{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"int_jjhp_249696","title":"[Letter from John J. Herrera to E. A. Lyons - 1961-05-23]","collection_id":"int_jjhp","collection_title":"John J. Herrera Papers","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Texas, Harris County, Houston, 29.76328, -95.36327"],"dcterms_creator":["Herrera, John J."],"dc_date":["1961-05-23"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/png"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["People--Ethnic Groups--Hispanics","Government and Law","County council members","Commissioners","Character references","Recommendations","Recommendation letters","Judges--Texas"],"dcterms_title":["[Letter from John J. Herrera to E. A. Lyons - 1961-05-23]","[Letter from John J. Herrera to E. A. Lyons - May 23, 1961]"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Texas. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth249696/"],"dcterms_temporal":["1939/2019"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_extent":["2 p. ; 28 cm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Lyons, E. A. (Everett Augustus)","Thompson, Dave F., Jr."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"int_jjhp_249695","title":"[Letter from John J. Herrera to V. V. Ramsey - 1961-05-23]","collection_id":"int_jjhp","collection_title":"John J. Herrera Papers","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Texas, Harris County, 29.85728, -95.39234"],"dcterms_creator":["Herrera, John J."],"dc_date":["1961-05-23"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/png"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["People--Ethnic Groups--Hispanics","Government and Law","County council members","Employment references","Councilmen","Character references","Recommendations","Recommendation letters","Courthouses"],"dcterms_title":["[Letter from John J. Herrera to V. V. Ramsey - 1961-05-23]","[Letter from John J. Herrera to V. V. Ramsey - May 23, 1961]"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Texas. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth249695/"],"dcterms_temporal":["1939/2019"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_extent":["2 p. ; 28 cm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Ramsey, V. V.","Thompson, Dave F., Jr."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35045","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a press conference with comments by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. about the Freedom Ride, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-23"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from a press conference about the continuation of the Freedom Ride held in Montgomery, Alabama, on May 23, 1961, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. discusses the imperative to continue the struggle. The clip begins with Dr. King, Reverend Abernathy, and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) president John Lewis sitting down at a table; Lewis has a bandage on his head from injuries he received on May 21 when he and a group of students from Nashville were beaten after arriving in Montgomery. Wyatt Walker, SCLC executive secretary stands in the background. A group of cameramen and reporters line up in front of the table; the group of reporters includes an African American man as well as a white woman. King, apparently responding to a reporter's question, declares that encouraging African Americans to wait passively for their citizenship rights is impractical and immoral and asserts that \"the time is always right to do right.\" He criticizes those who would say civil rights demonstrations and violent white resistance hurts the image of the United States in the international community, replying that \"the thing that is hurting us most is the continued existence of segregation and discrimination.\" The clip ends with King's emphasizing that the struggle for civil rights \"is a struggle to save the soul of America.\" The Freedom Rides, organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) during the summer of 1961, tested federal laws outlawing segregation in travel between states. Two groups of volunteers trained in nonviolence planned to travel from Washington D.C. to New Orleans, leaving May 4. On May 10 both buses were ambushed by violent mobs in Anniston, Alabama, and one bus was ambushed again in Birmingham, injuring Freedom Riders, newsmen, and bystanders. Student civil rights workers from Nashville, Tennessee, went to Montgomery, Alabama to continue the freedom ride and were also beaten. Federal officials sent National Guard troops to Montgomery to restore order and protect the Freedom Riders in their journey. The group was protected until their arrival in Jackson, Mississippi, where they were beaten, arrested, and sent to Parchman Penitentiary; others who later arrived in Jackson to continue the ride were also arrested. Although the Freedom Riders never made it to New Orleans, the federal Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ruled segregation in travel between states illegal as well as in facilities serving those travelers; the ruling went into effect November 1, 1961.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35045"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Press conferences--Alabama--Montgomery","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Segregation in transportation--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","Reporters and reporting--Alabama--Montgomery","Camera operators--Alabama--Montgomery","Direct action--Alabama--Montgomery","Passive resistance--Alabama--Montgomery","Violence--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Violence against--Alabama--Montgomery","Freedom Rides, 1961"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a press conference with comments by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. about the Freedom Ride, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35045"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35045"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-23"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn35045, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a press conference with comments by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. about the Freedom Ride, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0776, 58:02/59:16, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 14 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Interviews","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","Lewis, John, 1940-2020","Walker, Wyatt Tee"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34963","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference during which Alabama governor John Patterson condemns the Freedom Riders for instigating racial trouble and demands that the Freedom Riders and Martin Luther King, Jr. leave the state, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Patterson, John Malcolm, 1921-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-23"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from a press conference held in Montgomery, Alabama on May 23, 1961, Alabama governor John Patterson demands that \"agitators\" Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Freedom Riders leave Alabama immediately and condemns the Freedom Riders for seeking to cause racial trouble.","The clip begins with Alabama governor John Patterson, wearing a suit with a flower in the lapel, and sitting in a chair in front of several microphones and with a curtain behind him. An off-screen reporter appears to ask governor Patterson a question. His comments are not completely recorded. Later, governor Patterson begins speaking, condemning Martin Luther King, Jr. as \"the worst of all the agitators in this country.\" He asserts that King came to Montgomery in order to cause a race riot and that he was assisted by the federal government. Patterson declares that \"the best thing for King and all of the so-called Freedom Riders is to return to their homes, go back to their books, and mind their own business.\"","After a break in the clip, Patterson continues his criticism of the Freedom Ride. He counters the Freedom Riders' claim of interstate travel, reporting that the Freedom Riders are not traveling as interstate travelers but are instead buying tickets from one community to another. Additionally, he claims the riders, African American men and white women, seek to \"force themselves into situations which tend to inflame the local people.\" He accuses the Freedom Riders of violating tradition and city ordinances in order to provoke violent reactions. Although he recognizes the state's responsibility to protect travelers, he insists that Freedom Riders are instigators, not traditional interstate passengers.","In 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized an interracial \"Freedom Ride\" through the South to test compliance with federal regulations against segregated travel. Beginning in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961, the riders traveled in two groups through Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia with relatively little opposition. Upon reaching Alabama on May 14, the two groups were attacked by white mobs; in Anniston, the mob attacked and burned the Greyhound bus and in Birmingham the mob brutally beat the Trailways riders. After the United States Justice Department was unable secure a guarantee that Alabama officials would protect the riders as they traveled through the state, the riders were flown to New Orleans on May 15. Students from the Nashville Civil Rights movement, unwilling to let mob violence defeat the ride, organized a group to travel from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. This second group of riders were met by another mob in Montgomery, and several riders and bystanders were severely beaten. Among those attacked in Montgomery was John Seigenthaler, attorney general Robert F. Kennedy's personal assistant. Martin Luther King, Jr. flew from Alabama to Montgomery, his former home, to try and assist the riders. During a May 21 mass meeting held at First Baptist Church in Montgomery where King was scheduled to speak in support of the riders, a white mob tried to attack the church. President John F. Kennedy sent federal marshals to Montgomery, and Governor Patterson later declared martial law in the city and sent the Alabama National Guard to the church to protect the meeting participants and to escort them home in the morning. After more negotiations between federal officials and leaders from Alabama and Mississippi, the Freedom Riders traveled from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi on May 24. Once in Jackson, under a secretly negotiated deal between Department of Justice officials and Mississippi state leaders, the riders were all arrested under \"breach of peace\" charges as they got off the bus. Subsequent groups of riders who also traveled to Jackson were arrested throughout the summer. In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the governmental body responsible for interstate travel, issued a ruling forbidding segregation in facilities serving interstate passengers.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn34963"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Press conferences--Alabama--Montgomery","Reporters and reporting--Alabama--Montgomery","Race riots--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","Federal-state controversies--Alabama","Violence--Alabama","United States marshals--Alabama--Montgomery","Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama--Montgomery","Governors--Alabama","Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Southern States-Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference during which Alabama governor John Patterson condemns the Freedom Riders for instigating racial trouble and demands that the Freedom Riders and Martin Luther King, Jr. leave the state, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34963"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34963"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-23"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn34963, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference during which Alabama governor John Patterson condemns the Freedom Riders for instigating racial trouble and demands that the Freedom Riders and Martin Luther King, Jr. leave the state, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0775, 10:00/12:17, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 17 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Patterson, John, 1921 September 27-2021","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43553","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia attorney general Eugene Cook speaking about a U.S. Department of Justice case against Prince Edward County, Virginia, county government which had closed public schools to avoid court-ordered integration, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 23","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Cook, Eugene, 1904-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Virginia, Prince Edward County, 37.2243, -78.44108"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-23"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from May 23, 1961, Georgia attorney general Eugene Cook speaks in Atlanta, Georgia, about the United States Department of Justice petition against Prince Edward County, Virginia county government which had closed public schools in 1959 to avoid court-ordered integration.","The clip begins in the middle of a comment made by attorney general Eugene Cook, who sits at a desk. Cook explains that the Justice Department case against Prince Edward County attacks laws similar to those passed by the Georgia legislature in 1954 and 1961. He affirms that he will file a brief indicating Georgia's \"support of the position taken by the attorney general of Virginia in opposition to the position taken by the Department of Justice.\"","The 1954 United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education brough together five cases from around the country; Prince Edward County, Virginia was one of the localities included in the case. In response to the Supreme Court decision, Virginia, Georgia, and several other Southern states began a program of \"massive resistance\" and passed laws designed to prevent school integration. In Virginia, Prince Edward County closed its public school system in 1959 instead of complying with court-ordered integration. The county set up a private school system for white students funded by state and county tuition grants. In April 1961, the United States Department of Justice filed a motion in Federal District Court to prevent Virginia from providing financial support to any public school in the state until the Prince Edward County public schools were reopened on a desegregated basis. There were two reasons Georgia officials were particularly interested in the outcome of the Justice Department case against Prince Edward County. First, federal courts had ordered the Atlanta school system to begin school integration that fall. Secondly, the Georgia legislature had passed similar legislation. They allowed communities to choose to close public school systems when faced with integration and provided tuition grants for white students displaced when schools closed. After several years of continuing legal cases, the Prince Edward County public schools were reopened in 1964, after denying the 1,700 African American students in the county a public education for nearly five years.","Title supplied by cataloger.","DigiBeta preservation master.","Condition notes: 2007-10, Leader Replaced (Benyshek)"],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43553"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Attorneys general--Georgia","Segregation in education--Virginia--Prince Edward County","School integration--Virginia--Prince Edward County","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Virginia--Prince Edward County","Public school closings--Virginia--Prince Edward County","Press conferences--Georgia--Atlanta","Injunctions--Virginia--Prince Edward County","Segregation in education--Georgia","School integration--Georgia","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia","School closings--Georgia","Federal-state controversies--Virginia","Federal-state controversies--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia attorney general Eugene Cook speaking about a U.S. Department of Justice case against Prince Edward County, Virginia, county government which had closed public schools to avoid court-ordered integration, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 23"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43553"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43553"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-23"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43553, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia attorney general Eugene Cook speaking about a U.S. Department of Justice case against Prince Edward County, Virginia, county government which had closed public schools to avoid court-ordered integration, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 23, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0980, 30:09/30:40, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 31 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Cook, Eugene, 1904-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aar_amg_16454","title":"Freedom Riders arriving at the Greyhound station in downtown Montgomery, Alabama.","collection_id":"aar_amg","collection_title":"Alabama Media Group Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["Dean, Norman"],"dc_date":["1961-05-22"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Montgomery, Ala. : Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Birmingham News","Alabama Media Group","Alabama Media Group Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","African Americans--Civil rights","Bus terminals","Civil rights demonstrations","Montgomery (Ala.)","Montgomery County (Ala.)"],"dcterms_title":["Freedom Riders arriving at the Greyhound station in downtown Montgomery, Alabama."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/amg/id/16454"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Donated by the Alabama Media Group, http://www.alabamamediagroup.com"],"dcterms_medium":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aar_amg_16266","title":"Freedom Riders arriving at the Greyhound station in downtown Montgomery, Alabama.","collection_id":"aar_amg","collection_title":"Alabama Media Group Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["Dean, Norman"],"dc_date":["1961-05-22"],"dcterms_description":["John Lewis and Jim Zwerg are visible in the crowd."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Montgomery, Ala. : Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Birmingham News","Alabama Media Group","Alabama Media Group Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","African Americans--Civil rights","Bus terminals","Civil rights demonstrations","Montgomery (Ala.)","Montgomery County (Ala.)"],"dcterms_title":["Freedom Riders arriving at the Greyhound station in downtown Montgomery, Alabama."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/amg/id/16266"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Donated by the Alabama Media Group, http://www.alabamamediagroup.com"],"dcterms_medium":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Lewis, John, 1940-2020","Zwerg, Jim, 1939-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aar_amg_16392","title":"Freedom Riders arriving at the Greyhound station in downtown Montgomery, Alabama.","collection_id":"aar_amg","collection_title":"Alabama Media Group Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["Dean, Norman"],"dc_date":["1961-05-22"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Montgomery, Ala. : Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Birmingham News","Alabama Media Group","Alabama Media Group Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","African Americans--Civil rights","Bus terminals","Buses","Civil rights demonstrations","Montgomery (Ala.)","Montgomery County (Ala.)"],"dcterms_title":["Freedom Riders arriving at the Greyhound station in downtown Montgomery, Alabama."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/amg/id/16392"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Donated by the Alabama Media Group, http://www.alabamamediagroup.com"],"dcterms_medium":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aar_amg_16246","title":"Freedom Riders arriving at the Greyhound station in downtown Montgomery, Alabama.","collection_id":"aar_amg","collection_title":"Alabama Media Group Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["Dean, Norman"],"dc_date":["1961-05-22"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Montgomery, Ala. : Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Birmingham News","Alabama Media Group","Alabama Media Group Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","African Americans--Civil rights","Bus terminals","Buses","Civil rights demonstrations","Montgomery (Ala.)","Montgomery County (Ala.)"],"dcterms_title":["Freedom Riders arriving at the Greyhound station in downtown Montgomery, Alabama."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/amg/id/16246"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Donated by the Alabama Media Group, http://www.alabamamediagroup.com"],"dcterms_medium":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"int_jjhp_249693","title":"[Letter from Dave F. Thompson, Jr. to John J. Herrera - 1961-05-22]","collection_id":"int_jjhp","collection_title":"John J. Herrera Papers","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Texas, Harris County, 29.85728, -95.39234"],"dcterms_creator":["Thompson, Dave F., Jr."],"dc_date":["1961-05-22"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/png"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Government and Law--County Courthouses","Courts--Texas--Harris County","Employment references","Character references","Recommendations","Recommendation letters"],"dcterms_title":["[Letter from Dave F. Thompson, Jr. to John J. Herrera - 1961-05-22]","[Letter from Dave F. Thompson, Jr. to John J. Herrera - May 22, 1961]"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Texas. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth249693/"],"dcterms_temporal":["1939/2019"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_extent":["2 p. ; 28 cm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Herrera, John J."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"int_jjhp_248993","title":"[Letter from Jack Dillard to John J. Herrera - 1961-05-22]","collection_id":"int_jjhp","collection_title":"John J. Herrera Papers","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Texas, 31.25044, -99.25061"],"dcterms_creator":["Dillard, Jack"],"dc_date":["1961-05-22"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/png"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["People--Ethnic Groups--Hispanics","Government and Law","Campaigns","Legislators--United States","Elections"],"dcterms_title":["[Letter from Jack Dillard to John J. Herrera - 1961-05-22]","[Letter from Jack Dillard to John J. Herrera - May 22, 1961]"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Texas. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth248993/"],"dcterms_temporal":["1939/2019"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_extent":["2 p. ; 27 cm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Blakley, William A.","Herrera, John J."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aar_amg_16281","title":"National Guard members protecting the bus for the Freedom Riders leaving Montgomery, Alabama, for Jackson, Mississippi.","collection_id":"aar_amg","collection_title":"Alabama Media Group Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["Dean, Norman"],"dc_date":["1961-05-22"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Montgomery, Ala. : Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Birmingham News","Alabama Media Group","Alabama Media Group Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Alabama. National Guard","Freedom Rides, 1961","Civil rights demonstrations","Montgomery (Ala.)","Montgomery County (Ala.)"],"dcterms_title":["National Guard members protecting the bus for the Freedom Riders leaving Montgomery, Alabama, for Jackson, Mississippi."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/amg/id/16281"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Donated by the Alabama Media Group, http://www.alabamamediagroup.com"],"dcterms_medium":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null}],"pages":{"current_page":4356,"next_page":4357,"prev_page":4355,"total_pages":6797,"limit_value":12,"offset_value":52260,"total_count":81557,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false},"facets":[{"name":"educator_resource_mediums_sms","items":[{"value":"lesson plans","hits":319},{"value":"teaching guides","hits":53},{"value":"timelines (chronologies)","hits":43},{"value":"online exhibitions","hits":38},{"value":"bibliographies","hits":15},{"value":"study guides","hits":11},{"value":"annotated bibliographies","hits":9},{"value":"learning modules","hits":6},{"value":"worksheets","hits":6},{"value":"slide shows","hits":4},{"value":"quizzes","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"type_facet","items":[{"value":"Text","hits":40428},{"value":"StillImage","hits":35298},{"value":"MovingImage","hits":4529},{"value":"Sound","hits":3226},{"value":"Collection","hits":41},{"value":"InteractiveResource","hits":25}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"creator_facet","items":[{"value":"Peppler, Jim","hits":4965},{"value":"Phay, John E.","hits":4712},{"value":"University of Mississippi. Bureau of Educational Research","hits":4707},{"value":"Baldowski, Clifford H., 1917-1999","hits":2599},{"value":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission","hits":2255},{"value":"Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003","hits":2077},{"value":"WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)","hits":1475},{"value":"Newman, I. DeQuincey (Isaiah DeQuincey), 1911-1985","hits":1003},{"value":"The State Media Company (Columbia, S.C.)","hits":926},{"value":"Atlanta Journal-Constitution","hits":844},{"value":"Herrera, John J.","hits":778}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_facet","items":[{"value":"African Americans--Civil rights","hits":9445},{"value":"Civil rights","hits":8328},{"value":"African Americans","hits":5912},{"value":"Mississippi--Race relations","hits":5750},{"value":"Race relations","hits":5604},{"value":"Education, Secondary","hits":5083},{"value":"Education, Elementary","hits":4729},{"value":"Segregation in education--Mississippi","hits":4727},{"value":"Education--Pictorial works","hits":4707},{"value":"Civil rights demonstrations","hits":4440},{"value":"Civil rights workers","hits":3536}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_personal_facet","items":[{"value":"Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966--Correspondence","hits":1888},{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":1815},{"value":"Meredith, James, 1933-","hits":1709},{"value":"Baker, Augusta, 1911-1998","hits":1495},{"value":"Herrera, John J.","hits":1312},{"value":"Parks, Rosa, 1913-2005","hits":1071},{"value":"Jordan, Barbara, 1936-1996","hits":858},{"value":"Young, Andrew, 1932-","hits":814},{"value":"Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966","hits":719},{"value":"Mizell, M. Hayes","hits":674},{"value":"Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988","hits":626}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"name_authoritative_sms","items":[{"value":"Smith, Lillian (Lillian Eugenia), 1897-1966","hits":2598},{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":1915},{"value":"Meredith, James, 1933-","hits":1704},{"value":"Herrera, John J.","hits":1331},{"value":"Parks, Rosa, 1913-2005","hits":1070},{"value":"Jordan, Barbara, 1936-1996","hits":856},{"value":"Young, Andrew, 1932-","hits":806},{"value":"Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988","hits":625},{"value":"Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973","hits":605},{"value":"Snelling, Paula","hits":580},{"value":"Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000","hits":440}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"event_title_sms","items":[{"value":"Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Nobel Prize","hits":1769},{"value":"Ole Miss Integration","hits":1670},{"value":"Housing Act of 1961","hits":969},{"value":"Little Rock Central High School Integration","hits":853},{"value":"Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike","hits":366},{"value":"Selma-Montgomery March","hits":337},{"value":"Freedom Summer","hits":306},{"value":"Freedom Rides","hits":214},{"value":"Poor People's Campaign","hits":180},{"value":"University of Georgia Integration","hits":173},{"value":"University of Alabama Integration","hits":140}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"location_facet","items":[{"value":"United States, 39.76, -98.5","hits":17987},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","hits":5437},{"value":"United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997","hits":5151},{"value":"United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","hits":4847},{"value":"United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009","hits":4599},{"value":"United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044","hits":4328},{"value":"United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026","hits":3948},{"value":"United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036","hits":2910},{"value":"United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, 34.76993, -92.3118","hits":2580},{"value":"United States, Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis, 35.14953, -90.04898","hits":2580},{"value":"United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959","hits":2536}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"us_states_facet","items":[{"value":"Georgia","hits":12823},{"value":"Alabama","hits":11313},{"value":"Mississippi","hits":10220},{"value":"South Carolina","hits":8493},{"value":"Arkansas","hits":4733},{"value":"Texas","hits":4399},{"value":"Tennessee","hits":3786},{"value":"Florida","hits":2602},{"value":"Ohio","hits":2403},{"value":"North Carolina","hits":1875},{"value":"New York","hits":1840}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"year_facet","items":[{"value":"1966","hits":10632},{"value":"1963","hits":10287},{"value":"1965","hits":10218},{"value":"1956","hits":9840},{"value":"1955","hits":9619},{"value":"1964","hits":9365},{"value":"1968","hits":9345},{"value":"1962","hits":9247},{"value":"1967","hits":8897},{"value":"1957","hits":8523},{"value":"1961","hits":8282},{"value":"1958","hits":8259},{"value":"1959","hits":8061},{"value":"1960","hits":7948},{"value":"1969","hits":7348},{"value":"1954","hits":7240},{"value":"1950","hits":7118},{"value":"1953","hits":6969},{"value":"1970","hits":6835},{"value":"1971","hits":6425},{"value":"1977","hits":6367},{"value":"1972","hits":6254},{"value":"1952","hits":6162},{"value":"1951","hits":6046},{"value":"1975","hits":5894},{"value":"1976","hits":5863},{"value":"1974","hits":5849},{"value":"1973","hits":5689},{"value":"1979","hits":5416},{"value":"1978","hits":5405},{"value":"1980","hits":5366},{"value":"1995","hits":4885},{"value":"1981","hits":4811},{"value":"1994","hits":4704},{"value":"1948","hits":4597},{"value":"1949","hits":4573},{"value":"1996","hits":4542},{"value":"1982","hits":4417},{"value":"1947","hits":4317},{"value":"1985","hits":4313},{"value":"1998","hits":4281},{"value":"1983","hits":4261},{"value":"1997","hits":4258},{"value":"1984","hits":4152},{"value":"1999","hits":4074},{"value":"1946","hits":4047},{"value":"1945","hits":4018},{"value":"1986","hits":4006},{"value":"1990","hits":3988},{"value":"1943","hits":3900},{"value":"1944","hits":3896},{"value":"2000","hits":3894},{"value":"2001","hits":3876},{"value":"1942","hits":3868},{"value":"1940","hits":3765},{"value":"1941","hits":3758},{"value":"1987","hits":3744},{"value":"2002","hits":3624},{"value":"1991","hits":3553},{"value":"1936","hits":3507},{"value":"1939","hits":3501},{"value":"1992","hits":3500},{"value":"2003","hits":3489},{"value":"1993","hits":3478},{"value":"1938","hits":3466},{"value":"1937","hits":3450},{"value":"1989","hits":3441},{"value":"1930","hits":3378},{"value":"1988","hits":3355},{"value":"1935","hits":3307},{"value":"1933","hits":3271},{"value":"1934","hits":3271},{"value":"1932","hits":3255},{"value":"1931","hits":3240},{"value":"2005","hits":3143},{"value":"2004","hits":2995},{"value":"2006","hits":2860},{"value":"1929","hits":2790},{"value":"1928","hits":2272},{"value":"1921","hits":2124},{"value":"1925","hits":2040},{"value":"1927","hits":2026},{"value":"1924","hits":2012},{"value":"2016","hits":2011},{"value":"1926","hits":2010},{"value":"1920","hits":1976},{"value":"1923","hits":1955},{"value":"1922","hits":1929},{"value":"2007","hits":1715},{"value":"2008","hits":1664},{"value":"2011","hits":1661},{"value":"2009","hits":1624},{"value":"2019","hits":1623},{"value":"2015","hits":1613},{"value":"2013","hits":1604},{"value":"2010","hits":1601},{"value":"2014","hits":1567},{"value":"2012","hits":1553},{"value":"1919","hits":1533},{"value":"1918","hits":1531}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null},"min":"0193","max":"2035","count":506439,"missing":56},{"name":"medium_facet","items":[{"value":"photographs","hits":10710},{"value":"correspondence","hits":9628},{"value":"black-and-white photographs","hits":7678},{"value":"negatives (photographs)","hits":7513},{"value":"documents (object genre)","hits":4462},{"value":"letters (correspondence)","hits":3623},{"value":"oral histories (literary works)","hits":3607},{"value":"black-and-white negatives","hits":2771},{"value":"editorial cartoons","hits":2620},{"value":"newspapers","hits":1955},{"value":"manuscripts (documents)","hits":1692}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"rights_facet","items":[{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/","hits":41201},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/","hits":17721},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/","hits":8830},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/","hits":7090},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/","hits":2186},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/","hits":1778},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-CR/1.0/","hits":1115},{"value":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","hits":145},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NKC/1.0/","hits":60},{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-RUU/1.0/","hits":51},{"value":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","hits":27}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"collection_titles_sms","items":[{"value":"Jim Peppler Southern Courier Photograph Collection","hits":4956},{"value":"John E. Phay Collection ","hits":4706},{"value":"John J. Herrera Papers","hits":3288},{"value":"Baldy Editorial Cartoons, 1946-1982, 1997: Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoons at the Richard B. Russell Library.","hits":2607},{"value":"Sovereignty Commission Online","hits":2335},{"value":"Strom Thurmond Collection, Mss 100","hits":2068},{"value":"Alabama Media Group Collection","hits":2067},{"value":"Black Trailblazers, Leaders, Activists, and Intellectuals in Cleveland","hits":2033},{"value":"Rosa Parks Papers","hits":1948},{"value":"Isaiah DeQuincey Newman, (1911-1985), Papers, 1929-2003","hits":1904},{"value":"Lillian Eugenia Smith Papers (circa 1920-1980)","hits":1887}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"provenance_facet","items":[{"value":"John Davis Williams Library. Department of Archives and Special Collections","hits":8885},{"value":"Alabama. Department of Archives and History","hits":8153},{"value":"South Caroliniana Library","hits":4251},{"value":"Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library","hits":4102},{"value":"University of North Texas. Libraries","hits":3854},{"value":"University of South Carolina. Libraries","hits":3438},{"value":"Hargrett Library","hits":3292},{"value":"Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies","hits":2874},{"value":"Mississippi. Department of Archives and History","hits":2825},{"value":"Butler Center for Arkansas Studies","hits":2785},{"value":"Rhodes College","hits":2264}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"class_name","items":[{"value":"Item","hits":81102},{"value":"Collection","hits":455}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"educator_resource_b","items":[{"value":"false","hits":81360},{"value":"true","hits":197}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}}]}}