{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"lru_tulane-ayoung_48924","title":"1984-11-18, Andrew Young on various clean up notes for manuscript:","collection_id":"lru_tulane-ayoung","collection_title":"Andrew Young Oral History Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1984-11-18"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew Young on various clean up notes for manuscript, 1984 November 18 [Box 141, Item 6, Side 1 and 2]. Tom Dent interviews Andrew Young. They fill in gaps from previous interviews as Dent cleans up his manuscript."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["New Orleans, La. : Tulane University Digital Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights"],"dcterms_title":["1984-11-18, Andrew Young on various clean up notes for manuscript:"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Amistad Research Center"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane:48924"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Young, Andrew, 1932-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0265","title":"Audio Recording of Andrew J. Young at the 24th annual meeting of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities : Beyond 1984 and Agenda for Higher Education,  November 17-20th, 1984","collection_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh","collection_title":"Andrew J. Young Oral Histories","dcterms_contributor":["Young, Andrew, 1932-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637"],"dcterms_creator":["American Association of State Colleges and Universities"],"dc_date":["1984-11"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Andrew J. Young papers"],"dcterms_subject":["Education","Business"],"dcterms_title":["Audio Recording of Andrew J. Young at the 24th annual meeting of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities : Beyond 1984 and Agenda for Higher Education,  November 17-20th, 1984"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Auburn Avenue Research Library on African-American Culture and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://archive.org/details/aarl-young-0265"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0265"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Young, Andrew, 1932-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_gravely_174","title":"A.M. Rivera oral history interview, 1984 November","collection_id":"suc_gravely","collection_title":"William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Greenville County, Greenville, 34.85262, -82.39401"],"dcterms_creator":["Rivera, A. M.","Gravely, William"],"dc_date":["1984-11"],"dcterms_description":["A November 1984 oral history interview by William Gravely with African American journalist A.M. Rivera, who covered the court case concerning suspected members of the lynch mob which killed Willie Earle in 1947. The interview primarily consists of a detailed description of the racial tension witnessed by Rivera throughout the time of the trial, to include African American journalists being asked to sit in the segregated balcony instead of with white members of the press, being encouraged for safety reasons to not sit by an open window while typing reports, and the NAACP activist clergyman who hosted Rivera and other journalists carrying a pistol for defense purposes. Aspects of the court case itself were also discussed. A final transcript, summary notes, and correspondence are included with the interview."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina. Department of Oral History, University Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Call Number: GRA 044","William Gravely Oral History Collection on the Lynching of Willie Earle"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--South Carolina--History--20th century","African Americans--South Carolina--Interviews","Civil rights--South Carolina","Lynching--South Carolina--Greenville","Trials(Murder)--South Carolina--Greenville","Greenville County (S.C.)--Race Relations--History"],"dcterms_title":["A.M. Rivera oral history interview, 1984 November"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Caroliniana Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm17173.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/gravely/id/174"],"dcterms_temporal":["1946/1969"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Copyright: University of South Carolina. The transcript and audio are provided for individual research purposes only; for all other uses, including publication, reproduction, and quotation beyond fair use, permission must be obtained in writing from: Department of Oral History, University Libraries, University of South Carolina."],"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["36:41"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Rivera, A. M.","Earle, Willie, 1922-1947"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_u0008-0000003_241","title":"Interview with David B. Martin","collection_id":"alm_u0008-0000003","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Martin, David B.","Hamrick, Peggy"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1984-10-26"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, David Martin recounts his work history, which entails a short stint in an iron ore mine as well as working at Lloyd Noland Hospital, where he often saw the physical effects of mining. Martin was working before he graduated high school, earning money in the summer and attending classes in the winter at Miles College, which had a high school then. He explains that after he was of age, he worked in the iron ore mines for four or five years. He says he liked the job, and the people were nice and helpful to him because he was a student. They assured him of getting his hours. He adds that there was segregation in the mines, but everyone accepted it. Martin also discusses working at Lloyd Noland Hospital for over forty years. The hospital was connected to TCI and was the primary hospital for that mining company. He recalls seeing patients come in with injures from their work. Broken bones were common, as was hearing loss, burns, and heat exhaustion. He remembers one man with a temperature of over 110 degrees who survived. Martin also explains that Silicosis was a problem, but the company didn't recognize it as a threat to ore miners, only coal miners, so ore miners got no compensation for it. He adds that he saw more ore miners than coal miners at the hospital, because the UMWA eventually forced the company to take the coal miners to a hospital across town. Martin recalls being happy working at Lloyd Noland. Through the Depression, the staff got three meals a day, uniforms, and hospital care. Martin also discusses being a member of a labor union at that time. He was almost the president, but he says he turned down the job because he believed that an integrated union having a black president would hurt their ability to accomplish their goals.","The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg","image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Working Lives Oral History Project"],"dcterms_subject":["Martin, David B.--Interviews"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with David B. Martin"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/cdm/ref/collection/u0008_0000003/id/241"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Images are in the public domain or protected under U.S. copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), and both types may be used for research and private study. For publication, commercial use, or reproduction, in print or digital format, of all images and/or the accompanying data, users are required to secure prior written permission from the copyright holder and from archives@ua.edu. When permission is granted, please credit the images as Courtesy of The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections."],"dcterms_medium":["interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0270","title":"Audio Recording of Convocation for Paula Jean Young at the First Congregational Church on October 21, 1984 Part 1","collection_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh","collection_title":"Andrew J. Young Oral Histories","dcterms_contributor":["Young, Andrew, 1932-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["First Congregational Church (Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1984-10-21"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Andrew J. Young papers"],"dcterms_subject":["United Church of Christ","Church work","First Congregational Church (Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dcterms_title":["Audio Recording of Convocation for Paula Jean Young at the First Congregational Church on October 21, 1984 Part 1"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Auburn Avenue Research Library on African-American Culture and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://archive.org/details/aarl-young-0270"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0270"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0271","title":"Audio Recording of Convocation for Paula Jean Young at the First Congregational Church on October 21, 1984 Part 2","collection_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh","collection_title":"Andrew J. Young Oral Histories","dcterms_contributor":["Young, Andrew, 1932-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["First Congregational Church (Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1984-10-21"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Andrew J. Young papers"],"dcterms_subject":["United Church of Christ","Church work","First Congregational Church (Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dcterms_title":["Audio Recording of Convocation for Paula Jean Young at the First Congregational Church on October 21, 1984 Part 2"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Auburn Avenue Research Library on African-American Culture and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://archive.org/details/aarl-young-0271"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0271"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_u0008-0000003_260","title":"Interview with Dr. Wallace Clyde","collection_id":"alm_u0008-0000003","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Wallace, Clyde","Hamrick, Peggy"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1984-10-19"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Wilson (Wallace?) Clyde was a pediatrician at the Lloyd Noland (or TCI Hospital) from 1924 to 1929. In this interview, he talks about providing medical care for the children living in the mining camps. He also recounts the most common mining injuries or illnesses among miners, such as lack of oxygen, heat stroke and broken bones.","The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg","image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Working Lives Oral History Project"],"dcterms_subject":["Clyde, Wallace, Dr.--Interviews","Child health services--Alabama","Miners--Medical care--Alabama","Mining camps--Alabama","United States--Civilization--1970-"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with Dr. Wallace Clyde"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/cdm/ref/collection/u0008_0000003/id/260"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Images are in the public domain or protected under U.S. copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), and both types may be used for research and private study. For publication, commercial use, or reproduction, in print or digital format, of all images and/or the accompanying data, users are required to secure prior written permission from the copyright holder and from archives@ua.edu. When permission is granted, please credit the images as Courtesy of The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections."],"dcterms_medium":["interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_u0008-0000003_270","title":"Interview with Katherine Smith","collection_id":"alm_u0008-0000003","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Smith, Katherine","Hamrick, Peggy"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1984-10-18"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Mrs. F. C. Smith talks about her life as a mining camp doctor's wife. Smith's husband was hired by the mining company to run a small hospital on company grounds. Smith recalls that her husband tried to keep his work and home life separate, so she doesn't know much about the injuries he treated. She also says she didn't mix with the miners very much. However, she does remember them going on strike and the University of Alabama sending cadets to break it up. Despite that, Smith remembers many details of camp life. She recalls the camp school, which taught the children a lot of practical things like cooking and sewing. Smith herself said she spent many of her days sewing. She bought her groceries at the commissary. She also explains that she had a black mammy for her children. Smith says, \"I felt funny living in a mine.\" Rather than receive mail at and address that revealed that she was in a mining camp, she used the number of her street.","The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg","image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Working Lives Oral History Project"],"dcterms_subject":["Smith, Katherine--Interviews"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with Katherine Smith"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/cdm/ref/collection/u0008_0000003/id/270"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Images are in the public domain or protected under U.S. copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), and both types may be used for research and private study. For publication, commercial use, or reproduction, in print or digital format, of all images and/or the accompanying data, users are required to secure prior written permission from the copyright holder and from archives@ua.edu. When permission is granted, please credit the images as Courtesy of The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections."],"dcterms_medium":["interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"auu_auc-050_auc-076-2203-000","title":"WCVG Broadcast \"Radio Citizen\", October 5, 1984","collection_id":"auu_auc-050","collection_title":"Neighborhood Union Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Florida, Miami-Dade County, Miami, 25.77427, -80.19366"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1984-10-05"],"dcterms_description":["A bilingual radio show encouraging Haitian-Americans in Miami, Florida to register to vote and listen to the Mondale-Reagan presidential debate."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg||application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Voter Education Project Organizational Records||http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12322/fa:076"],"dcterms_subject":["Voter registration","Political participation","African American civic leaders"],"dcterms_title":["WCVG Broadcast \"Radio Citizen\", October 5, 1984"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12322/auc.076:2203_000"],"dcterms_temporal":["1980/1989"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_u0008-0000003_195","title":"Interview with Amos F. Gordon","collection_id":"alm_u0008-0000003","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Gordon, Amos F.","Hamrick, Peggy"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1984-09-20"],"dcterms_description":["Amos Gordon was a music teacher and musician in Birmingham. In this interview, he discusses Birmingham's unique musical heritage, explaining that Duke Ellington's first trumpet player and several members of Count Basie's band were from Birmingham. While living in Birmingham, he played in band called the Virba Cathedral band. They played in nearby areas for $10.00 per night. During the Depression, his music supported him. After graduating high school, he attended Alabama State then went on get his Master's at New York University. In 1939 he was hired at Tuttle Elementary School in Birmingham to teach band and Social Studies. He was drafted in 1943 and was assigned to Fort Benning, Georgia. He was discharged in 1946 and then went on to tour with various jazz musicians. He toured with Louis Armstrong, Lucky Millender and Andy Kirk. He discusses life on the road and goes on to say that he eventually got tired of and bored with traveling thousands of miles on a bus. Gordon describes Birmingham's music scene in the '30s and 40s: \"all the big bands would come here... Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Lucky Millender, Louis Armstrong... \" The bands were booked by black agents and played to all black audiences. He also describes the story behind the song, \"Tuxedo Junction,\" a song credited to Birmingham composer Erskine Hawkins. While teaching music in Birmingham, he would be given free tickets to shows sponsored by Birmingham News but was forced to sit in the balcony. Gordon also recounts Nat King Cole's visit to Birmingham's Boutwell auditorium in the 1960s; Cole was physically attacked by a white man from Anniston. Cole subsequently said he would never come back to Birmingham.","The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg","image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Working Lives Oral History Project"],"dcterms_subject":["Gordon, Amos F.--Interviews"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with Amos F. Gordon"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/cdm/ref/collection/u0008_0000003/id/195"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Images are in the public domain or protected under U.S. copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), and both types may be used for research and private study. For publication, commercial use, or reproduction, in print or digital format, of all images and/or the accompanying data, users are required to secure prior written permission from the copyright holder and from archives@ua.edu. When permission is granted, please credit the images as Courtesy of The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections."],"dcterms_medium":["interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_u0008-0000003_5","title":"Interview with Frederick Cox","collection_id":"alm_u0008-0000003","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Cox, Frederick","Kuhn, Cliff"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1984-09-18"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Frederick Cox recalls moving to Birmingham in 1924; his father moved the family for a better education for his children. He attended Tuskegee University from 1935 to 1938. He decided not to go back to school in '38 and began to work for U.S. Steel until he retired. He talks about race relations and trying to organize labor during the 1930s. Cox explains that the workers had to initially keep their union membership quiet, for fear of losing their jobs. The union meetings would be held in secret, often in local churches; he goes on to say that local ministers were supportive of labor unions. He recalls overt discrimination in the workplace and adds that conditions improved after Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, creating the Equal Opportunities Commission. Before this period, there were \"black jobs\" and \"white jobs\"; he explains that blacks did the \"dirty work.\" He goes on to say that black workers were simply called \"laborers\" and given no titles, while whites were employed as \"pipe fitters,\" \"millwrights,\" \"machinists,\" etc. He also discusses the segregated facilities in the steel mill.","The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg","image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Working Lives Oral History Project"],"dcterms_subject":["Cox, Frederick--Interviews"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with Frederick Cox"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/cdm/ref/collection/u0008_0000003/id/5"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Images are in the public domain or protected under U.S. copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code), and both types may be used for research and private study. For publication, commercial use, or reproduction, in print or digital format, of all images and/or the accompanying data, users are required to secure prior written permission from the copyright holder and from archives@ua.edu. When permission is granted, please credit the images as Courtesy of The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections."],"dcterms_medium":["interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_u0008-0000003_200","title":"Interview with Charles F. Zukowski","collection_id":"alm_u0008-0000003","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Zukowski, Charles F.","Kuhn, Cliff"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1984-09-09"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Charles Zukowski talks about coming to Alabama and his work to help the progress of blacks in the south. Trained as a lawyer, Zukowski came to Birmingham from Saint Louis to work at the First National Bank of Birmingham. He found southerners \"friendly\" and \"hospitable.\" He says that there were segregation and race problems in Saint Louis, but attitudes were more pronounced in Birmingham, \"not only on segregation but on holding blacks down to very much lower standards.\" Zukowski began to work toward helping blacks. He wrote a column for ten years, under a pseudonym, addressing race relations. He also worked toward building a hospital for blacks. He explains that they had a Jefferson Country Coordinating Council which tried to push for a more segregated society, and this council had an interracial committee. They held a conference on progress for blacks which was attended by eight or nine hundred people. The interracial committee had to be abandoned eventually because the local group of businesses that funded the council threatened to pull their money from the organization altogether if they didn't. Zukowski says that Birmingham had some of the same problems Atlanta did, but it seems to him that the people in Alabama were more \"backward,\" so they had a harder time of it. He talks about his southern friends saying they could agree with him intellectually about the need for change, but they couldn't get past the emotions of it. He also talks about how it was risky for him to keep up his column, and once people began to figure out that he was doing it, he was asked to take an early retirement from his job. Zukowski talks about the Depression and the various government agencies that helped people during that time. He also recounts the day the banks closed.","The digitization of this collection was funded by a gift from EBSCO Industries."],"dc_format":["audio/mpeg","image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["The University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Working Lives Oral History Project"],"dcterms_subject":["Zukowski, Charles F.--Interviews"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with Charles F. 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