{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"noa_sohpcr_a-0364","title":"Oral history interview with William Gordon, January 19, 1991","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Egerton, John","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Gordon, William, 1919-"],"dc_date":["1991-01-19"],"dcterms_description":["William Gordon was born in 1919 and was raised primarily in Mississippi and Arkansas. He describes growing up in the rural South, focusing on race relations, and explains what life was like for his sharecropping family. Sent off to school in Memphis, Tennessee, as a teenager, Gordon excelled in his studies and went to Le Moyne College in the 1930s. Following his graduation, Gordon enlisted in the army and fought in World War II. Gordon focuses on race relations in his discussion of his school and military years. He describes various customs associated with Jim Crow segregation in the South. Following the war, Gordon attended graduate school to study journalism. Gordon wrote for the Atlanta Daily World beginning in 1948, during which time he formed a close friendship with Atlanta Constitution editor and anti-segregationist Ralph McGill. Gordon also formed close connections with Georgia Senator Herman Talmadge. He discusses in detail his perception of changing race relations in the 1930s through the 1950s and argues that desegregation required legal action. Nonetheless, Gordon acknowledges the role of white leaders, such as McGill and Talmadge, who genuinely sought racial change. In the late 1950s, Gordon began to work for the United States Information Agency (USIA) and spent many years traveling through Africa and Europe.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights--Southern States","Southern States--Race relations","United States--Officials and employees","African American journalists--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","United States Information Agency"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with William Gordon, January 19, 1991"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0364/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on July 23, 2008).","Interview participants: William Gordon, interviewee; John Egerton, interviewer.","Duration: 01:24:03.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Gordon, William, 1919-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_a-0361","title":"Oral history interview with Hylan Lewis, January 13, 1991","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Egerton, John","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, 35.50069, -80.00032"],"dcterms_creator":["Lewis, Hylan"],"dc_date":["1991-01-13"],"dcterms_description":["Sociologist Hylan Lewis describes his experiences with race in the American South in the period before the civil rights movement gained momentum. Lewis witnessed an energized but still uncertain post-World War II African American community that was beginning to discuss how best to fight for equality. At the same time, white southern politicians were devising new strategies of resistance. This interview offers a broad comment on an important and often overlooked moment in civil rights history.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Southern States--Race relations","African Americans--Civil rights--North Carolina","African American sociologists","African Americans--Attitudes","African American universities and colleges"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Hylan Lewis, January 13, 1991"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0361/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Duration: 02:05:38"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Lewis, Hylan"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_a-0341","title":"Oral history interview with C. Vann Woodward, January 12, 1991","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Egerton, John","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Orange County, 36.0613, -79.1206","United States, North Carolina, Orange County, Chapel Hill, 35.9132, -79.05584"],"dcterms_creator":["Woodward, C. Vann (Comer Vann), 1908-1999"],"dc_date":["1991-01-12"],"dcterms_description":["At the age of eighty-two, C. Vann Woodward, one of the great lights of southern history, reflects on race relations in the American South, his own experiences in the region, and some of the contributions historians have made to the field. The interview is especially focused on southern attitudes toward segregation in the period between World War II and the mid-1950s, though it is certainly not limited to that time. The interviewer also proposes some of his theses on the civil rights movement to Woodward in order to elicit the historian's reaction.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["School integration--North Carolina","Segregation--North Carolina","Civil rights--North Carolina","University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","Southern States--Race relations","Segregation--Southern States","Civil rights--Southern States","University of North Carolina (1793-1962)"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with C. Vann Woodward, January 12, 1991"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0341/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Duration: 01:24:00"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Woodward, C. Vann (Comer Vann), 1908-1999"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_m-0024","title":"Oral history interview with John Jessup, January 11, 1991","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Wells, Goldie F. (Goldie Frinks)","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Forsyth County, Winston-Salem, 36.09986, -80.24422"],"dcterms_creator":["Jessup, John"],"dc_date":["1991-01-11"],"dcterms_description":["John Jessup recalls his experiences as a black principal and public school administrator. He entered the teaching profession in 1964 as a high school English teacher in Virginia, became a principal of a North Carolina high school in the late 1970s, and moved into the Winston-Salem public schools personnel department by 1991. Diversity within courses became a major goal in the mid-1980s public school system. As a black administrator, Jessup discovered that discipline played a large role in his relationship to students and teachers. He had to demand the students' obedience to school policy, and likewise he had to make sure teachers applied school policy fairly. Some teachers resented Jessup's encroachment on their previous authority over students. Black students, on the other hand, appreciated Jessup's attempts to establish trust between students and the administration. Jessup also describes the advancements that occurred during his academic tenure as principal. He discusses his role in introducing walkie-talkies to the administrative staff as well as hiring an athletic director. Jessup explains that school desegregation posed problems for black teachers and students. The students felt ostracized from extracurricular activities in integrated settings, while the teachers lost prestige (and some lost their jobs) during the desegregation process. Jessup contends that black students require more attention because of their minority status within the school.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American school principals--North Carolina--Winston-Salem","High schools--North Carolina--Winston-Salem--Administration","African Americans--Education (Secondary)--North Carolina--Winston-Salem","Race relations in school management--North Carolina--Winston-Salem","Teacher-principal relationships--North Carolina--Winston-Salem","Student-administrator relationships--North Carolina--Winston-Salem"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with John Jessup, January 11, 1991"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 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Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Jessup, John"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_m-0007","title":"Oral history interview with Leroy Campbell, January 4, 1991","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Wells, Goldie F. (Goldie Frinks)","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Iredell County, 35.80708, -80.87344","United States, North Carolina, Iredell County, Statesville, 35.78264, -80.8873"],"dcterms_creator":["Campbell, Leroy"],"dc_date":["1991-01-04"],"dcterms_description":["After traveling the world, Leroy Campbell entered the education field motivated to share his experiences. He became a high school principal at the all-black Unity School in Iredell County, North Carolina, in the mid-1960s. In this interview, he responds to the interviewers' checklist of questions and offers his thoughts on the effects of desegregation on Iredell schools. Understaffed and underfunded, Campbell found support in a cohesive black community and a relationship with a county official who provided him with new school buses to drive the convoluted routes necessary to maintain segregation. The core of this interview may be Campbell's description of the black community's anxieties about desegregation, including the fear that the process would splinter the community and affect the quality of education. Their fears were well-founded, and Campbell ends the interview by recalling the closing of Unity School, the dispersal of its students, and his departure from the profession.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American school principals--North Carolina--Iredell County","School principals--North Carolina","African American schools--North Carolina--Iredell County","High schools--North Carolina--Iredell County--Administration","African Americans--Education (Secondary)--North Carolina--Iredell County","Race relations in school management--North Carolina--Iredell County"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Leroy Campbell, January 4, 1991"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 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Young Delivered at the First Congregational Church for Christmas, ca.1991"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Auburn Avenue Research Library on African-American Culture and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://archive.org/details/aarl-young-0360"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.usg.edu/record/aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0360"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Young, Andrew, 1932-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"abj_p15099coll2_11","title":"Donald Harris interview","collection_id":"abj_p15099coll2","collection_title":"Oral Histories","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Harris, Donald, 1936-","Cook, Ben"],"dc_date":["1991/2000"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Birmingham, Ala. : Birmingham Public Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Birmingham Black Barons Oral History Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Birmingham Black Barons (Baseball team)","Baseball--Alabama--Birmingham","Oral history","Negro leagues","African American baseball players"],"dcterms_title":["Donald Harris interview"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Birmingham Public Library (Ala.)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm16044.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15099coll2/id/11"],"dcterms_temporal":["1991/2000"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This material may be protected under Title 17 of the U. 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(Christopher Dean), 1967-1997"],"dc_date":["1991/2000"],"dcterms_description":null,"dc_format":["audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Birmingham, Ala. : Birmingham Public Library"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Birmingham Black Barons Oral History Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Birmingham Black Barons (Baseball team)","Baseball--Alabama--Birmingham","Oral history","Negro leagues","African American baseball players"],"dcterms_title":["Piper Davis part 1"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Birmingham Public Library (Ala.)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://cdm16044.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15099coll2/id/1"],"dcterms_temporal":["1991/2000"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This material may be protected under Title 17 of the U. S. 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Copyright Law which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research."],"dcterms_medium":["audiocassettes","MP3"],"dcterms_extent":["30:54"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Davis, Lorenzo, 1917-1997"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_m-0025","title":"Oral history interview with Charles Johnson, December 29, 1990","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Wells, Goldie F. (Goldie Frinks)","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Chatham County, 35.70258, -79.25535","United States, North Carolina, Chatham County, Siler City, 35.72347, -79.46224"],"dcterms_creator":["Johnson, Charles"],"dc_date":["1990-12-29"],"dcterms_description":["Charles Johnson was the principal of Jordan-Matthews High School at the time of this interview. Here, he describes his ascension to the position, management style, discipline policy, use of funds, and other details of the position. He loves his job, but he sees some problems with education in a post-desegregation environment. He makes an extra effort to project an aura of professionalism, because he thinks that some people have difficulty accepting direction from a black authority figure; his demeanor is also an effort to reverse a decline in courtesy and diligence. While he says that his race has not affected his treatment from his superiors, it has affected his approach to his job. This interview offers some insight into a black principal's effort to rebuild the authority of the black educator.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American high school principals--North Carolina","African American school principals--North Carolina--Siler City","High schools--North Carolina--Siler City--Administration","Education, Secondary--North Carolina--Siler City","African Americans--Education (Secondary)--North Carolina--Siler City"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Charles Johnson, December 29, 1990"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 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Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Johnson, Charles"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_m-0003","title":"Oral history interview with Bennie Higgins, December 28, 1990","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Wells, Goldie F. (Goldie Frinks)","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Guilford County, Greensboro, 36.07264, -79.79198"],"dcterms_creator":["Higgins, Bennie"],"dc_date":["1990-12-28"],"dcterms_description":["Bennie Higgins, an African American education professional in Greensboro, North Carolina, ascended from a teaching job in 1965 to a citywide administrative position in 1990. Much of this interview focuses on his tenure as principal of Smith High School. The interviewer questions Higgins about the daily administration of a principal's job, including hiring and cafeteria management. Researchers interested in these kinds of management details should look to the text in its entirety. Those interested in the role of race in Greensboro's public schools will find a few passages of particular interest, including excerpts about desegregation's impact on Higgins's career and the status of principals in the African American community in Greensboro. Toward the end, Higgins reflects on the role of black educators in desegregated schools, and the complex relationships between black and white students, teachers, and administrators. He sees much room for improvement in how teachers and administrators deal with race in the classroom, but also great opportunity for positive change.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["School integration--North Carolina","African American school principals--North Carolina--Greensboro","High schools--North Carolina--Greensboro--Administration","School integration--Political aspects","African Americans--Education (Secondary)--North Carolina--Greensboro","Race relations in school management--North Carolina--Greensboro"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Bennie Higgins, December 28, 1990"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 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