{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1389","title":"\"Letter from Birmingham Jail\"","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Bass, S. Jonathan"],"dc_date":["2007-11-09"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the \"Letter from Birmingham Jail\" written by Martin Luther King, Jr. during eight days he was imprisoned in Birmingham, Alabama, in April 1963. King had been arrested along with other civil rights leaders on Good Friday, April 12, for violating a court injunction prohibiting civil rights demonstrations in the city. King's letter was written in response to a public statement made by eight white clergymen questioning the timing and methods of the civil rights demonstrations.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights movements--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Birmingham","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Birmingham","African American clergy--Alabama--Birmingham","Clergy--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil disobedience--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","Race discrimination--Alabama--Birmingham","Birmingham (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Race relations","Protest literature","Project C, Birmingham, Ala., 1963","Imprisonment--Alabama--Birmingham","Jails--Alabama--Birmingham","African American political activists--Alabama--Birmingham","Political activists--Alabama--Birmingham","Christians--Alabama--Birmingham--Political activity"],"dcterms_title":["\"Letter from Birmingham Jail\""],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1389"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968. Letter from Birmingham jail","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Imprisonment"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1358","title":"Birmingham Campaign of 1963","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Eskew, Glenn T."],"dc_date":["2007-09-20"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Civil Rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama. The city's violent response to the spring 1963 demonstrations against white supremacy forced the federal government to intervene on behalf of race reform. City Commissioner T. Eugene \"Bull\" Connor's use of police dogs and fire hoses against nonviolent black activists, led by Fred L. Shuttlesworth and Martin Luther King, Jr., enraged the nation. The public outcry provoked President John F. Kennedy to propose civil rights legislation that became the Civil Rights Act of 1964.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Project C, Birmingham, Ala., 1963","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Birmingham","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Birmingham","Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","Race discrimination--Alabama--Birmingham","Race relations","Birmingham (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century","White supremacy movements--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Alabama--Birmingham","Southern Christian Leadership Conference","Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights"],"dcterms_title":["Birmingham Campaign of 1963"],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1358"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Shuttlesworth, Fred L., 1922-2011"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1091","title":"Eugene \"Bull\" Connor","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Baggett, James L."],"dc_date":["2007-03-09"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Eugene \"Bull\" Connor, Alabama politician primarily remembered as an icon of racial intolerance. Connor served in the Alabama legislature from 1935 to 1937 and supported legislation popular with white working-class people and unions. He served as Public Safety Commissioner in Birmingham through the 1930s, 1950s, and 1950s. He unsuccessfully ran for governor twice and was a delegate at five Democratic National Conventions.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Police chiefs--Alabama--Birmingham","Politicians--Alabama","Legislators--Alabama","Birmingham (Ala.)--Officials and employees","Birmingham (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Race relations","Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Birmingham","White supremacy movements--Alabama--Birmingham","Segregationists--Alabama--Birmingham","Police--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Violence against--Alabama--Birmingham","Political candidates--Alabama"],"dcterms_title":["Eugene \"Bull\" Connor"],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1091"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1093","title":"Fred Lee Shuttlesworth","collection_id":"eoa_eoaa","collection_title":"Encyclopedia of Alabama","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Dallas County, 32.32597, -87.10648","United States, Alabama, Dallas County, Selma, 32.40736, -87.0211","United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249","United States, Ohio, Hamilton County, Cincinnati, 39.12711, -84.51439"],"dcterms_creator":["Manis, Andrew"],"dc_date":["2007-03-09"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Fred Lee Shuttlesworth, African American Baptist pastor and the central leader of the civil rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama. Shuttlesworth was one of the pioneering figures in the civil rights era. The organization he founded in 1956, the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR), joined with Martin Luther King Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to protest segregation in Birmingham in 1963. Partly as a result of those direct-action demonstrations, the U.S. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the Encyclopedia of Alabama."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights workers--Alabama--Birmingham","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Birmingham","Clergy--Alabama--Birmingham","African American clergy--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Birmingham","Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights","Southern Christian Leadership Conference","Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","African American Baptists--Alabama--Selma","African American Baptists--Alabama--Birmingham","Clergy--Alabama--Selma","African American clergy--Alabama--Selma","Project C, Birmingham, Ala., 1963","African American Baptists--Ohio--Cincinnati","Clergy--Alabama--Ohio--Cincinnati","African American clergy--Ohio--Cincinnati"],"dcterms_title":["Fred Lee Shuttlesworth"],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Encyclopedia of Alabama (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1093"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights reserved. By downloading, printing, or otherwise using text, image, logo, audio and video files from this Web site, users agree that they will limit their use of such files for purposes permitted under the fair use doctrine and will not violate EOA's or any other party's proprietary rights. Fair use of copyrighted material includes the use of protected materials for noncommercial educational purposes. EOA content used for such purposes does not require express permission from EOA or the Alabama Humanities Foundation, which holds the copyrights for EOA content. All other uses require written permission from the Alabama Humanities Foundation.  Permission requests may be submitted by email to: editor@encyclopediaofalabama.org or by mail to: Encyclopedia of Alabama, Attn.: Permissions, R.B. Draughon Library, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Shuttlesworth, Fred L., 1922-2011"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"kdl_abrad_19971206shuttlesworth","title":"Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth, December 6, 1997","collection_id":"kdl_abrad","collection_title":"Anne Braden Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Fosl, Catherine"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997","United States, Kentucky, Jefferson County, Louisville, 38.25424, -85.75941","United States, North Carolina, Guilford County, Greensboro, 36.07264, -79.79198"],"dcterms_creator":["Shuttlesworth, Fred L., 1922-2011"],"dc_date":["1997-12-06"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth, December 6, 1997 conducted by Catherine Fosl.","Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth is an African American Baptist minister who was a leader of the civil rights movement and worked alongside Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. In this interview, Shuttlesworth describes his work in the movement, particularly in Birmingham, Alabama. He talks about some protests and demonstrations in which he participated, including the Freedom Rides of 1961. Shuttlesworth describes the violence and intimidation that he and his fellow activists faced from the Ku Klux Klan and others. He talks about his friendship with Anne and Carl Braden and their collaboration on civil rights activism. Shuttlesworth describes their role in the civil rights movement and assesses their contributions to the causes of freedom and equality. He also mentions other notable civil rights activists with whom he worked."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights workers--Interviews","Civil rights movements--United States","African Americans--Civil rights","Freedom Rides, 1961","Christians--Political activity","Ku Klux Klan (1915- )","Segregation","Southern Conference Educational Fund","Southern Organizing Committee for Economic and Social Justice","African Americans--Violence against--Southern States","Race relations","Southern States--Race relations","Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","Courage","United States. Congress. House. Committee on Un-American Activities","Communism--United States","Cold War--Influence","Harassment--Southern States","Faith","Reporters and reporting--Southern States","Trust--Southern States","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","National Urban League","Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights","Southern Christian Leadership Conference","Congresses and conventions--Kentucky--Louisville","Traffic accidents--Kentucky--Louisville","Marriage","Humility","Discrimination in housing--Kentucky--Louisville","Civil rights demonstrations--Kentucky--Louisville","Black power--United States","Boards of directors--Southern States","Montgomery Improvement Association","Widowhood--Kentucky--Louisville","Grief--Kentucky--Louisville","Youth--Political activity--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--North Carolina--Greensboro","Arrest--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Montgomery","Imprisonment--Alabama","Clemency--Kentucky"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth, December 6, 1997"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Kentucky"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://kentuckyoralhistory.org/ark:/16417/xt7jm61bkr9t"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["All rights to the interviews, including but not restricted to legal title, copyrights and literary property rights, have been transferred to the University of Kentucky Libraries."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)","sound recordings","transcripts"],"dcterms_extent":["1 interview : [01:34:36]"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Braden, Anne, 1924-2006","Braden, Carl, 1914-1975","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Shuttlesworth, Fred L., 1922-2011--Interviews","Dombrowski, James A. (James Anderson), 1897-1983","Williams, Aubrey Willis, 1890-1965","Wilkins, Roy, 1901-1981","Current, Gloster B. (Gloster Bryant), 1913-1997","Jackson, Mahalia, 1911-1972","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006","Lowery, Joseph E.","Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962","Davis, Angela Y. (Angela Yvonne), 1944-","Bond, Julian, 1940-2015","Stembridge, Jane","Curry, Constance, 1933-","Farmer, James L., Jr. (James Leonard), 1920-1999","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968","Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"wgbh_tdcr_013","title":"Audrey Hendricks","collection_id":"wgbh_tdcr","collection_title":"Teachers' Domain Civil Rights Special Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Birmingham Civil Rights Institute (Birmingham, Ala.)","Hendricks, Audrey, 1953-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1995-06-01"],"dcterms_description":["Instructional Web site for grades three through twelve featuring an interview from June 1995 with Audrey Hendricks about her involvement in the Children's Crusade. In 1963, at the age of nine, Audrey Hendricks left school and joined more than 2,000 students in a Birmingham demonstration that came to be known as the Children's Crusade. In this interview, Hendricks recalls her participation and arrest.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 3-12.","A transcript of the Quicktime movie is available.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","video/quicktime"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of: Teacher's Domain Civil Right Special Collection.","A Quicktime player may be needed to view the streaming video.","A PDF viewer may be needed to view the transcript."],"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Birmingham","Women civil rights workers--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Birmingham","African American women--Alabama--Birmingham","African American children--Alabama--Birmingham","African American girls--Alabama--Birmingham","Students--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Birmingham","Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","Arrest--Alabama--Birmingham","Social justice--United States","Race relations","Equality","Children's Crusade, Birmingham, Ala., 1963","Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights","Southern Christian Leadership Conference"],"dcterms_title":["Audrey Hendricks"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["WGBH Educational Foundation"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://pbslearningmedia.org/resource/iml04.soc.ush.civil.ahendric/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["The Teachers' Domain Civil Rights Collection is a collaborative production of WGBH Education Productions, the WGBH Media Library, and WGBH Interactive, in partnership with the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute and Washington University in St. Louis."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["instructional materials","teaching guides","resource units","interviews","oral histories (literary works)","transcripts"],"dcterms_extent":["text/pdf","6.9 Mb","ca. 5m 00s"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Hendricks, Audrey, 1953-","Hendricks, Lola, 1932-","Connor, Eugene, 1897-1973"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"alm_wlohp_0000033","title":"Interview with Rosa Jackson, 1984 July 23","collection_id":"alm_wlohp","collection_title":"Working Lives Oral History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Hamrick, Peggy"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["Jackson, Rosa, 1894-"],"dc_date":["1984-07-23"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Rosa Jackson talks about living through the depression and the civil rights era in Birmingham, Alabama. Jackson recalls how she worked for white people from the age of eight, first as a nurse and later as a cleaner of office buildings. Her husband was a steel worker, laid off just before the Depression. She recounts how they lived through the Depression: \"I just figured I'd make it somehow with the Lord's help, and I did make it through. It was tough. I'm not going to tell you there were any good points about it . . .\" She added that \"you could get by if you used your head.\" Jackson talks about getting aid from the Red Cross, how they didn't make it difficult for people, but everyone had to stand in long lines. There was no segregation in the food line; everyone was \"in the same line 'cause they was in the same position.\" She also recalls how her husband got coal from boxcars, a dangerous practice because of the hoboes. Jackson expresses her admiration for FDR, who she calls a \"dear beloved man,\" for starting the Social Security system, and she admired him for overcoming being a cripple: \"He made himself a mountain.\" Jackson discusses her role in the civil rights movement at length, saying she did what she could, but she tried to be peaceable because she was scared both of breaking the law and of the Ku Klux Klan. She said everyone was afraid of having their house burned; during that time, she says it wasn't smart for blacks to be out after 9:30. She also talks about Jim Crow laws and how she was once brought in on charges for making beer, which were dropped because the beer hadn't fermented yet and couldn't be proved as such.","Interviewed by Peggy Hamrick on July 23, 1984."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Archive of American Minority Cultures"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of the online collection: Working Lives Oral History Project."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Depressions--1929--Alabama","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Birmingham","Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","Ku Klux Klan (1915- )","Birmingham (Ala.)--Race relations","African Americans--Alabama--Birmingham--Social conditions--20th century","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Birmingham--History--20th century","Depressions--1929--Alabama--Birmingham--Social aspects","Birmingham (Ala.)--Social conditions--20th century","African Americans--Economic conditions--20th century","African Americans--Segregation--History--20th century","New Deal, 1933-1939"],"dcterms_title":["Interview with Rosa Jackson, 1984 July 23"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/cdm/ref/collection/u0008_0000003/id/55"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["oral histories (literary works)","transcripts","sound recordings"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Ponselle, Rosa, 1897-1981"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33491","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Albert Boutwell speaking to the city's new biracial committee in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963 July 16","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Boutwell, Albert Burton, 1904-1978"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Jefferson County, Birmingham, 33.52066, -86.80249"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1963-07-16"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Birmingham, Alabama, July 16, 1963, city mayor Albert Boutwell encourages Birmingham's new biracial committee to look to the city's future while outside white segregationists picket the meeting.","The clip begins with a group of white men inside a city hall corridor holding signs with the slogans, \"Birmingham ... betrayed, not beaten. Back Governor Wallace--fight for segregation! Who is the Senior Citizens Committee? Young men's business club--way left!\" and \"Has Boutwell sold out to the minority group?\" The signs refer to the Senior Citizens Committee, created by the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce and which comprised of eighty-nine leading white men representing industry, manufacturing, and service in the community. The group was organized in August 1962 to address local race relations.","Next, in the council chamber room, a biracial audience listens as Mayor Boutwell speaks from the lectern. Boutwell reminds the audience of the city's accomplishment in changing its form of government, as well as the strain of recent political and racial conflict. He declares \"the real concern of this city is the future\" and implores his listeners to learn from the past.","Over 180 men attended the July 16 meeting where the Community Affairs Committee was created; about twenty-five men from the White Citizens Council and the Ku Klux Klan picketed outside the event. While civil rights leaders viewed the creation of the Community Affairs Committee as a promising first step, the committee was ultimately divided into three segregated subcommittees, two all-white, and one all-black.","Boutwell's reference to changing the city government refers to the April 2, 1963 runoff election in which Birmingham residents voted to replace the city commission with a mayor-council system of government. Ultimately, the effect of the election was to replace the strongly segregationist commissioners--Eugene \"Bull\" Connor, Arthur Hanes, and J. T. \"Jabo\" Waggoner--with a more moderate government led by Albert Boutwell. But through the spring of 1963, the commissioners refused to leave office pending an appeal of the election, which the Alabama Supreme Court upheld May 20, 1963.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn33491"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Mayors--Alabama--Birmingham","White Citizens councils--Alabama--Birmingham","Picketing--Alabama--Birmingham","Committees--Alabama--Birmingham","Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","Race relations","Project C, Birmingham, Ala., 1963","Birmingham (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Albert Boutwell speaking to the city's new biracial committee in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963 July 16"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33491"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33491"],"dcterms_temporal":["1963-07-16"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn33491, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Albert Boutwell speaking to the city's new biracial committee in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963 July 16, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0746, 39:02/40:22, Walter J. 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Local police officers and state troopers responding to the crisis beat rioters and bystanders, injuring over fifty people.  In response to the violence, President Kennedy called for nonviolence, readied troops for riot control, and federalized the Alabama National Guard.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35343"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Nonviolence--Alabama--Birmingham","Violence--Alabama--Birmingham","Race relations","Race riots--Alabama--Birmingham","Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","Attorneys general--United States","Bombings--Alabama--Birmingham","Project C, Birmingham, Ala., 1963","Birmingham (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney general Robert Kennedy reporting on the racial conflict situation in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963 May 13"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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The allegation of \"subversive activities\" and ties to the Communist party were frequently used by segregationist leaders in an attempt to discredit King and the Civil Rights movement.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35351"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Legislators--United States","Communism--United States","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Birmingham","Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","Governmental investigations--United States","Subversive activities--Alabama--Birmingham","Project C, Birmingham, Ala., 1963"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of George Huddleston, Jr., Alabama congressman, suggesting connections between communists and civil rights workers in Washington, D.C., 1963 May 13"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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Burke Marshall, assistant attorney general, representing President Kennedy and Attorney General Robert Kennedy in Birmingham is working \"to halt a spectacle which was seriously damaging the reputation of both Birmingham and the country.\"  President Kennedy praises the business community's pledge to address \"the justifiable needs\" of local African Americans.  He explains that civil rights leaders agreed to end demonstrations, and that Albert Boutwell, the newly-elected mayor, had pledged that  that the city would commit itself \"wholeheartedly to continuing progress in this area.\"  Kennedy hopes that the conflict will remind other communities of the importance of \"equal opportunity and treatment.\"  He concludes by urging the continued \"constructive and cooperative efforts\" of both black and whites.  While the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) had led civil rights efforts in Birmingham for several years, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) began assisting with concentrated actions against segregation on April 3, 1963.  Local merchants, effected by a longstanding economic boycott of segregated downtown businesses, initiated discussions with civil rights leaders at the end of April.  Pressure on city officials to negotiate increased substantially after May 3, the day that Birmingham public safety commissioner Eugene \"Bull\" Connor directed police officers and fire fighters to disperse young demonstrators (who were participating in the second day of the Children's Crusade march) with high-pressure fire hoses and dogs.  White and black leaders reached a compromise one week later that ended the demonstrations on May 10.  It was also at this time that Connor, along with other Birmingham city commissioners, was involved in a legal battle to prevent the city of Birmingham from revising its structure as a city commission in favor of a mayor-council municipal government; Connor and the city commissioners lost the lawsuit May 23.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn33909"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Press conferences--Washington (D.C.)","African Americans--Suffrage--Alabama--Birmingham","Segregation--Alabama--Birmingham","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Birmingham","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Birmingham","Race relations","Project C, Birmingham, Ala., 1963","Birmingham (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of president John F. 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