{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"scdl_clemsonboard_39","title":"Annual Report of the Clemson Board of Trustees, 1922","collection_id":"scdl_clemsonboard","collection_title":"Board of Trustees","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Pickens County, 34.88752, -82.72532"],"dcterms_creator":["Board of Trustees, Clemson University"],"dc_date":["1922-01-01"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Clemson, S.C. : Clemson University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Board of Trustees Annual Reports"],"dcterms_subject":["Libraries","Information science"],"dcterms_title":["Annual Report of the Clemson Board of Trustees, 1922"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Carolina Digital Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/trustees_reports/39"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright of Clemson University. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required."],"dcterms_medium":["manuscripts (documents)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ndd_cnhms_02010","title":"Box 2, Folder 10: Correspondence, 1922","collection_id":"ndd_cnhms","collection_title":"Charles N. Hunter papers, 1850s-1932 and undated","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Macon County, 32.38597, -85.69267","United States, Alabama, Macon County, Tuskegee, 32.42415, -85.69096","United States, Maryland, City of Baltimore, 39.29038, -76.61219","United States, North Carolina, Chatham County, 35.70258, -79.25535","United States, North Carolina, Chatham County, Moncure, 35.62265, -79.07835","United States, North Carolina, Durham County, Durham, 35.99403, -78.89862","United States, North Carolina, Guilford County, Greensboro, 36.07264, -79.79198","United States, North Carolina, Wake County, Raleigh, 35.7721, -78.63861"],"dcterms_creator":["Hunter, Charles N., approximately 1851-1931"],"dc_date":["1922"],"dcterms_description":["Correspondence of Charles N. Hunter dated 1922"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Incoming Business/Community Correspondence Subseries, 1871-1931, and undated, Charles N. Hunter Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book \u0026 Manuscript Library, Duke University."],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American business enterprises--North Carolina","African American farmers--North Carolina","African American teachers--North Carolina","African American teachers--Correspondence","African Americans--North Carolina--History","African Americans--Education--North Carolina","African Americans--North Carolina--Social conditions--To 1964","African Americans--History","Educators--Correspondence","Educators--North Carolina","African American educators--Correspondence","African American educators--North Carolina","North Carolina--History","North Carolina--Social conditions","Race relations","North Carolina--Race relations","School attendance--North Carolina--Raleigh","Teachers--Certification","Negro Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina--Employees","College presidents--North Carolina--Greensboro","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","African American fraternal organizations--North Carolina","Fund raising--North Carolina","St. Augustine's School (Raleigh, N.C.)","Commencement ceremonies--North Carolina--Raleigh","Shaw University--Employees","College presidents--North Carolina--Raleigh","African American newspapers--Maryland--Baltimore","Fund raising--North Carolina","North Carolina College for Women--Employees","Teachers--Training of--North Carolina","African American banks--North Carolina--Durham","Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute--Employees","African Americans--Employment--North Carolina","African American teachers--Employment--North Carolina","Applications for positions","Employment references--North Carolina","Collecting of accounts--North Carolina","Newspaper editors--North Carolina","African American newspaper editors--North Carolina","African American schools--North Carolina","Education--Standards--North Carolina","Office equipment and supplies--North Carolina--Raleigh","School children--Violence against--North Carolina"],"dcterms_title":["Box 2, Folder 10: Correspondence, 1922"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["David M. Rubenstein Rare Book \u0026 Manuscript Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/huntercharles/#cnhms02010"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: [Identification of item], Charles N. Hunter Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book \u0026 Manuscript Library, Duke University."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Hunter, Charles N., approximately 1851-1931","Chavis, John, 1763-1838"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"auu_auc-091","title":"Brailsford R. Brazeal papers","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Brazeal, Brailsford R."],"dc_date":["1922/1994-03-11"],"dcterms_description":["Collection of papers from Dr. Brailsford Reese Brazeal, an educator, economist, author, labor and civil rights activist. He dedicated much of his life to education, human relations, labor issues, and racial equality. He received his bachelor's degree from Morehouse College in 1927 and his master's degree in economics at Columbia University in 1928. He also received his Ph.D. from Columbia in economics and political science in 1942. Dr. Brazeal's scholarly interests and research focused extensively on labor equality and worker rights; he is especially noted for his research on the Pullman porters, and he published \"The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters\" in 1946. He was also involved in several collegiate and community organizations, including the Sigma Pi Phi (Boule), Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc., and Phi Beta Kappa."],"dc_format":["application/pdf","audio/mpeg","image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American authors","African American educators","African American men","African American universities and colleges","African American civil rights workers","Pullman porters","Transportation","African American women","African American children","African Americans--Civil rights","Oral history","African American families"],"dcterms_title":["Brailsford R. Brazeal papers"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage","Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://radar.auctr.edu/islandora/object/auc.091%3A9999"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["All works in this collection either are protected by copyright and/or are the property of the Robert W. Woodruff Library, and/or the copyright holder as appropriate. To order a reproduction or to inquire about permission to publish, please contact the Archives Research Center at: archives@auctr.edu with the web URL or handle identification number."],"dcterms_medium":["archival materials","audiotapes","black-and-white photographs","color photographs","transcripts","visual works (works)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Nixon, Edgar Daniel"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"vrc_goo","title":"Goochland County Rosenwald Schools oral history project, 2013-2015","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Virginia, Goochland County, 37.72198, -77.91636"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1922/2014"],"dcterms_description":["The Goochland County Rosenwald Schools Oral History Project is a joint venture by Dr. Brian J. Daugherity of Virginia Commonwealth University and Dr. Alyce Miller of John Tyler Community College. The purpose of the project is to document education in Goochland County, Virginia, particularly the impact of the Rosenwald Schools, and the differences between the education offered to white and black students during the period the Rosenwald Schools operated. The project was funded in part by a grant from the Virginia Foundation for Humanities, the John Tyler Community College Foundation, and the Virginia Community College System.","During the Jim Crow Era, from roughly the 1870s until the 1950s, segregated school systems were supposed to be, according to the U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), “separate but equal.” In reality, educational systems for African Americans in Virginia, and elsewhere in the South, were anything but. Starting in the 1910s, “Rosenwald Schools” were constructed for black students as a philanthropic endeavor funded in part by businessman and philanthropist Julius Rosenwald. While Rosenwald provided the matching grant funds that supported the program, Booker T. Washington was the initial force behind its creation. The Rosenwald schoolbuilding program began in 1912 when Booker T. Washington asked permission to use some of the money Rosenwald had donated to the Tuskegee Institute to construct several small schools in rural Alabama.","Over a 15 year period, from 1917 to 1932, 4,977 schools, primarily for African Americans, were funded and built. According to Julius Rosenwald Fund records (JRF), the JRF helped construct 367 schools, three teacher’s homes, and eleven school (industrial) shops in Virginia. In addition to providing its own money, the Rosenwald Fund required matching funds from any combination of public and private sources. Of the total cost of Rosenwald-associated buildings, grounds, and equipment in Virginia from 1917 through 1932, African Americans contributed 22%, white contributions totaled 1%, the Rosenwald Fund contributed 15%, and state and local government contributions equaled 62%. In the fifteen states in the South where the school building program operated, African Americans collectively contributed 17% of the funds, the Rosenwald Fund contributed 15% of the funds, private white contributions totaled 4% of the funds, and public funds made up the remaining 64% of the funds.","The majority of the private funding for Rosenwald Schools came from the African American communities where the schools were located, because black citizens organized fundraisers and sacrificed some of their own, often meager, wages in support of a better education for their children.","Rosenwald Schools were built using architectural plans provided by the Rosenwald Fund. Most of the schools were constructed in rural communities that were unlikely to have access to electricity, so they were designed to take the most advantage of natural light. They also had strict guidelines regarding ventilation, interior and exterior color schemes and decorative appointments, the quality of the furnishings and blackboards, and the location of separate outhouses. Often, the walls separating classrooms were moveable to enable the community to create a larger meeting space as needed.","The Goochland County Rosenwald Schools Oral History digital collection consists of 19 video interviews with 18 participants with fully searchable transcripts and tape logs for 15 of the interviews. Additionally, photographs of the schools and documents relating to the Rosenwald Fund are included."],"dc_format":["application/pdf","image/jp2","video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Oral histories","Julius Rosenwald Fund--Buildings","African American schools--Virginia--Goochland County","Goochland County (Va.)--Race relations","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Goochland County","African American schools--Curricula--Virginia--Goochland County","Goochland County (Va.)--Buildings, structures, etc.","School buildings--Virginia--Goochland County","African American teachers--Virginia--Goochland County","Segregation in education--Virginia--Goochland County","Community activists--Virginia--Goochland County","African American schools--Museums--Virginia--Goochland County","School integration--Virginia--Goochland County","African American neighborhoods--Virginia--Goochland County"],"dcterms_title":["Goochland County Rosenwald Schools oral history project, 2013-2015"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage","Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["James Branch Cabell Library. Special Collections and Archives"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://digital.library.vcu.edu/islandora/object/vcu:goo"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Bowles, James Harold--Interviews","Bowles, Vivian Knight--Interviews","Johnson, Ruth Cooke--Interviews","Pace, Earline--Interviews","Anderson, Francis--Interviews","Anthony, Eva--Interviews","Bowles, James Harold--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Dun-Moodie, Ina--Interviews","Haden, Joseph--Interviews","Hopkins, Calvin--Interviews","Johnson, Mattie Lee Harris--Interviews","Miller, Raymond A.--Interviews","Pace, Haywood--Interviews","Parrish, Alberta--Interviews","Parrish, Curtis--Interviews","Parrish, Phyllis--Interviews","Smith, Gail P.--Interviews","Ware, Sherman--Interviews","Anderson, Francis--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Anthony, Eva--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Bowles, James Harold--Political activity","Bowles, Vivian Knight--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Dun-Moodie, Ina--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Haden, Joseph--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Hopkins, Calvin--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Johnson, Mattie Lee Harris--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Johnson, Ruth Cooke--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Miller, Raymond A.--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Pace, Earline--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Pace, Haywood--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Parrish, Alberta--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Parrish, Curtis--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Parrish, Phyllis--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Quarles, William, Jr.--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Quarles, William, Jr.--Interviews","Smith, Gail P.--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes","Ware, Sherman--Childhood and youth--Anecdotes"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_mmsimkins_7351","title":"Modjeska Simkins Papers, Topical Papers, South Carolina Tuberculosis Association, 1922-1948 and no date","collection_id":"suc_mmsimkins","collection_title":"Modjeska Monteith Simkins Papers, 1909-1992","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Richland County, Columbia, 34.00071, -81.03481"],"dcterms_creator":["Simkins, Modjeska Monteith, 1899-1992"],"dc_date":["1922/1948"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["South Carolina Political Collections"],"dc_relation":["Modjeska Simkins Papers, 1909-1992"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":null,"dcterms_title":["Modjeska Simkins Papers, Topical Papers, South Carolina Tuberculosis Association, 1922-1948 and no date"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Caroliniana Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/mmsimkins/id/7351"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["For more information contact South Carolina Political Collections, USC, Columbia, SC 29208."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["manuscripts (documents)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Simkins, Modjeska Monteith, 1899-1992"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"vrc_goo_38425","title":"Plan for Distribution of Aid from the Julius Rosenwald Fund for Building Rural Schoolhouses in the South, For the Year Beginning July 1, 1922 and Ending June 30, 1923","collection_id":"vrc_goo","collection_title":"Goochland County Rosenwald Schools Oral History Project, 2013-2015","dcterms_contributor":["Daugherity, Brian J., 1972-","Miller, Alyce P.","Silvent, Christopher","James Branch Cabell Library, Special Collections and Archives","VCU Libraries"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1922"],"dcterms_description":["Outlines the conditions by which the Julius Rosenwald Fund awarded aid to communities in the Southern States for the construction of schools for African Americans. It also describes the role in the construction of the school that the community undertook upon acceptance of aid."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original item: Plan for Distribution of Aid from the Julius Rosenwald Fund for Building Rural Schoolhouses in the South, For the Year Beginning July 1, 1922 and Ending June 30, 1923, Goochland County Rosenwald Schools Oral History Project, 2013-2015, M 501, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University.","Goochland County Rosenwald Schools Oral History Project, 2013-2015"],"dcterms_subject":["School buildings--Southern States--Finance","Community and school--Planning","African American schools--Southern States--History","Julius Rosenwald Fund--Buildings"],"dcterms_title":["Plan for Distribution of Aid from the Julius Rosenwald Fund for Building Rural Schoolhouses in the South, For the Year Beginning July 1, 1922 and Ending June 30, 1923"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["James Branch Cabell Library. Special Collections and Archives"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://digital.library.vcu.edu/islandora/object/vcu%3A38425"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["In Copyright","This material is protected by copyright, and the copyright is held by Brian J. Daugherity, Alyce Miller, and Christopher Silvent. You are permitted to use this material in any way that is permitted by copyright. In addition, this material is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). Acknowledgment of Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries as a source is required."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gych_rbrl001rbrcx","title":"Richard B. Russell, Jr. collection, subgroup c, series x: civil rights, 1922-1971","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971"],"dc_date":["1922/1971"],"dcterms_description":["Subgroup C, Series X. Civil Rights is organized into forty-two subseries: A. Anti-lynching; B. Carter, Hodding - Articles; C. Civil Rights; D. Bills and Legislations; E. Civil Rights Commission; F. Civil Rights Fight; G. Cloture; H. Demonstrations; I. Fair Employment Practices Commission [FEPC]; J. Federal Registrar's Bill; K. Filibuster; L. Guidelines; M. Housing; N. Integration - Pro; O. Literacy Vote Bill; P. Little Rock; Q. NAACP; R. Negro; S. Negro Relocation; T. Negro Repatriation; U. Negro Resettlement; V. Negro-Ray Sprigle Articles; W. Poll Tax; X. Racial; Y. Racial-Alabama; Z. Racial - Mississippi; AA. Racial-Out of State; BB. Racial Segregation; CC. Requests for Civil Rights Material; DD. Riot Commission; EE. Riots; FF. Rule Change; GG. School Segregation; HH. Schools; II. Schools - Integration Directives; JJ. Segregation; KK. Segregation in the Armed Services; LL. Slander of the South; MM. Southern Caucus; NN. States' Rights; OO. Supreme Court; and PP. Constituent Correspondence Answered by Robo.","Materials Separated from the Resource:   John C. Stennis Papers, Mitchell Memorial Library, Mississippi State University, Lyndon B. Johnson Papers, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Richard B. Russell, Jr. Gubernatorial Papers, Georgia Department of Archives and History, U.S. Senate. Committee on Appropriations, Center for Legislative Archives, NARA, U.S. Senate. Committee on Armed Services, Center for Legislative Archives, NARA.","Processing Information: Clippings have been copied onto bond paper for protection of content. Artifacts, photographs, books, and audiovisual materials have been separated for preservation purposes and inventoried. Case mail, cross-reference copies, and military academies are closed. Additional files are restricted throughout the collection, as noted in the container listing.","The Richard B. Russell, Jr. Collection, Subgroup C, Series X: Civil Rights relates to many aspects of the civil rights issue. Almost all of the files deal with black-white relations in the United States, particularly those involving legislative action during Senator Russell's career in the Senate. Issues, such as the antilynching bill, the Fair Employment Practices Committee, racial integration, and the various civil rights bills from 1948 until 1964, are documented. There are also records related to other topics such as cloture, the literacy voting bill, the poll tax, school prayer, and some subjects which are indirectly related to the race issue. Any additional non-textual materials originally filed with papers were removed for preservation purposes and improved access. These materials include photographs, audiovisual items, scrapbooks, vertical files, memorabilia, and books.","Subgroup C, Series X. Civil Rights relates to many aspects of the civil rights issue. Almost all of the files deal with black-white relations in the United States, particularly those involving legislative action during Senator Russell's career in the Senate. Issues, such as the antilynching bill, the Fair Employment Practices Committee, racial integration, and the various civil rights bills from 1948 until 1964, are documented. There are also records related to other topics such as cloture, the literacy voting bill, the poll tax, school prayer, and some subjects which are indirectly related to the race issue.","Richard Brevard Russell, Jr. held public office for fifty years as a state legislator, governor, and U.S. senator. The highlights of his legislative career included support of non-interventionist foreign policy, passage of the National School Lunch Program, securing funding for military installations and research facilities—including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—and his opposition to equal rights for African Americans, most evident in the filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Russell was born in Winder, GA on November 2, 1897, to Judge Richard B. Russell, Sr. and Ina Dillard Russell, a teacher. He was the fourth of thirteen children and the first son. He earned a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Georgia in 1918. After a brief period practicing law, Russell ran for and won a seat in the Georgia House of Representatives in 1920. In 1927, he was elected Speaker of the House, a position he held until 1931. In 1930, Russell ran for governor against a crowded field of seasoned candidates, but he was victorious thanks to a grassroots campaign and his skill in door-to-door canvassing. He took the oath of office in June 1931 but only spent eighteen months as governor before the death of Senator William J. Harris presented him with the opportunity to run for the United States Senate. Russell entered the U.S. Senate in 1933 and served until his death in 1971. He became one of the Senate's most influential members. During his tenure, he served sixteen years as chair of the Armed Services Committee and held a seat on the Appropriation Committee that spanned his tenure in the Senate. Additionally, Russell held positions on the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, the Committee on Immigration, the Aeronautical and Space Sciences Committee, and the Democratic Policy and Democratic Steering Committees. Although he wielded considerable power through these committee appointments, Russell did not seek a position in the Senate leadership. Instead, he supported the ambitions of his protégé, Senator Lyndon Johnson from Texas for majority whip and later for majority leader. Russell ended his career as president pro tempore of the Senate—a post reserved for the member with the longest tenure in the Senate—making him third in the line of presidential succession. Russell was known for his support of national defense, non-interventionist foreign policy, and his advocacy for agricultural interests (particularly those in Georgia). Russell opposed the United States entangling itself in international conflicts, especially in Vietnam and the Congo. In agricultural policy, the creation of the National School Lunch Program in 1946 was his most significant achievement for the nation's farmers. The program had the double effect of providing nutritious meals for schoolchildren while avoiding an economic crash by giving farmers a way to sell their surplus produce. Russell's opposition to civil rights legislation overshadowed his many legislative achievements. He began contesting civil rights legislation as early as 1935 when he joined other southern senators to block anti-lynching bills. Over three decades, Russell developed a reputation as a defender of “white traditions” and white supremacy. During the Senate’s debate of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Russell led the Southern Bloc in a sixty-day filibuster in an attempt to prevent the bill’s passage, vowing to “resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would have a tendency to bring about social equality and intermingling and amalgamation of the races.” The filibuster came to an end only after a partnership of moderate Republicans and northern Democrats introduced a compromise bill that garnered the sixty-seven votes needed to invoke cloture and end the filibuster. The substitute civil rights bill passed on June 19 by a margin of 73-27. Though Russell advised against attempts to resist the Civil Rights Act at the state level, he remained unapologetic in his criticism of it. In a speech given in the Senate on June 18, 1964, Russell sought to encourage the other members of the Southern Bloc, saying “…there will never come a time when it will be necessary for any one of us to apologize for his conduct or his courage.”  Russell left behind a list of political and legislative achievements and a reputation for mastery of legislative strategy. Despite his other distinctions, racial animus and obstructionism would become the most remembered aspects of his legacy. As biographer Gilbert Fite noted, Russell might well have achieved more, were it not for his racial views."],"dc_format":["image/jp2"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights movements--United States","Literacy tests (Election law)--United States","Patronage, Political--United States","African Americans--Civil rights","Legislators--United States","Cloture","United States--Race relations","Poll tax--United States","School integration--United States","School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock","Legislators--Georgia","Civil rights movements--Georgia","United States. Congress. Senate--Cloture"],"dcterms_title":["Richard B. Russell, Jr. collection, subgroup c, series x: civil rights, 1922-1971"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/gych_rbrl001rbrcx"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Richard B. Russell, Jr. Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia."],"dlg_local_right":["Richard B. Russell, Jr. Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia. Library acts as \"fair use\" reproduction agent. Before material from collections at the Richard B. Russell Library may be quoted in print, or otherwise reproduced, in whole or in part, in any publication, permission must be obtained from (1) the owner of the physical property, and (2) the holder of the copyright. It is the particular responsibility of the researcher to obtain both sets of permissions. Persons wishing to quote from materials in the Russell Library collection should consult the Director. Reproduction of any item must contain a complete citation to the original."],"dcterms_medium":["archival materials","correspondence"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Russell, Richard B. 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