{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"aar_wsfa_21","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D063.0008","collection_id":"aar_wsfa","collection_title":"WSFA Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1961/1974"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Montgomery, Ala. : Alabama Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["WSFA-TV (Television station : Montgomery, Ala.)","WSFA collection","Box D063, Item 0008"],"dcterms_subject":["Alabama. National Guard","Auburn University","Auburn University at Montgomery","George C. Marshall Space Flight Center","African Americans--Civil rights","Airplanes","Civil rights demonstrations","Civil rights workers","College administrators","Dams","Demonstrations","Education","Freedom Rides, 1961","Governors--Alabama","Governors--Georgia","Police","Legislators--United States","Locks (Hydraulic engineering)","Armed Forces--Officers","Patriotism","Political campaigns","Political participation","Politics and government","Presidents--United States","Race relations--Alabama","Rockets (Aeronautics)","Segregation--Alabama","Soldiers","Space flight","Tornadoes","Universities and colleges","Vice-presidents--United States","Alabama River (Ala.)","Coosa River (Ala.)","Auburn (Ala.)","Lee County (Ala.)","Brent (Ala.)","Bibb County (Ala.)","Selma (Ala.)","Dallas County (Ala.)","Lowndes County (Ala.)","Huntsville (Ala.)","Madison County (Ala.)","Montgomery (Ala.)","Montgomery County (Ala.)"],"dcterms_title":["WSFA audiovisual item D063.0008"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/wsfa/id/21"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960/1969","1970/1979"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Donated by WSFA, https://www.wsfa.com."],"dcterms_medium":["videocassettes","U-matic (TM)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","Agnew, Spiro T., 1918-1996","Brewer, Albert P., 1928-2017","Butler, Mac Sim","Clark, James G.","Draughon, Ralph B. (Ralph Brown), 1899-1968","Graham, Henry V.","Graham, Jackson","Hill, Lister, 1894-1984","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore), 1932-2009","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963","Mann, Floyd, 1920-1996","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-1994","Patterson, John Malcolm, 1921-","Philpott, Harry M. (Harry Melvin), 1917-2008","Rose, Frank Anthony, 1920-1991","Shuttlesworth, Fred L., 1922-2011","Walker, Wyatt Tee, 1929-","Wallace, George C. (George Corley), 1919-1998"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":"\n  \n\n \n\n   \n\n \n\n \n\n   \n\n \n\n   \n\n \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\nThis footage was transferred to tape from the original 16mm film. The following segments are included: 0:00:06: Civil rights demonstration at Brown Chapel AME Church and the George Washington Carver Homes in Selma, Alabama, possibly in September 1963. At the event, demonstrators were arrested, boarded onto a bus, and taken to the police department for processing. (Sheriff Jim Clark is visible among the law enforcement officers at the event.) 0:03:11: Freedom Riders in Montgomery, Alabama, in May 1961. The footage includes buses leaving the Trailways station on Lee Street; General Henry Graham and Governor John Patterson speaking at press conferences; and Sheriff Mac Sim Butler arresting Fred Shuttlesworth, Wyatt Tee Walker, Ralph Abernathy, and others at the Trailways station. 0:07:02: Harry M. Philpott inaugurated as president of Auburn University in September 1965. Philpott succeeded retiring president Ralph Draughon. 0:13:12: Original and new locations of Auburn University at Montgomery. The segment opens with shots of the building at 435 Bell Street in downtown Montgomery, Alabama, and then switches to construction work at the new campus on the old McLemore plantation in the eastern part of the city. Classes were first offered at the Bell Street location (formerly the University of Alabama Montgomery Center) in the fall of 1968, and the school moved to the completed campus in the fall of 1971. The footage is silent. 0:19:20: Governor Jimmy Carter speaking at a luncheon in Montgomery sponsored by the Council for the Advancement of Private Colleges in Alabama on June 19, 1973. 0:22:53: Governors Jimmy Carter and George Wallace speaking at the Southern Governors Conference in Point Clear, Alabama in September 1973. 0:25:59: Governor Albert Brewer at the Samford University commencement in Birmingham, Alabama, on August 24, 1968. Brewer delivered the commencement address and received an honorary degree from the school. The segment is introduced by a reporter, possibly Bill Whipple of WSFA. 0:29:33: President John F. Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon Johnson visiting Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, on September 11, 1962. The footage is silent. 0:31:11: Groundbreaking for the Jones Bluff Lock and Dam in Lowndes County, Alabama, on April 11, 1966. Senator Lister Hill, General Jackson Graham, and Dr. Frank Rose spoke at the event. 0:38:18: Aftermath of a tornado that hit Brent, Alabama, on May 27, 1973. The storm killed seven people and destroyed the town. 0:48:25: Senator Edward Kennedy visiting George Wallace at the Governor's Mansion in Montgomery, Alabama, on September 22, 1972. 0:51:39: Vice President Spiro Agnew visiting George Wallace at the Governor's Mansion in Montgomery, Alabama, on October 11, 1972. 0:55:33: Presidential candidate Jimmy Carter visiting George Wallace at the Governor's Mansion in Montgomery, Alabama, on June 12, 1976. Wallace, after dropping out of the race, endorsed Carter and released to him the delegates he had won in several Democratic primaries in May. 1:00:12: Governor George Wallace and President Richard Nixon at \"Honor America Day\" in Huntsville, Alabama, on February 18, 1974.\n   \n\n  \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   \n\n   "},{"id":"aar_wsfa_19","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D121.0007","collection_id":"aar_wsfa","collection_title":"WSFA Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1961/1963"],"dcterms_description":["This footage was transferred to tape from the original 16mm film. The following segments are included: 0:00:04: George Wallace giving a speech during the 1962 gubernatorial campaign. 0:01:08: George Wallace pledging to resist integration and commenting on recent violence in Mississippi, likely a reference to the riots in Oxford after James Meredith integrated the University of Mississippi in 1962. 0:01:57: George Wallace commenting on recent violence in Mississippi, likely a reference to the riots in Oxford after James Meredith integrated the University of Mississippi in 1962. 0:03:08: Inauguration of Governor George Wallace on January 14, 1963, including portions of his speech. 0:04:54: Freedom Riders leaving Montgomery for Jackson, Mississippi, on May 24, 1961. (The footage is silent.) 0:05:53: John Patterson speaking on the Freedom Riders in Montgomery in May 1961. 0:06:58: George Wallace giving a speeches during the 1962 gubernatorial campaign."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Montgomery, Ala. : Alabama Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil rights demonstrations","Governors--Alabama","Inaugurations","Political campaigns","Political science","Race relations--Alabama","Segregation--Alabama","Montgomery (Ala.)","Montgomery County (Ala.)"],"dcterms_title":["WSFA audiovisual item D121.0007"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/wsfa/id/19"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["videotapes"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Patterson, John Malcolm, 1921-","Wallace, George C. (George Corley), 1919-1998"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"guan_1283_028-001","title":"Yaba Academy, 1961","collection_id":"guan_1283","collection_title":"Lillian Eugenia Smith Papers (circa 1920-1980)","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1961"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jp2"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":null,"dcterms_title":["Yaba Academy, 1961"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Hargrett Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/guan_1283_028-001#item"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/guan_1283_028-001"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Lillian Smith papers, ms1283. Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":["1 page"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966--Correspondence"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"guan_1283_028-005","title":"York, Clifford J., 1961","collection_id":"guan_1283","collection_title":"Lillian Eugenia Smith Papers (circa 1920-1980)","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1961"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jp2"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":null,"dcterms_title":["York, Clifford J., 1961"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Hargrett Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/guan_1283_028-005#item"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/guan_1283_028-005"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Lillian Smith papers, ms1283. Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":["5 pages"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966--Correspondence"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aar_amg_16394","title":"Young woman, possibly a Freedom Rider, reading the an issue of the Birmingham News in the waiting area of the Greyhound station in Birmingham, Alabama.","collection_id":"aar_amg","collection_title":"Alabama Media Group Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["Adams, Robert","Jones, Ed"],"dc_date":["1961"],"dcterms_description":["The headline reads \"Bob Kennedy Promises Protection to Integrationists after Beatings.\" Freedom Rider James Peck is seated on the bench behind her."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Montgomery, Ala. : Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Birmingham News","Alabama Media Group","Alabama Media Group Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","African Americans--Civil rights","Bus terminals","Civil rights demonstrations","Birmingham (Ala.)","Jefferson County (Ala.)"],"dcterms_title":["Young woman, possibly a Freedom Rider, reading the an issue of the Birmingham News in the waiting area of the Greyhound station in Birmingham, Alabama."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/amg/id/16394"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Donated by the Alabama Media Group, http://www.alabamamediagroup.com"],"dcterms_medium":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Peck, James"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"abj_p16044coll1_22078","title":"Zoning Board of Adjustment Complaints, January to December 1961","collection_id":"abj_p16044coll1","collection_title":"Theophilus Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor Papers, 1959-1963","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973"],"dc_date":["1961"],"dcterms_description":["Papers are arranged alphabetically by subject. The Papers, which consist of correspondence, memos, and reports, are the office files kept by \"Bull\" Connor during his last five years as Commissioner of Public Safety of the City of Birmingham, Alabama."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Birmingham, Ala. : Birmingham Public Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Theophilus Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor Collection Number 268, Archives Department."],"dcterms_subject":["Zoning boards--Alabama--Birmingham","Birmingham (Ala.). Zoning Board of Adjustment","Birmingham (Ala.)--Officials and employees--Biography","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Birmingham","Politicians--Alabama--Birmingham","Birmingham (Ala.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Zoning Board of Adjustment Complaints, January to December 1961"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Birmingham Public Library (Ala.)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm16044.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16044coll1/id/22078"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-1970"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This material may be protected under Title 17 of the U. S. Copyright Law which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43146","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American student Charlayne Hunter walking on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Athens, Georgia in January 1961, Charlayne Hunter, one of the first African Americans to attend the University of Georgia walks on campus. The clip begins with students, including Hunter, leaving Meigs Hall where Hunter's psychology class was held. As Hunter begins walking away from the building, a cameraman takes pictures. A man in a suit, possibly a plain-clothes police officer, watches her as she walks. Hunter passes the law school and enters the main library building. Finally, the science building is seen with a car parked in front of it.\u003cp\u003eCharlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in July 1959. University officials claimed \"lack of space\" and refused to admit the two African American students for several quarters. In the fall of 1960, African American attorneys Donald Hollowell, Constance B. Motley, and Horace T. Ward filed a federal lawsuit seeking admission for the two students. Federal judge William A. Bootle on January 6, 1961 ordered the university to admit the two students, ending the university's segregation. Holmes and Hunter registered for classes January 9, and attended their first classes on campus January 11. Plain-clothes officers escorted Hunter and Holmes to class during the first weeks they were on campus.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43146"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["College students--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Athens","College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","Police, State--Georgia--Athens"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American student Charlayne Hunter walking on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43146"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43146"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43146, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American student Charlayne Hunter walking on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0967, 10:10/12:47, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 37 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Hunter-Gault, Charlayne"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43162","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of comments regarding integration of education in Georgia by Board of Regents member Roy V. Harris and House of Representatives members Frank Twitty and A'Delbert Bowen in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Harris, Roy Vincent, 1895-1985","Twitty, Frank Starling, 1907-1981","Bowen, A'Delbert, 1919-1981"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["This series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Atlanta, Georgia in January 1961 contains selections of comments regarding integration of education in Georgia made by Board of Regents member Roy V. Harris to the House Education Committee, and selections of comments made to the committee and later to the full House of Representatives by Representatives Frank Twitty of Mitchell County and A'Delbert Bowen of Randolph County.","The clip begins with representative Frank Twitty speaking to the House Education Committee. His comments are interspersed with those made by Roy V. Harris. Twitty explains that Georgia Governor Ernest Vandiver is proposing a package plan of legislation to oppose the most recent court decision for integration. Bill co-sponsor Twitty refers to the plan as \"about the only thing left that we can fight with.\" Part of the plan Twitty outlines decentralizes the school board system, giving more authority back to local boards and allowing them to better counteract attacks on segregation. HB174 is \"A Bill to be entitled an Act to provide for suspension and reopening of public schools; to provide for the call of an election on said issue; to prescribe the procedure relating thereto; to provide that teachers' and other contracts shall not be effected by such suspension but that the compensation thereunder shall continue under specified terms; and for other purposes.\" Twitty reminds the committee that governor Vandiver is pledging to support public education. He expresses his gratitude for the strength of character of members of the general assembly during the most recent integration crisis, as well as for their support. Twitty asks the committee to give the proposals a unanimous vote and to not be against public education.","Board of Regents member Roy V. Harris also speaks to the House Education Committee. He wishes that a Southern governor would defy a federal court order to integrate, a move he believes would \"create a revolt in the minds of the people all over this nation.\" Harris refers to the defiance of the Louisiana legislature in only making appropriations once a month and reminds his audience that no federal judge has yet put them in jail and that their actions have stood up in courts. Harris compares the South's resistance to reconstruction and integration to the Indian Self Determination movement, led by Gandhi. The Civil Rights movement, influenced by Gandhi's teachings on nonviolence and passive resistance, also frequently compared itself to Gandhi's struggle in India. Harris praises the \"passive resistance\" of southerners during the Reconstruction period in which acts of congress and federal judges ruled the South.  He asserts that he has never advocated violence or closing Georgia schools. Harris refers to his role as the president of the States' Rights Council of Georgia and a visit he and governor Vandiver made to Little Rock after the integration crisis there in 1957. He declares that only local residents should be able to decide if they want their schools closed rather than integrating, criticizing the \"election\" portion of House Bill 174.","Next, Twitty speaks from prepared remarks, portions of which are inaudible, to the whole House of Representatives. Twitty calls the proposed school legislation the most important of his seventeen-year career. The laws, Twitty says, are carefully reasoned ones that reasonable men can support and live with in the future. He asks the House members to give their unanimous endorsement to the bills and to governor Vandiver and the leadership that helped create them. Twitty decries those opposing the bills for not offering a workable plan. He proclaims that he wants what is best for Georgia children and to prevent another Little Rock or New Orleans crisis. He states that the members of the legislature will be judged in the future by their votes.","Finally, representative A'Delbert Bowen from Randolph County speaks to the House. He refers to the plans offered by Twitty as \"the easy way out,\" remarking that the white flag of surrender will be the symbol of the legislature. Bowen affirms that he is just as interested in the welfare of Georgia children, but he does not believe everything has been done to prevent integration. He asks the audience to stop insulting the intelligence of Georgians by calling the plan proposed by the governor anything but integration.","Civil rights workers in Georgia attacked segregated education at colleges and universities as well as in public school districts around the state. Federal judge William A. Bootle on January 6, 1961 ordered the University of Georgia's integration, leading state officials to choose between accepting integration and closing the school. On January 13, Bootle ruled unconstitutional a 1956 appropriations act preventing funding integrated schools. Also on May 9, 1960 federal judge Frank A. Hooper set a deadline for the desegregation of Atlanta schools as May 1, 1961. In response to pressure to integrate on Atlanta schools as well as on the University of Georgia, governor Vandiver proposed legislation to the Georgia legislature allowing greater control to local school boards and providing grants to students choosing to attend private schools rather than integrated public schools, moving the state from a position of massive resistance to one of \"restructured resistance.\"","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43162"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Legislators--Georgia--Attitudes","School integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","College students--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","School boards--Georgia","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia","Government, Resistance to--Georgia","College integration--Georgia--Athens--Public opinion","Public opinion--Georgia--Athens","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of comments regarding integration of education in Georgia by Board of Regents member Roy V. Harris and House of Representatives members Frank Twitty and A'Delbert Bowen in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43162"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43162"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43162, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of comments regarding integration of education in Georgia by Board of Regents member Roy V. Harris and House of Representatives members Frank Twitty and A'Delbert Bowen in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0968, 14:03/34:12, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 20 mins., 9 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Harris, Roy Vincent, 1895-1985","Twitty, Frank Starling, 1907-1981","Bowen, A'Delbert, 1919-1981","Vandiver, S. Ernest (Samuel Ernest), 1918-2005"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38256","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of statements by Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver, Athens mayor Ralph M. Snow, Georgia state treasurer George B. Hamilton, lieutenant governor Garland T. Byrd, and Mrs. Alice Stancil regarding integration of the University of Georgia, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Moore, Ray, 1922-","Vandiver, S. Ernest (Samuel Ernest), 1918-2005","Snow, Ralph M., -1969","Stancil, Alice W., 1900-1969","Hamilton, George B. (George Bright), 1891-1971","Sanders, Carl, 1925-2014","Hazelwood, James Terry","Morris, Aubrey R.","Cook, Eugene, 1904-","Sims, Larky"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Bibb County, Macon, 32.84069, -83.6324","United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this compilation of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from January 9th through 13th of 1961, Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver reads a prepared statement and answers reporters' questions at press conferences about the University of Georgia's court-ordered integration; Athens mayor Ralph M. Snow reports on a January 11 riot at the university; a reporter interviews students about the university's integration and the January 11 riot; a reporter interviews Mrs. Alice Stancil, one of the first female students at the university; state treasurer George B. Hamilton explains why he is withholding money from the University System of Georgia; lieutenant governor Garland T. Byrd answers reporters' questions; and white women picket in front of the capitol building. The clip's audio breaks several times. Not all comments are completely recorded.","The clips begin with a series from the January 12 press conference during which reporters question governor Ernest Vandiver about a January 11 riot at the University of Georgia (UGA). Governor Vandiver reads from a previously issued statement, detailing his reaction to riot events, including his conferences with Georgia attorney general Eugene Cook and UGA president Dr. O.C. Aderhold. He emphasizes that his proclamation called for an abstention from violence. He refers to a memorandum from Colonel William P. Trotter, director of the state Department of Public Safety, regarding details of the evening, as well as a statement by mayor Snow reporting a return to order in Athens. Several of the questions posed to the governor relate to the differences between Trotter's and Snow's accounts of the timeline. Another reporter asks Vandiver about a statement released by his executive secretary Peter Zack Geer that morning and read on an Atlanta radio station. Vandiver displays his annoyance regarding the deletion of the phrase \"let there be no violence ever in Georgia\" during the original broadcast of Geer's statement. Vandiver indicates that he had not informed Geer of the rock throwing the previous evening. Vandiver is questioned about Mr. Hamilton and the possibility of his being in contempt of court. This refers to a temporary restraining order issued Tuesday, January 10 by federal judge William A. Bootle preventing Vandiver from cutting off the university's funding and a subpoena received by state treasurer George B. Hamilton. (Hamilton is interviewed later in this series of clips beginning at approximately 26 minutes.) A reporter questions Vandiver about statements made by Board of Regents member Roy V. Harris, but Vandiver's response is not presented at this point. (His response that he \"belongs to that rapidly growing body of our citizenry who does not engage in an exchange of statements with Roy Harris\" appears at approximately 9 minutes, 55 seconds in this series. The reporters then laugh at his response.) A reporter asks about Harris threatening Dr. Aderhold with physical violence, but Vandiver indicates that he has no knowledge of such. In response to a question, the governor replies that a restraining order had been issued on Tuesday and he was unprepared to comment as the case was on going. This refers to the order by Bootle mentioned earlier. When asked about the university students dealing with the issue of integrating the campus without outside influence, the governor states that the \"entire state has an interest\" so it does not stop at the edge of the campus. At this point there is an extended discussion about the differences between mayor Snow's and Col. Trotter's accounts of the timeline. Vandiver refuses to talk about future events such as the possible return of the African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes and the results of the injunction hearing, nor will he comment on the decisions of the campus administrators. Vandiver responds to questions about the passage of a road bill and an upcoming child protection amendment to the Georgia constitution. He praises House representative and floor leader Frank Twitty. This section of clips ends at approximately 8 minutes and 5 seconds; more of the press conference begins at approximately 9 minutes, 55 seconds.","The next clip is of Athens mayor Ralph M. Snow reporting on the January 11 riot that included assaults with rocks and fireworks, and his request to the state patrol for assistance dispersing the rioting crowd. Snow claims that the state patrol was unable to assist because they could not contact their superior officer. Snow states that the city police and local firefighters used tear gas and fire hoses to disperse the crowd and were able to restore order by midnight. He concludes by explaining that by the time the state patrol finally arrived, the situation was already under control, and that his officers were able to preserve order. This section runs from approximately 8 minutes, 6 seconds until approximately 8 minutes, 52 seconds.","The next series of clips is a public statement by Vandiver made on January 9 from the Governor's Mansion. The governor reads from a letter he sent to lieutenant governor Garland T. Byrd and to Speaker of the House of Representatives George L. Smith, II. Vandiver explains that a ruling made earlier in the day by federal judge Elbert P. Tuttle of the United States Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ordering the immediate integration of the University of Georgia will cause the school to close. The clip runs from approximately 8 minutes, 53 seconds to approximately 9 minutes, 54 seconds.","The next series of clips returns to the press conference described earlier. He takes questions from Mr. Freeman Levert (?) and another reporter regarding the return of the African American students to the campus. The responses are not recorded here, and it is not clear if the responses from the earlier section of clips from this press conference originally came from this stop in the interview. Vandiver reads from the Georgia law (section 86106, and sections B, C and D of 1957 Georgia laws, page 47) regarding the responsibilities of the governor and of local officials regarding maintaining the public peace and the use of state militia. He emphasizes that he wants everyone to understand the legal process. Referring to Judge W. A. Bootle's decision to terminate the suspension of Hunter and Holmes from the University of Georgia, Vandiver goes on to state his position to the people of Georgia: through the suspension, the UGA administration had recognized the \"imminent danger presented to the public peace by the presence of plaintiffs on the campus.\" This section of the clips ends with Vandiver commenting on the statements made by \"mayor Shaw\" [i.e., Athens mayor Snow]. Vandiver exists at approximately 13 minutes, 19 seconds, but the clip runs until about 13 minutes, 39 seconds.","The next series of clips of interviews with students on the UGA campus runs from about 13 minutes, 40 seconds until about 19 minutes, 55 seconds. An unidentified reporter interviews students at the University of Georgia about the university's integration and the January 11 riot. An unidentified 1955 university alumnus criticizes riot participants for injuring the reputation of the university and the United States' reputation internationally by undermining democracy. The next unidentified student interviewed believes that if African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes return to campus, students will try and keep them out. When asked about the possibility that outsiders helped create the previous night's riot, the student says that he believes the students were primarily responsible for the riot. Another unidentified student counters saying he saw a lot of people who did not look like students at the riot. Next, Terry Hazelwood, student editor at the campus newspaper the \u003ci\u003eRed and Black\u003c/i\u003e emphasizes that while many students do not like integration, nothing good can come from violence. He criticizes the \"few students who give such a black eye to the university.\" Hazelwood reports that campus clubs, including some fraternities and sororities, are working to encourage members to be nonviolent and that students are circulating a petition denouncing the riot. Campus leaders plan to submit the petition to the legislature and governor as well as to the appropriate media outlets. In response to Hazelwood's comments, another unidentified student questions the worth of petitions and state laws, declaring \"all we have is a federal judge cramming something down our throats.\" The student estimates that almost three thousand people participated in the riot and that half of the campus is for segregation and only a quarter is for integration. He concludes emphatically that he is for segregation \"and I will be until I die.\" The male students around him all cheer. Another unidentified student disagrees with the percentages and numbers quoted, feeling instead that the opinions that count are those who take initiative through actions such as signing petitions. Last, Terry Hazelwood notes that at the  \u003ci\u003eRed and Black\u003c/i\u003e they deplore that so few can \"give a black eye\" to the university as a whole. He believes that there are three elements: students who are protesting, students who are acting and trying to keep the violence down, and the large group in-between who don't care one way or the other.","The next fifteen seconds or so is a series of shots around downtown Athens and crowds around the Arches at the front of UGA. These are followed by clips (ca. 2 minutes) of students gathered on campus near Soule Hall and Myers Hall, dormitories on campus. African American student Hamilton Holmes stands near a car, speaking to the driver before the car backs up and leaves. At 22 minutes, 39 seconds, an unidentified reporter speaks briefly to Larky Sims, president of Myers dormitory, regarding the reaction supposedly to Charlayne Hunter being in that dorm, but the question is cut off. Starting at 22 minutes, 51 seconds another unidentified student is interviewed about the riot. The young man believes about one thousand people participated in the riot with a lot of \"hot heads\" and outside help. He thinks there may be more protests, although he doesn't believe they will be as bad.","Next, WSB-TV reporter Ray Moore interviews Mrs. Walter Stancil, one of the early female students on campus, about her experience. Mrs. Stancil, who was knows as Alice Walker during her time at UGA, tells of a time she had asked about a grade in a class she felt was doing well in and was told \"for a girl, you did just wonderful.\" In another instance, the dean of her college told a friend \"we just give degrees to women. They are hardly intelligent enough to earn one.\" Stancil also repeats a comment made to her by Dean Mary D. Lyndon, the first dean of women, who said, \"the only foundation for a higher education is a Christian character.\" Alice Stancil was admitted with several other women to the academic side of the University of Georgia in 1919, the first class of women at UGA. She was active in campus life and became president of the women's student government group. Following graduation, Mrs. Stancil taught school before marrying Walter Stancil and moving to Dalton, Georgia. At the time of the interview, she served as chair of the legislative committee on parent-teacher associations. This series of clips is found at about 23 minutes, 57 seconds into the series and ends at around 26 minutes.","Next, reporter Aubrey Morris interviews state treasurer George B. Hamilton who reads in part from a 1956 appropriations act preventing the state from funding integrated schools. Because of the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia, Hamilton explains that he is holding over two requests for funds from James A. Blissit, treasurer of the University System of Georgia until he is told what money will be used by the University of Georgia and what money will go to other still segregated schools. He has written to Mr. B. E. Thrasher, Jr., the assistant director of the Bureau of the Budget, regarding section 8 of the Appropriations Act of 1956. (This series of clips runs from about 26 minutes, 1 second to about 30 minutes 9 seconds; there is an extended silent section at 26 minutes, 27 seconds until 27 minutes, 24 seconds. During this section, it appears that Hamilton is reading or making a statement, but the sound is not recorded.)","The next series of clips (about 2.5 minutes) is also silent. Reporters speak to lieutenant governor Garland T. Byrd; Byrd and Vandiver are seen in a January meeting with legislatures and members of the Board of Regents.","There is a short interview, about one minute, with Georgia attorney general J. Eugene Cook regarding the upcoming hearing at the U.S. District Court in Macon. He indicates that the plaintiffs failed to follow all administrative remedies when they applied to the University of Georgia and that they would lose credits moving from a semester to a quarter system. This is followed by several shots of people coming out of a courthouse then driving off. There are other shots of the federal courthouse in Macon that is now called the William Augustus Bootle Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse. There are also shots of the streets of Macon and several shots of an American flag flapping in the wind. All of these clips are silent and last about two minutes. There is a series of silent clips (about 30 seconds) outside the Georgia capitol building of women picketing against the university's integration.","Next, there is a 30 second clip of state senator Carl Sanders from Augusta standing at a microphone; his comments are incompletely recorded, but he seems to be speaking to a group of businessmen.","In a short (ca. 1 minute) clip, Athens mayor Snow describes that 3-4 carloads of state patrolmen arrived at Myers Hall. He, the UGA dean of students J. A. Williams, Athens police chief E. E. Hardy and the state patrol officers conferred and assured dean Williams that order would be preserved.","The last approximately 45 seconds are a series of silent clips that seem to be a meeting of the Georgia legislature.","African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in the summer of 1959 but were denied, according to the university, based on lack of space. After several other unsuccessful applications, lawyers Donald Hollowell, Horace T. Ward, and Constance B. Motley filed a federal lawsuit against the university on behalf of the students. On January 6, 1961, federal judge William A. Bootle ordered the university to admit the students and to stop rejecting applicants solely based on race. Governor Vandiver and state officials responded by citing the 1956 appropriations act preventing the state from funding integrated schools. Judge Bootle issued a temporary restraining order against Vandiver on January 10 preventing him from cutting off university funding and on January 13 declared the appropriations act unconstitutional. After a basketball game the evening of January 11 in which the University of Georgia lost to Georgia Institute of Technology, students rioted outside of Myers Hall, the dormitory where Hunter lived. The university suspended Hunter and Holmes \"for their own protection\" and sent them back to Atlanta that evening. Judge Bootle ordered the students readmitted January 13, and they returned to campus January 16.","Reporter: Moore, Ray, 1922-","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn38256"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Governors--Georgia","Press conferences--Georgia--Atlanta","Press conferences--Georgia--Athens","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","College integration--Georgia--Athens","College integration--Georgia--Athens--Public opinion","Public opinion--Georgia--Athens","Mayors--Georgia--Athens","Race riots--Georgia--Athens","Interviews--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia","Lieutenant governors--Georgia","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Legislators--Georgia","College students--Georgia--Athens","Violence--Georgia--Athens","Restraining orders--Georgia--Atlanta","Subpoena--Georgia--Athens","Police--Georgia--Athens","Dormitories--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia","Highway law--Georgia","Constitutional amendments--Georgia","Fire departments--Georgia--Athens","Greek letter societies--Georgia--Athens","College students--Legal status, laws, etc.--Georgia","Student suspension--Law and legislation--Georgia","Central business districts--Georgia--Athens","Central business districts--Georgia--Macon","Flags--United States","Athens (Ga.)--Race relations","Georgia--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of statements by Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver, Athens mayor Ralph M. Snow, Georgia state treasurer George B. Hamilton, lieutenant governor Garland T. Byrd, and Mrs. Alice Stancil regarding integration of the University of Georgia, Georgia, 1961 January"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38256"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38256"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn38256, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of statements by Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver, Athens mayor Ralph M. Snow, Georgia state treasurer George B. Hamilton, lieutenant governor Garland T. Byrd, and Mrs. Alice Stancil regarding integration of the University of Georgia, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0048, 00:00/38:03, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 38 mins., 3 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Moore, Ray, 1922-","Vandiver, S. Ernest (Samuel Ernest), 1918-2005","Snow, Ralph M., -1969","Stancil, Alice W., 1900-1969","Hamilton, George B. (George Bright), 1891-1971","Byrd, Garland T. (Garland Turk), 1924-1997","Sanders, Carl, 1925-2014","Trotter, William P. (William Perry), 1919-2004","Geer, Peter Zack","Hazelwood, James Terry","Morris, Aubrey R.","Cook, Eugene, 1904-","Holmes, Hamilton, 1941-","Sims, Larky","Harris, Roy Vincent, 1895-1985","Hunter-Gault, Charlayne","Twitty, Frank Starling, 1907-1981","Tuttle, Elbert P. (Elbert Parr), 1897-1996","Aderhold, O. C., 1899-1969","Bootle, William A., 1902-2005","Williams, Joseph A., 1915-1993","Lyndon, Mary D., -1924","Blissit, James A.","Thrasher, B. E., Jr., 1904-1964?","Hardy, E. E. (Edward E.)"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43242","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives member Lucius Black speaking to a reporter about proposed legislation granting financial aid to students expelled from the University of Georgia and of representative Marvin L. Summers condemning the United States Supreme Court for legislating from the bench in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Black, James Lucius, 1915-2004","Summers, Marvin L., 1927-1997"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia in January 1961, House of Representatives member Lucius Black of Webster County speaks to a reporter about a grant for students expelled from the University of Georgia, and representative Marvin Lester Summers of Crisp county condemns the Supreme Court for legislating from the bench.","The clip begins with a reporter interviewing representative Black about a House resolution to provide grants to students expelled from the University of Georgia for peaceful demonstrations. Black explains that the resolution would provide the tuition a student would have to pay to attend another school. He believes that the university was wrong in expelling students for peaceful demonstrations against segregation. After a January 11 over-time loss in a basketball game against Georgia Tech, a crowd gathered outside Charlayne Hunter's dormitory and began throwing things at the dormitory. The crowd was eventually dispersed through the use of tear gas, and some white students were expelled from the university for their involvement in the protest. Although the bill was read twice in the House of Representatives, the record does not indicate it was ever sent to the Senate.","Next, representative Marvin Lester Summers from Crisp County speaks to the House of Representatives. He declares that the United States Constitution is the law of the land, and asserts that there is a gap between the constitution and the United States Supreme Court. Summers proclaims that United States citizens will rectify the problem because they do not \"stand quietly by while they are robbed of their last liberties.\" He reminds the audience that the Georgia legislature has previously denounced the Supreme Court's \"illegal actions,\" demanding that \"that tyrant sitting on that court be impeached.\" Summers reaffirms the legislature's previous position.","Two African American students who had filed a lawsuit for admittance to the University of Georgia were ordered admitted by federal judge William A. Bootle on January 6, 1961. The state of Georgia petitioned the Supreme Court for a reversal of the decision on January 10, but their petition was denied.  Opinion of the forced integration varied among citizens and lawmakers in Georgia. After judge Bootle declared the 1956 appropriations law blocking the transfer of state funds to integrated institutions, Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver encouraged the state to move from a position of massive resistance to one of accepting integration.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43242"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Legislators--Georgia--Attitudes","College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Athens","Resolutions, Legislative--Georgia--Athens","Tuition--Georgia--Athens","College students--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","Government, Resistance to--Georgia","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia","College integration--Georgia--Athens--Public opinion","Public opinion--Georgia--Athens"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives member Lucius Black speaking to a reporter about proposed legislation granting financial aid to students expelled from the University of Georgia and of representative Marvin L. Summers condemning the United States Supreme Court for legislating from the bench in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43242"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43242"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43242, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives member Lucius Black speaking to a reporter about proposed legislation granting financial aid to students expelled from the University of Georgia and of representative Marvin L. Summers condemning the United States Supreme Court for legislating from the bench in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0970, 54:24/56:30, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 6 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Black, James Lucius, 1915-2004","Summers, Marvin L., 1927-1997"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43212","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives members Byrom Mashburn Fitzgerald and Edgar Blalock addressing a committee about the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Fitzgerald, Byrom Mashburn, 1913-1969","Blalock, Edgar, 1901-1999"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, Georgia in January 1961, House of Representatives members Byrom Mashburn Fitzgerald of Ludowici, Long County and Edgar Blalock of Jonesboro, Clayton County address a committee about the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia. The clip begins with a portion of a statement by representative Fitzgerald who is speaking with his back to the camera. Next, representative Blalock reports that he had advised students at the university, but he is unsure of the impact of his counsel. He emphasizes that the federal courts have taken the matter of integration out of the hands of the Georgia legislature. African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in the summer of 1959 but were denied, according to the university, based on lack of space. After several other unsuccessful applications, lawyers Donald Hollowell, Horace T. Ward, and Constance B. Motley filed a federal lawsuit against the university on behalf of the students. On January 6, 1961 federal judge William A. Bootle ordered the university to admit the students and to stop rejecting applicants solely based on race. State officials debated closing the university rather than integrating, but in the end choose to allow the university to integrate.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43212"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["College students--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","Legislators--Georgia--Attitudes","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia","Government, Resistance to--Georgia","College integration--Georgia--Athens--Public opinion","Public opinion--Georgia--Athens"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives members Byrom Mashburn Fitzgerald and Edgar Blalock addressing a committee about the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43212"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43212"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43212, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives members Byrom Mashburn Fitzgerald and Edgar Blalock addressing a committee about the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0970, 7:05/07:41, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 36 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Fitzgerald, Byrom Mashburn, 1913-1969","Blalock, Edgar, 1901-1999"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43214","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students at the University of Georgia responding to a reporter's questions about the school's integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Bireley, Denoe A."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Athens, Georgia in January 1961, several unidentified white students at the University of Georgia respond to a reporter's questions regarding the university's integration.  The students stand near Sanford Stadium, the University of Georgia's football stadium. The first student affirms his belief that African Americans are entitled to attend the university; he adds that he is against integration too quickly \"because there are certain southern traditions that if pushed too fast will cause violence, and I am against violence.\" The second student believes that integration at the university could be handled with very little trouble. Next, a young woman, identified as Denoe \"DeeDee\" Bireley from Ft. Lauderdale, Florida says that she would not like living in a dormitory with an African American woman and believes the other women in the dormitories would not like it either. Finally, the last student interviewed, possibly junior Mary King also believes that women would not like an African American in the dorm, stating \"they would probably just ignore her.\" King does reply to a reporter's question that an African American student living off campus probably would not cause any problems. Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in the summer of 1959, but were denied based on lack of space according to the university. After several other unsuccessful applications, lawyers for the two students filed a federal lawsuit against the university. On January 6, 1961, federal judge William A. Bootle ordered the university to admit the students and to stop rejecting applicants solely based on race; Hunter and Holmes began attending classes at the University of Georgia on January 11, ending 176 years of segregation.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43214"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Interviews--Georgia--Athens","College students--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","College integration--Georgia--Athens","Race relations","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia","College integration--Georgia--Athens--Public opinion","Public opinion--Georgia--Athens","Athens (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students at the University of Georgia responding to a reporter's questions about the school's integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43214"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43214"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43214, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students at the University of Georgia responding to a reporter's questions about the school's integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0970, 9:25/10:29, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 4 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Bireley, Denoe A.","Holmes, Hamilton, 1941-","Hunter-Gault, Charlayne"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null}],"pages":{"current_page":4450,"next_page":4451,"prev_page":4449,"total_pages":6797,"limit_value":12,"offset_value":53388,"total_count":81557,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false},"facets":[{"name":"educator_resource_mediums_sms","items":[{"value":"lesson plans","hits":319},{"value":"teaching guides","hits":53},{"value":"timelines (chronologies)","hits":43},{"value":"online exhibitions","hits":38},{"value":"bibliographies","hits":15},{"value":"study guides","hits":11},{"value":"annotated bibliographies","hits":9},{"value":"learning modules","hits":6},{"value":"worksheets","hits":6},{"value":"slide shows","hits":4},{"value":"quizzes","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"type_facet","items":[{"value":"Text","hits":40428},{"value":"StillImage","hits":35298},{"value":"MovingImage","hits":4529},{"value":"Sound","hits":3226},{"value":"Collection","hits":41},{"value":"InteractiveResource","hits":25}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"creator_facet","items":[{"value":"Peppler, Jim","hits":4965},{"value":"Phay, John E.","hits":4712},{"value":"University of Mississippi. Bureau of Educational Research","hits":4707},{"value":"Baldowski, Clifford H., 1917-1999","hits":2599},{"value":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission","hits":2255},{"value":"Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003","hits":2077},{"value":"WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)","hits":1475},{"value":"Newman, I. DeQuincey (Isaiah DeQuincey), 1911-1985","hits":1003},{"value":"The State Media Company (Columbia, S.C.)","hits":926},{"value":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution","hits":844},{"value":"Herrera, John J.","hits":778}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_facet","items":[{"value":"African Americans--Civil rights","hits":9445},{"value":"Civil rights","hits":8328},{"value":"African Americans","hits":5912},{"value":"Mississippi--Race relations","hits":5750},{"value":"Race relations","hits":5604},{"value":"Education, Secondary","hits":5083},{"value":"Education, Elementary","hits":4729},{"value":"Segregation in education--Mississippi","hits":4727},{"value":"Education--Pictorial works","hits":4707},{"value":"Civil rights demonstrations","hits":4440},{"value":"Civil rights workers","hits":3536}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_personal_facet","items":[{"value":"Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966--Correspondence","hits":1888},{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":1815},{"value":"Meredith, James, 1933-","hits":1709},{"value":"Baker, Augusta, 1911-1998","hits":1495},{"value":"Herrera, John J.","hits":1312},{"value":"Parks, Rosa, 1913-2005","hits":1071},{"value":"Jordan, Barbara, 1936-1996","hits":858},{"value":"Young, Andrew, 1932-","hits":814},{"value":"Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966","hits":719},{"value":"Mizell, M. Hayes","hits":674},{"value":"Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988","hits":626}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"name_authoritative_sms","items":[{"value":"Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966","hits":2598},{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":1915},{"value":"Meredith, James, 1933-","hits":1704},{"value":"Herrera, John J.","hits":1331},{"value":"Parks, Rosa, 1913-2005","hits":1070},{"value":"Jordan, Barbara, 1936-1996","hits":856},{"value":"Young, Andrew, 1932-","hits":806},{"value":"Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988","hits":625},{"value":"Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973","hits":605},{"value":"Snelling, Paula","hits":580},{"value":"Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000","hits":440}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"event_title_sms","items":[{"value":"Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Nobel Prize","hits":1769},{"value":"Ole Miss Integration","hits":1670},{"value":"Housing Act of 1961","hits":969},{"value":"Little Rock Central High School Integration","hits":853},{"value":"Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike","hits":366},{"value":"Selma-Montgomery March","hits":337},{"value":"Freedom Summer","hits":306},{"value":"Freedom Rides","hits":214},{"value":"Poor People's Campaign","hits":180},{"value":"University of Georgia Integration","hits":173},{"value":"University of Alabama Integration","hits":140}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"location_facet","items":[{"value":"United States, 39.76, -98.5","hits":17987},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","hits":5437},{"value":"United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997","hits":5151},{"value":"United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","hits":4847},{"value":"United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009","hits":4599},{"value":"United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044","hits":4328},{"value":"United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026","hits":3948},{"value":"United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036","hits":2910},{"value":"United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, 34.76993, -92.3118","hits":2580},{"value":"United States, Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis, 35.14953, -90.04898","hits":2580},{"value":"United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959","hits":2536}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"us_states_facet","items":[{"value":"Georgia","hits":12823},{"value":"Alabama","hits":11313},{"value":"Mississippi","hits":10220},{"value":"South Carolina","hits":8493},{"value":"Arkansas","hits":4733},{"value":"Texas","hits":4399},{"value":"Tennessee","hits":3786},{"value":"Florida","hits":2602},{"value":"Ohio","hits":2403},{"value":"North Carolina","hits":1875},{"value":"New York","hits":1840}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"year_facet","items":[{"value":"1966","hits":10632},{"value":"1963","hits":10287},{"value":"1965","hits":10218},{"value":"1956","hits":9840},{"value":"1955","hits":9619},{"value":"1964","hits":9365},{"value":"1968","hits":9345},{"value":"1962","hits":9247},{"value":"1967","hits":8897},{"value":"1957","hits":8523},{"value":"1961","hits":8282},{"value":"1958","hits":8259},{"value":"1959","hits":8061},{"value":"1960","hits":7948},{"value":"1969","hits":7348},{"value":"1954","hits":7240},{"value":"1950","hits":7118},{"value":"1953","hits":6969},{"value":"1970","hits":6835},{"value":"1971","hits":6425},{"value":"1977","hits":6367},{"value":"1972","hits":6254},{"value":"1952","hits":6162},{"value":"1951","hits":6046},{"value":"1975","hits":5894},{"value":"1976","hits":5863},{"value":"1974","hits":5849},{"value":"1973","hits":5689},{"value":"1979","hits":5416},{"value":"1978","hits":5405},{"value":"1980","hits":5366},{"value":"1995","hits":4885},{"value":"1981","hits":4811},{"value":"1994","hits":4704},{"value":"1948","hits":4597},{"value":"1949","hits":4573},{"value":"1996","hits":4542},{"value":"1982","hits":4417},{"value":"1947","hits":4317},{"value":"1985","hits":4313},{"value":"1998","hits":4281},{"value":"1983","hits":4261},{"value":"1997","hits":4258},{"value":"1984","hits":4152},{"value":"1999","hits":4074},{"value":"1946","hits":4047},{"value":"1945","hits":4018},{"value":"1986","hits":4006},{"value":"1990","hits":3988},{"value":"1943","hits":3900},{"value":"1944","hits":3896},{"value":"2000","hits":3894},{"value":"2001","hits":3876},{"value":"1942","hits":3868},{"value":"1940","hits":3765},{"value":"1941","hits":3758},{"value":"1987","hits":3744},{"value":"2002","hits":3624},{"value":"1991","hits":3553},{"value":"1936","hits":3507},{"value":"1939","hits":3501},{"value":"1992","hits":3500},{"value":"2003","hits":3489},{"value":"1993","hits":3478},{"value":"1938","hits":3466},{"value":"1937","hits":3450},{"value":"1989","hits":3441},{"value":"1930","hits":3378},{"value":"1988","hits":3355},{"value":"1935","hits":3307},{"value":"1933","hits":3271},{"value":"1934","hits":3271},{"value":"1932","hits":3255},{"value":"1931","hits":3240},{"value":"2005","hits":3143},{"value":"2004","hits":2995},{"value":"2006","hits":2860},{"value":"1929","hits":2790},{"value":"1928","hits":2272},{"value":"1921","hits":2124},{"value":"1925","hits":2040},{"value":"1927","hits":2026},{"value":"1924","hits":2012},{"value":"2016","hits":2011},{"value":"1926","hits":2010},{"value":"1920","hits":1976},{"value":"1923","hits":1955},{"value":"1922","hits":1929},{"value":"2007","hits":1715},{"value":"2008","hits":1664},{"value":"2011","hits":1661},{"value":"2009","hits":1624},{"value":"2019","hits":1623},{"value":"2015","hits":1613},{"value":"2013","hits":1604},{"value":"2010","hits":1601},{"value":"2014","hits":1567},{"value":"2012","hits":1553},{"value":"1919","hits":1533},{"value":"1918","hits":1531}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null},"min":"0193","max":"2035","count":506439,"missing":56},{"name":"medium_facet","items":[{"value":"photographs","hits":10710},{"value":"correspondence","hits":9628},{"value":"black-and-white photographs","hits":7678},{"value":"negatives (photographs)","hits":7513},{"value":"documents (object genre)","hits":4462},{"value":"letters (correspondence)","hits":3623},{"value":"oral histories (literary works)","hits":3607},{"value":"black-and-white negatives","hits":2771},{"value":"editorial cartoons","hits":2620},{"value":"newspapers","hits":1955},{"value":"manuscripts (documents)","hits":1692}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"rights_facet","items":[{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/","hits":41201},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/","hits":17721},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/","hits":8830},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/","hits":7090},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","hits":2186},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/","hits":1778},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-CR/1.0/","hits":1115},{"value":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","hits":145},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/","hits":60},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-RUU/1.0/","hits":51},{"value":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","hits":27}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"collection_titles_sms","items":[{"value":"Jim Peppler Southern Courier Photograph Collection","hits":4956},{"value":"John E. Phay Collection ","hits":4706},{"value":"John J. Herrera Papers","hits":3288},{"value":"Baldy Editorial Cartoons, 1946-1982, 1997: Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoons at the Richard B. Russell Library.","hits":2607},{"value":"Sovereignty Commission Online","hits":2335},{"value":"Strom Thurmond Collection, Mss 100","hits":2068},{"value":"Alabama Media Group Collection","hits":2067},{"value":"Black Trailblazers, Leaders, Activists, and Intellectuals in Cleveland","hits":2033},{"value":"Rosa Parks Papers","hits":1948},{"value":"Isaiah DeQuincey Newman, (1911-1985), Papers, 1929-2003","hits":1904},{"value":"Lillian Eugenia Smith Papers (circa 1920-1980)","hits":1887}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"provenance_facet","items":[{"value":"John Davis Williams Library. Department of Archives and Special Collections","hits":8885},{"value":"Alabama. Department of Archives and History","hits":8153},{"value":"South Caroliniana Library","hits":4251},{"value":"Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library","hits":4102},{"value":"University of North Texas. Libraries","hits":3854},{"value":"University of South Carolina. Libraries","hits":3438},{"value":"Hargrett Library","hits":3292},{"value":"Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies","hits":2874},{"value":"Mississippi. Department of Archives and History","hits":2825},{"value":"Butler Center for Arkansas Studies","hits":2785},{"value":"Rhodes College","hits":2264}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"class_name","items":[{"value":"Item","hits":81102},{"value":"Collection","hits":455}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"educator_resource_b","items":[{"value":"false","hits":81360},{"value":"true","hits":197}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}}]}}