{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"okd_race-riot_699","title":"Letter E. E. Hanson, by W. L. Coffey, undated","collection_id":"okd_race-riot","collection_title":"Tulsa Race Massacre Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Oklahoma, Tulsa County, Tulsa, 36.15398, -95.99277"],"dcterms_creator":["Hanson, E. E."],"dc_date":["1921"],"dcterms_description":["Letter to unknown, undated, from E. E. Hanson, by W. L. Coffey, regarding divorce case.","typed manuscript; 1 page"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the online collection: Tulsa Race Riot Documents"],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Police misconduct--Oklahoma--Tulsa","Police--Oklahoma--Tulsa","Trials (Misconduct in office)--Oklahoma--Tulsa","Race riots--Oklahoma--Tulsa--History--20th century","Tulsa (Okla.)--Race relations","Tulsa (Okla.)--Social conditions--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Letter E. E. Hanson, by W. L. Coffey, undated"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Oklahoma. Department of Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalprairie.ok.gov/cdm/ref/collection/race-riot/id/699"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["Letter E. E. Hanson, by W. L. Coffey, undated, Box 25, Record Group 1-2, State of Oklahoma vs. John A. Gustafson, Chief of Police Tulsa (Tulsa Race Riot Investigation Vice Condition); Civil Case No. 1062, Attorney General, Oklahoma State Archives Division, Oklahoma Department of Libraries, Oklahoma City, OK","Oklahoma State Archives Division, Oklahoma Department of Libraries. For further information regarding the rights to this collection, please visit www.crossroads.odl.state.ok.us/cdm4/rights.php"],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["letters (correspondence)","judicial records"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Gustafson, John A.--Trials, litigation, etc."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"hbcula_lumo_275","title":"\"Lincoln Institute En Masse\", 1921","collection_id":"hbcula_lumo","collection_title":"52 Steps, the Journey of Lincoln University of Missouri","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Missouri, Jefferson City, 38.5767, -92.17352"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1921"],"dcterms_description":["The Lincoln Institute student body of 1921 is shown posing for a picture."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American universities and colleges","African American students","Buildings and grounds","Campus life"],"dcterms_title":["\"Lincoln Institute En Masse\", 1921"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) Library Alliance"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://hbcudigitallibrary.auctr.edu/cdm/ref/collection/lumo/id/275"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["All digital images are under the copyright of Lincoln University. For inquiries about rights, or to request materials found in this collection, please use the contact information for the owning institution at archives@lincolnu.edu."],"dcterms_medium":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_p17336coll22_436","title":"Lincoln Normal School photograph album, 1921-1924","collection_id":"alm_p17336coll22","collection_title":"African American Lives","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Perry County, Marion, 32.63235, -87.31917"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1921/1924"],"dcterms_description":["This album includes pictures of prominent people associated with the Lincoln Normal School and its buildings in Marion, Alabama. It was among the first schools established for the education of freed slaves after the Civil War.","Gift of A. S. Williams III, 2010"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Lincoln Normal School photographic albums"],"dcterms_subject":["Teachers colleges","African Americans--Education (Higher)","Marion (Ala.)--Study and teaching (Higher)"],"dcterms_title":["Lincoln Normal School photograph album, 1921-1924"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/digital/collection/p17336coll22/id/436"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Images are in the public domain or protected under U.S. copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), and both types may be used for research and private study. For publication, commercial use, or reproduction, in print or digital format, of all images and/or the accompanying data, users are required to secure prior written permission from the copyright holder and from archives@ua.edu. When permission is granted, please credit the images as Courtesy of The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections."],"dcterms_medium":["photograph albums"],"dcterms_extent":["1 photograph album"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_simkins","title":"Modjeska Monteith Simkins: in her own words","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Richland County, 34.0218, -80.90304"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1921/1991"],"dcterms_description":["A Columbia civil rights activist, Simkins served as the South Carolina State Secretary for the NAACP, 1941 to 1957. She also had leadership roles in the renovation of Good Samaritan-Waverly Hospital and the Richland County Citizens Committee. Simkins was a founder, in 1921, of the Victory Savings Bank of Columbia. Now called South Carolina Community Bank, it survives as one of the oldest African American owned banks in the country. As a voice of African American leadership in the South, Simkins was routinely asked to use her influence in political campaigns. Although she helped many leaders win election, Simkins was unable to attain elected office herself. She ran unsuccessfully for Columbia City Council in 1966 and 1984 and the S.C. House of Representatives in 1966."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil Rights--History--20th Century","African Americans--South Carolina--History","Richland County Citizens' Committee (Richland County, S.C.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. South Carolina State Conference","Voting--South Carolina","Orangeburg Massacre, Orangeburg, S.C., 1968","South Carolina State University","All-America City Award","Booker T. Washington High School (Columbia, S.C.)","Good Samaritan Waverly Hospital (Columbia, S.C.)","Journal and guide (Norfolk, Va. : National ed.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Racism--South Carolina--History--20th Century","South Carolina--Race relations--History--20th Century","University of South Carolina","Vietnam War, 1961-1975"],"dcterms_title":["Modjeska Monteith Simkins: in her own words"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Caroliniana Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://digital.library.sc.edu/collections/modjeska-monteith-simkins-in-her-own-words/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Simkins, Modjeska Monteith, 1899-1992","Hollings, Ernest F., 1922-","Stowe, Lyman Beecher, 1880-1963","Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003","Wilkins, Roy, 1901-1981","Brooke, Edward W. (Edward William), 1919-2015","Hatcher, Richard G., 1933-","Johnston, Olin D. (Olin Dewitt), 1896-1965","Newman, I. DeQuincey (Isaiah DeQuincey), 1911-1985"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_mmsimkins_13550","title":"Modjeska Simkins Papers, Topical Papers, Victory Savings Bank, 1921-1988 and no date","collection_id":"suc_mmsimkins","collection_title":"Modjeska Monteith Simkins Papers, 1909-1992","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Richland County, Columbia, 34.00071, -81.03481"],"dcterms_creator":["Simkins, Modjeska Monteith, 1899-1992"],"dc_date":["1921/1988"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":["11718"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["University of South Carolina, South Carolina Political Collections"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Modjeska Simkins Papers. Series: Topical files. South Carolina Political Collections.","Modjeska Simkins Papers, 1909-1992"],"dcterms_subject":["Columbia (S.C.)","Benedict College"],"dcterms_title":["Modjeska Simkins Papers, Topical Papers, Victory Savings Bank, 1921-1988 and no date"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of South Carolina. South Carolina Political Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/mmsimkins/id/13550"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Digital image copyright 2012, The University of South Carolina. All rights reserved. For more information contact South Carolina Political Collections, USC, Columbia, SC 29208."],"dcterms_medium":["manuscripts (documents)"],"dcterms_extent":["135 items"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_mmsimkins_13113","title":"Modjeska Simkins Papers, Topical Papers, Victory Savings Bank Ledger, 1921-1934","collection_id":"suc_mmsimkins","collection_title":"Modjeska Monteith Simkins Papers, 1909-1992","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Richland County, Columbia, 34.00071, -81.03481"],"dcterms_creator":["Simkins, Modjeska Monteith, 1899-1992"],"dc_date":["1921/1934"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":["12677"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["University of South Carolina, South Carolina Political Collections"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Modjeska Simkins Papers. Series: Topical files. South Carolina Political Collections.","Modjeska Simkins Papers, 1909-1992"],"dcterms_subject":["Columbia (S.C.)","Benedict College"],"dcterms_title":["Modjeska Simkins Papers, Topical Papers, Victory Savings Bank Ledger, 1921-1934"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of South Carolina. South Carolina Political Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/mmsimkins/id/13113"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Digital image copyright 2012, The University of South Carolina. All rights reserved. For more information contact South Carolina Political Collections, USC, Columbia, SC 29208."],"dcterms_medium":["manuscripts (documents)"],"dcterms_extent":["1 item"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"xhs_inrec_270","title":"Phyllis Wheatley Branch of the Y.W.C.A.","collection_id":"xhs_inrec","collection_title":"Indianapolis recorder","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Indiana, Marion County, Indianapolis, 39.76838, -86.15804"],"dcterms_creator":["Indianapolis recorder (Firm)"],"dc_date":["1921"],"dcterms_description":["The Y.W.C.A. was located in a building at 801 North West Street. Next to it was Heid \u0026 Lentz Cut Rate Meat Market."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Indianapolis Recorder Collection, P 0303, Indiana Historical Society"],"dcterms_subject":["Indianapolis Young Women's Christian Association. Phyllis Wheatley Branch","Young Women's Christian Association","Clubs--Indiana--Indianapolis","Meat industry and trade--Indiana--Indianapolis"],"dcterms_title":["Phyllis Wheatley Branch of the Y.W.C.A."],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Indiana Historical Society"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://images.indianahistory.org/digital/collection/p0303/id/270"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aru_unequal_1668","title":"Scipio Jones' Brief to the Supreme Court Regarding the Elaine Twelve","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1921"],"dcterms_description":["Scipio Jones, a prominent African-American attorney from Little Rock, represented the twelve men convicted for their supposed involvment in the Elaine Race Massacre in 1919. Jones wrote this brief, entitled \"Arkansas Peons\" and published in the NAACP's magazine The Crisis in anticipation of the U.S. Supreme Court's review of the case.","Elaine Race Massacre -- Elaine Race Riot -- Elaine Twelve -- Elaine -- Phillips","The Arkansas Peons A brief prepared by Scipio Jones reviewing the case for presentation to the Supreme Court of the United States. Your petitioners, Frank Moore, Ed. Hicks, J. E. Knox, Ed. Coleman and Paul Hall state that they are citizens and residents of the State of Arkansas, and are now residing in Little Rock, confined in the Arkansas State Penitentiary, in the Western Division of the Eastern District of Arkansas, within the jurisdiction of the court; that the defendant is the keeper of the said Arkansas State Penitentiary, and as such is unlawfully restraining your petitioners of their liberty, and will, unless prevented from so doing by the issuance of the writ herein prayed for, deprive them of their life on the 23rd day of Sept., 1921, in violation of the Constitution and laws of the Untied States, and the Constitution and laws of the State of Arkansas. Petitioners further say that they are Negroes, of African descent, black in color, and that prior to the times hereinafter mentioned were citizens and residents of Phillips County, Arkansas, at Elaine; that on the — day of October, 1919, they were arrested, placed in the Phillips County jail and thereafter until their trial were kept in close confinement upon an alleged charge of murder in the first degree for the killing of one Clinton Lee, a white man, said to have occurred on the 1st day of October, 1919; that said Clinton Lee was killed, as they are informed, while a member of a posse of white men who were said to be attempting to quell a race riot, growing out of the killing of W. A. Adkins on the night of September 30, 1919, at Hoop Spur in said County and State; that said Adkins was killed, as they are advised, under these circumstances and conditions: Petitioners and a large number of the members of their race were peaceably and lawfully assembled in their church house at or near Hoop Spur, with no unlawful purpose in view, and with no desire or purpose to injure or do any wrong to any one; that while they were thus assembled, white persons began firing guns or pistols from the outside into and through said church house, through the windows and shooting the lights out therein, causing a great disturbance and stampede of those assembled therein; that the white persons so firing on said church came there in automobiles, of which there were several, and came for the purpose of breaking up said meeting; that said Adkins was killed either by members of his own party or by some other persons unknown to your petitioners; that the white men sent out the word to Helena, the county seat, that said Adkins had been killed by the Negroes, shot down in cold blood while on a peaceable mission, by an armed force of Negroes, assembled at the church, which caused great excitement all over the City of Helena and Phillips County; that the report of said killing spread like wild-fire into other counties, all over the State of Arkansas, and into other States, notably the State of Mississippi; that early the next day a large number of white men of said County armed themselves and rushed to the scene of [the] trouble and to adjacent regions, the vicinity of Elaine being one of them, and began the indiscriminate hunting down, shooting and killing of Negroes; that in a short time white men from adjoining counties and from the State of Mississippi likewise armed themselves, rushed to the scene of the trouble and began the indiscriminate shooting down of Negroes, both men and women, particularly the posse from the State of Mississippi, who shot down in cold blood innocent Negro men and women, many of whom were at the time in the fields picking cotton; that highly inflammable articles were published in the press of Arkansas and especially of Helena and throughout the United States, in which the trouble was variously called a “race riot,” “an uprising of the Negroes,” and a “deliberately planned insurrection among the Negroes against the whites” of that part of Phillips County; that the officers of Phillips County, especially the Sheriff, called upon the Governor of the State, and the Governor in turn called upon the Commanding Officer at Camp Pike for a large number of the United States soldiers to assist the citizens in quelling the so-called “race riot”, “uprising”, or “insurrection”; that a company of soldiers was dispatched to the scene of the trouble who took charge of the situation and finally succeeded in stopping the slaughter."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Scipio Jones' Brief to the Supreme Court Regarding the Elaine Twelve"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Civilrights/id/1668"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact Special Collections for information on copyright."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Jones, Scipio Africanus, 1863-1943"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aru_unequal_1674","title":"Scipio Jones' Brief to the Supreme Court Regarding the Elaine Twelve","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1921"],"dcterms_description":["Scipio Jones, a prominent African-American attorney from Little Rock, represented the twelve men convicted for their supposed involvment in the Elaine Race Massacre in 1919. Jones wrote this brief, entitled \"Arkansas Peons\" and published in the NAACP's magazine The Crisis in anticipation of the U.S. Supreme Court's review of the case.","Elaine Race Massacre -- Elaine Race Riot -- Elaine Twelve -- Elaine -- Phillips"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Scipio Jones' Brief to the Supreme Court Regarding the Elaine Twelve"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Civilrights/id/1674"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact Special Collections for information on copyright."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Jones, Scipio Africanus, 1863-1943"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aru_unequal_1669","title":"Scipio Jones' Brief to the Supreme Court Regarding the Elaine Twelve","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1921"],"dcterms_description":["Scipio Jones, a prominent African-American attorney from Little Rock, represented the twelve men convicted for their supposed involvment in the Elaine Race Massacre in 1919. Jones wrote this brief, entitled \"Arkansas Peons\" and published in the NAACP's magazine The Crisis in anticipation of the U.S. Supreme Court's review of the case.","Elaine Race Massacre -- Elaine Race Riot -- Elaine Twelve -- Elaine -- Phillips","Your petitioners further say that they, together with a large number of their race, both men and women, were taken to the Phillips County jail, at Helena, incarcerated therein and charged with murder; that a committee of seven, composed of leading Helena business men and officials, to wit: Sebastian Straus, Chairman; H. D. Moore, County Judge; F. F. Kitchens, Sheriff; J.G. Knight, Mayor; E. M. A. Lien, J. E. Horner and T. W. Keese, was selected for the purpose of probing into the situation and picking our those to be condemned to death and those to be condemned and sentenced to the penitentiary; that said Committee assumed charge of the matter and proceeded to have brought before them a large number of those incarcerated in jail and examined them regarding their own connection and the connection of others charged with participation in said trouble; that if evidence unsatisfactory to said Committee was not given they would be sent out and certain of their keepers would take them to a room in the jail which was immediately adjoining, and a part of the Court House building where said Committee was sitting, and torture them by beating and whipping them with leather straps with metal in them, cutting the blood at every lick until the victims would agree to testify to anything their torturers demanded of them; that there was also provided in said jail, to frighten and torture them, and electric chair, in which they would be put naked and the current turned on to shock and frighten them into giving damaging statements against themselves and others, also strangling drugs were put their noses for the same purpose and by these methods and means false evidence was extorted from Negroes to be used and was used against your petitioners. Petitioners further say that on every day from October 1, until after their trail on November 3, 1919, the press of Helena and the State of Arkansas carried inflammatory articles giving accounts of the trouble, which were calculating to arouse and did arouse bitter feeling against your petitioners and the other members of their race; … that shortly after being placed in jail, a mob was formed in the City of Helena, composed of hundreds of men, who marched to the county jail for the purpose and with the intent of lynching your petitioners and others, and would have done so but for the interference of United States soldiers and the promise of some of said Committee and other leading officials that if the mob would stay its hand they would execute those found guilty in the form of law. Petitioners further state that prior to October 1, 1919, they were farmers and share croppers; that nearly all the land in Phillips County is owned by white men; that some is rented out to share croppers to be tilled on shares, one-half to the tenant and the other half to the owner; that some years past there has grown up a system among the land owners of furnishing the Negro tenants supplies on which to make crops and which is calculated to deprive and does deprive the Negro tenants of all their interest in the crops produced by them; that in pursuance of this system, they refused to give the share croppers any itemized statement of account of their indebtedness for supplies so furnished, refused to let them move or sell any part of their crops, but themselves sell and dispose of the same at such prices as they please, and then give to the Negroes no account thereof, pay them only such amount as they wish, and in this way keep them down, poverty stricken and effectually under their control; that for the purpose of protecting themselves, if possible, against the oppressive and ruinous effects of this system, the Negro farmers organized societies, with the view of uniting their financial resources in moral and legal measures to overcome the same, which fact became quickly known to the plantation owners; that such owners were bitterly opposed to such societies, sought to prevent their organization, ordered the members to discontinue their meeting and sought by every means they could employ to disrupt them; that on the 30th say of September, 1919, petitioners and other members of the Ratio Lodge, near Elaine, learned that some of the Negro farmers of a nearby plantation had employed U. S. Bratton, an attorney of Little Rock, Arkansas, to represent them in effecting a settlement for them with their landlords, or, if he could not, to institute legal proceedings to protect their interests, and that either he, or his representative, would be there on the following day to meet with all parties concerned, perfect the arrangements, and learn all the facts as far as possible, and decided to hold a meeting with the view of seeing him while there, and engaging him as an attorney to protect their interest; that accordingly they met that night in the Hoop Spur church, which resulted, as hereinbefore set out, in the killing of said Adkins and the breaking up of said meeting: that on the"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Scipio Jones' Brief to the Supreme Court Regarding the Elaine Twelve"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. 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Petitioners further say that the entire trial, verdict and judgment against them was but an empty ceremony; that their real trial and condemnation had already taken place before said Committee of Seven; that said Committee, in advance of the citing of the court, had sat in judgment upon them and all the other cases and had assumed and exercised the jurisdiction of the court by determining their guilt or innocence of those in jail had acquired the evidence in the manner herein set out, and decided which of the defendants should be electrocuted and which sent to prison and the terms to be given them, and which to discharge; that when court convened, the program laid out by said Committee was carried through and the verdict against petitioners was pronounced and returned, not as the independent verdict of an unbiased jury, but as a part of the prearranged scheme and judgment of said Committee; that in doing this the court did not exercise the jurisdiction given it by law and wholly lost its jurisdiction by substituting for its judgment the judgment of condemnation of said Committee. 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