{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44605","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen on his decision not to run for re-election in a speech before the rotary club on the race problems of Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 January 6","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","Allen, Ivan, III, 1938-1992","Massell, Sam"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, Forsyth Street","United States, Massachusetts, Suffolk County, Boston, 42.35843, -71.05977","United States, New York, Monroe County, Rochester, 43.15478, -77.61556","United States, New York, New York County, New York, 40.7142691, -74.0059729"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1969-01-06"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip dated January 6, 1969, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. addresses a meeting of the Atlanta Board of Aldermen at city hall; discusses his decision to not run for re-election as mayor with a reporter; and delivers a speech to the Atlanta Rotary club where he thanks Atlanta's business community for its support and urges the audience to prioritize improvements that will benefit poor African Americans both socially and economically. Several segments of the clip appear to be out of sequence.","The clip, which is approximately fifteen minutes long, begins with several shots of Allen working inside of the mayor's office in Atlanta City Hall; he speaks to an aide, and then flips through what appears to be an appointment book. Next, a reporter holds his microphone up to the mayor's son Ivan Allen III, who comments supportively on his father's work as mayor, and on his decision to retire from public office, noting \". . . we're, in some respects, sorry to see him make this decision, but in other respects, glad to know that he's going to have some time on his hands . . . and be able to devote more time to other interests.\" The reporter's question is not recorded. This is followed by b-roll footage of Allen's mayoral memorabilia housed in city hall, which includes a photograph of Allen speaking to a fireman in front of a street full of fire hoses; a plaque beneath a glass vitrine housing a football that reads \"Atlanta's first national league football Atlanta Falcons vs. Los Angeles Rams September 11, 1966 Atlanta Stadium\"; and another photograph of Allen petting a lemur held by an animal trainer. The camera then pans across a wall full of ceremonial shovels used in groundbreakings.","Next, Mayor Allen, sitting in the back seat of a chauffeured automobile, speaks to a reporter who is off-camera.  Allen outlines some of the difficulties of being the mayor of a major city. He recalls \"there have been fifteen or twenty major crises during the last seven or eight years,\" notes that he is obliged to family and friends \"to not stretch myself out too far,\" and that he considers the privilege of serving eight years \"a long time.\" He says that his service as mayor has broadened his friendships and his knowledge of the city, then comments \"I have a very deep understanding of the race issue, of which I spoke about today with all of the frankness and candor that I can put into it. There's in Atlanta, a tremendously grave problem, and unless we build our structure strong and build a strong Negro community, we're going to be in grievous trouble and I feel like I have the complete freedom to express this in the strongest possible fashion now.\" The sound drops out, and the camera focuses on the vehicle approaching Atlanta City Hall through the passenger-side window.","Next, Mayor Allen greets several people, including African American alderman Q. V. Williamson, and vice mayor Sam Massell inside Atlanta City Hall at a meeting of the board of aldermen.  This is followed by a shot of the audience seated inside of city hall, and then by footage of Massell speaking at a podium, admonishing current city officeholders for announcing their candidacy for the office of mayor too early. Massell notes that it is a disservice to their constituents considering the election is still ten months away; he then refers to a study that recommends shorter campaign periods. There are several more shots of people attending the meeting at city hall; these are followed by a shot of Mayor Allen, who addresses the city hall audience from the same podium where Massell was speaking previously. Allen warns against the reliance on property tax increases to supply the city with revenue, notes that high property taxes will prohibit business growth and residential development, and urges the audience to seek additional sources of revenue.","After a break in the clip, Allen speaks to the Atlanta Rotary club, a local chapter of the business service club Rotary International. At the dais, a signboard reads \"Attendance,\" and lists 1967 and 1968 attendance figures; a Rotary International emblem is displayed on the podium where Allen delivers his speech. The screen fades to white for several seconds, then returns to Allen speaking for several moments without sound. The sound returns, and Allen recognizes the Atlanta business community by quoting Atlanta's previous mayor, William B. Hartsfield: \"Atlanta's government and the business community have been closely allied in an effort to make this a better, and a greater city.\" He thanks the Rotary organization for their support both politically and personally; acknowledges his father, businessman Ivan Allen Sr.'s attachment to the Rotary club; and expresses appreciation for the club's consideration during and after his father's death the previous year. During the speech, Allen heralds some of the past year's accomplishments, which include the fluoridation of the city's water. He regrets the defeat of public transportation, noting \"we lost rapid transit; we lost it badly,\" and attributes the loss to Atlanta residents not being ready to accept a greater ad valorem tax burden in order to support the service. He announces \"I think that it is proper that I make clear my own plan\"; the clip then breaks.","The clip starts again, with the mayor stating \"Having removed myself completely from that office, there are matters that I wish to speak to the Atlanta Rotary club as well as to the people of Atlanta on what I consider to be the most difficult era in which we go into, and the most difficult problem that we have, and that is the problem of race as it confronts almost every American city today.\"  He continues, stating \"I'm anxious to have the privilege to speak to the white community of Atlanta, with the complete freedom that goes where no one says that what you say is being said because you are seeking the Negro vote. I am speaking now as a private Atlanta citizen with complete candor on what I consider to be the most grievous problems that the American city is confronted with today.\"","He refers to a television program that he watched recently, which documented the racial challenges of several American cities, such as Boston, Massachusetts, Rochester, New York, and New York City, each city possessing African American populations significantly smaller than that of Atlanta.  He says \"I believe that every right-thinking American citizen today acknowledges the fact that the most serious domestic problem that we have are the twenty million Negro citizens of this country who have been denied, and all of us are part . . . of the guilt of denying them equal opportunity, equal rights and equal advantages in this great democracy.\" He notes that forty-six percent of the Atlanta population is African American, and that approximately forty percent of that group consists of \"an established Negro population that has been here a long time.\" He cites prominent African American leaders in Atlanta \". . .  it's the Alexanders, it's the William Holmes Borders, it's Martin Luther King, Sr., it's the Bill Calloways, it's the T. M. Alexanders, it's Dr. [Frederick Earl] McLendon, it was old A. T. Walden. . .\" and describes those leaders as \"a conservative, constructive group that acquired a substance in this city and that were part of the community.\" The clip breaks and jumps to another portion of Allen's speech, where he explains that he has spent his past seven years in office \". . . devoted primarily to the racial problem . . .\" He applauds the success of the city's services, including fire, police, street paving and garbage pickup, and acknowledges the problems caused by a city garbage worker's strike that took place during the fall of 1968. Allen then urges the audience to recognize poverty in the African American community as the city's most serious problem; acknowledges the essential role that federal funding has played in the city's municipal improvements, particularly in low income housing; and notes that seven to eight percent of the population of Atlanta lives in low income housing units. The clip breaks and jumps again. Allen continues to emphasize the importance of raising the quality of life for poor African Americans for the good of the city, and says \". . . the bottom level has got to be raised if you're going to structure the foundation.\" He congratulates the business community for improving employment opportunities for African Americans, and begins to discuss African American voting rights, but is cut off by a break in the clip. After a couple more jumps in the clip, Allen concludes his presentation by saying that he hopes the Rotary club will invite him to speak the following year, and that his message will be positive. He emphasizes that his perspective on the city is both candid and sincere after \". . . having lived in the sun of the vortex of the racial issue for some eight years now, and having seen what I think needs to be done, and having seen the vast changes, some successful and some not so successful . . .\" He thanks the audience and the business community for their support over the years, expresses pride in the city on behalf of his family, and appreciates the privilege of serving as mayor. Next, in another segment of b-roll footage, Mayor Allen walks along the sidewalk on Forsyth Street and heads into the Dinkler Plaza hotel, the location of the Atlanta Rotary club meeting.","The clip returns to Allen's speech at the Atlanta Rotary club, where he explains that the timing of his announcement not to run for re-election is intended to provide voters with time to consider the best candidate, and he expresses confidence in the city's leadership to select a new mayor. In the next shot, Allen leaves the podium. As he makes his way behind the dais, the audience gives him a standing ovation. This is followed by shots of Allen shaking hands with members of the audience as they congratulate him. Next, a crowd of white men in business suits line up along a staircase displaying a large \"Welcome Rotary\" sign; this is presumably inside the Dinkler Plaza hotel. The clip jumps to an earlier scene from the event, where Allen waves to the audience as he prepares to speak to the Rotary club. The sound drops out during a brief shot of the audience, and in the first few seconds of the next shot, which returns to Allen's Rotary club speech. The sound resumes, and Allen recognizes that while they may find solutions to municipal problems, such as financial shortages, he emphasizes \". . . but we've got to find the answer in the city of Atlanta to what is obviously our number one problem, and that is the Negro citizen and he has got to be raised to a decent standard of economics and social position if a city with a forty-six percent, and growing percentage of Negro population is going to be a strong city in the future. We can't do it except by improving their lot.\" The clip returns to b-roll footage of the front of Atlanta City Hall, followed by a short scene of Mayor Allen entering a city hall meeting, where he greets members of the audience, and then members of the city government.","On January 6, 1969, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. publicly announced that he would not seek re-election for a third term in office,  first at an Atlanta Rotary club luncheon, and then later that afternoon at a meeting of the board of aldermen while delivering his annual \"state of the city\" address.  During these speeches, Allen urged the city's business and civic leaders to address the needs of the African American urban poor, advocated for increased funding to support the city's economic development and public housing projects, and attributed much of the city's success to the support provided by financial partnerships with the federal government. Allen's support for federally-funded municipal projects was fortified by the recommendations of the 1968 report supplied by the U.S. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, also known as the Kerner Commission report, which proposed a substantial commitment of federal resources to improve African American work and living conditions. Allen also noted the city's shifting social and political demographics. As mayor, Allen had cultivated a longstanding voting coalition that was comprised of Atlanta business leaders, African Americans, and liberal and moderate whites; by the end of his second term, the core of the city's political power had begun to shift substantially away from the white business community, and towards African American voters.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn44605"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Taxation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","Clubs--Georgia--Atlanta","Politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Jewish politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","African American politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Children of politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta--Election","Political campaigns--Georgia--Atlanta","Political candidates--Georgia--Atlanta","Sports franchises--Georgia--Atlanta","Professional sports--Georgia--Atlanta","Souvenirs (Keepsakes)--Georgia--Atlanta","Lemurs--Georgia--Atlanta","Infrastructure (Economics)--Georgia--Atlanta","Government aid--Georgia--Atlanta","Federal-city relations--Georgia--Atlanta","Human services--Georgia--Atlanta","Public welfare--Georgia--Atlanta","Urban policy--Georgia--Atlanta--History--20th century","Poverty--Georgia--Atlanta","Poverty--Research--United States","Cities and towns--Research--United States","Poor--United States","Poor--Georgia--Atlanta","Poor African Americans--United States","Poor African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Riots--United States","Riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Race riots--United States","Race riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Riot control--United States","Riot control--Georgia--Atlanta","Social conflict--United States","Social conflict--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Forecasting","Political violence--Southern States--History--20th century","Segregation--United States","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--United States","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--United States","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Political aspects--United States","Race discrimination--Political aspects--Georgia--Atlanta","Prejudices--Georgia--Atlanta","Opportunity--Georgia--Atlanta","Urban poor--United States","Urban poor--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","African Americans--Economic conditions--20th century","African American neighborhoods--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--United States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Government policy","Civil rights--Government policy--United States--20th century","Civil rights--Government policy--Georgia--Atlanta--20th century","African Americans--Politics and government--20th century","Whites--Politics and government--20th century","Refuse collectors--Georgia--Atlanta","Strikes and lockouts--Refuse collectors--Georgia--Atlanta","City dwellers--Taxation--Georgia--Atlanta","Property tax--Georgia--Atlanta","Ad valorem tax--Georgia--Atlanta","Water--Fluoridation--Georgia--Atlanta","Local transit--Public opinion","Social responsibility of business--Georgia--Atlanta","Business and politics--Georgia--Atlanta","Businesspeople--Georgia--Atlanta","African American businesspeople--Georgia--Atlanta","Political customs and rites--Georgia--Atlanta","Job creation--Georgia--Atlanta","Suffrage--Georgia--Atlanta","Applause--Georgia--Atlanta","Audiences--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","United States--Race relations--20th century","United States--Race relations--Political aspects","Atlanta (Ga.)--Social conditions--20th century","United States--Social conditions--20th century","United States--Economic conditions--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Economic conditions--20th century","United States--Social policy, 41.86755925, -87.66798717346917","Atlanta (Ga.)--Social policy","United States--Politics and government--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen on his decision not to run for re-election in a speech before the rotary club on the race problems of Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 January 6"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44605"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44605"],"dcterms_temporal":["1969-01-06"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn44605, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen on his decision not to run for re-election in a speech before the rotary club on the race problems of Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 January 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1029, 18:06/32:43, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 14 mins., 37 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Allen, Ivan, 1877-1968","Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","Allen, Ivan, III, 1938-1992","Massell, Sam","Williamson, Q. V.","Hartsfield, William Berry","Walden, A. T. (Austin Thomas), 1885-1965","King, Martin Luther, Sr., 1899-1984","Alexander, T. M. (Theodore Martin)","Borders, William Holmes, 1905-1993","McClendon, F. E. (Frederick Earl)"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42389","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of men debating the racial equity of housing in Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 4","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1968-04-04"],"dcterms_description":["Men debate the racial equity of housing in Atlanta","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42389"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Debates and debating--Georgia--Atlanta","Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of men debating the racial equity of housing in Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 4"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42389"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42389"],"dcterms_temporal":["1968-04-04"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42389, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of men debating the racial equity of housing in Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 4, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0932, 50:43/53:07, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 24 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53258","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Mayor Ivan Allen commenting that African Americans are locked into poverty by discrimination, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 March 1","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1968-03-01"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from March 1, 1968, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. comments on the published findings of the U.S. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders.","The clip begins with Allen speaking at a press conference, where he projects the city's future use of state or federal aid awarded for the implementation of recommendations established by the U.S. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. He emphasizes that the city will \"do everything that we possibly can to assure that there will be complete law and order in this city during this coming summer as well as subsequent years.\" A reporter comments \"There are a lot of poor white people in America, and the report, of course dealt with Negro rioting.\" He then asks \"Do you think there is a danger of the poor whites being forgotten in our concern for the Negro?\"  Allen responds that he thinks that although the report focuses on rioting in African American neighborhoods, it also recognizes the problem of poverty in America as a whole. He then defines what he considers to be the differences between white and African American poverty. \"Of course the difference between white poverty and Negro poverty is white poverty has always had the opportunity to move out of the area of poverty, whereas by segregation and discrimination the Negro in the past has been confined legally, by laws almost, into the area of poverty. There was the difference between having hope and opportunity, and having hope and opportunity denied by law.\" Allen then acknowledges that poverty must be addressed as it affects both whites and African Americans.","On February 29, 1968, the U.S. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, also known as the Kerner Commission (after the commission's chairman, Illinois governor Otto Kerner), released a report based upon its seven-month investigation of racial disturbances that took place in one hundred sixty-four American cities between 1964 and 1967. The commission, convened by President Lyndon Johnson, was asked to determine the cause of previous riots and propose solutions. Many whites believed that the rioting was caused by an organized African American political conspiracy. The commission contradicted this notion, and instead implicated white racism in the foundation and perpetuation of an intolerable environment for African Americans living in the city, therefore precipitating riot conditions. Federal and local housing, education and social service initiatives and officials were rebuked for failing to effectively address the needs of the African American urban poor. The commission also criticized law enforcement for handling disturbances in African American neighborhoods inappropriately, and denounced the news media for its racial bias and insufficient analysis of the origins of civil disturbances and race relations. In the most famous line of the report, the commission warned \"our nation is moving toward two societies: one black, one white--separate and unequal.\" The Kerner commission recommended a substantial commitment of resources to prevent further social polarization. Members proposed a restructuring of federal welfare, increased federal subsidization of jobs and job training, and funding for new housing programs designed to eliminate residential segregation. Mayor Allen, along with mayors from other major American cities that sustained rioting in previous years, upheld the report's conclusions. President Johnson, however, dismissed the commission's recommendations; he considered them to be both too radical and financially unrealistic.","Title supplied by cataloger.","DigiBeta preservation master.","Condition notes: 2007-10, Leader Replaced (Benyshek)"],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn53258"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Poverty--Georgia--Atlanta","Demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Race relations","Municipal government--Georgia--Atlanta--History--20th century","Federal government--United States--History--20th century","Urban policy--United States--History--20th century","Urban policy--Georgia--Atlanta--History--20th century","Government aid--Georgia--Atlanta","Federal-city relations--Georgia--Atlanta","Human services--Georgia--Atlanta","Public welfare--Georgia--Atlanta","Poverty--Research--United States","Cities and towns--Research--United States","Urban poor--United States","Urban poor--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","African Americans--Economic conditions--20th century","African American neighborhoods--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Economic conditions","African Americans--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Civil rights--Government policy","Whites--Politics and government--20th century","Whites--Economic conditions","Civil rights--United States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Government policy--United States--20th century","Civil rights--Government policy--Georgia--Atlanta--20th century","Poor--United States","Poor--Georgia--Atlanta","Poor African Americans--United States","Poor African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Poor blacks--Georgia--Atlanta","Riots--United States","Riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Race riots--United States","Race riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Riot control--United States","Riot control--Georgia--Atlanta","Social conflict--United States","Social conflict--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Forecasting","Political violence --Southern States --History --20th century","Segregation--United States","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--United States","Race relations--Economic aspects","Race discrimination--United States","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Political aspects--United States","Race discrimination--Political aspects--Georgia--Atlanta","Prejudices--Georgia--Atlanta","Opportunity--Georgia--Atlanta","Press conferences--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations","United States--Race relations","United States--Race relations--Political aspects","United States--Race relations--History--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Economic conditions","Atlanta (Ga.)--Economic conditions--20th century","United States--Economic conditions","United States--Economic conditions--20th century","United States--Social policy","Atlanta (Ga.)--Social policy","United States--Politics and government--20th century","United States--Social conditions--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Social conditions--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Mayor Ivan Allen commenting that African Americans are locked into poverty by discrimination, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 March 1"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53258"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53258"],"dcterms_temporal":["1968-03-01"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn53258, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Mayor Ivan Allen commenting that African Americans are locked into poverty by discrimination, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 March 1, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1445, 13:38/15:03, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 25 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51627","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a protest against segregation at a YMCA while an official tries to explain policy, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 June 15","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["McCann, Les, 1935-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1967-06-15"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia, dated June 15, 1967, Les McCann, an African American YMCA member from California, describes his experience being turned away by the downtown Atlanta YMCA because the club had not integrated; McCann and SNCC members including Stokely Carmichael protest the downtown Atlanta YMCA facilities; and a downtown Atlanta YMCA spokesperson explains the institution's segregation policy.","The clip begins with three silent shots. The first is of Les McCann, an African American jazz musician and resident of Hollywood, California, reading a written document, surrounded by members of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC), who organized a protest against the club after it refused to let McCann use its facilities.","The next shot is of the facade of the downtown Atlanta YMCA building; this is followed by a shot of McCann from behind, standing amidst the same group of people. The next shot opens with sound; here, Les McCann, standing with a small group of SNCC members, describes how staff at the downtown Atlanta YMCA refused to honor his YMCA membership. He recalls his arrival at the club on Tuesday morning, where he visited the membership office and presented his membership card. He was then denied services by a member of the YMCA staff, who informed him that the club was not integrated. He expresses surprise and disbelief at being denied service by an organization representing Christianity.","In several silent shots that follow, McCann speaks to a small group of SNCC members, which includes SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael; next, he opens up his wallet, pulls out his YMCA membership card and presents it to the camera. In the next shot, McCann and Carmichael light his membership card on fire in front of the YMCA building entrance. In two more silent shots, a white spokesperson from the downtown Atlanta YMCA speaks to a reporter in front of the YMCA building; this is followed by a closeup shot of the letters \"YMCA\" on the building's facade. Next, in a shot containing an audio track, the same YMCA representative defends the club's segregation policy to a reporter by stating that there is already a very large membership for a very limited facility.","On June 15, 1967, SNCC organized a news conference with African American musician Les McCann to protest the segregation of Atlanta's downtown YMCA facility. McCann, a resident of California, and a California YMCA member, was denied access to the downtown Atlanta YMCA on Tuesday, June 13, 1967. Although the YMCA's national board had established a policy of integration in 1946, the desegregation of YMCA facilities was controlled at the local level, and implemented in varying degrees and timelines. As late as 1968, twenty local YMCA affiliates still practiced segregation. Administrators at the downtown Atlanta YMCA asserted that their facility was a private organization, and therefore not subject to national policies on integration.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn51627"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Young Men's Christian associations--Georgia--Atlanta","Young Men's Christian associations--Membership","African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Race relations","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Clubs--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Southern States","Racism--Georgia--Atlanta","Racism--Southern States","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","Prejudices--Georgia--Atlanta","Prejudices--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American musicians","African American musicians--Georgia--Atlanta","African American musicians--Social conditions--20th century","African American jazz musicians","African American jazz musicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Jazz musicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Jazz musicians","Musicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Musicians","Associations, institutions, etc.--Membership","Associations, institutions, etc.--Membership--Georgia--Atlanta","Associations, institutions, etc.--African American membership","Associations, institutions, etc.--African American membership--Georgia--Atlanta","Christian ethics","Christian ethics--Southern States","Christian ethics--Georgia--Atlanta","Membership cards","Fires--Georgia--Atlanta","Fire--Symbolic aspects","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Press-Georgia--Atlanta","Press conferences--Georgia--Atlanta","United States--Race relations","Southern States--Race relations","Georgia--Social conditions--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a protest against segregation at a YMCA while an official tries to explain policy, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 June 15"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51627"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51627"],"dcterms_temporal":["1967-06-15"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn51627, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a protest against segregation at a YMCA while an official tries to explain policy, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 June 15, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1388, 21:53/23:07, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 14 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["McCann, Les, 1935-","Carmichael, Stokely, 1941-1998"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51709","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Georgia state senator Leroy Johnson, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, and NAACP representative Dr. John P. Davis discussing HUD funding for public housing for Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 June 1","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Johnson, Leroy, 1928-","Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","Davis, John P. (John Preston), 1905-1973"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1967-06-01"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV Newsfilm clips, NAACP leaders (probably Georgia state senator Leroy Johnson and Dr. John P. Davis) present their position to request that the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development withhold funds for public housing in Atlanta until the city adopts a more integrated approach to housing. Mayor Ivan Allen responds to their comments. The press sessions were done at different times, probably between the first part of April through May of 1967 for a story aired June 1, 1967.\u003cp\u003eThe first clip shows Mr. Johnson discussing the Atlanta Housing Authority and asserting that units are still segregated. He also states that the proposal for new housing was \"located totally in a Negro community.\" Finally, he notes that HUD has created a policy whereby no units would be \"built in a totally segregated area or in a ghetto,\" while Atlanta continues \"a segregated pattern.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the next clip, Mayor Allen is shown with an unidentified reporter. He states that, as far as he knows, Atlanta's public housing is integrated, and that there is \"no effort on the part of the city of Atlanta to in any way create a racially segregated public housing program.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the next clip, a representative from NAACP (possibly Dr. John P. Davis) says that they are asking \"Mr. Weaver, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, to withhold funds to public housing and urban renewal programs until all discriminatory practices are eliminated\" and fund for model cities programs for Atlanta should be withheld until the city has an open occupancy ordinance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe next clip again includes mayor Allen and the reporter. Mr. Allen hopes that NAACP will not take any precipitous action since the city is trying to develop low-income rental units for all citizens. He also says that the NAACP could choose to sponsor projects \"on a site of their own location.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth of the NAACP participants are in the next clip. Mr. Johnson says that they have invited representatives of all agencies dealing with housing to a conference, but have not gotten responses to their request sent out ten days earlier.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the final clip, mayor Allen says he responded promptly \"to Dr. Davis' letter on the 23rd of this month,\" and regrets that they have not yet received the reply. He is glad to meet with any group regarding housing in Atlanta.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn51709"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Public housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Low-income housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations","Atlanta (Ga.)--Economic conditions"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Georgia state senator Leroy Johnson, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, and NAACP representative Dr. John P. Davis discussing HUD funding for public housing for Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 June 1"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51709"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51709"],"dcterms_temporal":["1967-06-01"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn51709, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Georgia state senator Leroy Johnson, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, and NAACP representative Dr. John P. Davis discussing HUD funding for public housing for Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 June 1, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1390, 34:02/36:50, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 48 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Johnson, Leroy, 1928-","Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","Davis, John P. (John Preston), 1905-1973","Weaver, Robert C. (Robert Clifton), 1907-1997"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51003","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of real estate salesmen accused of scaring residents into selling their homes because of racial integration, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 February 18","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1967-02-18"],"dcterms_description":["Real estate salesmen are accused of scaring residents into selling their homes because of racial integration","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn51003"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Real property--Georgia--Atlanta","Housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Race relations","Fraud--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in housing--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of real estate salesmen accused of scaring residents into selling their homes because of racial integration, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 February 18"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51003"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51003"],"dcterms_temporal":["1967-02-18"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn51003, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of real estate salesmen accused of scaring residents into selling their homes because of racial integration, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 February 18, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1372, 20:22/21:40, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 18 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn47697","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Lester Maddox pushing African Americans away from his cafeteria with an ax handle, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 January 29","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1965-01-29"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from January 29, 1965, Reverend Charles E. Wells, Sr. and three unidentified African American men peacefully attempt to patronize the Lester Maddox Cafeteria in Atlanta, Georgia, where they are faced down by Lester Maddox and other white restaurant patrons and staff, who violently push them away from the establishment and shout at them. A young white male patron is also pushed off of the property. Multiple segments of the clip appear to be out of sequence.","The silent clip, just over four and a half minutes long, begins outside the entrance of the Lester Maddox Cafeteria at 891 Hemphill Avenue N. W., Atlanta, where a crowd of white men and four African American men are gathered.  Lester Maddox, the restaurant's proprietor, shoves Reverend Charles E. Wells, Sr. and an unidentified African American man away from the entrance; they resist peacefully. The clip breaks, and in the next shot, Maddox, holding an axe handle, grabs Wells by the lapels of his coat, and pushes him forcefully across the parking lot, while Lester Maddox, Jr. aggressively shoves another African American man outside of the camera frame. Again, Wells and the other African American man are peacefully resisting. As Maddox retreats to the front entrance of the restaurant, he yells something to the crowd of bystanders. The clip breaks, and Maddox uses his hands to push away a third African American man who also resists peacefully.  Maddox then rushes across to shove Wells, who has returned from the edge of the parking lot to his previous position in front of the restaurant; Maddox initially uses an axe handle, then grabs Wells several times by the neck and pushes him back to the sidewalk. Wells holds his hands in the air, presumably to demonstrate that he is not retaliating. After another jump in the clip, Maddox speaks to a young white man standing in front of his restaurant. The clip breaks, and Maddox, filmed from the back, pushes the young man away to the curb; a white woman stands to the side, holding a coat. Next, a police car and an officer on a motorcycle drive past the restaurant; the officer on the motorcycle makes a u-turn and drives in the opposite direction. This is followed by a sidewalk shot of a white man in a service uniform aggressively wagging his finger in the face of one of the unidentified African American men who have attempted to enter the restaurant. Next, a shot filmed from a further distance shows a crowd gathered in front of the restaurant. A covered sign on the property reads \"This light turned out by L. B. J.\"; also visible is a large, white, smokestack-shaped monument that Maddox built to memorialize private property rights.","In the next shot, taken from a distance, two of the African American men who sought service at the restaurant exit the premises and make their way down the sidewalk. Next, the clip jumps back to Lester Maddox in the midst of a discussion with the young white man he pushed off of the restaurant premises in a previous section of the clip. The clip jumps to a shot of Maddox pointing vigorously at the young man, then at the curb; Maddox reaches for the young man's shoulder, directs him toward the curb, and pushes him off of the premises. As he does this, white bystanders hover around the scene in the parking lot. A model A Ford is parked at the back of the parking lot. Attached to its side is a banner, whose legible text reads \"The Pickrick Ford drawing FREE 3:00 P.M. April 6\"; the rest of the banner is illegible.  After a pause, the clip jumps back to a shot of the front of the restaurant, with three members of the group of African American men standing by the entrance. The same uniformed white man addresses one of the African American men, then gestures toward the door with his arm. This is followed by another shot of Lester Maddox shoving away two members of the group of African American men with an axe handle while a group of white men rush behind Maddox, and a cameraman tries to capture the shot. Wells attempts to engage Maddox in discussion; Maddox is joined promptly by several white men, who stand beside him; one of whom is a restaurant employee wearing an apron and paper hat. A nearby donation box reads \"Clothes for the needy.\" Next, Wells and two African American men stand in the restaurant driveway while speaking to the white man in the service uniform. He points his finger in their faces again. The fourth African American member of the group is behind them, speaking to another person who is off-camera. Next, the camera focuses on the predominantly white crowd in a shot framed above the shoulders, and closes in on a white man wearing glasses and a hat, attempting to speak to Wells. The clip jumps, and a white reporter asks Wells a question as he departs from the site. The clip pauses for a period, showing a blank black screen, and then a shot of the asphalt below.","The clip resumes with a shot of two police cars parked directly across the street from the restaurant. A police officer stands outside of the car closest to the street. There is another shot of a police officer on a motorcycle; he turns his car into the lot where the two police cars are parked. The next shot, taken from inside the lot where the police cars are parked, shows the top of one of the police cars, and the Lester Maddox Cafeteria across the street; one of the police cars pulls out of the lot. Across the street, the crowd outside of the restaurant appears to have dispersed; several customers walk toward the restaurant entrance, and a young white boy crosses the street.  The clip breaks and begins again with another shot of the restaurant taken from the same location. The clip pauses again, displaying a blank black screen, then a gray screen.","Next, the clip returns to another shot of Maddox pushing away one of the unidentified African American men, then Wells, then another man; he pushes the first two men by their chests, and the third man by grabbing the back of his neck and head; the African American men attempt to regain their composure and make their way back to the restaurant.  The camera, now directly in front of Maddox, captures a frontal view of him pushing one of the African American men towards the camera. Maddox retreats; as he moves backward, it becomes evident that he is holding axe handles in both hands. The African American men do not fight back. One of the unidentified African American men begins to speak to Maddox, as he gestures with both hands. White restaurant patrons and employees move in beside Maddox, to block the African American men from moving closer to the restaurant. A man puts Wells' hat back on his head, and Maddox heads back toward the restaurant. The African American men continue to speak to the white men who have blocked the front of the restaurant. The same uniformed white man seen in previous shots approaches one of the African American men, then aggressively points at him and shouts. Wells attempts to intercede. Next, in a shot taken from behind Wells, several angry white restaurant patrons exchange words with Wells and another of the African American men, while several other white men stand behind and observe. This is followed by a shot taken from a different angle, where two different white men speak to Wells. The clip jumps back to a shot of the same uniformed white man combatively pointing and thrusting his arm in front of the face of the same African American man; the African American man shouts back at him. The shot is taken behind the white man's head; it is not clear if he is also shouting. Next, another white man argues with the African American man standing next to Wells and repeatedly shakes his pinched fingers, as though he is trying to make a series of points. This white man is also filmed from behind, so it is unclear if he is shouting.  The clip jumps to another shot of the crowd gathered in the parking lot in front of the restaurant, taken from a distance.","Next, Wells and the three other African American men retreat from the restaurant parking lot to the sidewalk, and, as seen in a previous section of the clip, Wells turns around to speak to the white reporter as he leaves. The African American men leave the site of the restaurant, and proceed down the sidewalk. Next, the camera captures a close-up shot of the sign for the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, then jumps back to another shot of Maddox speaking to the young white man he kicked off of his property in a previous section of the clip; they are standing in front of the restaurant entrance. Maddox extends his arm and points to his right. The clip breaks again, to another shot of Maddox and the young white man, this time on the edge of the restaurant property; here, Maddox leans in toward the young man, then walks away. Next, several people mill around the entrance of the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, the shot includes the antique Ford in the parking lot, with another sign on the back of the car that reads \"Pickrick Ford\"; the rest of the text on the sign is illegible. This is followed by a shot of a newer light-colored car that displays the Pickrick Restaurant's logo, and reads \"The Pickrick Atlanta, Ga. Lester Maddox, Pres.\" The camera pans back up to the sign \"Lester Maddox Cafeteria\" posted above the entrance of the restaurant. The clip ends with a shot of a group of several white customers walking beneath the building's awning and toward the restaurant entrance.","On January 29, 1965, Reverend Charles E. Wells, Sr. and three other African American men were denied service at the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, where they were verbally accosted and physically shoved away, in some cases with axe handles, by white patrons of the restaurant. The four African American men had also attempted to patronize Maddox's establishment on two previous occasions. Maddox, still waiting to answer a federal contempt order for his refusal to integrate, was operating his establishment in open defiance of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He was also awaiting trial on pending state charges for pointing a gun on three African American ministers, George Willis, Jr., Woodrow Lewis, and Albert Dunn in their attempt to integrate his previous establishment, the Pickrick Restaurant, on July 4, 1964. A photograph from the incident was captured by an Associated Press photographer and saw nationwide distribution; in the photo, Maddox and his son Lester Maddox, Jr. force George Lewis away from Maddox's Pickrick restaurant by pointing a handgun and brandishing an axe handle at him. Willis vs. Pickrick Restaurant, the lawsuit filed by Willis, Lewis, and Dunn, became the first case brought under the public accommodations section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In the wake of national publicity surrounding the event, Maddox adopted the axe handle as a symbol of his resistance to desegregation, and sold souvenir axe handles, dubbed \"Pickrick drumsticks\" to his segregationist supporters, in whose eyes he had become a folk hero. On July 22, 1964, a federal court upheld the Civil Rights Act, and issued an injunction against the Pickrick and the white-only Heart of Atlanta Motel, owned by Atlanta attorney Moreton Rolleston. Both businesses were prohibited from denying service to customers based on color or race. While lawyers appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court, Maddox closed the Pickrick on August 13, and re-opened the business as the Lester Maddox Cafeteria on September 26 on the same property. Maddox contended that the new establishment was a local business that did not engage in state commerce, and was therefore not subject to the Civil Rights Act. In December 1964, the United States Supreme Court ruled to uphold the Civil Rights Act. For the next couple of months, Maddox continued to operate his new restaurant under the pretense of refusing to serve integrationists, a denial of service that he insisted was politically, not racially, based. On February 5, 1965, federal district judge Frank A. Hooper found Maddox to be in contempt of court, and imposed a fine of two hundred dollars for each day he failed to integrate his restaurant. During his contempt hearing, Maddox testified that he never used violence against African Americans, and claimed that he only shoved Wells and his party because the African American men had shoved him first. He also complained to the press about a sprained arm and hand. On February 7, 1965, Maddox closed the Lester Maddox Cafeteria. That same year, he announced his candidacy for governor of Georgia. After having defeated political moderate (and former governor) Ellis Arnall in the Democratic primaries, Maddox ran against segregationist Republican Howard \"Bo\" Callaway in 1966. Although Callaway received the most popular votes in the general election, a vigorous write-in campaign for Ellis Arnall prevented Callaway from receiving the majority vote that was required by the state constitution at that date, and shifted the gubernatorial election to the Democratic party-dominated Georgia State Assembly, where Maddox's victory was secured by a vote of 182 to 66. Ten legislators, nine of whom were African American, refused to vote for either segregationist candidate.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn47697"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Southern States","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Southern States","Race relations","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Police--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurateurs--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Employees","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Southern States","African American clergy--Georgia","Clergy--Georgia","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Southern States","Racism--Georgia--Atlanta","Racism--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Crimes against--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Crimes against--Southern States","Offenses against the person--Georgia","Offenses against the person--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Violence against--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Violence against--Southern States","African Americans--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","African Americans--Southern States--Social conditions--20th century","Whites--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Whites--Southern States--Social conditions--20th century","Social conflict--Georgia--Atlanta","City traffic--Georgia--Atlanta","Motorcycles--Georgia--Atlanta","Police vehicles--Georgia--Atlanta","Press--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Television journalists--Georgia--Atlanta","Television cameras--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Monuments--Georgia--Atlanta","Parking lots--Georgia--Atlanta","Raffles--Georgia--Atlanta","Poor--Charitable contributions--Georgia--Atlanta","Southern States--Race relations","Georgia--Race relations","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Southern States--Social conditions--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Lester Maddox pushing African Americans away from his cafeteria with an ax handle, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 January 29"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn47697"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn47697"],"dcterms_temporal":["1965-01-29"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn47697, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Lester Maddox pushing African Americans away from his cafeteria with an ax handle, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 January 29, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1241, 3:57/08:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 4 mins., 35 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","Maddox, Lester, Jr., 1944-","Wells, Charles E. 1938-2004"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51708","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a news report about continued segregation at the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, with comments by segregationist Lester Maddox and African American civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Briggs, Fred, 1932-","Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","Hollowell, Donald L., 1917-2004"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1965"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from 1965, a reporter comments on the segregationist polices at the Lester Maddox cafeteria in Atlanta, Georgia and interviews Lester Maddox and civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell about the situation.","The clip is divided into two segments. The clip begins with two white men walking through a door into the Lester Maddox Cafeteria. A sign on the door indicates that the business does not serve integrationists. Inside the restaurant, white men and women sit at tables around the room. An African American man in a uniform buses tables, and a white man uses the telephone. Lester Maddox walks by carrying a pitcher in each hand. Next, African American civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell sits in an office.","After a break in the clip, reporter Fred Briggs stands outside the Lester Maddox Cafeteria and comments on the situation. He explains that the Lester Maddox Cafeteria used to be the Pickrick Restaurant. He mentions that the Pickrick sign is now covered. The covering, seen in the clip, reads \"This light turned out by L.B.J.\" The sign refers to President Lyndon B. Johnson who had a reputation for turning off lights at the White House and who signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act which outlawed racial discrimination by businesses. Briggs reports that since September 1964 the restaurant has been known as the Lester Maddox Cafeteria. Although the name has changed, Briggs continues, the trademarks of the Pickrick remain, including the same recipes and a table of segregationist literature. Briggs indicates that many customers have returned to the Pickrick, but that while business appears to be doing well, Maddox says it is not all returned.","Following a break in the clip, Lester Maddox comments further on the situation, blaming \"the agitation and the confusion caused by the agitators\" for a fifteen to twenty percent decline from normal business. Maddox claims that if agitators leave him and his business alone, it can return to being \"a successful part of the American free enterprise system.\" Briggs outlines Maddox's business policy. While Maddox cannot legally refuse service to patrons because of \"race, creed, or color,\" he claims he does not have to serve \"integrationists.\" Briggs clarifies that an African American who wants to eat at the cafeteria would be an integrationist, because a segregationist would not want to eat there. The clip breaks again, and Briggs reports that following the December 1964 Supreme Court ruling in Heart of Atlanta v. United States, African Americans have not tried to patronize the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, and according to lawyer Donald Hollowell, they probably will not try in the future.","The clip returns to Hollowell sitting in his office. Hollowell comments on the international publicity surrounding the state and federal court cases against Lester Maddox and his restaurant. Hollowell believes that since African Americans know of the cases against Maddox, they are content to \"let that matter rest\" and \"let the courts take care of it.\" Hollowell also recognizes that other restaurant owners do comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Reporter Briggs concludes by repeating Maddox's hope that the courts and African Americans will continue to leave him alone.","During the b-roll of the clip, Maddox again walks around the restaurant with a pitcher in each hand. Men sit at tables with food in front of them. Pro-segregation literature sits on a table in the front of the room. A sign near a pond encourages patrons to \"make a wish and a gift for segregation.\" Maddox, employees, and patrons walk around the room.","Lester Maddox ran the Pickrick with his wife, Virginia, from 1947 until 1965. The restaurant, located near the campus of Georgia Institute of Technology, or Georgia Tech, became well-known for its good food and reasonable prices. Maddox used his position as a businessman to speak out in favor of segregation. During the civil rights demonstrations in the early 1960s, Maddox refused to serve African American patrons. He kept ax handles--called \"Pickrick drumsticks\" near the restaurant's front door to discourage African Americans seeking to eat at the restaurant. Following the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Maddox chased two African Americans away from the Pickrick at gunpoint. Maddox publicly announced he would go to jail before serving African Americans, even after being charged in court for pointing a gun at the men. On July 22 in a case against the Pickrick and the white-only Heart of Atlanta Motel, a federal court upheld the Civil Rights Act and issued an injunction beginning August 11 against both businesses prohibiting them from denying service to customers based on color or race. Lawyers appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court which heard the case in October; while waiting for the court to hear the case, the Heart of Atlanta began accepting African American customers, and Maddox closed the Pickrick on August 13. On September 26 Maddox opened the Lester Maddox Cafeteria in the Pickrick's old location and announced he would serve \"acceptable\" Georgians. During a trial for contempt of court on September 29, Maddox argued that he was not in contempt because he was no longer offering service to out-of-state travelers or integrationists. In December 1964 the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Civil Rights Act. On February 5, 1965 a federal court ruled Maddox was in contempt of court for failing to obey the injunction and ordered him fined two hundred dollars a day for failing to serve African Americans. Maddox closed the restaurant February 7, 1965 blaming president Johnson and communism for putting him out of business.","Reporter: Briggs, Fred, 1932-","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn51708"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Restaurants--Employees","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Government, Resistance to--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Interviews--Georgia--Atlanta","African American lawyers--Georgia--Atlanta","Lawyers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Men, White--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a news report about continued segregation at the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, with comments by segregationist Lester Maddox and African American civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51708"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51708"],"dcterms_temporal":["1965"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn51708, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a news report about continued segregation at the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, with comments by segregationist Lester Maddox and African American civil rights lawyer Donald Hollowell, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1390, 31:28/34:01, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 33 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.","1 clip (b-roll): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","Hollowell, Donald L., 1917-2004","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Briggs, Fred, 1932-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn31715","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney Moreton Rolleston speaking to a reporter following the United States Supreme Court ruling upholding the public accommodations section of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the integration of the Heart of Atlanta Motel in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 December 14","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Rolleston, Moreton"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-12-14"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia on December 14, 1964, Moreton Rolleston, attorney and owner of the Heart of Atlanta Motel, speaks to a reporter about the United States Supreme Court decision upholding the public accommodations section of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The clip begins with an off-screen reporter asking Rolleston if the Supreme Court decision, announced earlier in the day, surprised him. Rolleston admits that when he thought the court would rule after the hearing in October or before the election in November, he expected the court to side with the government; when the court took six weeks to issue the ruling, he did not expect the decision they issued. The reporter comments that Rolleston has been under court order to serve African American patrons while waiting for the court's decision and asks Rolleston how many he has served. Rolleston responds that he has served very few African Americans, a fact that has had little effect on his business. He adds that he believes the court's ruling requiring integrated hotels will negatively effect the South's hotel business. He anticipates Southerners will never like the decision, but will eventually get used to it. Rolleston stands in an office in front of a map of Atlanta that the camera focuses on from time to time. Rolleston reports that he plans to continue operating the Heart of Atlanta Motel and complying with the court's integration order. The reporter and Rolleston repeat the exchange about admitting few African Americans since the law's passage and its lack of consequences. When asked if he has had many white patrons cancel because of the new policy, Rolleston replies that there have been few cancellations, but many more patrons have commented that they prefer the old policy. Rolleston reminds the reporter that the Heart of Atlanta has long had a practice of only admitting out-of-town guests with few exceptions. Asked if any civil rights group has tried to test the Heart of Atlanta policies, Rolleston acknowledges that he does not know of any such tests, but that the hotel has accepted all potential guests. The reporter asks Rolleston to estimate how many African Americans have stayed at the hotel since the 1964 Civil Rights Act was passed in July of that year, and Rolleston says he does not know an exact number, but it has been few. The camera focuses on the Atlanta map behind Rolleston before he begins reading from a statement regarding the decision. Rolleston declares that the \"decision nullifies the rights and principles which the constitution was designed to perpetuate,\" opening a door to \"the unlimited power of a centralized government in Washington\" which does not value personal liberty. He believes the decision could lead to \"a socialistic state and eventual dictatorship.\" After a break in the clip, Rolleston again reads from the same prepared statement, and then the reporter and Rolleston repeat the exchange regarding the number of African American patrons served by the hotel. More of the office is seen, the off-screen reporter tests the microphone, and Rolleston speaks to the reporter although his comments are not well recorded. Rolleston and the reporter review Rolleston's statement regarding his reaction to the court opinion and the number of African American patrons served several times. The clip pauses and the reporter asks what comments white customers have made regarding the hotel accepting African American customers; Rolleston reports that the white customers have had very little to say about the new situation. After Rolleston again reviews his prepared statement about the decision, he expands on his position by saying that he is disappointed because the ruling gives more power to Congress to regulate individual behavior. Rolleston and the reporter review Rolleston's reaction to the Supreme Court decision, the number of African American patrons, and the South's eventual acclimation to the ruling. The clip ends shortly after Rolleston answers the telephone. United States president Lyndon B. Johnson signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act into law in July of that year. Rolleston, who operated the Heart of Atlanta Motel, and Lester Maddox, owner of the Pickrick restaurant in Atlanta, filed a lawsuit against the act arguing that it violated the fifth and thirteenth constitutional amendments. The two cases were joined into the Heart of Atlanta vs. United States case, which was argued before the Supreme Court in October 1964. The court decided in favor of the United States and the civil rights act; Rolleston continued operating the Heart of Atlanta Motel but Maddox closed the Pickrick rather than integrate.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn31715"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Lawyers--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Motels--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Federal-state controversies--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney Moreton Rolleston speaking to a reporter following the United States Supreme Court ruling upholding the public accommodations section of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the integration of the Heart of Atlanta Motel in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 December 14"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn31715"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn31715"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964-12-14"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn31715, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney Moreton Rolleston speaking to a reporter following the United States Supreme Court ruling upholding the public accommodations section of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the integration of the Heart of Atlanta Motel in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 December 14, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0710, 7:51/16:52, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 9 mins., 1 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Rolleston, Moreton"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46925","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Chamber of Commerce president Opie L. Shelton urging businesses to comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 July","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Shelton, Opie L. (Opie Lee), 1915-1999"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-07-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from July 1964, Atlanta Chamber of Commerce president Opie L. Shelton gives a statement encouraging local businesses to comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The clip begins by showing a sign for the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. Shelton declares that while the Chamber of Commerce feels the federal government should not legislate public accommodations, the Chamber continues to urge its members \"soliciting businesses from the general public to do so without regard to race, creed, or color.\" The clip breaks, and Shelton repeats that voluntary integration has been successful. The camera focuses on a picture of an Atlanta street scene on the wall behind Shelton; interspersed with this, Shelton repeats the statement about the Chamber's voluntary policy. The clip ends by showing a three-dimensional mural of people and a domed building. The Atlanta Chamber of Commerce encouraged members to voluntarily integrate their businesses both before and after the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. While some restaurants integrated in June 1963, many had resegregated by the end of the year. Two Atlanta businesses fought the legality of the 1964 Civil Rights Act in cases eventually decided by the United States Supreme Court in favor of the law in December 1964. Following the ruling the Heart of Atlanta Motel desegregated, and segregationist and later Georgia governor Lester Maddox closed his restaurant rather than serve African Americans.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn46925"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Central business districts--Georgia--Atlanta","Business enterprises","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Federal-city relations--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Interviews--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Chamber of Commerce president Opie L. Shelton urging businesses to comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 July"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46925"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46925"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964-07-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn46925, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Chamber of Commerce president Opie L. Shelton urging businesses to comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 July, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1186, 24:33/29:48, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 5 mins., 15 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Shelton, Opie L. (Opie Lee), 1915-1999"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46073","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting with Atlanta civic leaders about recent desegregation demonstrations, and Fulton county solicitor William T. Boyd pledging to prosecute demonstrators who break the law, Atlanta, Georgia 1964 January 27 and 1964 January 29","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","Boyd, William T., 1920-1965","Forman, James, 1928-2005"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-01-27"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip dated January 27 and 29, 1964, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. addresses a body of white and African American business, religious, and civic group leaders at City Hall with regard to recent demonstrations centered around segregated restaurants and hotels involving members of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR), and the Ku Klux Klan that resulted in violence; members of SNCC, SCLC and several Atlanta community leaders address the same audience in City Hall; and Fulton county solicitor general William T. Boyd makes an announcement at a press conference where he pledges to prosecute demonstrators who violate the law. Several segments of the clip appear to be out of sequence.","The clip is divided into two parts. The first part, approximately six minutes long, begins with a silent portion comprised of several scenes of a government assembly. A poorly-lit close-up of an unidentified speaker is followed by another unidentified speaker at a podium, and then a shot of several men, presumably city legislators, who are working at a long desk. Behind them, a wall is lined with portraits. A different group of men, who are also presumably city legislators, are seated listening. The screen goes black. The next several silent scenes are taken","inside of Atlanta City Hall, and show Mayor Allen speaking to a full audience comprised of both whites and African Americans. The next portion of the clip contains sound. Reading from a prepared statement, Mayor Allen says \"this irresponsible element that chooses to assume threatening posture and attack our city destructively will find that they cannot undermine Atlanta's solid foundation of fairness and freedom built so patiently over many years by men and women of good sense and good will of both races.\" The sound drops out at the end of Allen's statement. The next few silent scenes include a close-up of men taking notes, a shot of an unidentified African American man with a cane speaking into a standing microphone that is taken from behind two video cameras, and several more shots of the audience.","The next shot contains sound. Here, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) executive secretary James Forman says \"there is no malice in the hearts of anyone who adheres to the principle of nonviolence against a particular individual; in fact, we love our white brothers even though they make it difficult for us to love. We even love the Ku Klux Klan that was demonstrating against us, even though they may not understand that . . .\" He is interrupted by Mayor Allen, who reminds Forman to remain on subject; Allen reminds him that he is extending him every courtesy he has of other speakers. Forman defends his speech by replying \"Well, I am speaking to the subject, because the subject involves the rationale of the demonstrations in the city of Atlanta. Some of us have been called irresponsible, and I think it's necessary for the city of Atlanta at this moment to understand some of the reservoir which produces the need for demonstrations.\" The sound drops out at the end of Forman's statement.","In the next few silent shots, Mayor Allen speaks to the audience from the podium, pointing for emphasis; this is followed by several shots of the audience. The camera closes in on the front row where restaurateur Lester Maddox, owner of the segregated Pickrick restaurant is seated; Maddox raises his hand to speak. This is followed by several shots of an unidentified white man, reading from a prepared statement at the standing microphone. The clip jumps to several shots of segregated Leb's restaurant, where a small group of African American and white demonstrators picket along the sidewalk carrying a banner that reads \"Democracy on the line why are students in jail?\" These shots are interspersed with shots of a white police officer directing traffic, and two white police officers standing on a street corner, presumably the corner of Forsyth and Luckie Streets, and the location of Leb's restaurant. In the next shot, Mayor Allen speaks from a podium at the meeting in city hall.","The next shot contains sound. Here, Mayor Allen states \"I have asked you to meet here this afternoon to help evaluate and work out a solution to a situation which threatens not only the good name, but beyond that, even the public safety of this city.\" The clip breaks and skips to another section of Allen's address, where he says \"Atlanta's tolerance has been almost unlimited. Atlanta's desire for every citizen to have liberty, freedom, and equal rights is unabated. Atlanta will not slow down or stop in its efforts to work out solutions to all problems of racial relations. That is the course of action to which Atlanta has been and shall continue to be committed.\"  The sound drops out again. Several Atlanta business and community leaders speak to the audience from the stand microphone; the leaders include Atlanta board of education member Dr. Rufus E. Clement, executive secretary of the Atlanta Restaurant Association Ed England, an unidentified African American leader, and executive director of SCLC Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker. There are several more silent shots of the audience interspersed with close-up shots of Maddox, and shots of cameramen filming Mayor Allen speaking at the podium; one of the cameramen is operating his camera while simultaneously holding a lit cigarette. There are further shots of the audience and of Mayor Allen guiding an unidentified white man to the microphone; the man goes on to read from a prepared statement. There are several exterior shots of Atlanta city hall, including one where three men in overcoats and hats enter the building; this is followed by further scenes from the meeting, where the mayor and members of the audience are led in prayer by a young white clergyman. After the clergyman concludes the prayer, the standing audience collectively sits down. Next, a white audience member asks a question from his seat; the clip jumps to a shot of the audience taken from behind Mayor Allen as people are looking for places to sit down. The last shot in the first part of the clip shows Mayor Allen arranging his documents at the podium.","In the second segment of the clip, which is approximately five minutes long, William T. Boyd, solicitor general of the Atlanta judicial circuit reads from a prepared statement delivered on January 27, 1964. He is filmed seated inside an office; there is a typewriter at the desk and a file cabinet in the background. After a false start, Boyd states \"Tragedy, bloodshed and death were narrowly averted in the streets of Atlanta this past weekend. That some persons of both races, white and Negro, escaped serious and possibly fatal injuries was the merest accident and I thank God for that accident.\" He pauses, the clip breaks, then he resumes speaking; the beginning of his statement is recorded incompletely.  He argues that the conflict that broke out during protests the previous weekend provides the nation with a false picture of Atlanta \"which does not show the harmony with which our Negro and white citizens have worked to improve the lot of both races here\" and points to examples of peaceful school desegregation, voluntary desegregation by some merchants and restaurant owners, and peaceful demonstrations as examples of Atlanta's successful race relations. Boyd expresses his faith in the law, notes that law enforcement groups cannot uphold the law without the help of the public, noting \"here respect for it is weakened, where the prophets of hate and deceit, who love not themselves, their nation, or their god prevail against it, there is tragedy. \" He urges citizens to uphold the law in order to preserve public safety. Boyd stops, asks the cameraman \"How was it, alright?\" grabs his waiting cigarette, and takes a puff. The clip breaks, and then returns to a shot of Boyd leaving the desk with a stack of papers in his hand. The clip breaks to a gray screen, and resumes with what is probably an earlier shot of Boyd, seated at the desk.  He announces that he is bringing twenty-four cases to the Fulton county grand jury on Tuesday, that they are known as \"the Krystal cases\" (presumably cases involving demonstrators attempting to desegregate Atlanta-area Krystal restaurants), and involve Georgia's anti-trespass law.  He announces \"I will use this office and its resources to curb violence by hoodlums and thugs of any race.\" The clip breaks, and Boyd expresses that as solicitor general of the Atlanta judicial circuit, that it is his \"duty to speak out against those who would seek their day in court in the streets jeopardizing the lives of innocent bystanders as well as those who are in direct and violent disagreement with them.\" He acknowledges \"Vital forces are at work in the Negroes' rightful attempt to gain their full constitutional recognition as Americans. Equally vital forces, and not always purely racial ones, are behind the opposition to Negro goals.\" He asserts \"it is my sworn duty as solicitor general to uphold the law, to prosecute without fear or favor those who would violate the law. The law stands between us and chaos, no matter what our station in life, no matter what our beliefs, no matter what our race. The law is our promise that we can walk the very streets in safety . . .\" He refers once more to the violent events of the previous weekend, before the clip ends; Boyd's comments are incompletely recorded.","On January 29, 1964, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. convened a meeting of African American and white community leaders at Atlanta city hall; he hoped to resolve heightened tensions over the partial desegregation of Atlanta restaurants and hotels, and the lack of a public accommodations law barring segregation in Atlanta. Allen's actions were prompted by a series of demonstrations organized by members of SNCC and COAHR that had elevated in intensity since December of 1963. In the four days prior to the meeting at city hall, more than three hundred people had been arrested in connection to these demonstrations. The most disruptive of these protests took place on Sunday, January 26 at segregated Leb's Restaurant in downtown Atlanta, where picketers had attracted approximately one thousand white spectators, some of whom were members of the Ku Klux Klan. Clashes between civil rights demonstrators, spectators, and restaurant personnel resulted in the injury of several demonstrators and police officers, property damages to the restaurant, and the blocking of street traffic.  The Atlanta Restaurant Association placed full page ads in Atlanta papers, declaring that the city had placed too much pressure on restaurant owners to desegregate, and denied segregated establishments full protection by law enforcement when demonstrators picketed their establishments.","At the January 29 meeting, Mayor Allen requested a thirty-day moratorium on desegregation demonstrations, and upheld his support for an active federal civil rights bill to desegregate public accommodations. He announced that city police would begin to enforce the arrest of trespassers at sit-ins to accommodate restaurateurs, but that lawful picketing would be permitted and protected. Time was also allotted to Atlanta police chief Herbert Jenkins to summarize the police department's policy regarding the enforcement of laws related to public demonstrations. The mayor requested the attendance of members of the Atlanta Board of Aldermen, legislators from Fulton and DeKalb counties, members of the Summit Leadership Conference, a coordinating body for more than eighty civil rights groups in Atlanta, and representatives from SCLC, COAHR and SNCC. The meeting was also attended by members of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce and the Atlanta Restaurant Association. Despite Mayor Allen's efforts, the meeting accomplished little beyond demonstrating his engagement in the ongoing problem. The Chamber of Commerce and the Atlanta Restaurant Association declared that they favored voluntary desegregation rather than a public accommodations law; the elder and more conservative members of the Atlanta Summit Leadership Conference were in agreement with the mayor regarding the thirty-day \"cooling off period,\" but the members of SCLC and SNCC refused to comply; and Allen's proposed thirty-day moratorium on demonstrations went unheeded.  Six months later, with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in July, Atlanta restaurants were finally required to integrate by law.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Former title read \"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting about demonstrations by African Americans in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 January 27.\" Research of the events in the clip determine that the date of Mayor Allen's address was January 29, 1964, and that William Boyd's statement was made on January 27, 1964."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn46073"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Police--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Lawyers--Georgia--Atlanta","County attorneys--Georgia--Atlanta","Politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Meetings--Georgia--Atlanta","Audiences--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","African American clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Traffic police--Georgia--Atlanta","Riots--United States","Riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Race riots--United States","Race riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Riot control--United States","Riot control--Georgia--Atlanta","Social conflict--Georgia--Atlanta","Interpersonal confrontation--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Forecasting","Political violence--Southern States--History--20th century","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Southern States","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Southern States","Community activists--Georgia--Atlanta","Civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","Educators--Georgia--Atlanta","African American educators--Georgia--Atlanta","City halls--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Southern States","Discrimination in education--Georgia","Discrimination in education--Southern States","Segregation in education--Georgia","Segregation in education--Southern States","School integration--Georgia--Atlanta","Grand jury--Georgia--Atlanta","Television camera operators--Georgia--Atlanta","Smoking--Georgia--Atlanta","Smoking in the workplace--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Officials and employees","Atlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting with Atlanta civic leaders about recent desegregation demonstrations, and Fulton county solicitor William T. 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