{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"mus_sovcom_2-55-4-20-1-1-1","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of Price Chatham following his arrest for his participation in the Freedom Rides, Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 June 2","collection_id":"mus_sovcom","collection_title":"Sovereignty Commission Online","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, Hinds County, Jackson, 32.29876, -90.18481"],"dcterms_creator":["Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission"],"dc_date":["1961-06-02"],"dcterms_description":["Freedom Rider mug shot","Individual(s) identified in the photograph include Chatham, Price","Classified by the Sovereignty Commission as Integration Organizations","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["from Hinds County, Sovereignty Commission records, Mississippi Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of Series 2515 : Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records Online, 1994-2006"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights movements--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights demonstrations--Mississippi--Jackson","Demonstrations--Mississippi--Jackson","Passive resistance--Mississippi--Jackson","Arrest--Mississippi--Jackson","Identification photographs--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights workers--Mississippi--Jackson","Social reformers--Mississippi--Jackson","Men, White--Mississippi--Jackson","Chatham, Price--Photographs"],"dcterms_title":["Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of Price Chatham following his arrest for his participation in the Freedom Rides, Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 June 2"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Mississippi. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://da.mdah.ms.gov/sovcom/photo.php?display=item\u0026oid=147"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records are state government records made available to the public pursuant to American Civil Liberties Union v. Fordice, 969 F.Supp. 403 (S.D.Miss.1994). The web-enabled version of the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records is intended for public use in research, teaching, and private study in accordance with the provisions of the Fair Use clause of the United States Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). MDAH makes no warranty or assurances that materials contained in this collection are free from U.S. copyright claims or other restrictions on free use and display. It is the user's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright or other use restrictions when publishing or distributing materials found in this collection. MDAH requests that prior to publication of Sov. Com. images the user submit an MDAH Broadcast/Publication Permission form for approval by the Department. This form must be accompanied by documentation which proves that copyright requirements have been satisfied. Contact MDAH Reference Staff for details on how to obtain and complete the B/PP form: (601) 576 6876 or refdesk@mdah.ms.gov. There are no MDAH Use Fees associated with use of Sov. Com. images. MDAH asks that each image used in a presentation, display, or publication be accompanied by a credit line, which at a minimum includes the name of this collection, the unique resource identifier for each image, the name of this institution, and URL. ; Cite images according to the following structure: Original Creator, \"Title\", Original creation date (if known), Unique Resource Identifier, Series Number and Title, Archival Repository, date of last web page revision, image location/URL, (image viewed on date)."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["black-and-white photographs","identification photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Chatham, Price"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mus_sovcom_2-55-4-12-1-1-1","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of Reverend Richard LeRoy Gleason following his arrest for his participation in the Freedom Rides, Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 June 2","collection_id":"mus_sovcom","collection_title":"Sovereignty Commission Online","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, Hinds County, Jackson, 32.29876, -90.18481"],"dcterms_creator":["Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission"],"dc_date":["1961-06-02"],"dcterms_description":["Freedom Rider mug shot","Individual(s) identified in the photograph include Gleason, Rev. Richard LeRoy","Classified by the Sovereignty Commission as Integration Organizations","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["from Hinds County, Sovereignty Commission records, Mississippi Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of Series 2515 : Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records Online, 1994-2006"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights movements--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights demonstrations--Mississippi--Jackson","Demonstrations--Mississippi--Jackson","Passive resistance--Mississippi--Jackson","Arrest--Mississippi--Jackson","Identification photographs--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights workers--Mississippi--Jackson","Social reformers--Mississippi--Jackson","Clergy--Mississippi--Jackson","Men, White--Mississippi--Jackson","Gleason, Richard LeRoy--Photographs"],"dcterms_title":["Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of Reverend Richard LeRoy Gleason following his arrest for his participation in the Freedom Rides, Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 June 2"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Mississippi. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://da.mdah.ms.gov/sovcom/photo.php?display=item\u0026oid=140"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records are state government records made available to the public pursuant to American Civil Liberties Union v. Fordice, 969 F.Supp. 403 (S.D.Miss.1994). The web-enabled version of the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records is intended for public use in research, teaching, and private study in accordance with the provisions of the Fair Use clause of the United States Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). MDAH makes no warranty or assurances that materials contained in this collection are free from U.S. copyright claims or other restrictions on free use and display. It is the user's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright or other use restrictions when publishing or distributing materials found in this collection. MDAH requests that prior to publication of Sov. Com. images the user submit an MDAH Broadcast/Publication Permission form for approval by the Department. This form must be accompanied by documentation which proves that copyright requirements have been satisfied. Contact MDAH Reference Staff for details on how to obtain and complete the B/PP form: (601) 576 6876 or refdesk@mdah.ms.gov. There are no MDAH Use Fees associated with use of Sov. Com. images. MDAH asks that each image used in a presentation, display, or publication be accompanied by a credit line, which at a minimum includes the name of this collection, the unique resource identifier for each image, the name of this institution, and URL. ; Cite images according to the following structure: Original Creator, \"Title\", Original creation date (if known), Unique Resource Identifier, Series Number and Title, Archival Repository, date of last web page revision, image location/URL, (image viewed on date)."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["black-and-white photographs","identification photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Gleason, Richard LeRoy"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mus_sovcom_2-55-4-23-1-1-1","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of Ruby Doris Smith following her arrest for her participation in the Freedom Rides, Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 June 2","collection_id":"mus_sovcom","collection_title":"Sovereignty Commission Online","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, Hinds County, Jackson, 32.29876, -90.18481"],"dcterms_creator":["Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission"],"dc_date":["1961-06-02"],"dcterms_description":["Freedom Rider mug shot","Individual(s) identified in the photograph include Smith, Ruby Doris","Classified by the Sovereignty Commission as Integration Organizations","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["from Hinds County, Sovereignty Commission records, Mississippi Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of Series 2515 : Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records Online, 1994-2006"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights movements--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights demonstrations--Mississippi--Jackson","Demonstrations--Mississippi--Jackson","Passive resistance--Mississippi--Jackson","Arrest--Mississippi--Jackson","Identification photographs--Mississippi--Jackson","African American civil rights workers--Mississippi--Jackson","African Americans--Civil rights--Mississippi--Jackson","African American social reformers--Mississippi--Jackson","African American women--Mississippi--Jackson","Robinson, Ruby Doris Smith, 1941-1967--Photographs"],"dcterms_title":["Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of Ruby Doris Smith following her arrest for her participation in the Freedom Rides, Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 June 2"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Mississippi. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://da.mdah.ms.gov/sovcom/photo.php?display=item\u0026oid=150"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records are state government records made available to the public pursuant to American Civil Liberties Union v. Fordice, 969 F.Supp. 403 (S.D.Miss.1994). The web-enabled version of the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records is intended for public use in research, teaching, and private study in accordance with the provisions of the Fair Use clause of the United States Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). MDAH makes no warranty or assurances that materials contained in this collection are free from U.S. copyright claims or other restrictions on free use and display. It is the user's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright or other use restrictions when publishing or distributing materials found in this collection. MDAH requests that prior to publication of Sov. Com. images the user submit an MDAH Broadcast/Publication Permission form for approval by the Department. This form must be accompanied by documentation which proves that copyright requirements have been satisfied. Contact MDAH Reference Staff for details on how to obtain and complete the B/PP form: (601) 576 6876 or refdesk@mdah.ms.gov. There are no MDAH Use Fees associated with use of Sov. Com. images. MDAH asks that each image used in a presentation, display, or publication be accompanied by a credit line, which at a minimum includes the name of this collection, the unique resource identifier for each image, the name of this institution, and URL. ; Cite images according to the following structure: Original Creator, \"Title\", Original creation date (if known), Unique Resource Identifier, Series Number and Title, Archival Repository, date of last web page revision, image location/URL, (image viewed on date)."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["black-and-white photographs","identification photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Robinson, Ruby Doris Smith, 1941-1967"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"guan_0756_006-004","title":"Correspondence","collection_id":"guan_0756","collection_title":"Clarence L. Jordan Papers, 1920-1970","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Jordan, Clarence"],"dc_date":["1961-06/1961-09"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jp2"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Apocryphal Gospels","Missionaries--Georgia--Americus","Manuscripts","Civil rights movements--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Correspondence"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Hargrett Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/guan_0756_006-004#item"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/guan_0756_006-004"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: Clarence L. Jordan papers, ms756, Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, The University of Georgia Libraries."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)","correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":["75 pages"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Jordan, Clarence"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_p17173coll43_8068","title":"South Carolina Council on Human Relations, Box 3, Folder 144, Administrative, General, 1 June 1961-27 June 1961","collection_id":"suc_p17173coll43","collection_title":"New insights in the American civil rights movement: South Carolina Council on Human Relations records","dcterms_contributor":["South Carolina Council on Human Relations"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009"],"dcterms_creator":["South Carolina Council on Human Relations"],"dc_date":["1961-06-01/1961-06-27"],"dcterms_description":["Folder 144 contains the administrative records of the South Carolina Council on Human Relations, Southern Regional Council, and correspondence between members, community leaders, and the Council."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. South Caroliniana Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["New Insights in the American Civil Rights Movement: South Carolina Council on Human Relations Records","South Carolina Council on Human Relations, Box 3, South Caroliniana Library"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights workers","African American civil rights workers","Civil rights--America","African Americans--Civil rights","South Carolina Council on Human Relations","South Carolina","Civil rights--South Carolina","Race relations","South Carolina--Race relations","Southern Regional Council"],"dcterms_title":["South Carolina Council on Human Relations, Box 3, Folder 144, Administrative, General, 1 June 1961-27 June 1961"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of South Carolina. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm17173.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p17173coll43/id/8068"],"dcterms_temporal":["1955/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright Undetermined. For further information please contact South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence","agendas (administrative records)","lists (document genres)","documents (object genre)","minutes (administrative records)","notes (documents)"],"dcterms_extent":["1 folder"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol7no12","title":"Southern school news","collection_id":"gua_ssn","collection_title":"Southern school news","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026","United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044","United States, Delaware, 39.00039, -75.49992","United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637","United States, Florida, 28.75054, -82.5001","United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","United States, Kentucky, 38.20042, -84.87762","United States, Louisiana, 31.00047, -92.0004","United States, Maryland, 39.00039, -76.74997","United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036","United States, Missouri, 38.25031, -92.50046","United States, North Carolina, 35.50069, -80.00032","United States, Oklahoma, 35.49209, -97.50328","United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434","United States, Tennessee, 35.75035, -86.25027","United States, Texas, 31.25044, -99.25061","United States, Virginia, 37.54812, -77.44675","United States, West Virginia, 38.50038, -80.50009"],"dcterms_creator":["Southern Education Reporting Service"],"dc_date":["1961-06-01"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 7, Issue 12. June 1961. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Nashville, Tenn. : Southern Education Reporting Service"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Education--Southern States","Desegregation in education","Discrimination in education--Southern States","School integration--Southern States","Civil rights movement--United States","Discrimination--Law and legislation","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"dcterms_title":["Southern school news"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Georgia. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/do:dlg_ghn_sn59049440-1961-06-01-ed-1"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/gua_ssn_ssnvol7no12"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["periodicals"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Almond, J. Lindsay (James Lindsay), 1898-1986","McGill, Ralph, 1898-1969","Sibley, John A. (John Adams), 1888-1986","Chambers, Julius L. (Julius LeVonne), 1936-2013","Marshall, Thurgood, 1908-1993","Zwerg, Jim, 1939-","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968","Hale, William H. (William Henri), 1914-1974"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aar_alabamaphoto_4101","title":"White and African American protesters carrying signs at a demonstration against John Patterson and segregation, possibly in downtown Honolulu, Hawaii.","collection_id":"aar_alabamaphoto","collection_title":"Alabama Photographs and Pictures Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1961-06"],"dcterms_description":["The signs read, \"Governor Patterson--end racist terror in Alabama\"; \"Freedom yes! Patterson no!\"; and \"Shame!\" The location and date are unknown, but the photograph is located in an album with other images taken during Patterson's trip to the National Governors Conference in Hawaii in June 1961."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Alabama Department of Archives and History, 624 Washington Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36130"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Patterson, John","John Patterson papers","LPR254, Box 36"],"dcterms_subject":["Activists","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil rights","Civil rights demonstrations"],"dcterms_title":["White and African American protesters carrying signs at a demonstration against John Patterson and segregation, possibly in downtown Honolulu, Hawaii."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Alabama. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/photo/id/4101"],"dcterms_temporal":["1950/1959","1960/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though ADAH has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections."],"dcterms_medium":["photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33551","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified official from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) speaking to a reporter about ongoing the Freedom Rides, New York City, New York, 1961 May or June","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, New York, New York County, New York, 40.7142691, -74.0059729","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-06"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) headquarters in New York City, New York, in May or June, 1961, an unidentified CORE official speaks to a reporter about the ongoing Freedom Rides.","The clip begins outside the CORE offices. A white man, seen from behind, opens the door and walks into the office. Inside the office, office workers sit in front of typewriters at several desks throughout the room. An African American woman speaks on the telephone while a white woman and an African American man sit at typewriters.","After general office scenes, an off-screen reporter interviews an unidentified CORE official. The CORE official, a white man wearing a dark suit, suggests several reasons Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy may have requested a cooling-off period in the Freedom Rides, including the threat to prestige of the United States in foreign countries. Specifically, because President John F. Kennedy is heading to a conference with international leaders, civil rights workers should \"refrain from doing anything that might reflect badly on this nation.\" The official counters this idea, declaring that the \"cancer of segregation\" hurts the country's prestige more than Freedom Rides, and asserting that it is more important to solve the problem of segregation than to ignore it.","After a break in the clip, the reporter asks the CORE worker about the possibility, presented by the attorney general, that more Freedom Rides might incite more violence in the South. The official replies that the state leaders in Mississippi have shown that the police can protect people from violence without the aid of federal marshals. The reporter then asks the CORE worker about the goals of the Freedom Rides. The man announces that CORE hopes to integrate Greyhound and Trailways bus terminals, lunch counters, and waiting rooms. The reporter asks when the integration might happen; the reply is not recorded.","In 1961, CORE organized the Freedom Ride as a test of bus facilities for interstate passengers. According to the 1960 Boynton v. Virginia United States Supreme Court ruling, segregation in interstate bus facilities was illegal. CORE hoped to test compliance by sponsoring a Washington-to-New Orleans trip through several Southern States. Patterned after the 1947 \"Journey of Reconciliation,\" the trip began in Washington D.C. with three days of nonviolence training before the May 4 departure. The riders divided into two groups, one traveling by Greyhound and the other by Trailways buses. The ride met little resistance in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. However, on May 14, the Trailways bus was attacked and burned in Anniston, Alabama, and the Greyhound riders were beaten by a white mob in Birmingham, Alabama. In both cases, local law enforcement officers allowed the mob to attack the riders for several minutes before ending the riot. Attorney General Robert Kennedy and the Justice Department tried to arrange safe passage for the rest of the ride, but on May 20 another group of riders traveling from Birmingham to Montgomery were met by a mob in Montgomery, and the riders and several bystanders, including Kennedy's personal representative John Seigenthaler, were severely beaten. On May 24, riders traveled from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi with heavy police escort the whole way. Unfortunately, under a secret arrangement between Mississippi officials and the Justice Department, the riders were arrested immediately in Jackson and charged with breach of peace. That same day, concerned about the reputation of the United States and President John F. Kennedy's upcoming conferences with European leaders, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy called for a \"cooling-off period\" and asked civil rights workers to stop subsequent Freedom Rides. Several civil rights organizations, including the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the Nashville Christian Leadership Conference (NCLC), and the National Student Association, joined with CORE to form the Freedom Ride Coordinating Committee (FRCC) and arrange for continuing attacks on segregated transportation throughout the South and especially in Jackson, Mississippi. After several months of rides, arrests, and ongoing trials, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in September ruled that interstate buses and facilities must desegregate beginning November 1.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn33551"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Reporters and reporting--New York (State)--New York","Freedom Rides, 1961","Offices--New York (State)--New York","Segregation in transportation--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Clerks--New York (State)--New York","Typewriters--New York (State)--New York","Attorneys general--United States","Presidents--United States","Violence--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Southern States","Buses--Southern States","Direct action--Southern States","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified official from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) speaking to a reporter about ongoing the Freedom Rides, New York City, New York, 1961 May or June"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33551"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33551"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-06"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn33551, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified official from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) speaking to a reporter about ongoing the Freedom Rides, New York City, New York, 1961 May or June, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0747, 34:03/35:34, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 31 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Kennedy, John F. 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He declares that the United States' world position demands an end to segregation.","President Abraham Lincoln issued the first emancipation proclamation which ended slavery in Southern states on January 1, 1863. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. proposed on several occasions that president John F. Kennedy should issue an executive order which he referred to as a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation\" which would end segregation in the nation; King hoped such an order would be announced before the centennial of the first emancipation proclamation. King felt that the United States limited its influence as a world power by continuing to keep a large percentage of its population as second-class citizens. He prepared supporting documentation which he later presented to president Kennedy, although the president declined to issue such an order. 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