{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"nge_ngen_columbians","title":"Columbians","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2008-01-25"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Columbians Incorporated, the nation's first neo-Nazi political organization, which arose in Atlanta during the summer of 1946 when incidents of racial violence and civil unrest were on the rise across the South. The group pursued a campaign of intimidation against the city's minorities, patrolling those neighborhoods most vulnerable to racial transition, and threatening with violence those residents who dared cross the city's \"color line.\" Although they attracted some support from Atlanta's working-class whites, the Columbians were uniformly condemned by the city's press and targeted for arrest by its political establishment. Homer Loomis, a thirty-two-year-old New Yorker, came to Atlanta in 1946 intending to start a white supremacist movement. Loomis met thirty-one-year-old Alabama native Emory Burke, who was already a veteran of numerous white supremacist and fascist groups. Loomis and Burke forged a close personal relationship and, along with a third member, John H. Zimmerlee, of whom little is known, formed the Columbians Incorporated. Describing themselves as a \"patriotic and political\" group, the three men applied for a charter as a nonprofit organization from the state, which they received in August 1946. The men drew a majority of their support from working-class whites. Burke and Loomis claimed to have enlisted as many as 2,000 members, though other sources indicate the actual number was closer to 200. In order to fulfill their vision of a \"progressive white community,\" the two men advocated a program of repatriation and deportation for America's minorities. Under their plan, blacks would repatriate to South Africa, which they admitted would first need to be purchased from Britain, and Jews would be deported to an unspecified location in the Mediterranean. After two incidents in October 1946 involving violence and demonstrating by members of the group, elected officials, members of the press, and local ministers all condemned the organization as a public menace requiring immediate attention. In November state officials moved to revoke the group's charter. By summer 1947, the group had dissolved, following the conviction of its leaders, Homer Loomis and Emory Burke, on charges of usurping police power and inciting to riot. Although the Columbians' existence may have been brief, their appearance nonetheless dramatized the racial tensions that characterized the postwar South and demonstrated the efficacy of Atlanta's moderate consensus that would later earn the city its reputation as \"the City Too Busy to Hate.\"","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Columbians Incorporated","Neo-Nazism--Georgia--Atlanta","Neo-Nazism--Southern States","Neo-Nazis--Georgia--Atlanta","Neo-Nazis--Southern States","Fascism--Georgia--Atlanta","Fascism--Southern States","Fascists--Georgia--Atlanta","Fascists--Southern States","Hate groups--Georgia--Atlanta","Hate groups--Southern States","Political violence--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Georgia--Atlanta","Intimidation--Georgia--Atlanta","Harassment--Georgia--Atlanta","Minorities--Abuse of--Georgia--Atlanta","Minorities--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Race relations","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Race relations--History--20th century","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Vigilantes--Georgia--Atlanta","Neighborhood--Georgia--Atlanta","Social groups--Georgia--Atlanta","Housing--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Housing--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Crimes against--Georgia--Atlanta","Working class whites--Georgia--Atlanta","White supremacy movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta journal-constitution","Newspapers","Press--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Press coverage","Columbians Incorporated--Press coverage","African Americans--Press coverage--Georgia--Atlanta","Press and politics--Georgia--Atlanta","Journalism--Political aspects--Georgia--Atlanta","Nonprofit organizations--Georgia--Atlanta","Nonprofit organizations--Political activity","African Americans--Relocation","Blacks--Relocation","Forced migration","Jews--Relocation","Jews--Civil rights--United States","Jews--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Jews--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Deportation--United States","United States--Emigration and immigration","Demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Charters--Georgia--Atlanta","Columbians Incorporated--Charters","Arrest--Georgia--Atlanta","Indictments--Georgia--Atlanta","Imprisonment--Georgia--Atlanta","Riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Police power--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century","Southern States--Politics and government--20th century","Georgia--Politics and government--20th century","Judgments, Criminal--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["Columbians"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/columbians/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Loomis, Homer L., 1914-","Burke, Emory, 1915-","Zimmerlee, John H."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn50205","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about \"black power\" and segregationist Lester Maddox's campaign for governor, Atlanta, Georgia, 1966 October 9","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1966-10-09"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Atlanta, Georgia, on October 9, 1966 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks about \"black power\" and segregationist Lester Maddox's campaign for governor of Georgia. The first three clips are silent shots of Dr. King sitting at a table at an outdoor press conference surrounded by reporters and photographers; the first clip is from the front while the next two are from the side. The sound section begins with King apparently responding to a question, clarifying that he believes in the idea of \"black power\" if it means \"amassing political and economic strength so that the Negro can achieve his legitimate goals.\"  He condemns the connotations of separatism and violence that surround the phrase declaring that \"there is no salvation of the Negro through isolation\" and that violence \"only serves to relieve the guilt of the white community while increasing their fears.\"  Another silent section focuses for a moment on a woman who is standing on a balcony and looking down on the press conference below. This is followed by a silent shot from the side showing King speaking and a tape machine recording; there are also silent shots of men taking notes. Next King asserts that gubernatorial candidate Lester Maddox cannot stop the civil rights movement; continuing King suggests that Maddox through his extremism unites African Americans and white moderates. He concludes that the civil rights movement will continue whether or not Maddox is elected. This is followed by several silent shots of the event and cameras filming. At 1:54 there is a close-up of the WSB News camera and an unidentified cameraman. The final clips are various angles showing King speaking. \u003cp\u003eThe philosophy of \"black power\" as embraced and endorsed by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) supported African American independence and even supremacy over white citizens and culture. The move by SNCC and CORE towards \"black power\" increased the tensions and division between these organizations and other civil rights groups including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which remained more concerned with obtaining legal rights and economic opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn50205"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Black power--Georgia--Atlanta","Governors--Georgia--Election--1966","Political campaigns--Georgia","African Americans--Politics and government","Press conferences--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Photographers--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Suffrage--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Television cameras","Television camera operators--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about \"black power\" and segregationist Lester Maddox's campaign for governor, Atlanta, Georgia, 1966 October 9"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn50205"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn50205"],"dcterms_temporal":["1966-10-09"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn50205, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about \"black power\" and segregationist Lester Maddox's campaign for governor, Atlanta, Georgia, 1966 October 9, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1351, 56:05/58:14, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 9 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Interviews","Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn47697","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Lester Maddox pushing African Americans away from his cafeteria with an ax handle, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 January 29","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1965-01-29"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from January 29, 1965, Reverend Charles E. Wells, Sr. and three unidentified African American men peacefully attempt to patronize the Lester Maddox Cafeteria in Atlanta, Georgia, where they are faced down by Lester Maddox and other white restaurant patrons and staff, who violently push them away from the establishment and shout at them. A young white male patron is also pushed off of the property. Multiple segments of the clip appear to be out of sequence.","The silent clip, just over four and a half minutes long, begins outside the entrance of the Lester Maddox Cafeteria at 891 Hemphill Avenue N. W., Atlanta, where a crowd of white men and four African American men are gathered.  Lester Maddox, the restaurant's proprietor, shoves Reverend Charles E. Wells, Sr. and an unidentified African American man away from the entrance; they resist peacefully. The clip breaks, and in the next shot, Maddox, holding an axe handle, grabs Wells by the lapels of his coat, and pushes him forcefully across the parking lot, while Lester Maddox, Jr. aggressively shoves another African American man outside of the camera frame. Again, Wells and the other African American man are peacefully resisting. As Maddox retreats to the front entrance of the restaurant, he yells something to the crowd of bystanders. The clip breaks, and Maddox uses his hands to push away a third African American man who also resists peacefully.  Maddox then rushes across to shove Wells, who has returned from the edge of the parking lot to his previous position in front of the restaurant; Maddox initially uses an axe handle, then grabs Wells several times by the neck and pushes him back to the sidewalk. Wells holds his hands in the air, presumably to demonstrate that he is not retaliating. After another jump in the clip, Maddox speaks to a young white man standing in front of his restaurant. The clip breaks, and Maddox, filmed from the back, pushes the young man away to the curb; a white woman stands to the side, holding a coat. Next, a police car and an officer on a motorcycle drive past the restaurant; the officer on the motorcycle makes a u-turn and drives in the opposite direction. This is followed by a sidewalk shot of a white man in a service uniform aggressively wagging his finger in the face of one of the unidentified African American men who have attempted to enter the restaurant. Next, a shot filmed from a further distance shows a crowd gathered in front of the restaurant. A covered sign on the property reads \"This light turned out by L. B. J.\"; also visible is a large, white, smokestack-shaped monument that Maddox built to memorialize private property rights.","In the next shot, taken from a distance, two of the African American men who sought service at the restaurant exit the premises and make their way down the sidewalk. Next, the clip jumps back to Lester Maddox in the midst of a discussion with the young white man he pushed off of the restaurant premises in a previous section of the clip. The clip jumps to a shot of Maddox pointing vigorously at the young man, then at the curb; Maddox reaches for the young man's shoulder, directs him toward the curb, and pushes him off of the premises. As he does this, white bystanders hover around the scene in the parking lot. A model A Ford is parked at the back of the parking lot. Attached to its side is a banner, whose legible text reads \"The Pickrick Ford drawing FREE 3:00 P.M. April 6\"; the rest of the banner is illegible.  After a pause, the clip jumps back to a shot of the front of the restaurant, with three members of the group of African American men standing by the entrance. The same uniformed white man addresses one of the African American men, then gestures toward the door with his arm. This is followed by another shot of Lester Maddox shoving away two members of the group of African American men with an axe handle while a group of white men rush behind Maddox, and a cameraman tries to capture the shot. Wells attempts to engage Maddox in discussion; Maddox is joined promptly by several white men, who stand beside him; one of whom is a restaurant employee wearing an apron and paper hat. A nearby donation box reads \"Clothes for the needy.\" Next, Wells and two African American men stand in the restaurant driveway while speaking to the white man in the service uniform. He points his finger in their faces again. The fourth African American member of the group is behind them, speaking to another person who is off-camera. Next, the camera focuses on the predominantly white crowd in a shot framed above the shoulders, and closes in on a white man wearing glasses and a hat, attempting to speak to Wells. The clip jumps, and a white reporter asks Wells a question as he departs from the site. The clip pauses for a period, showing a blank black screen, and then a shot of the asphalt below.","The clip resumes with a shot of two police cars parked directly across the street from the restaurant. A police officer stands outside of the car closest to the street. There is another shot of a police officer on a motorcycle; he turns his car into the lot where the two police cars are parked. The next shot, taken from inside the lot where the police cars are parked, shows the top of one of the police cars, and the Lester Maddox Cafeteria across the street; one of the police cars pulls out of the lot. Across the street, the crowd outside of the restaurant appears to have dispersed; several customers walk toward the restaurant entrance, and a young white boy crosses the street.  The clip breaks and begins again with another shot of the restaurant taken from the same location. The clip pauses again, displaying a blank black screen, then a gray screen.","Next, the clip returns to another shot of Maddox pushing away one of the unidentified African American men, then Wells, then another man; he pushes the first two men by their chests, and the third man by grabbing the back of his neck and head; the African American men attempt to regain their composure and make their way back to the restaurant.  The camera, now directly in front of Maddox, captures a frontal view of him pushing one of the African American men towards the camera. Maddox retreats; as he moves backward, it becomes evident that he is holding axe handles in both hands. The African American men do not fight back. One of the unidentified African American men begins to speak to Maddox, as he gestures with both hands. White restaurant patrons and employees move in beside Maddox, to block the African American men from moving closer to the restaurant. A man puts Wells' hat back on his head, and Maddox heads back toward the restaurant. The African American men continue to speak to the white men who have blocked the front of the restaurant. The same uniformed white man seen in previous shots approaches one of the African American men, then aggressively points at him and shouts. Wells attempts to intercede. Next, in a shot taken from behind Wells, several angry white restaurant patrons exchange words with Wells and another of the African American men, while several other white men stand behind and observe. This is followed by a shot taken from a different angle, where two different white men speak to Wells. The clip jumps back to a shot of the same uniformed white man combatively pointing and thrusting his arm in front of the face of the same African American man; the African American man shouts back at him. The shot is taken behind the white man's head; it is not clear if he is also shouting. Next, another white man argues with the African American man standing next to Wells and repeatedly shakes his pinched fingers, as though he is trying to make a series of points. This white man is also filmed from behind, so it is unclear if he is shouting.  The clip jumps to another shot of the crowd gathered in the parking lot in front of the restaurant, taken from a distance.","Next, Wells and the three other African American men retreat from the restaurant parking lot to the sidewalk, and, as seen in a previous section of the clip, Wells turns around to speak to the white reporter as he leaves. The African American men leave the site of the restaurant, and proceed down the sidewalk. Next, the camera captures a close-up shot of the sign for the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, then jumps back to another shot of Maddox speaking to the young white man he kicked off of his property in a previous section of the clip; they are standing in front of the restaurant entrance. Maddox extends his arm and points to his right. The clip breaks again, to another shot of Maddox and the young white man, this time on the edge of the restaurant property; here, Maddox leans in toward the young man, then walks away. Next, several people mill around the entrance of the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, the shot includes the antique Ford in the parking lot, with another sign on the back of the car that reads \"Pickrick Ford\"; the rest of the text on the sign is illegible. This is followed by a shot of a newer light-colored car that displays the Pickrick Restaurant's logo, and reads \"The Pickrick Atlanta, Ga. Lester Maddox, Pres.\" The camera pans back up to the sign \"Lester Maddox Cafeteria\" posted above the entrance of the restaurant. The clip ends with a shot of a group of several white customers walking beneath the building's awning and toward the restaurant entrance.","On January 29, 1965, Reverend Charles E. Wells, Sr. and three other African American men were denied service at the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, where they were verbally accosted and physically shoved away, in some cases with axe handles, by white patrons of the restaurant. The four African American men had also attempted to patronize Maddox's establishment on two previous occasions. Maddox, still waiting to answer a federal contempt order for his refusal to integrate, was operating his establishment in open defiance of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He was also awaiting trial on pending state charges for pointing a gun on three African American ministers, George Willis, Jr., Woodrow Lewis, and Albert Dunn in their attempt to integrate his previous establishment, the Pickrick Restaurant, on July 4, 1964. A photograph from the incident was captured by an Associated Press photographer and saw nationwide distribution; in the photo, Maddox and his son Lester Maddox, Jr. force George Lewis away from Maddox's Pickrick restaurant by pointing a handgun and brandishing an axe handle at him. Willis vs. Pickrick Restaurant, the lawsuit filed by Willis, Lewis, and Dunn, became the first case brought under the public accommodations section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In the wake of national publicity surrounding the event, Maddox adopted the axe handle as a symbol of his resistance to desegregation, and sold souvenir axe handles, dubbed \"Pickrick drumsticks\" to his segregationist supporters, in whose eyes he had become a folk hero. On July 22, 1964, a federal court upheld the Civil Rights Act, and issued an injunction against the Pickrick and the white-only Heart of Atlanta Motel, owned by Atlanta attorney Moreton Rolleston. Both businesses were prohibited from denying service to customers based on color or race. While lawyers appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court, Maddox closed the Pickrick on August 13, and re-opened the business as the Lester Maddox Cafeteria on September 26 on the same property. Maddox contended that the new establishment was a local business that did not engage in state commerce, and was therefore not subject to the Civil Rights Act. In December 1964, the United States Supreme Court ruled to uphold the Civil Rights Act. For the next couple of months, Maddox continued to operate his new restaurant under the pretense of refusing to serve integrationists, a denial of service that he insisted was politically, not racially, based. On February 5, 1965, federal district judge Frank A. Hooper found Maddox to be in contempt of court, and imposed a fine of two hundred dollars for each day he failed to integrate his restaurant. During his contempt hearing, Maddox testified that he never used violence against African Americans, and claimed that he only shoved Wells and his party because the African American men had shoved him first. He also complained to the press about a sprained arm and hand. On February 7, 1965, Maddox closed the Lester Maddox Cafeteria. That same year, he announced his candidacy for governor of Georgia. After having defeated political moderate (and former governor) Ellis Arnall in the Democratic primaries, Maddox ran against segregationist Republican Howard \"Bo\" Callaway in 1966. Although Callaway received the most popular votes in the general election, a vigorous write-in campaign for Ellis Arnall prevented Callaway from receiving the majority vote that was required by the state constitution at that date, and shifted the gubernatorial election to the Democratic party-dominated Georgia State Assembly, where Maddox's victory was secured by a vote of 182 to 66. Ten legislators, nine of whom were African American, refused to vote for either segregationist candidate.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn47697"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Southern States","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Southern States","Race relations","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Police--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurateurs--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Employees","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Southern States","African American clergy--Georgia","Clergy--Georgia","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Southern States","Racism--Georgia--Atlanta","Racism--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Crimes against--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Crimes against--Southern States","Offenses against the person--Georgia","Offenses against the person--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Violence against--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Violence against--Southern States","African Americans--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","African Americans--Southern States--Social conditions--20th century","Whites--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Whites--Southern States--Social conditions--20th century","Social conflict--Georgia--Atlanta","City traffic--Georgia--Atlanta","Motorcycles--Georgia--Atlanta","Police vehicles--Georgia--Atlanta","Press--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Television journalists--Georgia--Atlanta","Television cameras--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Monuments--Georgia--Atlanta","Parking lots--Georgia--Atlanta","Raffles--Georgia--Atlanta","Poor--Charitable contributions--Georgia--Atlanta","Southern States--Race relations","Georgia--Race relations","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Southern States--Social conditions--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Lester Maddox pushing African Americans away from his cafeteria with an ax handle, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 January 29"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn47697"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn47697"],"dcterms_temporal":["1965-01-29"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn47697, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Lester Maddox pushing African Americans away from his cafeteria with an ax handle, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 January 29, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1241, 3:57/08:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 4 mins., 35 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","Maddox, Lester, Jr., 1944-","Wells, Charles E. 1938-2004"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51708","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a news report about continued segregation at the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, with comments by segregationist Lester Maddox and African American civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Briggs, Fred, 1932-","Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","Hollowell, Donald L., 1917-2004"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1965"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from 1965, a reporter comments on the segregationist polices at the Lester Maddox cafeteria in Atlanta, Georgia and interviews Lester Maddox and civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell about the situation.","The clip is divided into two segments. The clip begins with two white men walking through a door into the Lester Maddox Cafeteria. A sign on the door indicates that the business does not serve integrationists. Inside the restaurant, white men and women sit at tables around the room. An African American man in a uniform buses tables, and a white man uses the telephone. Lester Maddox walks by carrying a pitcher in each hand. Next, African American civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell sits in an office.","After a break in the clip, reporter Fred Briggs stands outside the Lester Maddox Cafeteria and comments on the situation. He explains that the Lester Maddox Cafeteria used to be the Pickrick Restaurant. He mentions that the Pickrick sign is now covered. The covering, seen in the clip, reads \"This light turned out by L.B.J.\" The sign refers to President Lyndon B. Johnson who had a reputation for turning off lights at the White House and who signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act which outlawed racial discrimination by businesses. Briggs reports that since September 1964 the restaurant has been known as the Lester Maddox Cafeteria. Although the name has changed, Briggs continues, the trademarks of the Pickrick remain, including the same recipes and a table of segregationist literature. Briggs indicates that many customers have returned to the Pickrick, but that while business appears to be doing well, Maddox says it is not all returned.","Following a break in the clip, Lester Maddox comments further on the situation, blaming \"the agitation and the confusion caused by the agitators\" for a fifteen to twenty percent decline from normal business. Maddox claims that if agitators leave him and his business alone, it can return to being \"a successful part of the American free enterprise system.\" Briggs outlines Maddox's business policy. While Maddox cannot legally refuse service to patrons because of \"race, creed, or color,\" he claims he does not have to serve \"integrationists.\" Briggs clarifies that an African American who wants to eat at the cafeteria would be an integrationist, because a segregationist would not want to eat there. The clip breaks again, and Briggs reports that following the December 1964 Supreme Court ruling in Heart of Atlanta v. United States, African Americans have not tried to patronize the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, and according to lawyer Donald Hollowell, they probably will not try in the future.","The clip returns to Hollowell sitting in his office. Hollowell comments on the international publicity surrounding the state and federal court cases against Lester Maddox and his restaurant. Hollowell believes that since African Americans know of the cases against Maddox, they are content to \"let that matter rest\" and \"let the courts take care of it.\" Hollowell also recognizes that other restaurant owners do comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Reporter Briggs concludes by repeating Maddox's hope that the courts and African Americans will continue to leave him alone.","During the b-roll of the clip, Maddox again walks around the restaurant with a pitcher in each hand. Men sit at tables with food in front of them. Pro-segregation literature sits on a table in the front of the room. A sign near a pond encourages patrons to \"make a wish and a gift for segregation.\" Maddox, employees, and patrons walk around the room.","Lester Maddox ran the Pickrick with his wife, Virginia, from 1947 until 1965. The restaurant, located near the campus of Georgia Institute of Technology, or Georgia Tech, became well-known for its good food and reasonable prices. Maddox used his position as a businessman to speak out in favor of segregation. During the civil rights demonstrations in the early 1960s, Maddox refused to serve African American patrons. He kept ax handles--called \"Pickrick drumsticks\" near the restaurant's front door to discourage African Americans seeking to eat at the restaurant. Following the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Maddox chased two African Americans away from the Pickrick at gunpoint. Maddox publicly announced he would go to jail before serving African Americans, even after being charged in court for pointing a gun at the men. On July 22 in a case against the Pickrick and the white-only Heart of Atlanta Motel, a federal court upheld the Civil Rights Act and issued an injunction beginning August 11 against both businesses prohibiting them from denying service to customers based on color or race. Lawyers appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court which heard the case in October; while waiting for the court to hear the case, the Heart of Atlanta began accepting African American customers, and Maddox closed the Pickrick on August 13. On September 26 Maddox opened the Lester Maddox Cafeteria in the Pickrick's old location and announced he would serve \"acceptable\" Georgians. During a trial for contempt of court on September 29, Maddox argued that he was not in contempt because he was no longer offering service to out-of-state travelers or integrationists. In December 1964 the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Civil Rights Act. On February 5, 1965 a federal court ruled Maddox was in contempt of court for failing to obey the injunction and ordered him fined two hundred dollars a day for failing to serve African Americans. Maddox closed the restaurant February 7, 1965 blaming president Johnson and communism for putting him out of business.","Reporter: Briggs, Fred, 1932-","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn51708"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Restaurants--Employees","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Government, Resistance to--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Interviews--Georgia--Atlanta","African American lawyers--Georgia--Atlanta","Lawyers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Men, White--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a news report about continued segregation at the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, with comments by segregationist Lester Maddox and African American civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51708"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51708"],"dcterms_temporal":["1965"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn51708, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a news report about continued segregation at the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, with comments by segregationist Lester Maddox and African American civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1390, 31:28/34:01, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 33 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.","1 clip (b-roll): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","Hollowell, Donald L., 1917-2004","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Briggs, Fred, 1932-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46073","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting with Atlanta civic leaders about recent desegregation demonstrations, and Fulton county solicitor William T. Boyd pledging to prosecute demonstrators who break the law, Atlanta, Georgia 1964 January 27 and 1964 January 29","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","Boyd, William T., 1920-1965","Forman, James, 1928-2005"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-01-27"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip dated January 27 and 29, 1964, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. addresses a body of white and African American business, religious, and civic group leaders at City Hall with regard to recent demonstrations centered around segregated restaurants and hotels involving members of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR), and the Ku Klux Klan that resulted in violence; members of SNCC, SCLC and several Atlanta community leaders address the same audience in City Hall; and Fulton county solicitor general William T. Boyd makes an announcement at a press conference where he pledges to prosecute demonstrators who violate the law. Several segments of the clip appear to be out of sequence.","The clip is divided into two parts. The first part, approximately six minutes long, begins with a silent portion comprised of several scenes of a government assembly. A poorly-lit close-up of an unidentified speaker is followed by another unidentified speaker at a podium, and then a shot of several men, presumably city legislators, who are working at a long desk. Behind them, a wall is lined with portraits. A different group of men, who are also presumably city legislators, are seated listening. The screen goes black. The next several silent scenes are taken","inside of Atlanta City Hall, and show Mayor Allen speaking to a full audience comprised of both whites and African Americans. The next portion of the clip contains sound. Reading from a prepared statement, Mayor Allen says \"this irresponsible element that chooses to assume threatening posture and attack our city destructively will find that they cannot undermine Atlanta's solid foundation of fairness and freedom built so patiently over many years by men and women of good sense and good will of both races.\" The sound drops out at the end of Allen's statement. The next few silent scenes include a close-up of men taking notes, a shot of an unidentified African American man with a cane speaking into a standing microphone that is taken from behind two video cameras, and several more shots of the audience.","The next shot contains sound. Here, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) executive secretary James Forman says \"there is no malice in the hearts of anyone who adheres to the principle of nonviolence against a particular individual; in fact, we love our white brothers even though they make it difficult for us to love. We even love the Ku Klux Klan that was demonstrating against us, even though they may not understand that . . .\" He is interrupted by Mayor Allen, who reminds Forman to remain on subject; Allen reminds him that he is extending him every courtesy he has of other speakers. Forman defends his speech by replying \"Well, I am speaking to the subject, because the subject involves the rationale of the demonstrations in the city of Atlanta. Some of us have been called irresponsible, and I think it's necessary for the city of Atlanta at this moment to understand some of the reservoir which produces the need for demonstrations.\" The sound drops out at the end of Forman's statement.","In the next few silent shots, Mayor Allen speaks to the audience from the podium, pointing for emphasis; this is followed by several shots of the audience. The camera closes in on the front row where restaurateur Lester Maddox, owner of the segregated Pickrick restaurant is seated; Maddox raises his hand to speak. This is followed by several shots of an unidentified white man, reading from a prepared statement at the standing microphone. The clip jumps to several shots of segregated Leb's restaurant, where a small group of African American and white demonstrators picket along the sidewalk carrying a banner that reads \"Democracy on the line why are students in jail?\" These shots are interspersed with shots of a white police officer directing traffic, and two white police officers standing on a street corner, presumably the corner of Forsyth and Luckie Streets, and the location of Leb's restaurant. In the next shot, Mayor Allen speaks from a podium at the meeting in city hall.","The next shot contains sound. Here, Mayor Allen states \"I have asked you to meet here this afternoon to help evaluate and work out a solution to a situation which threatens not only the good name, but beyond that, even the public safety of this city.\" The clip breaks and skips to another section of Allen's address, where he says \"Atlanta's tolerance has been almost unlimited. Atlanta's desire for every citizen to have liberty, freedom, and equal rights is unabated. Atlanta will not slow down or stop in its efforts to work out solutions to all problems of racial relations. That is the course of action to which Atlanta has been and shall continue to be committed.\"  The sound drops out again. Several Atlanta business and community leaders speak to the audience from the stand microphone; the leaders include Atlanta board of education member Dr. Rufus E. Clement, executive secretary of the Atlanta Restaurant Association Ed England, an unidentified African American leader, and executive director of SCLC Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker. There are several more silent shots of the audience interspersed with close-up shots of Maddox, and shots of cameramen filming Mayor Allen speaking at the podium; one of the cameramen is operating his camera while simultaneously holding a lit cigarette. There are further shots of the audience and of Mayor Allen guiding an unidentified white man to the microphone; the man goes on to read from a prepared statement. There are several exterior shots of Atlanta city hall, including one where three men in overcoats and hats enter the building; this is followed by further scenes from the meeting, where the mayor and members of the audience are led in prayer by a young white clergyman. After the clergyman concludes the prayer, the standing audience collectively sits down. Next, a white audience member asks a question from his seat; the clip jumps to a shot of the audience taken from behind Mayor Allen as people are looking for places to sit down. The last shot in the first part of the clip shows Mayor Allen arranging his documents at the podium.","In the second segment of the clip, which is approximately five minutes long, William T. Boyd, solicitor general of the Atlanta judicial circuit reads from a prepared statement delivered on January 27, 1964. He is filmed seated inside an office; there is a typewriter at the desk and a file cabinet in the background. After a false start, Boyd states \"Tragedy, bloodshed and death were narrowly averted in the streets of Atlanta this past weekend. That some persons of both races, white and Negro, escaped serious and possibly fatal injuries was the merest accident and I thank God for that accident.\" He pauses, the clip breaks, then he resumes speaking; the beginning of his statement is recorded incompletely.  He argues that the conflict that broke out during protests the previous weekend provides the nation with a false picture of Atlanta \"which does not show the harmony with which our Negro and white citizens have worked to improve the lot of both races here\" and points to examples of peaceful school desegregation, voluntary desegregation by some merchants and restaurant owners, and peaceful demonstrations as examples of Atlanta's successful race relations. Boyd expresses his faith in the law, notes that law enforcement groups cannot uphold the law without the help of the public, noting \"here respect for it is weakened, where the prophets of hate and deceit, who love not themselves, their nation, or their god prevail against it, there is tragedy. \" He urges citizens to uphold the law in order to preserve public safety. Boyd stops, asks the cameraman \"How was it, alright?\" grabs his waiting cigarette, and takes a puff. The clip breaks, and then returns to a shot of Boyd leaving the desk with a stack of papers in his hand. The clip breaks to a gray screen, and resumes with what is probably an earlier shot of Boyd, seated at the desk.  He announces that he is bringing twenty-four cases to the Fulton county grand jury on Tuesday, that they are known as \"the Krystal cases\" (presumably cases involving demonstrators attempting to desegregate Atlanta-area Krystal restaurants), and involve Georgia's anti-trespass law.  He announces \"I will use this office and its resources to curb violence by hoodlums and thugs of any race.\" The clip breaks, and Boyd expresses that as solicitor general of the Atlanta judicial circuit, that it is his \"duty to speak out against those who would seek their day in court in the streets jeopardizing the lives of innocent bystanders as well as those who are in direct and violent disagreement with them.\" He acknowledges \"Vital forces are at work in the Negroes' rightful attempt to gain their full constitutional recognition as Americans. Equally vital forces, and not always purely racial ones, are behind the opposition to Negro goals.\" He asserts \"it is my sworn duty as solicitor general to uphold the law, to prosecute without fear or favor those who would violate the law. The law stands between us and chaos, no matter what our station in life, no matter what our beliefs, no matter what our race. The law is our promise that we can walk the very streets in safety . . .\" He refers once more to the violent events of the previous weekend, before the clip ends; Boyd's comments are incompletely recorded.","On January 29, 1964, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. convened a meeting of African American and white community leaders at Atlanta city hall; he hoped to resolve heightened tensions over the partial desegregation of Atlanta restaurants and hotels, and the lack of a public accommodations law barring segregation in Atlanta. Allen's actions were prompted by a series of demonstrations organized by members of SNCC and COAHR that had elevated in intensity since December of 1963. In the four days prior to the meeting at city hall, more than three hundred people had been arrested in connection to these demonstrations. The most disruptive of these protests took place on Sunday, January 26 at segregated Leb's Restaurant in downtown Atlanta, where picketers had attracted approximately one thousand white spectators, some of whom were members of the Ku Klux Klan. Clashes between civil rights demonstrators, spectators, and restaurant personnel resulted in the injury of several demonstrators and police officers, property damages to the restaurant, and the blocking of street traffic.  The Atlanta Restaurant Association placed full page ads in Atlanta papers, declaring that the city had placed too much pressure on restaurant owners to desegregate, and denied segregated establishments full protection by law enforcement when demonstrators picketed their establishments.","At the January 29 meeting, Mayor Allen requested a thirty-day moratorium on desegregation demonstrations, and upheld his support for an active federal civil rights bill to desegregate public accommodations. He announced that city police would begin to enforce the arrest of trespassers at sit-ins to accommodate restaurateurs, but that lawful picketing would be permitted and protected. Time was also allotted to Atlanta police chief Herbert Jenkins to summarize the police department's policy regarding the enforcement of laws related to public demonstrations. The mayor requested the attendance of members of the Atlanta Board of Aldermen, legislators from Fulton and DeKalb counties, members of the Summit Leadership Conference, a coordinating body for more than eighty civil rights groups in Atlanta, and representatives from SCLC, COAHR and SNCC. The meeting was also attended by members of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce and the Atlanta Restaurant Association. Despite Mayor Allen's efforts, the meeting accomplished little beyond demonstrating his engagement in the ongoing problem. The Chamber of Commerce and the Atlanta Restaurant Association declared that they favored voluntary desegregation rather than a public accommodations law; the elder and more conservative members of the Atlanta Summit Leadership Conference were in agreement with the mayor regarding the thirty-day \"cooling off period,\" but the members of SCLC and SNCC refused to comply; and Allen's proposed thirty-day moratorium on demonstrations went unheeded.  Six months later, with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in July, Atlanta restaurants were finally required to integrate by law.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Former title read \"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting about demonstrations by African Americans in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 January 27.\" Research of the events in the clip determine that the date of Mayor Allen's address was January 29, 1964, and that William Boyd's statement was made on January 27, 1964."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn46073"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Police--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Lawyers--Georgia--Atlanta","County attorneys--Georgia--Atlanta","Politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Meetings--Georgia--Atlanta","Audiences--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","African American clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Traffic police--Georgia--Atlanta","Riots--United States","Riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Race riots--United States","Race riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Riot control--United States","Riot control--Georgia--Atlanta","Social conflict--Georgia--Atlanta","Interpersonal confrontation--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Forecasting","Political violence--Southern States--History--20th century","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Southern States","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Southern States","Community activists--Georgia--Atlanta","Civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","Educators--Georgia--Atlanta","African American educators--Georgia--Atlanta","City halls--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Southern States","Discrimination in education--Georgia","Discrimination in education--Southern States","Segregation in education--Georgia","Segregation in education--Southern States","School integration--Georgia--Atlanta","Grand jury--Georgia--Atlanta","Television camera operators--Georgia--Atlanta","Smoking--Georgia--Atlanta","Smoking in the workplace--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Officials and employees","Atlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting with Atlanta civic leaders about recent desegregation demonstrations, and Fulton county solicitor William T. Boyd pledging to prosecute demonstrators who break the law, Atlanta, Georgia 1964 January 27 and 1964 January 29"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46073"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46073"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964-01-27"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn46073, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting with Atlanta civic leaders about recent desegregation demonstrations, and Fulton county solicitor William T. Boyd pledging to prosecute demonstrators who break the law, Atlanta, Georgia 1964 January 27 and 1964 January 29, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1136, 7:43/14:12, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 6 mins., 29 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.","1 clip (about 4 mins., 39 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","Boyd, William T., 1920-1965","Clement, Rufus E., 1900-1967","England, Ed","Walker, Wyatt Tee","Forman, James, 1928-2005"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46062","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Board of Aldermen holding a public hearing on segregation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from 1964, civil rights demonstrators protest the segregation of Atlanta public facilities at Atlanta City Hall while the Atlanta Board of Aldermen conduct a meeting inside.","The clip begins with a view of Sam Massell, president of Atlanta's Board of Aldermen, presiding over a meeting of the Board of Aldermen at Atlanta City Hall. This is followed by a close-up shot of Massell speaking into a microphone. Unidentified members of the Board of Aldermen speak amongst themselves and to the the public; these shots are interspersed with close-up shots of the white audience in attendance. Next, a group of African American demonstrators are gathered silently outside of the doors of the meeting room of the Board of Aldermen; they are holding placards and carrying protest leaflets. Some of the signs read \"End discrimination in public places\" and \"Down segregation.\"","After a break in the clip, members of the Board of Aldermen continue to make public statements and conduct smaller conversations with their colleagues; there is also one quick shot of the backs of African American demonstrators waiting outside of the Board of Aldermen's doorway. Coverage of the protest outside the meeting continues after another break in the clip; as the protestors continue to demonstrate, a white man carrying documents walks through the line of demonstrators and into the meeting. As the demonstrators continue to wait outside of closed doors, the camera slowly pans over protest signs, which include \"End discrimination in hospitals,\" \"End discrimination in public places.\" The clip ends when a white man enters a doorway adjacent to the demonstrators, and a young African American woman carrying a sign hands him a leaflet as he passes through the hallway.","Prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Atlanta still had not managed to pass a public accommodations ordinance that would desegregate public facilities; in failing to do so, Atlanta had fallen behind many Southern cities in progressive civil rights legislation. Although he was also under considerable pressure from local civil rights groups, mayor Ivan Allen personally believed that segregation would drive national business opportunities away from the city. In January of 1964, Allen called upon the the city's Board of Aldermen to create local ordinances that would desegregate Atlanta public facilities.  After some disagreement, the Board of Aldermen voted in favor of asking city businesses to desegregate, though the city's legal counsel later advised that the legislative body was not granted such authority in the city charter. In an attempt to overcome this legal obstruction, lone African American state senator Leroy Johnson proposed a bill to the state's General Assembly that would empower the Board of Aldermen to pass a public accommodations ordinance; it was struck down by segregationists. Reluctantly, Allen finally accepted that the only solution to the problem would be the public accommodations section of the federal civil rights bill that would ultimately become the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Ivan Allen was the only elected official from the South that testified before Congress in support of the public accommodations section of the bill before it became law.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn46062"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Municipal government--Georgia--Atlanta","City council members--Georgia--Atlanta","Municipal officials and employees--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Southern States","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in medical care--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in medical care--Southern States","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Hospitals--Georgia--Atlanta","Hospitals--Southern States","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Southern States","Hotels--Georgia--Atlanta","Hotels--Southern States","Motels--Georgia--Atlanta","Motels--Southern States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Southern States","City halls--Georgia--Atlanta","Buildings--Georgia--Atlanta","Public buildings--Georgia--Atlanta","Politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Meetings--Georgia--Atlanta","Audiences--Georgia--Atlanta","Microphone","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Pamphlets--Georgia--Atlanta","Racism--Georgia--Atlanta","Georgia--Race relations--History--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Southern States--Social conditions--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Buildings, structures, etc."],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Board of Aldermen holding a public hearing on segregation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46062"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46062"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn46062, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Board of Aldermen holding a public hearing on segregation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1133, 17:20/21:04, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 3 mins., 44 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Massell, Sam","Cook, Rodney"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46919","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of segregationist Lester Maddox greeting customers at the Pickrick restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-00-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from the Pickrick restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia in 1964, restaurant owner, segregationist, and future governor Lester Maddox greets customers. Maddox walks through the restaurant greeting customers by name and asking them about their meal. At the check-out stand, a young man takes payment and sells United States flags. A sign advertises a copy of the Declaration of Independence selling for thirty-five cents. A black-colored bird in a cage whistles in the background. On July 2, 1964 president Lyndon B. Johnson signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act which prohibited segregation in businesses serving the public. Two days later three African American ministers unsuccessfully tried to integrate the Pickrick and were turned away by a gun pointed at them by Lester Maddox. Maddox publicly announced he would go to jail before serving African Americans, even after being charged in court for pointing a gun at the men and continued to keep ax handles, \"Pickrick drumsticks\" near the door of his restaurant in order to keep African Americans out. On July 22 in a case against the Pickrick and the white-only Heart of Atlanta Motel, owned by attorney Moreton Rolleston, a federal court upheld the Civil Rights act and issued an injunction beginning August 11 against both businesses prohibiting them from denying service to customers based on color or race. Lawyers appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court which heard the case in October; while waiting for the court to hear the case the Heart of Atlanta began accepting African American customers and Maddox closed the Pickrick on August 13. On September 26 Maddox opened the Lester Maddox Cafeteria in the Pickrick's old location and announced he would serve \"acceptable\" Georgians. During a trial for contempt of court on September 29, Maddox argued that he was not in contempt because he was no longer offering service to out-of-state travelers or integrationists. In December 1964 the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Civil Rights Act. On February 5, 1965 a federal court ruled Maddox was in contempt of court for failing to obey the injunction and ordered him fined two hundred dollars a day for failing to serve African Americans. Maddox closed the restaurant February 7, 1965 blaming president Johnson and communism for putting him out of business.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn46919"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Restaurants--Employees","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Flags--United States","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Government, Resistance to--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of segregationist Lester Maddox greeting customers at the Pickrick restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46919"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46919"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964-00-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn46919, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of segregationist Lester Maddox greeting customers at the Pickrick restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1186, 3:45/12:31, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 8 mins., 46 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn45079","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white men picketing recently integrated restaurants in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 June 30","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1963-06-30"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from June 30, 1963, unidentified white men picket recently integrated restaurants and Lester Maddox walks near the protesters in Atlanta, Georgia.","The clip begins with a white man picketing in front of a restaurant, possibly Johnny Reb's Canteen in Atlanta, Georgia. The man carries a sign with the slogan \"Do not eat here. The owner practices integration.\" Lester Maddox, segregationist owner of The Pickrick restaurant walks down the street and stands across the street from an unidentified restaurant. Another unidentified white man pickets in front of another restaurant. His sign has the slogan \"Do not eat here. The owner of this business is a leader for integration.\" Maddox is seen again, apparently speaking to someone off-camera. Finally a white youth pickets in front of \"Ye Olde Herren's\"; his picket sign has a similar slogan to the other two seen.","In March 1960, African American students in Atlanta, Georgia, began organized, sustained protests of segregation. Negotiations in March 1961 led to the desegregation of many downtown lunch counters in September 1961. Another phase of demonstrations began on April 27, 1963 when students began sit-ins at segregated restaurants and hotels in Atlanta. Over one hundred African American and white students were arrested during the demonstrations. On May 30 the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce Board of Directors unanimously issued a policy statement encouraging all businesses serving the public to desegregate immediately; Atlanta restaurants ignored the plea and demonstrations continued. On June 25 thirty-five restaurants planned to quietly desegregate their facilities, ending most of the demonstrations; no list of integrated restaurants was published. According to the Atlanta Journal, one proprietor agreed to integrate on a thirty-day trial, planning to continue integrated service if there were no problems. On June 30 several white men picketed four known integrated restaurants. Lester Maddox, owner of the still-segregated Pickrick, told a reporter he anticipated the number of anti-integration picketers to start small but to increase, possibly to a thousand picketers. He also mentioned that he was considering publishing a city-wide list of desegregated places. Most of the thirty-five restaurants resegregated before the end of the year. The city's restaurants did not widely desegregate until after the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act in July 1964 which included a \"public accommodations\" provision prohibiting businesses engaging in interstate commerce from segregating.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn45079"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Direct action--Georgia--Atlanta","Men, White--Georgia--Atlanta","Central business districts--Georgia--Atlanta","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white men picketing recently integrated restaurants in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 June 30"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn45079"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn45079"],"dcterms_temporal":["1963-06-30"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn45079, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white men picketing recently integrated restaurants in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 June 30, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1081, 48:42/49:59, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 17 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn32577","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of delegates to the National Association of Colored People convention picketing Johnny Reb's restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, 1962 July 6","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1962-07-06"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip dated July 6, 1962, African American delegates from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) convention in Atlanta, Georgia picket the segregated restaurant Johnny Reb's Canteen, while white men counterdemonstrate and hand out leaflets.","The clip opens with a shot of African American demonstrators picketing on the sidewalk in front of Johnny Reb's Canteen, a segregated Atlanta restaurant. The picketers carry placards that read \"Open restaurant policy in Dallas, Tex. Why not in Atlanta? N.A.A.C.P.\" A white man dressed in a Confederate soldier's uniform, presumably an employee of Johnny Reb's, marches alongside the African American protesters. In mock protest, he carries a sign that reads \"Everybody loves Johnny Reb's ice cream.\" Next, a group of white observers watch the demonstrations from a nearby building. This is followed by another shot of African American protesters back at Johnny Reb's Canteen wearing signs that read \"12 southern cities have open hotels why not Atlanta? N.A.A.C.P.\" Next, a police officer signals street traffic to continue moving forward. This is followed by footage of a white man handing out leaflets to white passersby; he withholds the leaflets as a group of young African American women walks by, and resumes distributing the leaflets as more white men pass by.","In July 1962, the NAACP held its fifty-third annual convention in Atlanta, Ga. Although lunch counters had recently integrated, the majority of the city's public accommodations remained segregated and convention attendees were refused service in several downtown hotels and restaurants. Delegates picketed Johnny Reb's Canteen,  one of ten hotels and six restaurants selected by the convention for denying African Americans service or accommodations. After the convention, further integration efforts focusing on restaurants and lunch counters continued in Atlanta, led by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR). Thirty-five downtown restaurants agreed to desegregate in June 1963 after two months of sit-ins and protests. On June 25, 1963 thirty-five eating establishments agreed to quietly desegregate on a thirty-day trial basis, although most resegregated by the end of the year, a result of white segregationists picketing the integrating restaurants. Most Atlanta-area restaurants desegregated following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn32577"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Southern States","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Georgia--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Whites--Georgia--Politics and government--20th century","Whites--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Southern States","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Southern States","Hotels--Georgia--Atlanta","Hotels--Southern States","Motels--Georgia--Atlanta","Motels--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Southern States","Race relations","Congresses and conventions--Georgia--Atlanta","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Pamphlets--Georgia--Atlanta","Police--Georgia--Atlanta","City traffic--Georgia--Atlanta","Traffic signs and signals--Georgia--Atlanta","Pedestrians--Georgia--Atlanta","Racism--Georgia--Atlanta","Southern States--Race relations","Georgia--Race relations","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Southern States--Social conditions--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of delegates to the National Association of Colored People convention picketing Johnny Reb's restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, 1962 July 6"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn32577"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn32577"],"dcterms_temporal":["1962-07-06"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn32577, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of delegates to the National Association of Colored People convention picketing Johnny Reb's restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, 1962 July 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0725, 47:50/48:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 42 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mus_sovcom_3-6a-2-33-1-1-1","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of Royce E. Frankhouser following his arrest in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 September 4","collection_id":"mus_sovcom","collection_title":"Sovereignty Commission Online","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission"],"dc_date":["1961-09-04"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot","Individual(s) identified in the photograph include Frankhouser, Royce E.","Classified by the Sovereignty Commission as (Name)--School Integration","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["from Florida - Incidents, newspaper clippings, etc., Sovereignty Commission records, Mississippi Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of Series 2515 : Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records Online, 1994-2006"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Identification photographs--Georgia--Atlanta","Arrest--Georgia--Atlanta","Men, White--Georgia--Atlanta","White supremacy movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of Royce E. Frankhouser following his arrest in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 September 4"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Mississippi. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://da.mdah.ms.gov/sovcom/photo.php?display=item\u0026oid=686"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records are state government records made available to the public pursuant to American Civil Liberties Union v. Fordice, 969 F.Supp. 403 (S.D.Miss.1994). The web-enabled version of the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records is intended for public use in research, teaching, and private study in accordance with the provisions of the Fair Use clause of the United States Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). MDAH makes no warranty or assurances that materials contained in this collection are free from U.S. copyright claims or other restrictions on free use and display. It is the user's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright or other use restrictions when publishing or distributing materials found in this collection. MDAH requests that prior to publication of Sov. Com. images the user submit an MDAH Broadcast/Publication Permission form for approval by the Department. This form must be accompanied by documentation which proves that copyright requirements have been satisfied. Contact MDAH Reference Staff for details on how to obtain and complete the B/PP form: (601) 576 6876 or refdesk@mdah.ms.gov. There are no MDAH Use Fees associated with use of Sov. Com. images. MDAH asks that each image used in a presentation, display, or publication be accompanied by a credit line, which at a minimum includes the name of this collection, the unique resource identifier for each image, the name of this institution, and URL. ; Cite images according to the following structure: Original Creator, \"Title\", Original creation date (if known), Unique Resource Identifier, Series Number and Title, Archival Repository, date of last web page revision, image location/URL, (image viewed on date)."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["black-and-white photographs","identification photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Frankhouser, Roy E. (Roy Everett), 1939-2009"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mus_sovcom_99-6-0-127-1-1-1","title":"Letter: Atlanta, Georgia, to Elijah Muhammad, Chicago, Illinois, 1961 April 10","collection_id":"mus_sovcom","collection_title":"Sovereignty Commission Online","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Stoner, J. B."],"dc_date":["1961-04-10"],"dcterms_description":["Letter from J.B. Stoner, Grand Wizard KKK to Elijah Muhammad","Individual(s) identified in the photograph include Stoner J.B.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["from Untitled, Sovereignty Commission records, Mississippi Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of Series 2515 : Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records Online, 1994-2006"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Ku Klux Klan (1915- )--Correspondence","Ku Klux Klan (1915- )--Georgia--Atlanta","White supremacy movements--United States","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Lawyers--Georgia--Atlanta","Nation of Islam (Chicago, Ill.)--Correspondence","African Americans--Civil rights","Associations, institutions, etc.","African Americans--Societies, etc.","Black Muslims--United States","Black nationalism--United States","Black militant organizations--United States","Black power--United States","African American political activists--Illinois--Chicago","African American civil rights workers--Illinois--Chicago"],"dcterms_title":["Letter: Atlanta, Georgia, to Elijah Muhammad, Chicago, Illinois, 1961 April 10"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Mississippi. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://da.mdah.ms.gov/sovcom/photo.php?display=item\u0026oid=609"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records are state government records made available to the public pursuant to American Civil Liberties Union v. Fordice, 969 F.Supp. 403 (S.D.Miss.1994). The web-enabled version of the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records is intended for public use in research, teaching, and private study in accordance with the provisions of the Fair Use clause of the United States Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). MDAH makes no warranty or assurances that materials contained in this collection are free from U.S. copyright claims or other restrictions on free use and display. It is the user's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright or other use restrictions when publishing or distributing materials found in this collection. MDAH requests that prior to publication of Sov. Com. images the user submit an MDAH Broadcast/Publication Permission form for approval by the Department. This form must be accompanied by documentation which proves that copyright requirements have been satisfied. Contact MDAH Reference Staff for details on how to obtain and complete the B/PP form: (601) 576 6876 or refdesk@mdah.ms.gov. There are no MDAH Use Fees associated with use of Sov. Com. images. MDAH asks that each image used in a presentation, display, or publication be accompanied by a credit line, which at a minimum includes the name of this collection, the unique resource identifier for each image, the name of this institution, and URL. ; Cite images according to the following structure: Original Creator, \"Title\", Original creation date (if known), Unique Resource Identifier, Series Number and Title, Archival Repository, date of last web page revision, image location/URL, (image viewed on date)."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Stoner, Jesse Benjamin, 1924-2005--Correspondence","Elijah Muhammad, 1897-1975--Correspondence"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mus_sovcom_99-6-0-127-2-1-1","title":"Letter: Atlanta, Georgia, to Elijah Muhammad, Chicago, Illinois, 1961 April 10","collection_id":"mus_sovcom","collection_title":"Sovereignty Commission Online","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Stoner, J. B."],"dc_date":["1961-04-10"],"dcterms_description":["Letter from J.B. Stoner, Grand Wizard KKK to Elijah Muhammad","Individual(s) identified in the photograph include Stoner J.B.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["from Untitled, Sovereignty Commission records, Mississippi Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of Series 2515 : Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records Online, 1994-2006"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Ku Klux Klan (1915- )--Correspondence","Ku Klux Klan (1915- )--Georgia--Atlanta","White supremacy movements--United States","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Lawyers--Georgia--Atlanta","Nation of Islam (Chicago, Ill.)--Correspondence","African Americans--Civil rights","Associations, institutions, etc.","African Americans--Societies, etc.","Black Muslims--United States","Black nationalism--United States","Black militant organizations--United States","Black power--United States","African American political activists--Illinois--Chicago","African American civil rights workers--Illinois--Chicago"],"dcterms_title":["Letter: Atlanta, Georgia, to Elijah Muhammad, Chicago, Illinois, 1961 April 10"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Mississippi. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://da.mdah.ms.gov/sovcom/photo.php?display=item\u0026oid=610"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records are state government records made available to the public pursuant to American Civil Liberties Union v. Fordice, 969 F.Supp. 403 (S.D.Miss.1994). The web-enabled version of the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records is intended for public use in research, teaching, and private study in accordance with the provisions of the Fair Use clause of the United States Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). MDAH makes no warranty or assurances that materials contained in this collection are free from U.S. copyright claims or other restrictions on free use and display. It is the user's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright or other use restrictions when publishing or distributing materials found in this collection. MDAH requests that prior to publication of Sov. Com. images the user submit an MDAH Broadcast/Publication Permission form for approval by the Department. This form must be accompanied by documentation which proves that copyright requirements have been satisfied. Contact MDAH Reference Staff for details on how to obtain and complete the B/PP form: (601) 576 6876 or refdesk@mdah.ms.gov. There are no MDAH Use Fees associated with use of Sov. Com. images. MDAH asks that each image used in a presentation, display, or publication be accompanied by a credit line, which at a minimum includes the name of this collection, the unique resource identifier for each image, the name of this institution, and URL. ; Cite images according to the following structure: Original Creator, \"Title\", Original creation date (if known), Unique Resource Identifier, Series Number and Title, Archival Repository, date of last web page revision, image location/URL, (image viewed on date)."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Stoner, Jesse Benjamin, 1924-2005--Correspondence","Elijah Muhammad, 1897-1975--Correspondence"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null}],"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":2,"limit_value":12,"offset_value":0,"total_count":15,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false},"facets":[{"name":"type_facet","items":[{"value":"MovingImage","hits":8},{"value":"StillImage","hits":6},{"value":"Text","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"creator_facet","items":[{"value":"WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)","hits":8},{"value":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission","hits":3},{"value":"Stoner, J. 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