state legislature. Rittiner replies that he anticipates that any legislation trying to stop school desegregation will be overturned by federal courts.","In 1956, federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws and ordered the Orleans Parish School Board to submit desegregation plans. In response to this ruling and to the 1954 United States Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, the Louisiana state legislature passed several laws seeking to prevent school integration in the state. Following several years of legal maneuvers, Judge Wright ordered the Orleans Parish School Board to begin a grade-a-year integration plan in the fall of 1960. Louisiana legislators met in several special sessions that fall, and on November 6 and November 13, passed resolutions to forcibly prevent desegregation by making it a crime for anyone to carry out school integration. The legislature also fired both Orleans Parish superintendent of schools Dr. James Redmond and school board attorney Sam Rosenberg. They then replaced the school board with legislators committed to maintaining segregation. After each of these attempts, Judge Wright declared the legislature's actions unconstitutional and ordered the Orleans Parish elected officials to continue with desegregation. On November 14, 1960, four African American first-grade girls integrated two New Orleans schools, William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools, both in the poor Ninth Ward of the city. Although the names of the desegregated schools were not published, segregationist demonstrators, tipped off by police cars surrounding the schools, gathered at each location to taunt and shout at the African American girls and their federal marshals escorts. The segregationist demonstrators, nicknamed the \"cheerleaders\" by the press, kept morning and afternoon vigils at the schools the rest of the school year. Segregationist protesters also demonstrated in the city of New Orleans the following two days, Tuesday, November 15 and Wednesday, November 16. Demonstrations both days were larger and more violent than the day before, culminating with the November 16 demonstrations that were eventually broken up with fire hoses and a strong police presence. White parents pulled their children out of Frantz and McDonogh 19 schools, many enrolling their children in newly-opened private schools or in all-white schools in neighboring St. Bernard Parish. However, nearly three-hundred white children in the area did not attend school that year.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn34549"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","School boards--Louisiana--New Orleans","Reporters and reporting--Louisiana--New Orleans","School board presidents--Louisiana--New Orleans","School superintendents--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","Maps","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New Orleans","Central-local government relations--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Louisiana--Politics and government"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Orleans Parish superintendent of schools Dr. James Redmond and school board president Lloyd Rittiner speaking to a reporter following the first day of court-ordered school desegregation, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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