{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"aar_amg_16329","title":"Police officers and dogs in Jackson, Mississippi, awaiting the arrival of the Freedom Riders from Montgomery, Alabama.","collection_id":"aar_amg","collection_title":"Alabama Media Group Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["Dean, Norman"],"dc_date":["1961-05-22"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Montgomery, Ala. : Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Birmingham News","Alabama Media Group","Alabama Media Group Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","Animals","Civil rights demonstrations","Dogs","Police","Jackson (Miss.)"],"dcterms_title":["Police officers and dogs in Jackson, Mississippi, awaiting the arrival of the Freedom Riders from Montgomery, Alabama."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/amg/id/16329"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Donated by the Alabama Media Group, http://www.alabamamediagroup.com"],"dcterms_medium":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aar_amg_16347","title":"Crowd inside African American First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, after a riot protesting the Freedom Riders' arrival in the city.","collection_id":"aar_amg","collection_title":"Alabama Media Group Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["Dean, Norman"],"dc_date":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_description":["A mass meeting was held at the church that evening in honor of the Freedom Riders, but the mob that rioted held them prisoner within the building."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Montgomery, Ala. : Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Birmingham News","Alabama Media Group","Alabama Media Group Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","African Americans--Civil rights","Church buildings","Civil rights demonstrations","Montgomery (Ala.)","Montgomery County (Ala.)"],"dcterms_title":["Crowd inside African American First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, after a riot protesting the Freedom Riders' arrival in the city."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/amg/id/16347"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Donated by the Alabama Media Group, http://www.alabamamediagroup.com"],"dcterms_medium":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aar_amg_16301","title":"John Patterson at a meeting with two men during the Freedom Riders' stay in Montgomery, Alabama.","collection_id":"aar_amg","collection_title":"Alabama Media Group Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["Dean, Norman"],"dc_date":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Montgomery, Ala. : Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Birmingham News","Alabama Media Group","Alabama Media Group Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","Civil rights demonstrations","Governors--Alabama","Montgomery (Ala.)","Montgomery County (Ala.)"],"dcterms_title":["John Patterson at a meeting with two men during the Freedom Riders' stay in Montgomery, Alabama."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/amg/id/16301"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Donated by the Alabama Media Group, http://www.alabamamediagroup.com"],"dcterms_medium":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Patterson, John, 1921 September 27-2021"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aar_amg_16463","title":"Men on the steps of the African American First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, after a riot protesting the Freedom Riders' arrival in the city.","collection_id":"aar_amg","collection_title":"Alabama Media Group Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["Dean, Norman"],"dc_date":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy, and Wyatt Tee Walker are standing in the doorway at the top of the steps. A mass meeting was held at the church that evening in honor of the Freedom Riders, but the mob that rioted held them prisoner within the building."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Montgomery, Ala. : Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Birmingham News","Alabama Media Group","Alabama Media Group Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil rights demonstrations","Church buildings","Montgomery (Ala.)","Montgomery County (Ala.)"],"dcterms_title":["Men on the steps of the African American First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, after a riot protesting the Freedom Riders' arrival in the city."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/amg/id/16463"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Donated by the Alabama Media Group, http://www.alabamamediagroup.com"],"dcterms_medium":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Walker, Wyatt Tee"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35199","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a mass meeting held at First Baptist Church where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encourages nonviolence during a riot outside, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama on May 21, 1961, participants at a mass meeting sing a hymn, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encourages nonviolence while a riot goes on outside.","The clip begins with the audience singing \"Leaning on the Everlasting Arms.\" As Dr. King stands at the podium, a man takes his picture. King informs the audience that members of the National Guard are on their way to Montgomery to protect the church from the mob outside and asks people to stay inside the church. He also encourages the audience to remain nonviolent to achieve \"the moral victory.\"","On May 4, 1961, two groups of students trained in nonviolence left Washington D.C. bound for New Orleans on a \"Freedom Ride,\" an attempt to test the 1960 United States Supreme Court ruling outlawing segregation in travel between states. The groups were ambushed in Anniston, Alabama on May 14; one of the groups was attacked again in Birmingham. Alabama state troopers, sent after negotiations between state leaders and officials at the Department of Justice, and student reinforcements from Nashville protected the Freedom Riders on their journey from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. However, local police who were supposed to protect the riders in Montgomery were not at the bus station when the travelers arrived, and rioting white crowds beat the riders, newsmen, and federal officials at the scene. King flew to Montgomery May 21 for a mass meeting held in Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy's First Baptist Church. Rioting white crowds outside kept the congregation in the church until four-thirty the next morning when Alabama National Guard trucks transported the African Americans home. Further negotiations between state and federal officials moved the Freedom Riders from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi where the original group of Freedom Riders and their reinforcements were arrested and jailed in Parchman Penitentiary, ending the Freedom Ride before it reached New Orleans.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35199"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Mass meetings--Alabama--Montgomery","Freedom songs--Alabama--Montgomery","Race riots--Alabama--Montgomery","Nonviolence--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","Baptist church buildings--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Montgomery","Intimidation--Alabama--Montgomery","Freedom Rides, 1961","Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a mass meeting held at First Baptist Church where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encourages nonviolence during a riot outside, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35199"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35199"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn35199, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a mass meeting held at First Baptist Church where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encourages nonviolence during a riot outside, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0781, 00:00/01:19, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 19 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35108","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers gathered inside of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent black-and-white clip approximately one minute long, civil rights workers including Ralph David Abernathy and possibly John Lewis are gathered inside of Montgomery, Alabama's First Baptist Church, while state and local law officials in Montgomery, Alabama mobilize outside of the church to address activity and crowds outside. Events probably took place on and around the Montgomery Freedom Rides on May 21, 1961.","The clip begins with two daytime shots of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama; the first shot is followed by a close-up of the church facade; the church door is open, and people are gathered upon the steps outside. This is followed by a shot of a large crowd of predominantly African American women assembled together inside of a church; some of the women are waving paper fans to cool down. Next, in another shot taken inside the church, Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy (pastor of the First Baptist Church from 1951 to 1961) claps his hands together at the pulpit, while a procession of young African American men walk past the pulpit, and down several steps into the church congregation; he is joined in applause by others in the church. A glimpse of a young civil rights worker, possibly John Lewis, can be seen in the foreground at about sixteen and a half seconds into the clip; he has a bandaged head. A white cameraman takes still photographs of the young men as they make their way into the audience. The clip jumps to a shot of the predominantly African American church audience gathered together; members of the crowd stand clapping their hands together while one woman in the audience waves her hands in the air. The clip then jumps back to the procession of young men walking from behind the pulpit led by Reverend Abernathy cheering from the pulpit and clapping his hands in the air, again, joined by the rest of the crowd in the church. In the foreground of the shot, another white cameraman takes still photographs of the young men walking into the audience.","Next, in a nighttime shot taken outdoors, a group of four Alabama state troopers are gathered together in discussion around the open door of a police vehicle. The camera pans around the group and focuses on a rifle harness worn on the back by of one of the state troopers. One trooper holds his right hand in the air. This is followed by another nighttime shot, this time of a troop of national guardsmen wearing helmets, holding bayonets upright, and marching in formation along a paved road; they turn and march together down a sidewalk while a cameraman holding a floodlight moves behind them. The clip jumps briefly to a crowd of white men in plain clothes gathered together outside at night. One man, in a suit, is holding a cigarette in his right hand as he gestures and speaks; several other white men in the group appear to be holding batons.","This is followed by a shot of a group of Montgomery city police officers having a discussion; one of the policemen is seated on a motorcycle. This is followed by footage of automobiles traveling at night on a busy street while clouds of vapor or smoke rise from the ground. The clip breaks to a group of national guardsmen emerging from the rear of a large covered truck. This is followed by a shot of a cluster of fire hoses attached to a fire hydrant adjacent to a signpost that reads \"Columbus St.\" (the location of the First Baptist Church is at the corner of Columbus and North Ripley Streets in Montgomery Alabama). The camera follows the path of the fire hoses back to a Montgomery city firetruck, where several firemen are also standing; the stained glass windows of the First Baptist church can be seen in the background behind the firetruck. Next, a group of firemen and state troopers are seen from the back, standing together by a street sign that reads \"Closed\"; the clip ends with a shot of the camera turning back to a group of helmeted national guardsmen walking down the street at night while a still photographer follows alongside.","On May 4, 1961, two groups of volunteers known as \"Freedom Riders\" trained in nonviolence planned to travel from Washington D.C. to New Orleans. Sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); these volunteers traveled in groups throughout the South to challenge laws prohibiting integrated bus travel. On May 10 both buses of Freedom Riders were ambushed by violent mobs in Anniston, Alabama, and one bus was ambushed again in Birmingham. Alabama state troopers, sent after negotiations between state leaders and officials at the Department of Justice, and student reinforcements from Nashville protected the Freedom Riders on their journey from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. Alabama state troopers, sent after negotiations between state leaders and officials at the Department of Justice, and student reinforcements from Nashville protected the Freedom Riders on their journey from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. However, local police who were supposed to protect the riders in Montgomery were not at the bus station when the travelers arrived, and rioting white crowds beat the riders, newsmen, and federal officials at the scene. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. flew to Montgomery on May 21 for a mass meeting held in Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy's First Baptist Church. On May 21, Freedom Riders were joined by other Montgomery civil rights workers and supporters who met at the church; they were surrounded that evening by rioting white segregationists who burned automobiles parked outside of the church and threatened to set the church ablaze with the civil rights workers inside. After local law enforcement failed to restore order, King negotiated federal protection with U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy; Kennedy contacted Alabama governor John Patterson, who ultimately ordered the Alabama National Guard to disperse the mob. The congregation was kept in the church until four-thirty the next morning when Alabama National Guard trucks finally transported African Americans home. Further negotiations between state and federal officials brought National Guard troops to Montgomery to protect the Freedom Riders in their journey. The group was protected until their arrival in Jackson, Mississippi, where they were beaten, arrested, and sent to Parchman Penitentiary; others who later arrived in Jackson to continue the ride were also arrested. Although the Freedom Riders never made it to New Orleans, the federal Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ruled segregation in travel between states illegal as well as in facilities serving those travelers; the ruling went into effect November 1, 1961.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35108"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Montgomery","Demonstrations--Alabama--Montgomery","Police--Alabama--Montgomery","Violence--Prevention","Race relations","Facades--Alabama--Montgomery","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Segregation in transportation--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","Photographers--Alabama--Montgomery","Photojournalists--Alabama--Montgomery","Church buildings--Alabama--Montgomery","African American churches--Alabama--Montgomery","Pulpits--Alabama--Montgomery","Clergy--Alabama--Montgomery","African American clergy--Alabama--Montgomery","Organ (Musical instrument)--Alabama--Montgomery","Microphone","Direct action--Alabama--Montgomery","Passive resistance--Alabama--Montgomery","Violence--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Violence against--Alabama--Montgomery","Fire fighters--Alabama--Montgomery","Motorcycle police--Alabama--Montgomery","Police, State--Alabama","Public safety--Alabama--Montgomery","Police-fire integration--Alabama--Montgomery","Fans--Alabama--Montgomery","Applause--Alabama--Montgomery","Military weapons--Alabama--Montgomery","Rifles--Alabama--Montgomery","Bayonets--Alabama--Montgomery","Holsters--Alabama--Montgomery","Helmets--Alabama--Montgomery","Riot helmets--Alabama--Montgomery","Police vehicles--Alabama--Montgomery","Fire engines--Alabama--Montgomery","Automobiles, Military--Alabama--Montgomery","Automobile driving at night--Alabama--Montgomery","Street signs--Alabama--Montgomery","Street names--Alabama--Montgomery","Hydrants--Alabama--Montgomery","Fire hose","Freedom Rides, 1961","Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers gathered inside of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35108"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35108"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn35108, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers gathered inside of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0778, 30:20/31:20, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","Lewis, John, 1940-2020"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35162","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of police commissioner L. B. Sullivan speaking about the Freedom Rides and about race riots in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Sullivan, L. B."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from May 21, 1961, Montgomery, Alabama police commissioner L. B. Sullivan speaks about the Freedom Rides and the race riots in the city during an interview with a reporter.","The clip begins by focusing on a sign for the Greyound bus station in Montgomery. African American and white people walk down the sidewalk under the sign. White policemen and another white man stand together on the edge of the bus parking lot. The camera moves to show a Greyhound bus parked in the parking lot. Next the camera focuses on the sign over the door to the Montgomery Police headquarters.","Following these images an off-screen reporter interviews Montgomery police commissioner L. B. Sullivan. The reporter's first question is incompletely recorded. Sullivan responds to the question of the possibility of further trouble by expressing hope that there will not be more trouble. Sullivan reminds the reporter that Montgomery did not invite the Freedom Riders to come to the city. He feels that race relations in the community have improved recently and worries about the negative effects of the presence of the Freedom Riders. The reporter asks Sullivan why there is such a negative response to the Freedom Rides. Sullivan explains that it is \"against the law of human nature\" for people to respond well when things are forced upon them. He praises Montgomery citizens as \"the finest people in the world\" and declares that racial problems could be solved locally. Sullivan answers the reporter's question about plans in case of further troubles by first announcing increased patrol coverage. He goes on to condemn United States attorney general Robert F. Kennedy for sending United States marshals to Montgomery. According to Sullivan, local resources including police, the sheriff's office, and the highway patrol \"are perfectly competent to take care of the matter.\" Sullivan later clarifies that while Montgomery law enforcement did not invite the U.S. marshals, he did not say they would not cooperate with the federal representatives. The clip ends with Sullivan's assertion that Montgomery is capable of taking care of local problems.","In the summer of 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized an interracial \"Freedom Ride\" through the South to test compliance with the United States Supreme Court ruling banning segregation in interstate transportation. The ride, patterned after CORE's 1947 \"Journey of Reconciliation,\" began in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961 after three days of nonviolence training. Riders traveled in two groups, one by Greyhound and one by Trailways. The group met minor resistance in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. However, on May 14, both groups of travelers were attacked by white mobs in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. In both communities, local law enforcement were purportedly aware of plans for mob violence and made arrangements for the mob to attack the riders before the police arrived. On May 15, officials from the United States Department of Justice, including Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, began negotiating with Alabama officials in an attempt to arrange safe passage for the riders from Birmingham to Montgomery. When Kennedy was unable to get Alabama governor John Patterson to agree to protect the riders, he arranged for the Freedom Riders to fly to New Orleans.  A second group of riders arranged by the Nashville, Tennessee, student movement, was also attacked on May 20 in Montgomery, Alabama. During the riot in Montgomery, John Seigenthaler, Attorney General Robert Kennedy's personal assistant, was severely beaten. The riot in Montgomery following the riders' arrival lasted several hours and caused President John F. Kennedy to finally authorize federal marshals to go to the city and protect the riders. White mobs again gathered and threatened the riders at a mass meeting held at First Baptist Church on May 21. The mobs were finally dispersed early in the morning of May 22, after Alabama governor John Patterson declared martial law and sent members of the Alabama National Guard to the church. Once there they escorted the weary meeting participants home. On May 24, riders were heavily protected during the trip from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi. Once in Jackson, under a secretly negotiated deal between Department of Justice officials and Mississippi state leaders, the riders were all arrested under \"breach of peace\" charges as they got off the bus. Throughout the summer, subsequent groups of Riders who also traveled to Jackson were arrested. In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the governmental body responsible for interstate travel, issued a ruling forbidding segregation in facilities serving interstate passengers.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35162"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Interviews--Alabama--Montgomery","Reporters and reporting--Alabama--Montgomery","Race riots--Alabama--Montgomery","Race relations","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","Federal-state controversies--Alabama","Violence--Alabama","United States marshals--Alabama--Montgomery","Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama--Montgomery","Attorneys general--United States","Police--Alabama--Montgomery","Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of police commissioner L. B. Sullivan speaking about the Freedom Rides and about race riots in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35162"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35162"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn35162, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of police commissioner L. B. Sullivan speaking about the Freedom Rides and about race riots in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0780, 1:41/03:42, Walter J. 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