{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"noa_sohp_a-0347","title":"Oral history interview with Herman Talmadge, November 8, 1990","collection_id":"noa_sohp","collection_title":"Oral histories of the American South (Georgia selections)","dcterms_contributor":["Talmadge, Betty","Egerton, John","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Talmadge, Herman E. (Herman Eugene), 1913-2002"],"dc_date":["1990-11-08"],"dcterms_description":["Herman Talmadge served as the Democratic governor of Georgia from 1948 to 1955 (in addition to a brief stint in 1947), and went on to represent that state in the United States Senate from 1957 to 1981. In this interview, he shares his opinions on integration and race relations in Georgia. Talmadge, who opposed integration, claims that he did so to avoid tensions. He maintains that had the federal government stayed out of the South, states like Georgia would have integrated slowly but surely and with significantly less strife.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Democratic Party (Ga.)","Georgia--Politics and government","Republican Party (Ga.)","Southern States--Race relations","School integration--Georgia","Segregation--Georgia","Governors--Georgia","Political parties--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Herman Talmadge, November 8, 1990"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0347/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Text (HTML and XML/TEI source file) and audio (MP3); 2 files: ca. 107.3 kilobytes, 92.2 megabytes","MP3 format / ca. 92.1 MB, 00:50:19"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Talmadge, Herman E. (Herman Eugene), 1913-2002","Talmadge, Betty","Talmadge, Eugene, 1884-1946"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"uwg_phc_landrum19880725","title":"Oral history interview with Phil Landrum, 1988 July 25-26","collection_id":"uwg_phc","collection_title":"Georgia Political Papers and Oral History Program","dcterms_contributor":["Steely, Mel","Fitz-Simons, Ted","University of West Georgia. Georgia Political Papers and Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","United States, Georgia, Appling County, 31.74928, -82.28898","United States, Georgia, Carroll County, Carrollton, 33.58011, -85.07661","United States, Georgia, Cherokee County, 34.24393, -84.4762","United States, Georgia, Cherokee County, Canton, 34.23676, -84.49076","United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","United States, Georgia, Elbert County, Bowman, 34.20483, -83.0307","United States, Georgia, Franklin County, 34.37544, -83.22918","United States, Georgia, Franklin County, Carnesville, 34.36983, -83.23516","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Georgia, Gilmer County, 34.69121, -84.45559","United States, Georgia, Gordon County, Resaca, 34.58036, -84.94328","United States, Georgia, Gwinnett County, 33.96173, -84.02363","United States, Georgia, Gwinnett County, Buford, 34.12066, -84.00435","United States, Georgia, Habersham County, Clarkesville, 34.6126, -83.52489","United States, Georgia, Habersham County, Demorest, 34.5651, -83.54517","United States, Georgia, Hall County, 34.31689, -83.81968","United States, Georgia, Hall County, Gainesville, 34.29788, -83.82407","United States, Georgia, Hart County, Hartwell, 34.35288, -82.93209","United States, Georgia, Jackson County, 34.13388, -83.56635","United States, Georgia, Jenkins County, 32.79247, -81.96353","United States, Georgia, Paulding County, 33.92055, -84.86729","United States, Georgia, Pickens County, Jasper, 34.46787, -84.42909","United States, Georgia, Richmond County, Augusta, 33.47097, -81.97484","United States, Georgia, Ware County, Waycross, 31.21368, -82.3557","United States, Georgia, Whitfield County, Dalton, 34.7698, -84.97022","United States, Massachusetts, Suffolk County, Boston, 42.35843, -71.05977","United States, Mississippi, Harrison County, Biloxi, 30.39603, -88.88531","United States, Ohio, Cuyahoga County, Cleveland, 41.4995, -81.69541","Venezuela, Carabobo, El Carmen, 9.9653213, -67.8276158"],"dcterms_creator":["Landrum, Phil M."],"dc_date":["1988-07-25/1988-07-26"],"dcterms_description":["Phil M. Landrum (1907-1990) was born in the northeast Georgia town of Martin on September 10, 1907. He earned a law degree from the Atlanta Law School in 1941 and served in the United States Army Air Corps from 1942-1945. After the war, Landrum served as Assistant Attorney General of Georgia from 1946-1947 and as Governor Melvin Thompson's executive secretary from 1947-1948.Landrum then worked in Jasper, Georgia, as an attorney in private practice for several years. He was elected in 1952 as a Democrat to represent the 9th District in the U.S. House of Representatives. A conservative who fought to maintain segregation, he also helped write landmark legislation to curb union corruption. Landrum retired from Congress in 1977 and returned to Jasper, where he died of congestive heart failure in 1990.; Interviewed by Mel Steely and Ted Fitz-Simons on July 25-26, 1988 in Landrum's office.; This interview begins with a discussion on Phil Landrum's childhood and heritage. He talks about how he became a teacher, met his wife, and how he managed to make a relatively substantial living during the years of the Great Depression. Landrum then begins answering questions about his time in the Senate and his relationships with other Georgia politicians, including Ellis Arnall and M. E. Thompson. He explains that he was active in the midst of the Three-Governor Crisis and that he respected Herman Talmadge a great deal for being a good person, though he felt that Talmadge tried to make too many people happy and often said yes when he should have said no. Landrum talks about his relationships in the Georgia legislature and how they transferred into his relationships with people in Washington, D.C. Landrum goes on to answer questions about his time in the Nation's capital and how he and his family adjusted to living in the area. Landrum talks about the use of a letter campaign from his constituents in order to get a bill passed, which could be used for educational purposes. Landrum also discusses his reflections on current elections as well as his happiest moments in congress, both professionally and personally. One of the more interesting topics covered regards the Civil Rights Movement, and Landrum discusses certain African American politicians whom he believed used the death of Martin Luther King, Jr., to get ahead in their careers. He answers questions about the African-American voters in the 1960s and 1970s, and defines himself as a \"realist\" during the Civil Rights movement. He says he never considered himself a racist, but that he may consider himself a segregationist during that time."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Carrollton, Ga. : University of West Georgia Special Collections in association with the Digital Library of Georgia"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Georgia Political Papers and Oral History Program oral history interviews. Annie Belle Weaver Special Collections, Irvine Sullivan Ingram Library, State University of West Georgia"],"dcterms_subject":["Georgia--Politics and government--1865-1950","Georgia--Politics and government--1951-","Legislators--Georgia--Interviews","AFL-CIO","Appalachian Regional Commission","Atlanta journal-constitution","Buford Dam (Ga.)","Democratic Party (U.S.)","Emory University","Ford Motor Company","Georgia Marble Company","Georgia Power Company","Georgia State Patrol","Lockheed Aircraft Corporation","Mercer University","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","University of Georgia","University of Michigan","United States. Army","United States. Air Force","West Georgia College","United States. Work Projects Administration","Georgia. General Assembly","United States. Congress. House","Indians of North America--United States","Indians of North America--Georgia","Civil rights movements--United States--History--20th century","Depressions--1929","United States--Race relations","Georgia--Race relations","Segregation--United States","Segregation--Georgia","Saint Lawrence Seaway","Statue of Liberty National Monument (N.Y. and N.J.)","Korean War, 1950-1953","Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), Attack on, 1941","Valdosta, Georgia","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","Washington, D. C.","Watergate Affair, 1972-1974","World War, 1939-1945"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Phil Landrum, 1988 July 25-26"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of West Georgia. Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/uwg/phc/do:landrum19880725"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/id:uwg_phc_landrum19880725"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: [interview title], Georgia Political Papers and Oral History Program oral history interviews. Annie Belle Weaver Special Collections, Irvine Sullivan Ingram Library, University of West Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)","moving images"],"dcterms_extent":["1 transcript; 6 interviews (circa 61 mins.; circa 61 mins.; circa 39 mins.; circa 51 mins.; circa 56 mins.; circa 54 mins.)"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Landrum, Phil M.--Interviews","Albert, Carl Bert, 1908-2000","Talmadge, Herman E. (Herman Eugene), 1913-2002","Arnall, Ellis Gibbs, 1907-1992","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Talmadge, Eugene, 1884-1946","Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945","Carter, Jimmy, 1924-","","Allen, Ivan, III, 1938-1992","Baldowski, Clifford H., 1917-1999","Barden, Graham Arthur, 1896-1967","Bentsen, Lloyd","Boykin, Frank W. (Frank William), 1885-1969","Broun, Paul C. (Paul Collins), 1916-2005","Carmon, Bill","Clinton, Bill, 1946-","Cohen, Wilbur","Dirksen, Everett McKinley","Dole, Robert J., 1923-2021","Dukakis, Michael S. (Michael Stanley), 1933-","Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969","Flynt, John James, 1914-2007","Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006","Gingrich, Newt","Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris), 1909-1998","Griffin, Marvin, 1907-1982","Griffin, Robert","Harris, Joel Chandler, 1848-1908","Harris, Roy Vincent, 1895-1985","Hartsfield, William Berry","Helms, Jesse","Hoffa, James R. (James Riddle), 1913-","Jackson, Jesse, 1941-","Jenkins, Ed, 1933-","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Jordan, Barbara, 1936-1996","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963","Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy, 1929-1994","Lewis, John L. (John Llewellyn), 1880-1969","Marshall, George C. (George Catlett), 1880-1959","Martin, Joe, 1943-","McClellan, John L. (John Little), 1896-1977","McGill, Ralph, 1898-1969","Miller, Zell, 1932-2018","Mitchell, Edward","Mize, John, 1913-1993","O'Neill, Tip","Perkins, Carl Dewey, 1912-1984","Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972","Preston, Prince H. (Prince Hulon), 1908-1961","Rayburn, Sam, 1882-1961","Rivers, Eurith Dickinson, 1895-1967","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971","Sanders, Carl, 1925-2014","Smith, Howard Worth, 1883-1976","Thompson, M. E. (Melvin Ernest), 1903-1980","Thompson, Frank, 1918-1989","Vandiver, S. Ernest (Samuel Ernest), 1918-2005","Vinson, Carl, 1883-1981","Whitten, Jamie L.","Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000","Wood, John Q.","Wright, Jim, 1922-2015"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"uwg_phc_sanders1","title":"Oral history interview with Carl Sanders, 1987 April 27","collection_id":"uwg_phc","collection_title":"Georgia Political Papers and Oral History Program","dcterms_contributor":["Steely, Mel","Fitz-Simons, Ted","University of West Georgia. Georgia Political Papers and Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Sanders, Carl Edward, 1925-"],"dc_date":["1987-04-27"],"dcterms_description":["Carl Edward Sanders was born in Augusta, Georgia on May 15, 1925 and attended the University of Georgia until enlisting in the U.S. Air Force during World War II. After the war, he returned to school, earned a law degree and moved home to practice law and start a political career. In 1954, Sanders won a seat in the Georgia house as a Democrat representing his home town, and advanced to the state senate after one term. In the senate, he spent two years as floor leader for Governor Ernest Vandiver and two years as president pro tempore. In 1962 he was elected the nation's youngest governor at thirty-seven. Governor Sanders concentrated on education and the environment, as well as working with Presidents Kennedy and Johnson to comply with civil rights laws in a transition towards desegregation. He ran for governor again in 1970, but lost to Jimmy Carter. Sanders has remained active in law and business, as well as behind the scenes in politics, and currently resides in Atlanta.; Interviewed by Dr. Mel Steely and Ted Fitz-Simons on April 27, 1987, in Sanders' Atlanta office.; Sanders begins by noting the most important aides on his staff as well as describing what makes for a \"strong\" governor. He then goes into the \"mechanics\" of how he deposed George L. Smith, and the most important black leaders with whom he served. He spends some time discussing the impact of television during his campaign. Dr. Steely asks about education and university improvements throughout the state during his tenure, and he talks about his relationship with Mayor Ivan Allen and their cooperation. Sanders also goes into great detail about his relationships with the Kennedy brothers."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Carrollton, Ga. : University of West Georgia Special Collections in association with the Digital Library of Georgia"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Georgia Political Papers and Oral History Program oral history interviews. Annie Belle Weaver Special Collections, Irvine Sullivan Ingram Library, State University of West Georgia"],"dcterms_subject":["Georgia--Politics and government--1865-1950","Georgia--Politics and government--1951-","Governors--Georgia","Legislators--Georgia","University of Georgia--Alumni and alumnae","Lawyers--Georgia","Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority","Civil rights--Georgia","Civil rights--United States","Segregation--Georgia","Segregation--United States","Television and politics--Georgia","Television and politics--United States","Georgia. Dept. of Transportation","Fort Gordon (Ga.)","Georgia--Constitution","Georgia. General Assembly. House","Georgia. General Assembly. Senate","World War, 1939-1945--Veterans"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Carl Sanders, 1987 April 27"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of West Georgia. Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/uwg/phc/do:sanders1"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/id:uwg_phc_sanders1"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: [interview title], Georgia Political Papers and Oral History Program oral history interviews. Annie Belle Weaver Special Collections, Irvine Sullivan Ingram Library, University of West Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)","moving images"],"dcterms_extent":["1 interview (circa 120 mins.)"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Arnall, Ellis Gibbs, 1907-1992","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Carter, Jimmy, 1924-","Sanders, Carl Edward, 1925- --Interviews","Vandiver, S. Ernest (Samuel Ernest), 1918-2005","Allen, Ivan, 1877-1968","Bernard, Dirk","Davis, Harold","Harper, John","Harris, Roy Vincent, 1895-1985","Johnson, Leroy, 1928-","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968","McGill, Ralph, 1898-1969","Pattison, Eugene, 1923-","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971","Smith, George Leon, 1912-1973","Smith, George T. (George Thornewell), 1916-","Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"uwg_phc_maddox2","title":"Oral history interview with Governor Lester Maddox, 1986 April 17","collection_id":"uwg_phc","collection_title":"Georgia Political Papers and Oral History Program","dcterms_contributor":["Steely, Mel","Fitz-Simons, Ted","University of West Georgia. Georgia Political Papers and Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003"],"dc_date":["1986-04-17"],"dcterms_description":["Lester Maddox (1915-2003) was born to a working class family on September 30, 1915 in Atlanta. He dropped out of high school to work, and received a draft deferment during World War II due to employment in an essential industry. He opened the Pickrick Cafeteria in 1947, and became as widely known for his segregationist political commentary, as for his food. Maddox ran for office several times with no success, but became known nationally after a picture of him and supporters holding axe handles turning away black patrons ran in papers nationally in 1964. In 1966 he entered the Democratic primary for governor and defeated liberal former governor Ellis Arnall. Maddox managed a victory in a tumultuous election that ended up being decided by the overwhelmingly Democratic Georgia legislature.; Surprising to many, Maddox governed in a more moderate manner than expected and appointed more African Americans to government offices than all previous governors combined. He backed prison reform and secured more funding for the state's university system. Maddox could not serve a consecutive term as governor, so ran and won the office of lieutenant governor, where he often clashed with Governor Jimmy Carter. He went back into private business after leaving public office. Maddox died of cancer in 2003.; This interview is conducted by Dr. Mel Steely and Ted Fitz-Simons on April 17, 1986 at the University of West Georgia.; In this interview, Dr. Steely begins by asking Maddox how he came to be involved in politics, and why he continued to run even though he was defeated several times. He states that he is unafraid of controversy, which led to his polarized campaigns. He then discusses some of his strongest supporters and describes the responsibility of being in politics as making a commitment to the people as well as to making Georgia the best it could be. Dr. Steely also asks about Maddox's initial reactions to Vandiver's actions regarding the integration of the public schools of Georgia. He states that he sees himself as an underdog, which is why he chose to focus on prison reform. He states that he considers his biggest contribution to the state of Georgia was appointing African Americans to his offices, and his educational ideas. He also candidly shares his real feelings about former Presidents Nixon, Carter, and Johnson. He later refers to himself as \"a little Republican, a little Democrat, and a lot of Independent\" in regards to his views on the party system. He discusses his take on white supremacy versus the Civil Rights movement."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Carrollton, Ga. : University of West Georgia Special Collections in association with the Digital Library of Georgia"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Georgia Political Papers and Oral History Program oral history interviews. Annie Belle Weaver Special Collections, Irvine Sullivan Ingram Library, State University of West Georgia"],"dcterms_subject":["Georgia--Politics and government--1865-1950","Georgia--Politics and government--1951-","Governors--Georgia","Legislators--Georgia","United States. Civil Rights Act of 1964","Georgia. General Assembly","Guaranteed Annual Wage--Georgia","Guaranteed Annual Wage--United States","Race relations--Georgia","Race relations--United States","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Primaries","Georgia--Governor--Election","Prison reformers","Segregation--Georgia","Segregation--United States","Public welfare--United States","School integration--Georgia","White supremacy movements","Civil rights movements","Pickrick Cafeteria (Atlanta, Ga.)","Georgia--Governor--Election, 1970","Georgia--Governor--Election, 1974"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Governor Lester Maddox, 1986 April 17"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of West Georgia. Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/uwg/phc/do:maddox2"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/id:uwg_phc_maddox2"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: [interview title], Georgia Political Papers and Oral History Program oral history interviews. Annie Belle Weaver Special Collections, Irvine Sullivan Ingram Library, University of West Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)","moving images"],"dcterms_extent":["2 videocassettes (circa 117 mins.; circa 47 mins.)"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003--Interviews","Arnall, Ellis Gibbs, 1907-1992","Busbee, George, 1927-2004","Callaway, Howard H. (Howard Hollis), 1927-2014","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Carter, Jimmy, 1924-","Harris, Joe Frank","Humphrey, Hubert H. (Hubert Horatio), 1911-1978","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Lane, Mills B. (Mills Bee), 1912-1989","Maddox, Virginia Cox, 1919-1997","McGill, Ralph, 1898-1969","Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972","Vandiver, S. Ernest (Samuel Ernest), 1918-2005","Sanders, Carl, 1925-2014"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn68770","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of governor Jimmy Carter opposed to busing to achieve desegregation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1972 November 26","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Singer, Don","Carter, Jimmy, 1924-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1972-11-26"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip dated November 26, 1972, Georgia governor Jimmy Carter is interviewed by reporter Don Singer at an event at the Georgia governor's mansion. Carter expresses support for a recent court ruling that has suspended the implementation of school busing to achieve desegregation in the Atlanta school system; he also expresses a desire for new gubernatorial leadership in Georgia when his term ends. There are also several scenes of event staff and guests in attendance at the governor's party.","The clip is divided into three segments, all filmed at the governor's mansion in Atlanta. The first section of the clip begins with Georgia governor Jimmy Carter responding to a question about school busing posed by WSB reporter Don Singer. The question is not captured in the recording, and Carter's response to it is only partially recorded. Carter expresses that \"they\" are seeking some way to guarantee a way for black and white children to obtain \"a superior education and lack of discrimination and unfairness without the mandatory moving of students from one part of a city to another.\" Confessing \"this is not an easy question to answer,\" Carter expresses support for the position of the courts, who, in his opinion, appear to have eased up on the enforcement of busing to achieve desegregation in schools. Here, he is presumably referring to the recent stay issued by the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to halt desegregation plans that included citywide busing for students in the Atlanta school system. Carter claims to have \"always opposed the massive busing of students to achieve any sort of artificial racial balance,\" and believes it is bad for both black and white students. He also disagrees with busing because it \"removes the parents from influence and from the participation in the community school environment.\" Next, reporter Don Singer notes that Governor Carter will propose a bill to the state legislature requesting forty-five-million dollars of state aid for education; with this money, Carter hopes to improve equal opportunity and education for Georgia students.","The second section of the clip is b-roll footage of the event at the Governor's mansion, which includes several groups of the Governor's guests mingling together around tables where food and drinks are being served. There are several closeups of event attendees, including a pianist and a woman serving drinks from a punchbowl.","The third section of the clip begins with a shot of Governor Carter at the entrance of the governor's mansion greeting guests as they arrive at the event; this is followed by more b-roll footage of the event, which includes assorted shots of guests being served punch, speaking to Governor Carter, and fraternizing together. The b-roll footage ends, and the camera returns to reporter Don Singer interviewing Governor Carter. Carter responds to a question from Singer that was not recorded, presumably about the governor's re-election plans. Carter answers \"No, I don't see that as a possibility,\" and smiles. Singer follows up with the previous question by asking the governor \"why not;\" Carter replies that he thinks that, after the next legislative session, he will have completed everything that he has set out to do, and that he will have fulfilled \"every promise\" that he has made to the people of Georgia. He says\"we have had unbelievably good luck in the legislature getting our programs passed,\" and notes that the state will be in good shape for the next two years. Out of the next legislative session, he anticipates a substantial reduction in taxes, a \"big goal\" of his, specifically in regards to property taxes. He professes that to return would be \"anticlimactic,\" and asserts that Georgia needs \"a new kind of leadership.\" He notes \"Georgia never has been willing to bring back an ex-governor,\" and expresses hope that Georgia voters will not do so in the future (referring to Georgia gubernatorial term limitations as defined by the Georgia Constitution, which restricted governors to serving one four-year term; the state constitution was amended in 1977, at which point governors were permitted to serve two consecutive terms). At the end of his last statement, Carter smiles broadly at Singer, the audio drops from the clip, and the clip ends.","Attempts to desegregate the Atlanta schools and implement Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas began as early as the 1958 desegregation lawsuit Calhoun v. Latimer. However, sustained resistance from the Atlanta Board of Education and segregationist state and local government officials necessitated decades of constant legal pressure before meaningful integration of the school system was achieved. In 1971, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of busing to achieve integration in the case Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education. Following Swann's precedent, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund submitted a desegregation plan to Atlanta's district courts that included busing and hiring strategies to eliminate all single-race schools, and improve African American faculty and staff ratios throughout the school system. The board, opposed to the scale of the proposal, offered instead to increase the number of new positions for black administrators. In June of 1972, the Legal Defense Fund rejected the school board's compromise, and the district courts rejected the Legal Defense Fund's plan. The Legal Defense Fund appealed to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, and bolstered their efforts by consolidating the Calhoun v. Latimer case (now Calhoun v. Cook) with an American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) case, Armour v. Nix, seeking desegregation in a new, federated school system that would incorporate Atlanta's African American schools inside the city, and the new \"white flight\" schools established in the northernmost and southernmost suburbs of Fulton County. The joining of these two lawsuits precipitated Fifth Circuit rulings in both August and October of 1972 that ordered compliance with Swann, as well as more extensive faculty and staff integration. 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