{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"aru_unequal_1673","title":"Scipio Jones' Brief to the Supreme Court Regarding the Elaine Twelve","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1921"],"dcterms_description":["Scipio Jones, a prominent African-American attorney from Little Rock, represented the twelve men convicted for their supposed involvment in the Elaine Race Massacre in 1919. Jones wrote this brief, entitled \"Arkansas Peons\" and published in the NAACP's magazine The Crisis in anticipation of the U.S. Supreme Court's review of the case.","Elaine Race Massacre -- Elaine Race Riot -- Elaine Twelve -- Elaine -- Phillips","(Banks vs. State, 143 Ark. 154), and remanded for a new trial; that upon a retrial of said cases, defendants were again reversed (Ware vs. State, Vol. 4 Sup. Court Rep. No. 11, Page 674), and remanded for a new trail on December 6, 1920; that said cases were coming on for trial at the May term of the Phillips Circuit Court, which convened May 2nd, 1921, and it was represented to the Governor of the State of Arkansas by the white citizens and officials of Phillips County that unless a date of execution was set for petitioners there was grave danger of mob violence to the other six defendants whose cases would be called for trail at the May term of said Court and that in all probability they would be lynched; that in order to appease the mob spirit still prevalent in Phillips County and in a measure to secure the safety of the six Negroes whose cases were to be called for trail and were called on May 9th, 1921, the Governor issued a proclamation fixing a date of execution of Petitioners for June 10, 1921, which was stayed by Court Proceedings; that these facts conclusively show that mob spirit and mob domination are still universally present in Phillips County. Petitioners further say that on the 8th day of June, 1921, they filed a petition in the Pulaski Chancery Court for a Writ of Habeas Corpus setting out the matters and things herein stated, and that on said date the Pulaski Chancery Court issued its Writ of Habeas Corpus, directed to the defendant, E. H. Dempsey, keeper of the Arkansas State Penitentiary, commanding him to have the bodies of the Petitioners in Court at 2 o’clock P.M. on the 10th day of June, 1921, and then and there state in writing the term and cause of their imprisonment; that on the 9th day of June, 1921, the Attorney General for the State of Arkansas filed with the Supreme Court of Arkansas a Petition for Writ of Prohibition against J. E. Martineau, Chancellor of the Pulaski Chancery Court, and your petitioners, and that on the 20th day of June, 1921, the Supreme Court of the State of Arkansas issued its Writ of Prohibition against the Judge of the Pulaski Chancery Court, prohibiting him from hearing the Petitions for Habeas Corpus pending in his court and quashed the Writ of Habeas Corpus theretofore issued; that thereafter, to wit, on the 4th day of August, 1921, your petitioners made application to the Hon. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, for a Writ of Error to the Supreme Court of the State of Arkansas in the matter of said Writ of Prohibition, but same was denied. Petitioners, therefore, say that by the proceedings aforesaid, they were deprived of their rights and are about to be deprived of their lives in violation of Section 11, of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States and the laws of the United States enacted in pursuance thereto, in that they have been denied the equal protection of the law, and have been convicted, condemned and are about to be deprived of their lives without due process of law; that they are now in the custody of the defendant, E. H. Dempsey, Keeper of the Arkansas State Penitentiary, to be electrocuted on the 23rd day of September, 1921; that they are now detained and held in custody by said Keeper and will be electrocuted on said date unless prevented from so doing by the issuance of a Writ of Habeas Corpus. Petitioners therefore pray that a Writ of Habeas Corpus be issued to the end that they may be discharged from said unlawful imprisonment and unlawful judgment and sentence to death. -------------- The writ of Habeas Corpus asked for above was granted. Later a demurrer was sustained and the writ discharged. Thereupon the attorneys appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States and their appeal was allowed in the United States District Court. Thus, the greatest case against peonage and mob-law ever fought in the land and involving 12 human lives, comes before the highest court. Reader, we have already spent $11,299 to save these poor victims; we need $5,000 more. Can you help? Crisis, vol. 23:2 (December, 1921), pp. 72-76; vol. 23:3 (January, 1922), pp. 115-117."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Scipio Jones' Brief to the Supreme Court Regarding the Elaine Twelve"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Civilrights/id/1673"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact Special Collections for information on copyright."],"dcterms_medium":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Jones, Scipio Africanus, 1863-1943"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aru_unequal_1668","title":"Scipio Jones' Brief to the Supreme Court Regarding the Elaine Twelve","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1921"],"dcterms_description":["Scipio Jones, a prominent African-American attorney from Little Rock, represented the twelve men convicted for their supposed involvment in the Elaine Race Massacre in 1919. Jones wrote this brief, entitled \"Arkansas Peons\" and published in the NAACP's magazine The Crisis in anticipation of the U.S. Supreme Court's review of the case.","Elaine Race Massacre -- Elaine Race Riot -- Elaine Twelve -- Elaine -- Phillips","The Arkansas Peons A brief prepared by Scipio Jones reviewing the case for presentation to the Supreme Court of the United States. Your petitioners, Frank Moore, Ed. Hicks, J. E. Knox, Ed. Coleman and Paul Hall state that they are citizens and residents of the State of Arkansas, and are now residing in Little Rock, confined in the Arkansas State Penitentiary, in the Western Division of the Eastern District of Arkansas, within the jurisdiction of the court; that the defendant is the keeper of the said Arkansas State Penitentiary, and as such is unlawfully restraining your petitioners of their liberty, and will, unless prevented from so doing by the issuance of the writ herein prayed for, deprive them of their life on the 23rd day of Sept., 1921, in violation of the Constitution and laws of the Untied States, and the Constitution and laws of the State of Arkansas. Petitioners further say that they are Negroes, of African descent, black in color, and that prior to the times hereinafter mentioned were citizens and residents of Phillips County, Arkansas, at Elaine; that on the — day of October, 1919, they were arrested, placed in the Phillips County jail and thereafter until their trial were kept in close confinement upon an alleged charge of murder in the first degree for the killing of one Clinton Lee, a white man, said to have occurred on the 1st day of October, 1919; that said Clinton Lee was killed, as they are informed, while a member of a posse of white men who were said to be attempting to quell a race riot, growing out of the killing of W. A. Adkins on the night of September 30, 1919, at Hoop Spur in said County and State; that said Adkins was killed, as they are advised, under these circumstances and conditions: Petitioners and a large number of the members of their race were peaceably and lawfully assembled in their church house at or near Hoop Spur, with no unlawful purpose in view, and with no desire or purpose to injure or do any wrong to any one; that while they were thus assembled, white persons began firing guns or pistols from the outside into and through said church house, through the windows and shooting the lights out therein, causing a great disturbance and stampede of those assembled therein; that the white persons so firing on said church came there in automobiles, of which there were several, and came for the purpose of breaking up said meeting; that said Adkins was killed either by members of his own party or by some other persons unknown to your petitioners; that the white men sent out the word to Helena, the county seat, that said Adkins had been killed by the Negroes, shot down in cold blood while on a peaceable mission, by an armed force of Negroes, assembled at the church, which caused great excitement all over the City of Helena and Phillips County; that the report of said killing spread like wild-fire into other counties, all over the State of Arkansas, and into other States, notably the State of Mississippi; that early the next day a large number of white men of said County armed themselves and rushed to the scene of [the] trouble and to adjacent regions, the vicinity of Elaine being one of them, and began the indiscriminate hunting down, shooting and killing of Negroes; that in a short time white men from adjoining counties and from the State of Mississippi likewise armed themselves, rushed to the scene of the trouble and began the indiscriminate shooting down of Negroes, both men and women, particularly the posse from the State of Mississippi, who shot down in cold blood innocent Negro men and women, many of whom were at the time in the fields picking cotton; that highly inflammable articles were published in the press of Arkansas and especially of Helena and throughout the United States, in which the trouble was variously called a “race riot,” “an uprising of the Negroes,” and a “deliberately planned insurrection among the Negroes against the whites” of that part of Phillips County; that the officers of Phillips County, especially the Sheriff, called upon the Governor of the State, and the Governor in turn called upon the Commanding Officer at Camp Pike for a large number of the United States soldiers to assist the citizens in quelling the so-called “race riot”, “uprising”, or “insurrection”; that a company of soldiers was dispatched to the scene of the trouble who took charge of the situation and finally succeeded in stopping the slaughter."],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Scipio Jones' Brief to the Supreme Court Regarding the Elaine Twelve"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. 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Jones wrote this brief, entitled \"Arkansas Peons\" and published in the NAACP's magazine The Crisis in anticipation of the U.S. Supreme Court's review of the case.","Elaine Race Massacre -- Elaine Race Riot -- Elaine Twelve -- Elaine -- Phillips"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Scipio Jones' Brief to the Supreme Court Regarding the Elaine Twelve"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. 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The second paragraph pertains to the Arkansas Attorney General rejecting Dr. Ida Joe Brooks's candidacy for state office.","Civil Rights -- Women's Suffrage -- Voting Rights -- Women -- Little Rock -- Pulaski"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["The New York Times"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["State Officials and Courts Interpret the 19th Amendment Differently"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Civilrights/id/1712"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact Special Collections for information on copyright."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aru_unequal_1711","title":"State Officials and Courts Interpret the 19th Amendment Differently","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1920-10-24"],"dcterms_description":["New York Times article highlighting legal rulings across the country pertaining to women's suffrage and the 19th Amendment. The second paragraph pertains to the Arkansas Attorney General rejecting Dr. Ida Joe Brooks's candidacy for state office.","Civil Rights -- Women's Suffrage -- Voting Rights -- Women -- Little Rock -- Pulaski","WATCH SUFFRAGE RULINGS Interpretation of Women's Rights in Elections to be Guarded. Announcement was made yesterday that the National American Women Suf- frage Association was watching all legal proceedings in States affected by the Nineteenth Amendment so that all doubts regarding the participation of women in the November elections would be removed. Attorney General Arbuckle of Arkan- sas telegraphed Mrs. Carnic Chapman Catt, President of the association, yes- terday that in his opinion women were not eligible to hold office in Arkansas, and that the Arkansas Secretary of State had declined to accept the certifi- cation of Dr. Ida Joe Brooks as the Re- publican candidate for the State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction. In Massachusetts the Ballot Law Com- mission had decided that American wo- men married to aliens prior to March, 1907, when Congress passed the law re- quiring married women to take the citi- zenship of their husbands, may retain their citizenship. Attorney General J. Weston Allen of Massachusetts has de- cided that women are eligible for ser- vice as election officials and have the right to sign nominating petitions. Attorney General Frank M. McAllister of Missouri has given the decision that women will not be obliged to cast their votes separately from men an declaring the law, passed by the Missouri Legis- lature to require them to vote on pink ballots, to violate the principle of se- crecy. Attorney General McAllister de- cided, however, that women are not eligible as candidates for the Legislature and that the four women nominated are not eligible to serve. The Missouri law requires that a member of the Legisla- ture must be a male voter and a voter for two years before the election. The New York Times Published: October 24, 1920"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["The New York Times"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["State Officials and Courts Interpret the 19th Amendment Differently"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Civilrights/id/1711"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact Special Collections for information on copyright."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aru_unequal_314","title":"Woman Candidate Ruled Off Ballot","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":["New York Times"],"dc_date":["1920-10-24"],"dcterms_description":["Article from the New York Times regarding Arkansas Attorney General John Arbuckle's ruling that even though women had the right to vote, they could not run for public office.","Women -- Suffrage -- Politics and Government -- Little Rock -- Pulaski","WATCH SUFFRAGE RULINGS Interpretation of Women's Rights in Elections to be Guarded. Announcement was made yesterday that the National American Woman Suf- frage Association was watching all legal proceedings in States affected by the Nineteenth Amendment so that all doubts regarding the participation of women in the November elections would be removed. Attorney General Arbuckle of Arkan- sas telegraphed Mrs. Carnic Chapman Catt, President of the association, yes- terday that in his opinion women were not eligible to hold office in Arkansas, and that the Arkansas Secretary of State had declined to accept the certi- fication of Dr. Ida Joe Brooks as the Re- publican candidate for the State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction. In Massachusetts tje Ballot Law Com- mission has decided that American wo- men married to alliens prior to March, 1907, when Congress passed the law re- quiring married women to take the citi- zenship of their husbands, may retain their citizenship. Attorney General J. Weston Allen of Massachusetts has de- cided that women are elegible for ser- vice as election officials and have the right to sign nominating petitions. Attorney General Frank M. McAllister of Missouri has given a decision that women will not be obliged to cast their votes separately from men and declaring the law, passed by the Missouri Legis- lature to require them to vote on pink ballots, to violate the principle of se- crecy. Attorney General McAllister de- cided, however, that women are not eligible as candidates for the Legislature and that the four women nominated are not eligible to serve. The Missoury law requires that a member of the Legisla- ture must be a male voter and a voter for two years before the election. The New York Time Published: October 24, 1920 Copyright © The New York Times"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["New York Times, October 24, 1920"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Woman Candidate Ruled Off Ballot"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Civilrights/id/314"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact Special Collections for information on copyright."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Brooks, Ida Joe"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aru_unequal_817","title":"Article on J.H. Blount running for Governor","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":["New York Times"],"dc_date":["1920-05-09"],"dcterms_description":["Article published in the New York Times about J.H. Blount, an African-American running for Governor of Arkansas.","African-Americans -- Blacks -- Politics and Government -- Republican Party -- Political Parties -- Forrest City -- St. Francis"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["New York Times, May 9, 1920"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Article on J.H. Blount running for Governor"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Civilrights/id/817"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact Special Collections for information on copyright."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"aru_unequal_818","title":"Article on J.H. Blount running for Governor","collection_id":"aru_unequal","collection_title":"Land of (Unequal) Opportunity: Documenting the Civil Rights Struggle in Arkansas","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, 34.75037, -92.50044"],"dcterms_creator":["New York Times"],"dc_date":["1920-05-09"],"dcterms_description":["Article published in the New York Times about J.H. Blount, an African-American running for Governor of Arkansas.","African-Americans -- Blacks -- Politics and Government -- Republican Party -- Political Parties -- Forrest City -- St. Francis"],"dc_format":["application/pdf"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Fayetteville, Ark. : University of Arkansas Libraries"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["New York Times, May 9, 1920"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Arkansas","Civil rights--Arkansas","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas"],"dcterms_title":["Article on J.H. Blount running for Governor"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Libraries"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.uark.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Civilrights/id/818"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact Special Collections for information on copyright."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"earch_eacr_2938","title":"Mamie Katherine Phipps Clark","collection_id":"earch_eacr","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Arkansas History \u0026 Culture","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, Garland County, 34.57669, -93.15043","United States, Arkansas, Garland County, Hot Springs, 34.5037, -93.05518"],"dcterms_creator":["Butler, Stephen N."],"dc_date":["1917/2006"],"dcterms_description":["Biographical entry on Mamie Katherine Phipps Clark, Hot Springs, Arkansas native who was the first African-American Woman to receive a doctorate in psychology from Columbia University.  Clark's research with regard to the \"separate but equal\" doctrine was instrumental in the 1954 case, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Education","African American civil rights workers--Biography","Race discrimination--Arkansas","Segregation in education--Arkansas","Segregation--Arkansas","Columbia University","Brown v. 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Other members, however, insisted on the re- moval of the pictures and literature, de- claring that they did not intend to have the negro women of the country placed on an equality with them, politically or otherwise. When a set of resolutions was brought forward in the convention declaring for woman suffrage twenty delegates refused to vote, and of the nine who did vote four were agains the measure. In consequence of this feeling the pro- posed amendment to the Constitution, for which petitions are being circulated, has been so worded as to bring the negro women under the same conditions as the negro men, most of whom are barred by the \"grandfather clause.\" It reads: \"Female persons shall have the same right to vote as male persons now have or shall hereafter have under the Constitu- tion and laws of this State.\" It is proposed to put this amendment before the voters of the State at the com- ing election by the use of initiative. 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