{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36888","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students debating integration at the University of Georgia following the court-ordered admission of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from January 1961, several unidentified white students at the University of Georgia debate the university's court-ordered integration and the admission of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes. The debating students, standing on the steps of a campus building, are divided by their opinion; those against African American students at the university stand on the left and the student arguing for the African American students at the university stands on the right. The students against integration argue that the state provides educational institutions for African Americans and ask why Holmes and Hunter do not want to attend those institutions. The student for integration explains that the African American colleges do not provide the same opportunities as white colleges. One of the students against integration responds that the University of Georgia also pays to send African American students to out-of-state institutions if they want to go. The student for integration asks his fellow debaters if they would like to have to attend school out of state instead of having the privilege of staying close to home. The students against integration repeat that the state provides African American institutions, adding that African Americans would not be able to build the schools without the state's financial support. The student for integration counters that African Americans do not have the same employment opportunities and so do not pay as much in taxes as white citizens. Continuing, he asserts that the African American students seeking integration want to improve their economic and educational status. He concludes by asking if African Americans are lesser citizens of the state than those with whom he is debating.","During the 1950s, African American Horace T. Ward unsuccessfully sought to attend the University of Georgia Law school. In 1959, Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes applied to attend the university but their applications were denied, allegedly based on lack of space. After several other unsuccessful attempts, lawyers for Hunter and Holmes filed a federal lawsuit. On January 6, 1961 federal judge William A. Bootle ordered that the university could not refuse the students admission based solely on their race. Hunter and Holmes began attending the university January 11, 1961, ending 176 years of segregation on the campus. Although some white students and citizens felt the university should be closed rather than agree to federally-ordered integration, state officials chose to keep the school open.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn36888"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["College students--Georgia--Athens","College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","Debates and debating--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia--Athens","College integration--Georgia--Athens--Public opinion","Public opinion--Georgia--Athens"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students debating integration at the University of Georgia following the court-ordered admission of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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Arnold speaking to reporters about the recent integration of the University of Georgia from offices in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Arnold, Robert O."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from January 1961, chairman of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia, Robert O. Arnold, speaks to reporters about integration at the University of Georgia from an office in Atlanta, Georgia.","The clip begins with a man putting a microphone around the neck of Robert O. Arnold, chairman of the Board of Regents. The man also adjusts a small table in front of Arnold with several microphones on it. A reporter sits down on the couch next to Arnold and asks him to identify the reason for the recent calm at the University of Georgia which had been integrated by court order January 9, 1961. Arnold praises the \"fine conduct of everybody concerned with this affair.\" He specifically mentions the Sunday, January 15 agreement between University officials and news reporters where the reporters agreed to stay away from campus. University officials believed such efforts would minimize the possibility of crowds gathering and help students build a routine.","Arnold declines to comment on restrictions university officials have placed on students because he has not visited the campus in several days. He also declines to comment on the students' mood for the same reason. Responding to a follow up question about the press and crowds Arnold states that \"crowds gather around the press and the press gathers around the crowds.\" Arnold refuses to comment on the possible involvement of the press in the January 11 riot on campus, in part because \"other people have commented too much already about this.\" The first reporter asks Arnold about African American applicants to other segregated schools in the University System of Georgia. Arnold expresses his confidence that admissions offices at other schools in the system will evaluate the merits of applicants. The Georgia Institute of Technology integrated in the fall of 1961 when three African American young men were admitted to the school. Asked again about the press's influence on racial tension at the university, Arnold suggests the press provides sensation to people who are looking for it. Finally a reporter counters Arnold's claim by asserting that the press presents \"exactly what happened as we see it.\"","Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in July 1959. University officials claimed \"lack of space\" and refused to admit the two African American students for several quarters. In the fall of 1960, African American attorneys Donald Hollowell, Constance B. Motley, and Horace T. Ward filed a federal lawsuit seeking admission for the two students. Federal judge William A. Bootle on January 6, 1961 ordered the university to admit the two students, ending the university's segregation. Holmes and Hunter registered for classes January 9, and attended their first classes on campus January 11. White students and citizens rioted on January 11 following a basketball game where the University of Georgia team lost to Georgia Tech, leading to the suspension of Hunter and Holmes and their return to Atlanta. Some of the white students who were arrested during the riot were also suspended, leading other legislators to propose bills paying their tuition at other institutions. On January 13, judge Bootle ordered the university to readmit the two students, and they returned to classes January 16.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42486"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia","Microphone","Tables--Georgia--Atlanta","Sofas--Georgia--Atlanta","Crowds--Georgia--Athens","Race riots--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","Press conferences--Georgia--Atlanta","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia--Athens","College integration--Georgia--Athens--Press coverage","Athens (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the chairman of the University System of Georgia Board of Regents Robert O. 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These items may not be reproduced, re-posted or saved except under fair use, as stipulated by copyright law: reproduction is not to be \"used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.\" If a user makes use of these digital files for purposes in excess of \"fair use,\" that user may be liable for copyright infringement."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tws_oid32_32758","title":"Memphis World, 1960 December 21st","collection_id":"tws_oid32","collection_title":"Memphis World","dcterms_contributor":["Beauchamp, J. 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