{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"mum_jws-race_486","title":"Legislature Urged 'Ged Rid' Of Prof","collection_id":"mum_jws-race","collection_title":"James W. Silver Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036"],"dcterms_creator":["Associated Press"],"dc_date":["1964-03-20"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Jackson Daily News"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["James W. Silver Collection, Archives and Special Collections, University of Mississippi Libraries"],"dcterms_subject":["Academic freedom","Mississippi--Race relations--20th century","Mississippi--Social life and customs"],"dcterms_title":["Legislature Urged 'Ged Rid' Of Prof"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["John Davis Williams Library. Department of Archives and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://clio.lib.olemiss.edu/cdm/ref/collection/JWS_race/id/486"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of materials in the James W. Silver Collection remains with the creator or original publication. These items may not be reproduced, re-posted or saved except under fair use, as stipulated by copyright law: reproduction is not to be \"used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.\" If a user makes use of these digital files for purposes in excess of \"fair use,\" that user may be liable for copyright infringement."],"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mum_jws-race_487","title":"Senator Asks Legislature to Dismiss Silver","collection_id":"mum_jws-race","collection_title":"James W. Silver Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036"],"dcterms_creator":["Associated Press"],"dc_date":["1964-03-20"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Clarion-Ledger (Jackson, Miss.)"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["James W. Silver Collection, Archives and Special Collections, University of Mississippi Libraries"],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom of speech--Mississippi","Education, Higher--Mississippi"],"dcterms_title":["Senator Asks Legislature to Dismiss Silver"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["John Davis Williams Library. Department of Archives and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://clio.lib.olemiss.edu/cdm/ref/collection/JWS_race/id/487"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of materials in the James W. Silver Collection remains with the creator or original publication. These items may not be reproduced, re-posted or saved except under fair use, as stipulated by copyright law: reproduction is not to be \"used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.\" If a user makes use of these digital files for purposes in excess of \"fair use,\" that user may be liable for copyright infringement."],"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"dlg_bald_am-1046","title":"--Yo-- You can't keep this kind of secret indefinitely! / Baldy, [1964 Mar. 20]","collection_id":"dlg_bald","collection_title":"Baldy Editorial Cartoons, 1946-1982, 1997: Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoons at the Richard B. Russell Library.","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702"],"dcterms_creator":["Baldowski, Clifford H., 1917-1999"],"dc_date":["1964-03-20"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts a Democratic donkey as a housewife knitting baby clothes labeled \"A new, dynamic political philosophy\" out of a ball of yarn labeled \"Fulton Democratic Open House.\" Carl Sanders is in the background looking on."],"dc_format":["image/jp2"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["[Atlanta, Ga. : Atlanta Constitution, 1964 Mar. 20]"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoon Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dcterms_subject":["Democratic Party (Ga.)","Political Science--Georgia--Fulton County--Philosophy"],"dcterms_title":["--Yo-- You can't keep this kind of secret indefinitely! / Baldy, [1964 Mar. 20]"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_bald_am-1046#item"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_bald_am-1046"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: [Title of the cartoon], [Date of cartoon], editorial cartoon by Clifford H. Baldowski, Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoon Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, presented in the Digital Library of Georgia."],"dlg_local_right":["The Baldowski cartoons created for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution are licensed to the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.","Contact repository re: reproduction and usage."],"dcterms_medium":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_extent":["1 item ; 44 x 34 cm. paper pen and ink."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Sanders, Carl, 1925-2014"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"int_jjhp_249227","title":"[Letter from Clifton Carter to John J. Herrera - 1964-03-19]","collection_id":"int_jjhp","collection_title":"John J. Herrera Papers","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637"],"dcterms_creator":["Carter, Clifton C."],"dc_date":["1964-03-19"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/png"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["People--Ethnic Groups--Hispanics","Social Life and Customs--Correspondence","Letters","Correspondence"],"dcterms_title":["[Letter from Clifton Carter to John J. Herrera - 1964-03-19]","[Letter from Clifton Carter to John J. Herrera - March 19, 1964]"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Texas. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth249227/"],"dcterms_temporal":["1939/2019"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_extent":["2 p. ; 23 cm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Herrera, John J."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1373","title":"FBI Report of 1964-03-18","collection_id":"ffc_crlsa","collection_title":"Civil Rights Library of St. Augustine","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Florida, 28.75054, -82.5001"],"dcterms_creator":["Federal Bureau of Investigation"],"dc_date":["1964-03-18"],"dcterms_description":["Investigation into the burning of a house on February 8, 1964. Investigators conclude that foul play was likely involved. Additional item states that Robert Hayling's house attack could not be the result of a drive-by shooting.","Florida Sheriff's Bureau -- St. Augustine Police Department -- Home of Robert Hayling -- Bombing -- Drive-by Shooting -- Desegregation of St. Johns County Schools"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights--United States--Florida"],"dcterms_title":["FBI Report of 1964-03-18"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Proctor Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://civilrights.flagler.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16000coll4/id/1373"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Flagler College is not the copyright owner for this item, nor can the College provide a copy of this item. Please contact the contributing organization to obtain a copy and permission to reproduce this item."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":["3 pages"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Burkhart, Turney","Stuart, Virgil","Davis, L. O.","Hayling, Robert Bagner"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mum_jws-race_2110","title":"Mississippi Notebook: Whatever Became Of Willie Higgs?","collection_id":"mum_jws-race","collection_title":"James W. Silver Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036"],"dcterms_creator":["Ethridge, Tom"],"dc_date":["1964-03-18"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Clarion-Ledger (Jackson, Miss.)"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["James W. Silver Collection, Archives and Special Collections, University of Mississippi Libraries"],"dcterms_subject":["Lawyers--Mississippi"],"dcterms_title":["Mississippi Notebook: Whatever Became Of Willie Higgs?"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["John Davis Williams Library. Department of Archives and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://clio.lib.olemiss.edu/cdm/ref/collection/JWS_race/id/2110"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of materials in the James W. Silver Collection remains with the creator or original publication. These items may not be reproduced, re-posted or saved except under fair use, as stipulated by copyright law: reproduction is not to be \"used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.\" If a user makes use of these digital files for purposes in excess of \"fair use,\" that user may be liable for copyright infringement."],"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)","newspaper columns"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"dlg_bald_am-1457","title":"Pack up your troubles in the old kit bag-- / Baldy, 1963, [i.e., 1964 Mar. 18].","collection_id":"dlg_bald","collection_title":"Baldy Editorial Cartoons, 1946-1982, 1997: Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoons at the Richard B. Russell Library.","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["Baldowski, Clifford H., 1917-1999"],"dc_date":["1964-03-18"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts Richard Russell on a railroad platform putting some African American men into a sack. Another sack of men, labeled \"Timbuctu,\" is being carried off to be put on the train. In March 1964, Russell proposed Negro Relocation as a way to end racial tension and as an alternative to the Civil Rights Bill."],"dc_format":["image/jp2"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["[Atlanta, Ga. : Atlanta Constitution, 1964 Mar. 18]"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoon Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dcterms_subject":["Blacks--Relocation","African Americans--Civil rights--United States","United States--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Pack up your troubles in the old kit bag-- / Baldy, 1963, [i.e., 1964 Mar. 18]."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_bald_am-1457#item"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_bald_am-1457"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["The Baldowski cartoons created for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution are licensed to the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.","Contact repository re: reproduction and usage."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: [Title of the cartoon], [Date of cartoon], editorial cartoon by Clifford H. Baldowski, Clifford H. Baldowski Editorial Cartoon Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, presented in the Digital Library of Georgia."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_extent":["1 item ; 38 x 32 cm. paper pen and ink."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"kdl_rpwcr_xt7k3j390t8r","title":"Interview with James M. Lawson, March 17, 1964","collection_id":"kdl_rpwcr","collection_title":"Robert Penn Warren Civil Rights Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Warren, Robert Penn, 1905-1989"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Tennessee, Davidson County, Nashville, 36.16589, -86.78444","United States, Tennessee, Shelby County, Memphis, 35.14953, -90.04898"],"dcterms_creator":["Lawson, James M., 1928-"],"dc_date":["1964-03-17"],"dcterms_description":["James M. Lawson (1928- ) was a longtime peace activist and served as a tutor on non-violence to civil rights leaders. Lawson began his work in Nashville, Tennessee where he trained citizens on non-violent tactics to use in sit-ins at downtown Nashville lunch counters. Lawson was one of the founders of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), he was an organizer of the Freedom Rides in 1961, and was chair of the Strategy Committee for the Memphis Sanitation Strike during which Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated. Lawson later protested the Cold War and the war in Vietnam. In this interview James M. Lawson describes his involvement with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and his organization of the sit-ins in Nashville. He discusses how his involvement with the sit-ins resulted in his expulsion from the Vanderbilt University Divinity School and the support he received from the Vanderbilt University faculty. Lawson describes the influence of the police on mob violence during civil rights demonstrations and how civil rights workers protect themselves against the threat of violence. Lawson discusses how his belief in nonviolence has been influenced by Gandhi's teachings and describes a connection between non-violence and Christianity."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":["2002oh109_rpwcr004"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American leadership","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil rights demonstrations","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Nashville","Civil rights leaders--United States","Civil rights movements--United States","Civil rights workers","Civil rights--Tennessee--Memphis","Civil rights--Tennessee--Nashville","Nonviolence--Philosophy","Race relations","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Nonviolence ","Southern Christian Leadership Conference ","Vanderbilt University"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with James M. Lawson, March 17, 1964"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Kentucky. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://kentuckyoralhistory.org/ark:/16417/xt7k3j390t8r"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights to the interviews, including but not restricted to legal title, copyrights and literary property rights, have been transferred to the University of Kentucky Libraries."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Interviews may be reproduced with permission from Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History, Special Collections, University of Kentucky Libraries."],"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Lawson, James M., 1928- --Interviews","Lawson, James M., 1928-","Clark, Kenneth Bancroft, 1914-2005","Evers, Charles, 1922-2020","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-203","title":"Letter from Robert Hayling to Judge Bryan Simpson","collection_id":"ffc_crlsa","collection_title":"Civil Rights Library of St. Augustine","dcterms_contributor":["University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Florida, 28.75054, -82.5001"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1964-03-16"],"dcterms_description":["Letter in which Dr. Hayling provides a brief update of the SCLC's activities in 1965.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights--United States--Florida"],"dcterms_title":["Letter from Robert Hayling to Judge Bryan Simpson"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Proctor Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://civilrights.flagler.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p16000coll11/id/203"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Flagler College is not the copyright owner for this item, nor can the College provide a copy of this item. Please contact the contributing organization to obtain a copy and permission to reproduce this item."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":["1 page"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Simpson, John Milton Bryan, 1903-1987","Hayling, Robert Bagner"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"usm_hmp_mus-m368-0060","title":"Memo to COFO staff and supporters; March 16, 1964","collection_id":"usm_hmp","collection_title":"Historical Manuscripts and Photographs","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1964-03-16"],"dcterms_description":["From the Miller (Michael J.) Civil Rights Collection. Confidential, internal staff memo discussing the upcoming March 25, 1964, Leflore County Freedom Day.","Electronic version made available through a National Leadership Grant for Libraries from the Institute of Museum and Library Services.","This item is part of the Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["M368 Miller (Michael J.) Civil Rights Collection","Box 2, Folder 7"],"dcterms_subject":["Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.)","Leflore County (Miss.)","Voter Registration"],"dcterms_title":["Memo to COFO staff and supporters; March 16, 1964"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Southern Mississippi. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://usm.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/IO_911ff789-02a6-473f-a9eb-ce1255bb7f01"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["University Libraries provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. When possible, we have provided information regarding the copyright right status of an item; however, the information we have may not be accurate or complete. Obtaining permissions to publish or otherwise use is the sole responsibility of the user."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_p17173coll43_9217","title":"South Carolina Council on Human Relations, Box 4, Folder 184, Administrative, General, 16 March 1964 - 31 March 1964","collection_id":"suc_p17173coll43","collection_title":"New insights in the American civil rights movement: South Carolina Council on Human Relations records","dcterms_contributor":["South Carolina Council on Human Relations"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009"],"dcterms_creator":["South Carolina Council on Human Relations"],"dc_date":["1964-03-16/1964-03-31"],"dcterms_description":["Folder 184 contains the administrative records of the South Carolina Council on Human Relations, Southern Regional Council, and correspondence between members, community leaders and the Council."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. South Caroliniana Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["New Insights in the American Civil Rights Movement: South Carolina Council on Human Relations Records","South Carolina Council on Human Relations, Box 4, South Caroliniana Library"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights workers","African American civil rights workers","Civil rights--America","African Americans--Civil rights","South Carolina Council on Human Relations","South Carolina","Civil rights--South Carolina","Race relations","South Carolina--Race relations","Southern Regional Council"],"dcterms_title":["South Carolina Council on Human Relations, Box 4, Folder 184, Administrative, General, 16 March 1964 - 31 March 1964"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of South Carolina. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm17173.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p17173coll43/id/9217"],"dcterms_temporal":["1955/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright Undetermined. For further information please contact South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208."],"dcterms_medium":["correspondence","documents (object genre)","postcards","fliers","notes (documents)","articles","lists (document genres)","invitations"],"dcterms_extent":["1 folder"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36360","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstrators protesting against de facto school segregation and of African American leaders Malcolm X and Adam Clayton Powell speaking in favor of the school boycott in New York City, New York, 1964 March 16","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["X, Malcolm, 1925-1965","Powell, Adam Clayton, 1908-1972"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, New York, New York County, New York, 40.7142691, -74.0059729"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-03-16"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from March 16, 1964, an interracial group of demonstrators protests de facto school segregation in New York City, New York, and African American leaders Malcolm X and representative Adam Clayton Powell speak in favor of the school boycott.","The clip begins with an interracial group of demonstrators marching down a street holding picket signs. Slogans on the signs include, \"Segregation can't teach democracy,\" \"A good school for all children,\" \"Jim Crow Donovan Must Go\" and a Spanish phrase that may be translated to \"Integration is a great education.\" The crowd chants \"Jim Crow must go!\" The clip goes silent for a few moments during the march and later as African American students bundled in warm clothes walk past a fence and into a building. Sound resumes, and women enter the same building. Later, a crowd stands in front of another building, many holding picket signs.","After the demonstration, a reporter interviews Malcolm X, who says he has come to see segregation exposed in the New York City school system, proving \"you don't have to go to Mississippi to find a segregated school system.\" He goes on to explain that he supports the boycott because it shows that some of the problems for which the South has been condemned also exist in New York.","Next, the reporter interviews to Adam Clayton Powell, minister and member of the House of Representatives. Powell declares that the Urban League, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Congress of Racial Equality have lost their influence on African Americans in New York. He claims that those organizations demonstrate their irrelevance by not coming supporting the school boycott and not coming to meetings about it. He claims that young African Americans will not \"let Ivory Tower, big-name Negro leaders control them anymore.\" Powell suggests that the next moves are more demonstrations \"until we make democracy work as it should work.\"","Although discussions of school integration had been taking place in New York City since 1954, attempts by the school board to integrate white, African American, and Puerto Rican schools were stymied by large-scale racial housing patterns and by white parents moving their children to private schools or to suburbs. The school board, reluctant to enforce mandatory busing, was unsuccessful in attempts to integrate schools with voluntary transfer programs. African American community leaders, led by Reverend Milton Galamison, worked with local chapters of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to organize a school boycott for February 13, 1964. That day, nearly forty-five percent of students stayed away from school. When the school board did not immediately respond to the boycott, Galamison organized a second boycott for March 16 and began demanding total, immediate desegregation of the schools with widespread forced busing. Leaders of the NAACP and CORE felt Galamison had not given the school board enough time to work out a solution and did not support the second boycott. In contrast, Malcolm X and Adam Clayton Powell, seen by some as more militant in their approach to civil rights, did support the boycott and Galamison's efforts to force the school board to act. 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