{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"geusc_7375tb2rwm-cor_030prr4z91-cor","title":"History of integration at Emory, 1966, Section II","collection_id":"geusc_7375tb2rwm-cor","collection_title":"Emory University Desegregation Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Atlanta Metropolitan Area, 33.8498, 84.4383"],"dcterms_creator":["Mackay, James A. (James Armstrong), 1919-2004"],"dc_date":["1960-12"],"dcterms_description":["History of integration at Emory, 1966, Section II - Addendum A: A collection of pertinent articles concerning integration at Emory University published in the The Emory Alumnus from 1951 to 1963 - \"Will Georgia's Public Schools Close?\", Page 4, Volume 36, December 1960"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Emory University Desegregation Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["College integration--Georgia","Segregation--Law and legislation--Georgia","African American college students--Georgia","Racism in higher education--Georgia","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia","Emory University","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["History of integration at Emory, 1966, Section II"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://digital.library.emory.edu/purl/030prr4z91-cor"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["? Emory University. This online edition is made available for individual viewing and reference for educational purposes only. To request permission for further re-use, please contact the Rose Library at rose.library@emory.edu."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":["9.3 x 12.3 inches"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gsu_ajc_941","title":"Rev. William Holmes Borders, Sr., influential leader of the Wheat Street Baptist CHurch, Atlanta, Georgia, December 1960. Here, he is seen holding a microphone.","collection_id":"gsu_ajc","collection_title":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution Photographs","dcterms_contributor":["Ross, Dwight, Jr."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Atlanta Journal-Constitution"],"dc_date":["1960-12"],"dcterms_description":["Print verso inscribed: \"Civil Rights--Metro (Rev. Borders -- Wheat Street).\" Date-stamped: 12 Dec 1960. Photographer's stamp: Dwight Ross."],"dc_format":["image/jp2"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Atlanta Journal-Constitution Photographic Archive"],"dcterms_subject":["African American clergy","Baptists--Clergy","Wheat Street Baptist Church (Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dcterms_title":["Rev. William Holmes Borders, Sr., influential leader of the Wheat Street Baptist CHurch, Atlanta, Georgia, December 1960. Here, he is seen holding a microphone."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Georgia State University. Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ajc/id/941"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: AJCP167-020c, Atlanta Journal Constitution Photographic Archives. Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library."],"dlg_local_right":["This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s)."],"dcterms_medium":["photographic prints"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Borders, William Holmes, 1905-1993"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ndd_rubinlarry_r4j962q52","title":"Rubin family audio correspondence - Letters to and from Larry Rubin and parents","collection_id":"ndd_rubinlarry","collection_title":"Larry Rubin Papers 1961-2010","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["Rubin, Larry, 1942-"],"dc_date":["1960-12","1961"],"dcterms_description":["The audio in this recording has been digitally processed to reduce noise and enhance clarity. The unprocessed preservation file can be requested by contacting the John Hope Franklin Research Center for African and African American History and Culture https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/franklin."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":["larau001001"],"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Larry Rubin papers"],"dcterms_subject":["Albany (Ga.)","Civil rights movements--Georgia","Civil rights movements--Southern States--History--20th century","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)"],"dcterms_title":["Rubin family audio correspondence - Letters to and from Larry Rubin and parents"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Duke University. Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4j962q52"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["audiotapes"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Rubin, Larry, 1942-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mum_citizens_clip-109","title":"Separation or Trouble?","collection_id":"mum_citizens","collection_title":"Citizens' Council Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036"],"dcterms_creator":["Muhammad, Elijah","Herald-Dispatch"],"dc_date":["1960-12-01"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Citizens' Councils of America","Segregation--Southern States","Mississippi--Race relations","White Citizens councils","White supremacy movements--United States","Segregation--United States"],"dcterms_title":["Separation or Trouble?"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["John Davis Williams Library. Department of Archives and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://egrove.olemiss.edu/citizens_clip/109"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Images in this collection are for personal use only. These items may not be reproduced, re-posted or saved except under fair use, as stipulated by U.S. Copyright Law : reproduction is not to be \"used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.\""],"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44811","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of an interracial classroom, interviews with Armand Duvio and Louise Tate, a reporter speaking about the influence of the Louisiana legislature, and outtakes from commentary on the school integration crisis in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 December","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Moore, Ray, 1922-","Duvio, Armand","Tate, Louise"],"dcterms_spatial":["Mississippi River, 39.548248, -91.153628","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-12-01"],"dcterms_description":["In this compilation WSB newsfilm clip from December 1960, students in an interracial classroom sit at desks; reporter Ray Moore interviews Armand Duvio about private education for white students and later speaks to Louise Tate, the mother of an African American student sent to a previously all-white school; an unidentified reporter talks about the role of the Louisiana state legislature in school desegregation; and Ray Moore records commentary on the court-ordered school integration in New Orleans, Louisiana.","The clip begins by showing an interracial group of students in an unidentified classroom. The students sit at desks with their hands folded while they look at the camera. In the back of the room, an open book sits on a table with its pages blowing in the breeze. This clip appears to come from an area other than New Orleans. In New Orleans, only the first grade in two schools desegregated in 1960. However, after the schools integrated, the school board reclassified the two schools as \"girl only\" schools.","Next, WSB-TV reporter Ray Moore interviews Armand Duvio, a New Orleans plumber with a central role in arranging private education for white students from the desegregated William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools. Duvio explains that since the courts will not reverse the order to integrate schools, parents who want segregated education have to provide alternatives for their children. He indicates that he is upset with the school integration partly because of the selection of poor schools and partly because those enforcing integration do not send their children to integrated schools. Duvio says he has no problem with parents who choose to send their children to the integrated schools as long as they are not paid to do so. His comment refers to Daisy Gabrielle and Reverend Lloyd Foreman, two white parents who ignored the school boycott and sent their daughters to William Frantz elementary school. He goes on to praise the alternative school organized by white parents with the help of the Citizens' Council and declares that it is better than the public schools in New Orleans. Duvio, who had been actively involved with parent-supported programs at Frantz school before the court-ordered integration, was instrumental in helping set up the Arabi Elementary Annex. With the aid of the White Citizens' Council, white parents from Frantz and McDonough 19 schools set up and ran the segregated, cooperative school. The school opened December 7 in a former automobile assembly plant and housed several hundred first-, second-, and third-grade students. It was later absorbed into the St. Bernard school system which also provided education for the fourth- through sixth-grade students from the integrated schools.","After a break in the clip, Moore interviews Louise Tate, mother of Leona Tate, one of the three African American girls who integrated McDonogh 19 elementary school on November 14. Mrs. Tate sits with a young boy on her lap. The recorded interview begins with Moore asking Tate what she thinks will happen during the school integration crisis, as the media called it. Tate replies that she does not know what the outcome will be. Asked when she began thinking of Leona attending an integrated school, Tate reports that after they filled in the application and Leona passed the test, the family began considering the idea. She explains that she saw information about the application in the newspaper, and that she thinks Leona will get a better education at McDonogh 19 than in the school for African Americans she had attended before. She also indicates that before submitting the application, she did not know A. P. Tureaud, one of the African American lawyers involved in the school desegregation lawsuit. Tate also reports that she has not received any threats as a result of her daughter integrating the elementary school.","The clip breaks again and then focuses on several white men sitting in a news office. An unidentified reporter speaks about the Louisiana state legislature which held several special sessions about the court-ordered desegregation in the fall of 1960. The reporter explains that while most legislators do not speak during the floor debate, nearly all the legislators vote for total segregation. Those who do speak denounce the federal courts, the mayor and police force of New Orleans, and the federal marshals protecting the African American students. One legislator \"urged a lynch party for what he called 'integrationist white parents,'\" a comment the reporter suggests was in poor taste but was not meant to be taken literally. As a whole, the legislature has asked parents to boycott integrated schools and to demonstrate peacefully. The reporter is unsure whether these legislative promptings have encouraged some of the \"very minor incidents of violence\" experienced in New Orleans. He is also unsure if the legislature will eventually change its attitude, even though many recognize the choice will eventually be between open, integrated schools or closed schools, with the option for private education. Legislators, he continues, feel responsible to the people they represent, who want them to fight for segregated education. After another break in the clip, the camera shows more images of the news office and Ray Moore speaking to others there.","After another clip break, outtakes show Ray Moore preparing commentary on school integration in New Orleans as he stands on a boat in the Mississippi River. Because New Orleans was ordered to integrate the year before Atlanta schools, WSB-TV covered the integration closely in order to inform and prepare the community for the scheduled integration.","In 1956, federal judge J. Skelly Wright, responding to a lawsuit brought by African American lawyers A. P. Tureaud, Daniel Byrd with the help of Thurgood Marshall, overturned New Orleans school segregation laws. After several years of resistance by the Orleans Parish school board and the Louisiana state legislature, Wright ordered the board to begin desegregating the first grade in the fall of 1960. The state legislature continued its fight against integration even beyond the first day of integrated school, November 14, 1960. Legislators passed laws removing the school board and attempted to interpose their authority between the federal courts and New Orleans. Federal judges continually thwarted these legislative attempts by overturning the legislation and issuing injunctions banning the legislature, the governor, and other state officials from interfering with the schools. The majority of the school board recognized the inevitability of the court-ordered integration and began preparing for integration by implementing a pupil-placement plan and seeking applicants willing to transfer to white schools in the middle of the school year. From the 135 applications received, the board chose four African American girls to integrate two elementary schools, William Frantz and McDonogh 19. Both schools were located in the poor Ninth Ward of the city. Officials from Southern communities that had already begun desegregation warned the Orleans Parish school board against desegregating poor schools first. The school board ignored this advice. White parents, angered by the integration and the school selection protested outside the schools every morning and afternoon, boycotted the schools, and refused to send their children to Frantz or McDonogh 19. Although many of the one-thousand white students affected enrolled in the St. Bernard Parish schools or the private cooperative schools, an estimated three hundred students did not attend school that year.","Reporter: Moore, Ray, 1922-","Title supplied by cataloger.","Optical sound.","Condition notes: 2009-03-01, Leader Replaced (Yancey)"],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn44811"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","Students--United States","Children, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American children--Louisiana--New Orleans","Reporters and reporting--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Men, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American women--Louisiana--New Orleans","Legislative bodies--Louisiana--New Orleans","Private schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","Interviews--Louisiana--New Orleans","Lawyers--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American lawyers--Louisiana--New Orleans","Boats and boating--Louisiana--New Orleans","News agencies--Louisiana--New Orleans","White Citizens councils--Louisiana","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race relations","Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","Civil rights movements--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","Federal-state controversies--Louisiana","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of an interracial classroom, interviews with Armand Duvio and Louise Tate, a reporter speaking about the influence of the Louisiana legislature, and outtakes from commentary on the school integration crisis in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 December"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44811"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44811"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-12-01"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn44811, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of an interracial classroom, interviews with Armand Duvio and Louise Tate, a reporter speaking about the influence of the Louisiana legislature, and outtakes from commentary on the school integration crisis in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 December, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1046, 46:20/57:56, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 11 mins., 36 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Moore, Ray, 1922-","Duvio, Armand","Tate, Louise","Tureaud, Alexander Pierre, 1899-1972"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol7no6","title":"Southern school news","collection_id":"gua_ssn","collection_title":"Southern school news","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026","United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044","United States, Delaware, 39.00039, -75.49992","United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637","United States, Florida, 28.75054, -82.5001","United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","United States, Kentucky, 38.20042, -84.87762","United States, Louisiana, 31.00047, -92.0004","United States, Maryland, 39.00039, -76.74997","United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036","United States, Missouri, 38.25031, -92.50046","United States, North Carolina, 35.50069, -80.00032","United States, Oklahoma, 35.49209, -97.50328","United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434","United States, Tennessee, 35.75035, -86.25027","United States, Texas, 31.25044, -99.25061","United States, Virginia, 37.54812, -77.44675","United States, West Virginia, 38.50038, -80.50009"],"dcterms_creator":["Southern Education Reporting Service"],"dc_date":["1960-12-01"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 7, Issue 6. December 1960. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Nashville, Tenn. : Southern Education Reporting Service"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Education--Southern States","Desegregation in education","Discrimination in education--Southern States","School integration--Southern States","Civil rights movement--United States","Discrimination--Law and legislation","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"dcterms_title":["Southern school news"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Georgia. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/do:dlg_ghn_sn59049440-1960-12-01-ed-1"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/gua_ssn_ssnvol7no6"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["periodicals"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Miller, William E. (William Ernest), 1908-1976","Rives, Richard T. (Richard Taylor), 1895-1982","Twitty, Frank Starling, 1907-1981","Sanders, Carl, 1925-2014","Sutherland, Matthew R. (Matthew Rozelius), 1919-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42576","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the William Frantz and McDonogh elementary schools after court-ordered desegregation, white demonstrators protesting integration, and a segregated cooperative school in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 December","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Duvio, Armand","Gabrielle, James"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507","United States, Louisiana, Saint Bernard Parish, 29.87399, -89.82422"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-12"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from December 1960, white demonstrators protest the court-ordered integration of William Frantz Public School, white parents ignore a boycott and take their daughters to school, and other white parents organize an alternative, segregated school for students from Frantz and McDonogh 19 schools in New Orleans, Louisiana.","The clip begins with white demonstrators standing outside of the William Frantz public school protesting its November 14 integration. The men and women are dressed in warm clothes; many wear hats, scarves, and heavy jackets. A white woman and her daughter, Daisy and Yolanda Gabrielle, walk up the sidewalk towards Frantz school. Next, two men are seen walking with a child between them. The men are Methodist minister Lloyd A. Foreman, who is taking his daughter Pamela Lynn to school, and Catholic priest Jerome A. Drolet. After the November 14 integration of William Frantz and McDonogh 19 schools, the local White Citizens Council organized a boycott of the schools. Most parents took their children out of the schools and either organized private schools or did not send their children to school that year. Two families, the Gabrielles and the Foremans, ignored the boycott and continued to walk through crowds of shouting demonstrators to take their daughters to school. Community pressure caused both families to leave New Orleans by December 14.","Next, the clip briefly shows the Louisiana state capitol building in Baton Rouge and men in a legislative chamber talking to one another over the dais. When the clip returns to the Frantz school in New Orleans, some of the images from the beginning of the clip are repeated. After the repeating images, a reporter interviews white women standing in the crowd in front of Frantz school. Two women enthusiastically commit to \"keep fighting\" against integration. Another woman indicates her desire to maintain segregated schools regardless of federal court decisions. Threatened by the court-ordered school desegregation scheduled to begin November 14, the Louisiana state legislature had passed several series of laws to block integration. On November 30, a three-judge federal court ruled against the legislature's laws, refused to suspend desegregation, and enjoined more than seven hundred state and local officials, including all the members of the state legislature and Governor Jimmy H. Davis from further intervention in school integration. According to some accounts, the ruling was the thirty-seventh time the federal courts had denied requests for segregated classes.","After the women's comments, police and other cars drive down the street while a crowd of white protesters stand on the sidewalk. At times, the image is washed out and not clear. At one point, a car drives past with a Confederate battle flag on the antenna. Following the washed-out clip section, policemen stand at the bottom of the stairs in front of McDonogh 19 school, the other school integrated by African American first grade students November 14. Then, a white man in a coat and hat speaks to an off-screen reporter. Asked about second and third grade students from Frantz and McDonogh schools, the man, Armand Duvio, a plumber who headed the Frantz-McDonogh Private Cooperative, indicates there will be alternate segregated facilities for every white student from the two integrated schools, either in the private school or in the schools in neighboring St. Bernard Parish. Duvio, backed by the White Citizens Council and other local segregationists, led an effort to organize a private cooperative school for whites in neighboring St. Bernard Parish. Even with the cooperative school and the option of attending schools in the still-segregated St. Bernard Parish, nearly three hundred white children did not attend school following the November 14 desegregation.","The clip then focuses on a block-style housing building that has white children and a full clothesline. Inside, James, Daisy, and Yolanda Gabrielle sit on chairs and a couch. James Gabrielle speaks to the camera before his comments are recorded. When he speaks, he indicates that he was forced out of his job and is unable to find another because of community dissapproval. He confirms that although the family may have to leave Louisiana, he feels he is doing the right thing. After nearly a month of walking through shouting crowds of angry white demonstrators, losing a job, and receiving threatening phone calls and letters, the Gabrielles and their six children left Louisiana and moved to Rhode Island. The family was so concerned for their safety that they did not travel together as they left the state, choosing to send half of the family by car and half by train.","Later, white men direct a bus with the sign \"Free private bus\" as it pulls up to a large building that looks like an airplane hangar. Inside the building, white men walk around. Outside, white children get off the bus and walk past adults standing nearby. A white man steps on the bus as it pulls away. On December 1, 1960, Armand Duvio and other white parents organizing alternative education signed leases on two buildings (including a former mortar rebuilding plan) to be converted into private schools. They announced plans for volunteer workers, mostly union men, to prepare the buildings on the weekend. News reports also indicated the state planned to provide text books, and the school would start holding classes the following week. The school was dubbed Arabi Elementary Annex, named for a nearby school in St. Bernard Parish, and was eventually absorbed into the St. Bernard school system.","The clip ends back in front of the Frantz school. People get out of cars parked near a police officer and walk down the sidewalk. Another car has a sign on its side, \"Free coffee for all white mothers.\" White women fill cups from coffee pots sitting on the car's tailgate and groups of white men and women stand around, some with cups in their hands. Finally, a white couple stands on a street corner.","In 1956, Federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans' school segregation laws. Orleans Parish School Board officials and the Louisiana state legislature fought integration for several years until 1960, when school board officials agreed to Judge Wright's grade-a-year integration plan. The plan desegregated the first grade in November 1960. During consultations with leaders from other Southern communities that had integrated their schools under court orders, the Orleans Parish School Board was discouraged from desegregating schools in poor neighborhoods first. The school board ignored this advice and choose to integrate two schools in the poor Ninth Ward of New Orleans, William Frantz and McDonogh 19. While the school board did not reveal the chosen schools or the names of the four African American girls selected to integrate the schools, a large police presence at the schools tipped off white demonstrators, who gathered and shouted at the students and their federal marshals escorts. Groups gathered every morning and afternoon for the rest of the year to yell and throw things at both the African American students and the few white parents who tried to send their children to Frantz school. Among those who helped establish the private white schools were Louisiana state legislators who each contributed fifty dollars from their salaries to support the efforts to continue segregation. By December 1, nearly five hundred white students from Frantz and McDonogh had enrolled in the still-segregated St. Bernard Parish schools. However, even with the opportunities to attend the private school or the schools in St. Bernard Parish, nearly 300 children did not receive a formal education that school year.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42576"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","Demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race relations","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Private schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","Civil rights movements--Louisiana--New Orleans","Whites--Louisiana--New Orleans","White Citizens councils--Louisiana--New Orleans","Legislative bodies--Louisiana","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police vehicles--Louisiana--New Orleans","Flags--Confederate States of America","African American students--Louisiana--New Orleans","Buses--Louisiana--New Orleans","Coffeepots--Louisiana--New Orleans","Clergy--Louisiana--New Orleans","Intimidation--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Louisiana--Capital and capitol"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the William Frantz and McDonogh elementary schools after court-ordered desegregation, white demonstrators protesting integration, and a segregated cooperative school in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 December"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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Many parents felt their children were being sacrificed to integration and resented that the children of school board members, community leaders, and even Judge Wright still attended segregated schools. The four girls began attending the previously all-white schools on November 14. White segregationist women, nicknamed \"the cheerleaders,\" protested integration every morning and afternoon at both schools by screaming and yelling at the African American girls, who were escorted to and from school by Federal marshals. The \"cheerleaders\" and other whites also attacked the few white parents who ignored a boycott of the schools arranged by the Louisiana Citizens' Council and braved the crowds to send their children to the elementary schools. Daisy Gabrielle was one of the white parents to send a child to William Frantz from November 14 until December 14. After her husband lost his job and the community turned on the family, the Gabrielles finally left the state. 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