{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"fhm_floh_fort1","title":"Clarence Fort / interviewed by Andrew Huse","collection_id":"fhm_floh","collection_title":"Florida Civil Rights Oral Histories","dcterms_contributor":["Huse, Andrew T.","University of South Florida. Library. Florida Studies Center. Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Florida, Hillsborough County, Tampa, 27.94752, -82.45843"],"dcterms_creator":["Fort, Clarence, 1938-"],"dc_date":["2006"],"dcterms_description":["Clarence Fort discusses his involvement in Tampa's civil rights movement. Fort was head of the NAACP Youth Council, organizing sit-ins and other demonstrations. He describes some of the events that led to the end of segregation in Tampa, including the first sit-in at Woolworth's in February 1960. He also explains how he became the first African American bus driver for Trailways Bus Lines and comments on the current status of race relations in Tampa.","Interview conducted June 1, 2006."],"dc_format":["audio/mp4","application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights demonstrations--Florida--Tampa","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Civil rights workers--Interviews","Civil rights workers--Florida"],"dcterms_title":["Clarence Fort / interviewed by Andrew Huse"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of South Florida. Tampa Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.lib.usf.edu/SFS0022274/00001"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","oral histories (literary works)","sound recordings"],"dcterms_extent":["1 sound file (110 min.) : digital, MPEG4 file + transcript"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Fort, Clarence, 1938-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_tomcrosbystr","title":"Tom Crosby’s Rosenwald School oral history collection, 2006-2011","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":["South Caroliniana Library. Office of Oral History","Crosby, Tom, 1940-","L'Hommedieu, Andrea,"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Richland County, 34.0218, -80.90304","United States, South Carolina, Richland County, Columbia, Allen University, 34.01071, -81.02037","United States, South Carolina, Union County, 34.68928, -81.61942","United States, South Carolina, Union County, Union, Sims High School, 34.70097, -81.6101"],"dcterms_creator":["Crosby, Tom, 1940-","Dorrah-Evans, Dorothy Mae Lomax, 1906-2012","Floyd, James, 1935-","Gamble, Dill, Jr., 1934-","Alston, Kenneth, 1951-","Bates, John H., 1938-","Boyd, Telicious Kenly, 1919-2009","Brown, Joe E. (Joe Ellis), 1933-","Burgess, Agnes, 1914-2012,","Cannon, William, 1928-","Carter, Durham, 1928-","Dillard, Mary Gregory, 1938-","Felder, Rosana, 1909-2012,"],"dc_date":["2006/2011"],"dcterms_description":["The Rosenwald Schools of South Carolina exhibit features as its center the forty-three oral history interviews forming the Tom Crosby Oral History Collection that describe the educational experiences of African Americans in South Carolina 1910s-1970s, most of whom attended Rosenwald schools and/or Allen University. Accessible from the Interviews tab, all interviews are available as transcripts and sound recordings. Interview synopses, with biographical data, precede each transcript link.","","What is a Rosenwald school? In 1917, Julius Rosenwald (1862-1932), President of Sears, Roebuck and Company, initiated the Julius Rosenwald Foundation which built more than 5000 schools, shop buildings and teachers’ houses for African Americans across the South. African Americans participated in the building of schools in their communities including land acquisition, fund raising, school management and curriculum. About 500 schools were built in South Carolina. The program ended in 1932, but many of the schools continued operating until desegregation in the early 1970s."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. South Caroliniana Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Education--South Carolina--History--20th century","African Americans--Social life and customs--20th century","African Americans--South Carolina--Interviews","African American schools--South Carolina--Union County--History--20th century","Allen University--Alumni and alumnae--Interviews","African American schools--South Carolina--Richland County--History--20th century","Sims High School (Union, S.C.)--Alumni and alumnae--Interviews","African American school administrators--South Carolina--Interviews","African American teachers--South Carolina--Interviews","Booker T. Washington High School (Columbia, S.C.)--Alumni and alumnae--Interviews","High school athletes--South Carolina--Union County--History","African American schools--South Carolina--Newberry County--History--20th century","Allen University--Alumni and alumnae","African American schools--South Carolina--Clarendon County--History--20th century","African American schools--South Carolina--Laurens County--History--20th century","African American schools--South Carolina--Sumter County--History--20th century","African American teachers--South Carolina","Benedict College--Alumni and alumnae--Interviews","Booker T. Washington High School (Columbia, S.C.)--Faculty--Interviews","Crosby, Tom, 1940---Interviews","Dorrah-Evans, Dorothy Mae Lomax, 1906-2012--Interviews","Floyd, James, 1935---Interviews","Gamble, Dill, Jr., 1934---Interviews","Julius Rosenwald Fund","Negro Rural School Fund, Inc.","Sims High School (Union, S.C.)--Football--History--20th century","South Carolina State College--Alumni and alumnae--Interviews","South Carolina State University--Alumni and alumnae--Interviews"],"dcterms_title":["Tom Crosby’s Rosenwald School oral history collection, 2006-2011"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Caroliniana Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://digital.library.sc.edu/collections/tom-crosby-oral-history-collection-2006-2011/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright: University of South Carolina. The transcript and audio are provided for individual Research Purposes Only; for all other uses, including publication, reproduction, and quotation beyond fair use, permission must be obtained in writing from: The South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, 910 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208"],"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Long, Lawrence W. -1985"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"bcas_p1532coll1_12271","title":"Abrams, Annie interview","collection_id":"bcas_p1532coll1","collection_title":"Butler Center for Arkansas Studies Audio Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Johnson, Jajuan"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, 34.76993, -92.3118","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959"],"dcterms_creator":["Abrams, Annie"],"dc_date":["2005-11-30"],"dcterms_description":["Annie Abrams continues a previous interview focusing on her involvement with civic organizations."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Little Rock, Ark. : Butler Center for Arkansas Studies. Central Arkansas Library System"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Ruled By Race","Arkansas Women"],"dcterms_subject":["Arkansas--Politics and government","Race relations--Arkansas","African American civil rights workers","Husband and wife"],"dcterms_title":["Abrams, Annie interview"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Butler Center for Arkansas Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://arstudies.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p1532coll1/id/12271"],"dcterms_temporal":["1950/1970"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["files (digital files)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"bcas_p1532coll1_12268","title":"Abrams, Annie interview","collection_id":"bcas_p1532coll1","collection_title":"Butler Center for Arkansas Studies Audio Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Johnson, Jajuan"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, 34.76993, -92.3118","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959"],"dcterms_creator":["Abrams, Annie"],"dc_date":["2005-10-28"],"dcterms_description":["Annie Abrams describes her life as a civil rights activist."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Little Rock, Ark. : Butler Center for Arkansas Studies. Central Arkansas Library System"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Ruled By Race"],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers","Arkansas--Politics and government","Civil rights movements","Race relations--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Abrams, Annie interview"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Butler Center for Arkansas Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://arstudies.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p1532coll1/id/12268"],"dcterms_temporal":["1931/2005"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["files (digital files)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"bcas_p1532coll1_12334","title":"Abrams, Annie interview","collection_id":"bcas_p1532coll1","collection_title":"Butler Center for Arkansas Studies Audio Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Johnson, Jajuan"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044","United States, Arkansas, Monroe County, 34.67784, -91.20389","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, 34.76993, -92.3118","United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959"],"dcterms_creator":["Abrams, Annie"],"dc_date":["2005-10-28"],"dcterms_description":["Annie Abrams describes her life as a civil rights activist."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Little Rock, Ark. : Butler Center for Arkansas Studies. Central Arkansas Library System"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Butler Center Oral History Collection (BC.MSS.09.26)||Ruled By Race;"],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers","Civil rights movements"],"dcterms_title":["Abrams, Annie interview"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Butler Center for Arkansas Studies"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://arstudies.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p1532coll1/id/12334"],"dcterms_temporal":["1931/2005"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Available for use in research, teaching, and private study. Other uses require permission from the Butler Center.;"],"dcterms_medium":["audiocassette"],"dcterms_extent":["87,132 KB||45:15"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_r-0346","title":"Oral history interview with Lemuel Delany, July 15, 2005","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hill, Kimberly (Kimberly DeJoie)","Delany, Esther","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, New York, New York County, New York, 40.7142691, -74.0059729","United States, North Carolina, Wake County, Raleigh, 35.7721, -78.63861"],"dcterms_creator":["Delany, Lemuel, 1920-"],"dc_date":["2005-07-15"],"dcterms_description":["Lemuel Delany was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1920 into a prominent African American family. The son of a doctor and a speech teacher, Delany describes growing up in the \"black world\" of segregated Raleigh and his growing awareness of racial discrimination as he grew older. In discussing his formative years, Delany offers information about race relations in the segregated South, his family's history dating back to the colonial era, and his family's interactions with an African American \"who's who. \" After finishing high school, Delany stayed in Raleigh for a few years, working as a garbage man and as a lifeguard. Because of the lack of economic opportunities, Delany moved to New York in 1942, where he lived in Harlem. Delany remained in New York for nearly sixty years before resettling in Raleigh. In New York, he worked briefly in a factory before establishing a career as a funeral director. Having spent considerable time in both the North and the South over the course of the twentieth century, Delany draws comparisons between the nature of segregation and race relations in both regions. In addition, he devotes considerable attention to a discussion of his reaction to Having Our Say: The Delany Sisters' First 100 Years, a book written by his aunts Sarah Louise \"Sadie\" Delany and Annie Elizabeth \"Bessie\" Delany. Delany argues that his aunts' book obscured the accomplishments of the entire Delany family by focusing too narrowly on their own lives. As he sees it, the \"real\" story about his family is one of upward mobility, beginning with an enslaved ancestor who established a name for himself following his emancipation. Finally, Delany offers his thoughts on the civil rights movement, arguing that the negative consequences of desegregation as seen in the demise of black economic, educational, and social institutions far outweighed its benefits. He further maintains that the NAACP failed to support African American enterprise.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American men--North Carolina--Raleigh","African American families--North Carolina","African Americans--North Carolina--Raleigh--Social life and customs","African Americans--New York (State)--New York--Social life and customs","African Americans--Segregation--North Carolina--Raleigh","African Americans--Segregation--New York (State)--New York","United States--Race relations","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Lemuel Delany, July 15, 2005"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/R-0346/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Nov. 28, 2008).","Interview participants: Lemuel Delany, interviewee; Esther Delany, interviewee; Mrs. Delany, interviewee; Kimberly Hill, interviewer.","Duration: 01:33:44.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Delany, Lemuel, 1920-","Delany, Sarah Louise, 1889-1999","Delany, Esther"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tnn_npldl_crohpbirch11bclip1","title":"Excerpt 1 from oral history interview with Adolpho Birch, 2005 June 22","collection_id":"tnn_npldl","collection_title":"Nashville Public Library Digital Collections Portal: Civil Rights","dcterms_contributor":["Egerton, John","James, Carolyn"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Davidson County, Nashville, 36.16589, -86.78444"],"dcterms_creator":["Birch, Adolpho A., 1932-"],"dc_date":["2005-06-22"],"dcterms_description":["An excerpt from an oral history interview with Nashville Civil Rights Movement participant Adolpho A. Birch, conducted on 22 June 2005 by John Egerton as part of the Nashville Public Library's Civil Rights Oral History Project. Birch discusses the Colored YMCA Law School, also known as the Kent College of Law, in Nashville, how the school was established, and some of the other people who attended or taught at the school, including Robert Lillard and Z. Alexander Looby.  The complete interview, as well as a transcript, is available in the repository."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Excerpted from:  CROHPBirch audio cassette recording(s) converted to mp3 format in 2006.","Civil Rights Oral History Project, Special Collections Division, Nashville Public Library."],"dc_relation":["Forms part of the online collection: Civil Rights Online Collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Kent College of Law (Nashville, Tenn.)","Young Men's Christian Association","African Americans--Social conditions","African Americans--Civil rights--Tennessee--Nashville","Civil rights--Tennessee--Nashville","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Nashville","Civil rights movements--Tennessee--Nashville","African Americans--Segregation--Tennessee--Nashville","Law schools--Tennessee--Nashville","Law--Study and teaching--Tennessee--Nashville","Nashville (Tenn.)--Race relations","Nashville (Tenn.)--History","Nashville (Tenn.)--Social conditions","Birch, Adolpho A., 1932- --Interviews"],"dcterms_title":["Excerpt 1 from oral history interview with Adolpho Birch, 2005 June 22"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Nashville Public Library (Tenn.). Special Collections Division"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.library.nashville.org/u?/nr,220"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["U.S. and international copyright laws protect this digital content, which is provided for educational purposes only and may not be downloaded, reproduced, or distributed for any other purpose without written permission.  Please contact the Special Collections Division of the Nashville Public Library, 615 Church Street, Nashville, Tennessee, 37219. Telephone (615) 862-5782."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["audio/mp3 (1.60 MB; 1 min., 45 sec.)"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Birch, Adolpho A., 1932-","Looby, Z. Alexander (Zephaniah Alexander), 1899-1972","Lillard, Robert Emmitt, 1907-1991"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_u-0019","title":"Oral history interview with Elizabeth Brown, June 17, 2005","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hill, Kimberly (Kimberly DeJoie)","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Brown, Elizabeth, 1937-"],"dc_date":["2005-06-17"],"dcterms_description":["Elizabeth Brown, a white teacher who taught at John Carroll High School in Birmingham, Alabama, describes desegregation and its legacies in her city. While Brooks offers few details of the desegregation process, and remembers the racism of some white students, she recalls a relatively smooth transition at her high school. Despite the success of desegregation, she worries that prejudice endures, whether in the form of classism, sexism, or homophobia.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["School integration--Alabama","Teachers--Alabama--Birmingham","Catholic schools--Alabama--Birmingham","Catholic schools--Alabama--History--20th century","Civil rights movements","Birmingham (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Education--Alabama--Birmingham","Minorities--Education--Alabama--Birmingham","School integration--Alabama--Birmingham"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Elizabeth Brown, June 17, 2005"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/U-0019/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Nov. 29, 2007).","Interview participants: Elizabeth Brown, interviewee; Kimberly Hill, interviewer.","Duration: 01:56:22.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Brown, Elizabeth, 1937-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_u-0023","title":"Oral history interview with Glennon Threatt, June 16, 2005","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hill, Kimberly (Kimberly DeJoie)","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249","United States, Alabama, Shelby County, 33.26428, -86.66065","United States, Alabama, Shelby County, Indian Springs Village, 33.35539, -86.75443"],"dcterms_creator":["Threatt, Glennon, 1957-"],"dc_date":["2005-06-16"],"dcterms_description":["Glennon Threatt describes his experiences with racial segregation in his hometown of Birmingham, Alabama. Threatt, a lawyer in Birmingham, was one of three gifted African American students who integrated an all-white elementary school gifted class. His presence at the school both helped propel him to academic success and made him a double target for violence and intimidation. Threatt left Alabama to attend Princeton, leaving behind a city where residential and school desegregation seemed to nurture, rather than erode, racism. When he returned to Birmingham twenty years later, he found African Americans in leadership positions, but also golf courses that continued to refuse them membership. Researchers interested in the Birmingham experience with segregation, one African American's experience with racial discrimination and violence, and reflections on the life of racism in America will find this interview very useful.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["School integration--Alabama--Birmingham","Interracial dating","Civil rights--Alabama--Birmingham","Gifted children--Education","African American students--Alabama--Birmingham","Birmingham (Ala.)--Race relations","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Alabama--Birmingham--Attitudes","Indian Springs School (Indian Springs Village, Ala.)"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Glennon Threatt, June 16, 2005"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/U-0023/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Duration: 01:35:07"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Threatt, Glennon, 1957-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_u-0020","title":"Oral history interview with Willie Mae Lee Crews, June 16, 2005","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hill, Kimberly (Kimberly DeJoie)","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Crews, Willie Mae Lee"],"dc_date":["2005-06-16"],"dcterms_description":["Willie Mae Lee Crews was born into a sharecropping family in Marion, Alabama, during the 1930s. She describes her childhood as impoverished, but stresses that she was instilled with a strong work ethic by her close-knit family. During the 1950s, Crews attended Dillard University in New Orleans on scholarship and then continued her education at the graduate level at Fisk University in Nashville. As a graduate student in sociology, Crews was sent to Montgomery, Alabama, to interview participants in the bus boycott. By the early 1960s, Crews had become a teacher. She describes her work at Hayes High School, an African American school in Birmingham, during the 1960s and 1970s. Crews first started teaching at Hayes in 1963; she describes it as an excellent segregated school with strong leadership and high standards for its students. Crews was still teaching at Hayes in 1970-1971 when Birmingham schools were desegregated. Here, she focuses more on efforts to integrate faculty rather than on efforts to integrate students. She describes how the school district transferred teachers in a way that favored white teachers and schools to the detriment of students at schools like Hayes. Crews also discusses the role of segregated housing in creating what she calls a \"projects mentality.\" Social trends such as this, along with ineffective policies and the influx of poorly trained teachers, were to blame for the deterioration of integrated schools. In particular, she laments the disappearance of teaching philosophies that had stressed teaching students integrity, social responsibility, and self-confidence that had characterized Hayes High School prior to desegregation.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Teachers--Alabama--Birmingham","School integration--Alabama--Birmingham","Schools--Alabama--History--20th century","African American teachers--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Education--Alabama--Birmingham","High schools--Alabama--Birmingham--Faculty","African Americans--Education--Social aspects--Alabama--Birmingham","Alabama--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Willie Mae Lee Crews, June 16, 2005"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 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