{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"noa_sohpcr_f-0036","title":"Oral history interview with Nancy Kester Neale, August 6, 1983","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Blanchard, Dallas A.","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Neale, Nancy Alice Kester, 1934-"],"dc_date":["1983-08-06"],"dcterms_description":["Nancy Kester Neale remembers her father, Howard \"Buck\" Kester, who founded the Southern Tenant Farmers Union and held leadership positions in the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen and the Committee on Economic and Racial Justice. According to Neale, Kester was a pioneer whose activism demonstrated the power that religious organizations could play in improving the lives of the southern underclass. This interview is at times light on specifics, but is a useful look at the role of religious organizations in the struggle for economic and racial justice in the South well before the modern civil rights movement gained strength.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Fellowship of Southern Churchmen","Women civil rights workers","Women social reformers--Southern States","Social movements--Southern States--Religious aspects--Christianity","Social justice--Southern States--Religious aspects--Christianity"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Nancy Kester Neale, August 6, 1983"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/F-0036/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on July 7, 2008).","Interview participants: Nancy Kester Neale, interviewee; Dallas Blanchard, interviewer.","Duration: 01:10:33.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Kester, Alice Harris","Kester, Howard, 1904-1977","Neale, Nancy Alice Kester, 1934-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_f-0034","title":"Oral history interview with Nelle Morton, June 29, 1983","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Blanchard, Dallas A.","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Morton, Nelle, 1905-"],"dc_date":["1983-06-29"],"dcterms_description":["Nelle Morton grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. In 1925, she graduated from Flora MacDonald College in North Carolina and became a teacher. A few years later, Morton completed graduate work at the General Assembly Training School in Virginia and at the Biblical Seminary in New York City. By 1944, she had become the general secretary of the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen. Prior to assuming leadership within the Fellowship, Morton had worked closely with its founders. In this interview, she spends considerable time discussing her perception of various leaders within the Fellowship, including Howard \"Buck\" Kester, Thomas \"Scotty\" Cowan, Charles Johnson, and Reinhold Niebuhr. According to Morton, the Fellowship was founded in order to promote more radical ideas about race relations and integrations among southern churches. In explaining the goals and strategies of the Fellowship, Morton focuses on aspects of religion in the South, the Fellowship's efforts to ensure integration within their own organization, and its stance on other issues related to labor and rural people. Throughout the interview, she emphasizes the communal spirit of the Fellowship and stresses their pioneering work in integration. Particularly interesting examples she offers include her description of an integrated summer camp for children at her family's farm in Kingsport and efforts of the Fellowship to integrate places like community pools. In addition to describing the strategies, successes, and limitations of the Fellowship, Morton describes how her work with the Fellowship made her cognizant of other inequalities related to gender. She describes the challenges of being a woman leader in the Fellowship; these included the discrimination she faced during her tenure as the general secretary from 1944 to 1950. Morton later became actively involved in the women's movement and suggests here that it was her work with issues of race and labor that enabled her to recognize discrimination against, and oppression of, women.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Fellowship of Southern Churchmen","Women civil rights workers","Women social reformers--Southern States","Social movements--Religious aspects--Christianity--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Civil rights workers--United States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","Sex discrimination against women--United States"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Nelle Morton, June 29, 1983"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/F-0034/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Dec. 5, 2008).","Interview participants: Nelle Morton, interviewee; Dallas A. Blanchard, interviewer.","Duration: 03:41:16.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Morton, Nelle, 1905-1987"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_gravely_140","title":"Hawley Lynn oral history interview, 1983 June 28","collection_id":"suc_gravely","collection_title":"William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Greenville County, Greenville, 34.85262, -82.39401"],"dcterms_creator":["Lynn, Hawley","Gravely, William"],"dc_date":["1983-06-28"],"dcterms_description":["An oral history interview on June 28, 1983, by William Gravely with Hawley Lynn, who was a pastor at a local church at the time of Willie Earle's lynching. Topics covered in the interview include Lynn's ant-lynching sermon, a community meeting to condemn the lynching, how Lynn personally broke out of Southern racism, and when Lynn publicly spoke out against fund-raising efforts supporting suspected members of the lynching party."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. Department of Oral History, University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Call Number: GRA 032","William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--South Carolina--History--20th century","African Americans--South Carolina--Interviews","Civil rights--South Carolina","Lynching--South Carolina--Greenville","Trials(Murder)--South Carolina--Greenville","Greenville County (S.C.)--Race Relations--History"],"dcterms_title":["Hawley Lynn oral history interview, 1983 June 28"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Caroliniana Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm17173.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/gravely/id/140"],"dcterms_temporal":["1946/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright: University of South Carolina. The transcript and audio are provided for individual research purposes only; for all other uses, including publication, reproduction, and quotation beyond fair use, permission must be obtained in writing from: Department of Oral History, University Libraries, University of South Carolina."],"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["26:51"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Lynn, Hawley","Earle, Willie, 1922-1947"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"fhm_floh_rodriguez","title":"Francisco Rodriguez Junior / interviewed by Gary Mormino","collection_id":"fhm_floh","collection_title":"Florida Civil Rights Oral Histories","dcterms_contributor":["Mormino, Gary Ross, 1947-","University of South Florida Libraries. Florida Studies Center. 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He also comments on desegregation and Tampa politics.","Interview conducted June 18, 1983."],"dc_format":["audio/mp4","application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Cuban Americans--Florida--Tampa","African Americans--Florida--Tampa","Civil rights workers--Interviews","Civil rights workers--Florida","Ybor City (Tampa, Fla.)--Politics and government","Tampa (Fla.)--Politics and government"],"dcterms_title":["Francisco Rodriguez Junior / interviewed by Gary Mormino"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of South Florida. Tampa Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digital.lib.usf.edu/SFS0022278/00001"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","oral histories (literary works)","sound recordings"],"dcterms_extent":["1 sound file (21 min.) : digital, MPEG4 file + transcript"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Rodriguez, Francisco A., Jr., 1916-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_gravely_178","title":"John McCray oral history interview, 1983 June, part 1","collection_id":"suc_gravely","collection_title":"William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Greenville County, Greenville, 34.85262, -82.39401"],"dcterms_creator":["McCray, John Henry","Gravely, William"],"dc_date":["1983-06"],"dcterms_description":["A June 1983 oral history interview by William Gravely with African American journalist John McCray. The interview includes his recollections from investigating the lynching of Willie Earle and being one of fur African American reporters covering the trial of suspected members of the lynching party. The interview also includes more anecdotal material about McCray's roles and experiences throughout his life and career, especially regarding a wider variety of racial issues in the South, in political matters, and in journalism. A final transcript is included."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. 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The transcript and audio are provided for individual research purposes only; for all other uses, including publication, reproduction, and quotation beyond fair use, permission must be obtained in writing from: Department of Oral History, University Libraries, University of South Carolina."],"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["2:57:19"],"dlg_subject_personal":["McCray, John Henry, 1910-1987","Earle, Willie, 1922-1947"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_gravely_179","title":"John McCray oral history interview, 1983 June, part 2","collection_id":"suc_gravely","collection_title":"William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Greenville County, Greenville, 34.85262, -82.39401"],"dcterms_creator":["McCray, John Henry","Gravely, William"],"dc_date":["1983-06"],"dcterms_description":["A June 1983 oral history interview by William Gravely with African American journalist John McCray. The interview includes his recollections from investigating the lynching of Willie Earle and being one of fur African American reporters covering the trial of suspected members of the lynching party. The interview also includes more anecdotal material about McCray's roles and experiences throughout his life and career, especially regarding a wider variety of racial issues in the South, in political matters, and in journalism. A final transcript is included."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. Department of Oral History, University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Call Number: GRA 033","William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--South Carolina--History--20th century","African Americans--South Carolina--Interviews","Civil rights--South Carolina","Lynching--South Carolina--Greenville","Trials(Murder)--South Carolina--Greenville","Greenville County (S.C.)--Race Relations--History"],"dcterms_title":["John McCray oral history interview, 1983 June, part 2"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Caroliniana Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm17173.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/gravely/id/179"],"dcterms_temporal":["1946/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright: University of South Carolina. The transcript and audio are provided for individual research purposes only; for all other uses, including publication, reproduction, and quotation beyond fair use, permission must be obtained in writing from: Department of Oral History, University Libraries, University of South Carolina."],"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["2:57:19"],"dlg_subject_personal":["McCray, John Henry, 1910-1987","Earle, Willie, 1922-1947"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_gravely_181","title":"John McCray oral history interview, 1983 June, part 3","collection_id":"suc_gravely","collection_title":"William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Greenville County, Greenville, 34.85262, -82.39401"],"dcterms_creator":["McCray, John Henry","Gravely, William"],"dc_date":["1983-06"],"dcterms_description":["A June 1983 oral history interview by William Gravely with African American journalist John McCray. The interview includes his recollections from investigating the lynching of Willie Earle and being one of fur African American reporters covering the trial of suspected members of the lynching party. The interview also includes more anecdotal material about McCray's roles and experiences throughout his life and career, especially regarding a wider variety of racial issues in the South, in political matters, and in journalism. A final transcript is included."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. Department of Oral History, University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Call Number: GRA 033","William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--South Carolina--History--20th century","African Americans--South Carolina--Interviews","Civil rights--South Carolina","Lynching--South Carolina--Greenville","Trials(Murder)--South Carolina--Greenville","Greenville County (S.C.)--Race Relations--History"],"dcterms_title":["John McCray oral history interview, 1983 June, part 3"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Caroliniana Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm17173.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/gravely/id/181"],"dcterms_temporal":["1946/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright: University of South Carolina. The transcript and audio are provided for individual research purposes only; for all other uses, including publication, reproduction, and quotation beyond fair use, permission must be obtained in writing from: Department of Oral History, University Libraries, University of South Carolina."],"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["2:57:19"],"dlg_subject_personal":["McCray, John Henry, 1910-1987","Earle, Willie, 1922-1947"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_gravely_133","title":"John McCray oral history interview, 1983 June, part 4","collection_id":"suc_gravely","collection_title":"William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Greenville County, Greenville, 34.85262, -82.39401"],"dcterms_creator":["McCray, John Henry","Gravely, William"],"dc_date":["1983-06"],"dcterms_description":["A June 1983 oral history interview by William Gravely with African American journalist John McCray. The interview includes his recollections from investigating the lynching of Willie Earle and being one of fur African American reporters covering the trial of suspected members of the lynching party. The interview also includes more anecdotal material about McCray's roles and experiences throughout his life and career, especially regarding a wider variety of racial issues in the South, in political matters, and in journalism. A final transcript is included."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. Department of Oral History, University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Call Number: GRA 033","William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--South Carolina--History--20th century","African Americans--South Carolina--Interviews","Civil rights--South Carolina","Lynching--South Carolina--Greenville","Trials(Murder)--South Carolina--Greenville","Greenville County (S.C.)--Race Relations--History"],"dcterms_title":["John McCray oral history interview, 1983 June, part 4"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Caroliniana Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm17173.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/gravely/id/133"],"dcterms_temporal":["1946/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright: University of South Carolina. The transcript and audio are provided for individual research purposes only; for all other uses, including publication, reproduction, and quotation beyond fair use, permission must be obtained in writing from: Department of Oral History, University Libraries, University of South Carolina."],"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["2:57:19"],"dlg_subject_personal":["McCray, John Henry, 1910-1987","Earle, Willie, 1922-1947"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_gravely_147","title":"William Gravely audio notes, 1983 June 27-28","collection_id":"suc_gravely","collection_title":"William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Greenville County, Greenville, 34.85262, -82.39401"],"dcterms_creator":["Gravely, William"],"dc_date":["1983-06"],"dcterms_description":["A personal tape by William Gravely documenting his progress and process in investigating and collecting oral histories concerning the lynching of Willie Earle. This tape includes notes from conversations with night policeman L.E. Merck (who discovered Willie Earle's body), the Reverend J.B. Bailey (who conducted Willie Earle's funeral), journalist Yancey Gilkerson, and local minister Hawley Lynn"],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. Department of Oral History, University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Call Number: GRA 020","William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--South Carolina--History--20th century","African Americans--South Carolina--Interviews","Civil rights--South Carolina","Lynching--South Carolina--Greenville","Trials(Murder)--South Carolina--Greenville","Greenville County (S.C.)--Race Relations--History"],"dcterms_title":["William Gravely audio notes, 1983 June 27-28"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Caroliniana Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm17173.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/gravely/id/147"],"dcterms_temporal":["1946/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright: University of South Carolina. The transcript and audio are provided for individual research purposes only; for all other uses, including publication, reproduction, and quotation beyond fair use, permission must be obtained in writing from: Department of Oral History, University Libraries, University of South Carolina."],"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["44:03"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Gravely, William","Earle, Willie, 1922-1947"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_gravely_159","title":"Yancey Gilkerson oral history interview, 1983 June","collection_id":"suc_gravely","collection_title":"William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Greenville County, Greenville, 34.85262, -82.39401"],"dcterms_creator":["Gilkerson, Yancey Sherard","Gravely, William"],"dc_date":["1983-06"],"dcterms_description":["An oral history interview by William Gravely with Yancey Gilkerson, the former City Editor of the Greenville Piedmont newspaper from 1946 to 1948. Topics include Gilkerson's career, public opinion surrounding the lynching, the discovery of Willie Earle's body, press and political reactions to the lynching, the FBI investigation, the lack of concealment by the cabdrivers who were allegedly members of the lynching party, whitewashing, hypocrisy, and updates on various people involved in the incident and following trial, as well as a variety of other related subjects. A draft transcript of the interview and correspondence between Gravely and Gilkerson are included."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. Department of Oral History, University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Call Number: GRA 011","William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--South Carolina--History--20th century","African Americans--South Carolina--Interviews","Civil rights--South Carolina","Lynching--South Carolina--Greenville","Trials(Murder)--South Carolina--Greenville","Greenville County (S.C.)--Race Relations--History"],"dcterms_title":["Yancey Gilkerson oral history interview, 1983 June"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Caroliniana Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm17173.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/gravely/id/159"],"dcterms_temporal":["1946/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright: University of South Carolina. The transcript and audio are provided for individual research purposes only; for all other uses, including publication, reproduction, and quotation beyond fair use, permission must be obtained in writing from: Department of Oral History, University Libraries, University of South Carolina."],"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["50:44"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Gilkerson, Yancey Sherard, 1919-","Earle, Willie, 1922-1947"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_u0008-0000003_182","title":"Interview with Clarence Darden","collection_id":"alm_u0008-0000003","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Darden, Clarence","McCallum, Steve"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1983-05-24"],"dcterms_description":["At the time of this interview, Clarence Darden had been president of the local USW (United Steelworkers) union for 26 years. Darden recalls living in a company camp when he was young. He explains company housing, company doctors, commissaries and general working conditions in the interview. In his description of mining camps, he explains that companies would leave the company houses unfinished to prevent paying taxes on them. He also describes \"shack rousters\" (or company deputies). If a man sent word that he was too sick to go into the mine, the shack rouster would go to his house and if the deputy didn't think he was sick enough, the employee would be forced to go into the mines. The men would often have to grab the tail of the deputy's horse and follow him into the mine. He explains that workers were often eternally indebted to the company, as the commissary charged high prices and the workers were also required to purchase their own mining equipment. He also said that if a worker did not do enough business with the commissary, he'd be laid off for this reason. If an employee had a debt with the commissary and left the company, he'd be blacklisted and would be unable to get a job anywhere. He adds that men were being paid $1.25 per day and working 14-16 hour days. Employees had to furnish their own electricity and were charged 50 cents to use the bath house. A trip to the company hospital would often take five or six years to pay off. He says these conditions led to the organized labor movement in the 1930s. He recalls multiple strikes and \"wars\" between workers and employers. He also suggests that mining operators would often try to increase racial tension so that employees would be less united. He goes into detail describing working conditions in the mines during the 1930s and later. He discusses medical conditions that afflicted miners, the physical conditions in the mine, and the multitude of accidents that could befall miners. 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For publication, commercial use, or reproduction, in print or digital format, of all images and/or the accompanying data, users are required to secure prior written permission from the copyright holder and from archives@ua.edu. 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