{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"gzn_march_707","title":"News film clip from the special assignment on school boycotts and de facto segregation in Milwaukee, October 18, 1965 (with sound and silent, 2 of 3)","collection_id":"gzn_march","collection_title":"March on Milwaukee: Civil Rights History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Milwaukee United School Integration Committee","Congress of Racial Equality"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Wisconsin, Milwaukee County, Milwaukee, 43.0389, -87.90647"],"dcterms_creator":["WTMJ-TV"],"dc_date":["1965-10-18"],"dcterms_description":["Portions of the special assignment program. Footage includes Freedom Schools at New Hope Baptist Church and St. Mathew C.M.E Church, Lloyd Barbee speaking to an unidentified group, and an interview where Barbee discusses bringing suit in the court of law and makes a connection to the national struggle. Clip includes silent footage as well as sound. This clip likely includes raw footage not used in the special assignment.","St. Mathew C.M.E. Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; New Hope Baptist Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; Rufus King High School--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Special assignment. From October 18, 1965."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["March On Milwaukee - Civil Rights History Project"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Milwaukee Journal Stations Records, 1922-1997, WTMJ-TV News Film Archives, Wisconsin Historical Society"],"dcterms_subject":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Youth Council","Lawyers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American lawyers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Civil rights workers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American civil rights workers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African Americans--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Segregation in education--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African Americans--Education--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Civil rights--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","School boards----Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Public schools--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Education--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Discrimination in education--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","School integration--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","De facto school segregation--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Discrimination in housing--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Discrimination in employment--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Race discrimination--Wisconsin--Milwaukee--History--20th century","Race discrimination--Law and legislation--Wisconsin--Milwaukee--History--20th century","Race relations","Milwaukee (Wis.)--Race relations","Milwaukee (Wis.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Wisconsin--Race relations--History--20th century","Milwaukee Public Schools","Milwaukee Public Schools--Trials, litigation, etc.","Civil rights demonstrations--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Obstruction of justice--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Boycotts--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Education--Demographic aspects--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Inner cities--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Reporters and reporting--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Conference rooms--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Visual aids","Maps","Schools--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Students--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American students--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","School buildings--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","School facilities--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Facades--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Stairs--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Architecture--Details","School administrators--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Police vehicles--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Motorcycles--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Picketing--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Sidewalks--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Signs and signboards--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Teachers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Classrooms--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","folding tables--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","folding chairs--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Books--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Bookcases--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Clergy--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American clergy--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Catholic Church--Clergy--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Church buildings--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Church facilities--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Pedestrian areas--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Athletic fields--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Coats--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Snow--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Microphone","Zoning--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Automobiles--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Street signs--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Interviews--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Pin-back buttons--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Law reports, digests, etc.--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Research--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Actions and defenses--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Grievance arbitration--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Children--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American children--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Dogs--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Singing--Wisconsin--Milwaukee"],"dcterms_title":["News film clip from the special assignment on school boycotts and de facto segregation in Milwaukee, October 18, 1965 (with sound and silent, 2 of 3)"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Wisconsin Historical Society"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/march/id/707"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["Copyright Journal Broadcast Group. Footage and pictures used with permission of WTMJ-TV, Milwaukee and the Journal Broadcast Group. The footage cannot be printed, broadcast or used as an interactive element or in any future medium, not yet defined, without the direct, written consent of WTMJ-TV and the Journal Broadcast Group."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","film"],"dcterms_extent":["16mm","avi; mp4"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Barbee, Lloyd A., 1925-2002","Groppi, James, 1930-1985","Champion, Leo, 1929-1997","Golightly, Cornelius L., 1917-1976","Story, Harold W."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gzn_march_708","title":"News film clip from the special assignment on school boycotts and de facto segregation in Milwaukee, October 18, 1965 (with sound and silent, 3 of 3)","collection_id":"gzn_march","collection_title":"March on Milwaukee: Civil Rights History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Milwaukee United School Integration Committee","Congress of Racial Equality"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Wisconsin, Milwaukee County, Milwaukee, 43.0389, -87.90647"],"dcterms_creator":["WTMJ-TV"],"dc_date":["1965-10-18"],"dcterms_description":["Portions of the special assignment program. Footage includes Freedom Schools of May 18, 1964. Lloyd Barbee discusses the operations and locations of Freedom Day Schools. North Division High School is shown, as well as a Freedom Day School Poster (image available in this collection at: http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/march/id/203). Clip includes silent footage as well as sound. This clip likely includes raw footage not used in the special assignment.","North Division High School--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Special assignment. From October 18, 1965."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["March On Milwaukee - Civil Rights History Project"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Milwaukee Journal Stations Records, 1922-1997, WTMJ-TV News Film Archives, Wisconsin Historical Society"],"dcterms_subject":["North Division High School (Milwaukee, Wis.)","Lawyers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American lawyers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Civil rights workers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American civil rights workers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African Americans--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Segregation in education--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African Americans--Education--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Civil rights--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","School boards----Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Public schools--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Education--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Discrimination in education--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","School integration--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","De facto school segregation--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Race discrimination--Wisconsin--Milwaukee--History--20th century","Race discrimination--Law and legislation--Wisconsin--Milwaukee--History--20th century","Race relations","Milwaukee (Wis.)--Race relations","Milwaukee (Wis.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Wisconsin--Race relations--History--20th century","Milwaukee Public Schools","Civil rights demonstrations--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Boycotts--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Conference rooms--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Schools--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Students--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American students--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","School buildings--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","School facilities--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Facades--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Architecture--Details","Police vehicles--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Motorcycles--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Picketing--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Sidewalks--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Signs and signboards--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Clergy--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American clergy--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Church buildings--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Church facilities--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Pedestrian areas--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Athletic fields--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Coats--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Microphone","Automobiles--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Interviews--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Children--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American children--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Meetings--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Milk consumption--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Food consumption--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Communication--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Negotiation--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Teachers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee"],"dcterms_title":["News film clip from the special assignment on school boycotts and de facto segregation in Milwaukee, October 18, 1965 (with sound and silent, 3 of 3)"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Wisconsin Historical Society"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/march/id/708"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["Copyright Journal Broadcast Group. Footage and pictures used with permission of WTMJ-TV, Milwaukee and the Journal Broadcast Group. The footage cannot be printed, broadcast or used as an interactive element or in any future medium, not yet defined, without the direct, written consent of WTMJ-TV and the Journal Broadcast Group."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","film"],"dcterms_extent":["16mm","avi; mp4"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Barbee, Lloyd A., 1925-2002","Champion, Leo, 1929-1997"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"gzn_march_719","title":"News film clip of a Milwaukee United School Integration Committee (MUSIC) protest over busing and de facto segregation on June 4, 1965 (silent)","collection_id":"gzn_march","collection_title":"March on Milwaukee: Civil Rights History Project","dcterms_contributor":["Milwaukee United School Integration Committee","Milwaukee Public Schools"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Wisconsin, Milwaukee County, Milwaukee, 43.0389, -87.90647"],"dcterms_creator":["WTMJ-TV"],"dc_date":["1965-06-04"],"dcterms_description":["Silent footage of members of Milwaukee United School Integration Committee (MUSIC) protesting busing and de facto segregation. The location is most likely Keefe Avenue Elementary School. Clergy, including Father Groppi, and nuns can be seen. Men are forcibly removed by the police and carried into police vans.","Daily footage. June 4, 1965."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Milwaukee Journal Stations Records, 1922-1997, WTMJ-TV News Film Archives, Wisconsin Historical Society"],"dc_relation":["March On Milwaukee - Civil Rights History Project"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Milwaukee United School Integration Committee","Milwaukee Public Schools","Segregation in education--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Picketing--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","School buses--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Children--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American children--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Signs and signboards--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Passive resistance--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Police vehicles--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Police--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Civil rights workers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Women civil rights workers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American civil rights workers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American women civil rights workers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Sidewalks--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Arrest--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Busing for school integration--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African Americans--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African Americans--Education--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Civil rights--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","Public schools--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Education--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","African American students--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Discrimination in education--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Race discrimination--Wisconsin--Milwaukee--History--20th century","Race discrimination--Law and legislation--Wisconsin--Milwaukee--History--20th century","Race relations","Milwaukee (Wis.)--Race relations","Milwaukee (Wis.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Wisconsin--Race relations--History--20th century","Civil rights demonstrations--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Schools--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Students--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Teachers--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Teachers' assistants--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","School facilities--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Nuns--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Clergy--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Catholic Church--Clergy--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Smoking--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Tobacco use--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Cameras--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Reporters and reporting--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Motion picture cameras--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Microphone","Camera operators--Wisconsin--Milwaukee","Note-taking"],"dcterms_title":["News film clip of a Milwaukee United School Integration Committee (MUSIC) protest over busing and de facto segregation on June 4, 1965 (silent)"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Wisconsin Historical Society"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/march/id/719"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["Copyright Journal Broadcast Group. Footage and pictures used with permission of WTMJ-TV, Milwaukee and the Journal Broadcast Group. The footage cannot be printed, broadcast or used as an interactive element or in any future medium, not yet defined, without the direct, written consent of WTMJ-TV and the Journal Broadcast Group."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["Please contact holding institution for information regarding use and copyright status."],"dcterms_medium":["moving images","film"],"dcterms_extent":["16mm","avi; mp4"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Groppi, James, 1930-1985","Barbee, Lloyd A., 1925-2002"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46062","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Board of Aldermen holding a public hearing on segregation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from 1964, civil rights demonstrators protest the segregation of Atlanta public facilities at Atlanta City Hall while the Atlanta Board of Aldermen conduct a meeting inside.","The clip begins with a view of Sam Massell, president of Atlanta's Board of Aldermen, presiding over a meeting of the Board of Aldermen at Atlanta City Hall. This is followed by a close-up shot of Massell speaking into a microphone. Unidentified members of the Board of Aldermen speak amongst themselves and to the the public; these shots are interspersed with close-up shots of the white audience in attendance. Next, a group of African American demonstrators are gathered silently outside of the doors of the meeting room of the Board of Aldermen; they are holding placards and carrying protest leaflets. Some of the signs read \"End discrimination in public places\" and \"Down segregation.\"","After a break in the clip, members of the Board of Aldermen continue to make public statements and conduct smaller conversations with their colleagues; there is also one quick shot of the backs of African American demonstrators waiting outside of the Board of Aldermen's doorway. Coverage of the protest outside the meeting continues after another break in the clip; as the protestors continue to demonstrate, a white man carrying documents walks through the line of demonstrators and into the meeting. As the demonstrators continue to wait outside of closed doors, the camera slowly pans over protest signs, which include \"End discrimination in hospitals,\" \"End discrimination in public places.\" The clip ends when a white man enters a doorway adjacent to the demonstrators, and a young African American woman carrying a sign hands him a leaflet as he passes through the hallway.","Prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Atlanta still had not managed to pass a public accommodations ordinance that would desegregate public facilities; in failing to do so, Atlanta had fallen behind many Southern cities in progressive civil rights legislation. Although he was also under considerable pressure from local civil rights groups, mayor Ivan Allen personally believed that segregation would drive national business opportunities away from the city. In January of 1964, Allen called upon the the city's Board of Aldermen to create local ordinances that would desegregate Atlanta public facilities.  After some disagreement, the Board of Aldermen voted in favor of asking city businesses to desegregate, though the city's legal counsel later advised that the legislative body was not granted such authority in the city charter. In an attempt to overcome this legal obstruction, lone African American state senator Leroy Johnson proposed a bill to the state's General Assembly that would empower the Board of Aldermen to pass a public accommodations ordinance; it was struck down by segregationists. Reluctantly, Allen finally accepted that the only solution to the problem would be the public accommodations section of the federal civil rights bill that would ultimately become the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Ivan Allen was the only elected official from the South that testified before Congress in support of the public accommodations section of the bill before it became law.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn46062"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Municipal government--Georgia--Atlanta","City council members--Georgia--Atlanta","Municipal officials and employees--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Southern States","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in medical care--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in medical care--Southern States","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Hospitals--Georgia--Atlanta","Hospitals--Southern States","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Southern States","Hotels--Georgia--Atlanta","Hotels--Southern States","Motels--Georgia--Atlanta","Motels--Southern States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Southern States","City halls--Georgia--Atlanta","Buildings--Georgia--Atlanta","Public buildings--Georgia--Atlanta","Politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Meetings--Georgia--Atlanta","Audiences--Georgia--Atlanta","Microphone","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Pamphlets--Georgia--Atlanta","Racism--Georgia--Atlanta","Georgia--Race relations--History--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Southern States--Social conditions--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Buildings, structures, etc."],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Board of Aldermen holding a public hearing on segregation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46062"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46062"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn46062, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Board of Aldermen holding a public hearing on segregation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1133, 17:20/21:04, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 3 mins., 44 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Massell, Sam","Cook, Rodney"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42619","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Georgia Highway Patrolman talking about riot control in Savannah, Georgia, 1963","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah, 32.08354, -81.09983"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1963"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB-TV newsfilm clip dated 1963, an unidentified Georgia state patrolman, presumably a senior officer, answers questions related to having recently dispatched fifty officers to Savannah in response to events that have taken place there. The audio track on the clip is inconsistent; some portions of the questions posed by the reporter are inaudible.","The first few shots in the clip are silent, and capture the officer from several different angles and distances. In the following portion of the clip which contains audio, the officer responds to a reporter (off-screen) that fifty Georgia State Patrolmen have been dispatched to Savannah; some were called late the previous evening, others early in the morning. The clip breaks to a brief shot of a cameraman looking through a television camera, and back to the officer, who says that he believes that the officers are \"fully equipped\" for what he describes as \"this kind of uprising\" with \"hand grenades, night sticks, crash helmets, gas masks, and necessary firearms.\"","In response to a question about whether the officers are capable of dealing with riots (not all of which is audible), the officer explains that some of the patrolmen who have been chosen to handle this event are part of a select group who have received training to address strikes and similar disturbances; he assures that they possess the basic training necessary to respond.","Next, the reporter asks if the officers have been enlisted with any special instructions in regards to what he describes as the \"trouble\" in Savannah. The patrolman replies that they have been given instructions by the officer in charge on the scene; he emphasizes that Georgia state patrolmen will not move into action \"until it is apparent that the local law enforcement officers are unable to cope with the situation,\" and explains that their role is to serve on alert until they are needed. The reporter follows up by asking if law enforcement capabilities in other portions of the state will be impacted by placing so many patrolmen in Savannah; the officer answers that that there is some impact from pulling officers off of traffic enforcement and patrol duty, but overall, there haven't been any significant problems.","At the conclusion of the interview, the reporter steps into the camera frame and asks the officer to \"just sit there for a few more seconds.\" The camera is then turned off and back on again. In the next shot, the officer is no longer present; the reporter then re-records two of his interview questions, this time inside the camera frame.","During the summer of 1963, African Americans in Savannah, Georgia, engaged in numerous confrontational civil rights demonstrations to desegregate the city; these were led primarily by the Savannah National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Chatham County Crusade for Voters (CCCV). Savannah mayor Malcolm MacLean requested state troopers from Georgia governor Carl Sanders; the governor also placed the National Guard on alert. Fifty state patrolmen were called in on a nine-day assignment that lasted from June 18 to June 26; state troopers were asked to return again during a July 11 riot that took place after a demonstration protesting the arrest of Hosea Williams, head of the CCCV. These demonstrations, where more than five hundred protesters were jailed, finally compelled white business leaders to agree to a wide-spread desegregation plan that went into effect on October 1, 1963.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42619"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Savannah","Police, State--Georgia","Race relations","Race riots--Georgia--Savannah","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Savannah","Discrimination--Georgia--Savannah","Segregation--Georgia--Savannah","Violence--Georgia--Savannah","Violence--Forecasting","Police--Georgia--Savannah","Riot control--Georgia--Savannah","Riot control agents--Georgia--Savannah","Public safety--Georgia--Savannah","Peace officers--Georgia--Savannah","Police administration--Georgia","Communication in law enforcement--Georgia","Police patrol--Specialized units","Police--Training of--Georgia","Police--Equipment and supplies","Self-defense for police--Georgia","Interpersonal confrontation--Georgia--Savannah","Police--Violence against--Georgia--Savannah","Police--Supply and demand--Georgia","Demonstrations--Georgia--Savannah","Reporters and reporting--Georgia","Interviews--Georgia","Television camera operators--Georgia","Television journalists--Georgia","Television cameras","Microphone"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Georgia Highway Patrolman talking about riot control in Savannah, Georgia, 1963"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42619"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42619"],"dcterms_temporal":["1963"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42619, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Georgia Highway Patrolman talking about riot control in Savannah, Georgia, 1963, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0941, 28:24/31:20, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 56 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46131","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Lowell Conner, director of the Georgia Department of Public Safety, discussing payment for state troops when they are requested by local governments, Georgia, 1963","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["McClellan, Don","Conner, H. L. (H. Lowell), 1922-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah, 32.08354, -81.09983"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1963"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from 1963, Lowell Conner, director of the Georgia Department of Public Safety, responds to questions about the coverage of expenses related to a recent dispatch of Georgia state troops to Savannah, and how he plans on handling future requests for state police reinforcement.","WSB reporter Don McLellan asks Conner who pays for the lodging and meals of state troopers when they are requested to assist a municipal police force. Conner replies that he can only speak for the past five years, and that the city or county making the request has \"picked up the tab\" for food and lodging, while the Department of Public Safety has covered costs related to transporting officers and equipment. McLellan reports about the defeat of a recent \"local\" bill that would reimburse the city of Savannah for the expense of lodging state troopers who were called in for assistance. He asks McLellan if Savannah officials initially agreed to pay for the food and lodging of the troopers; Conner answers \"yes, they did the same thing. . .\" and is cut off by a break in the clip. McLellan's follow-up question is incompletely recorded; he asks Connor if the agreement with Savannah officials was recorded in writing, and if such agreements are normally placed in writing. Conner responds \"No, I've not had any agreement in writing from any official in cases of that nature.\" He adds that he and Savannah officials discussed a figure of approximately eighteen-thousand dollars, summarizes \"all I can say is that we don't have it,\" and smiles. McLellan asks Conner if he plans to insist upon a written agreement from cities or counties requesting backup from state troopers; Conner responds that he hopes not, and doubts it will be necessary, but acknowledges that \"something will need to be worked out for the future . . .\" Conner's comment is cut short by a break at the end of the clip.","During the summer of 1963, African Americans in Savannah, Georgia, engaged in numerous confrontational civil rights demonstrations to desegregate the city; these were led primarily by the Savannah National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Chatham County Crusade for Voters (CCCV). Savannah mayor Malcolm MacLean requested state troopers from Georgia governor Carl Sanders; the governor also placed the National Guard on alert. Fifty state patrolmen were called in on a nine-day assignment that lasted from June 18 to June 26; state troopers were asked to return again during a July 11 riot that took place after a demonstration protesting the arrest of Hosea Williams, head of the CCCV. These demonstrations, where more than five hundred protesters were jailed, finally compelled white business leaders to agree to a widespread desegregation plan that went into effect on October 1, 1963.","Reporter: McClellan, Don","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn46131"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Local government--Georgia--Savannah","Police, State--Georgia","Police--Georgia--Chatham County","Municipal government--Georgia--Savannah","Law enforcement--Georgia--Finance","Police patrol--Equipment and supplies","State-local relations--Georgia","State-local relations--Georgia--Savannah","State governments--Officials and employees","Payment--Georgia--Savannah","Police--Supply and demand--Georgia--Savannah","Race relations","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Savannah","Social conflict--Georgia--Savannah","Violence--Forecasting","Riot control--Georgia--Savannah","Reporters and reporting--Georgia","Television journalists--Georgia","Microphone","Savannah (Ga.)--Politics and government"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Lowell Conner, director of the Georgia Department of Public Safety, discussing payment for state troops when they are requested by local governments, Georgia, 1963"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46131"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46131"],"dcterms_temporal":["1963"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn46131, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Lowell Conner, director of the Georgia Department of Public Safety, discussing payment for state troops when they are requested by local governments, Georgia, 1963, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1139, 13:02/14:38, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 36 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Conner, H. L. (H. Lowell), 1922-","McClellan, Don"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35108","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers gathered inside of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent black-and-white clip approximately one minute long, civil rights workers including Ralph David Abernathy and possibly John Lewis are gathered inside of Montgomery, Alabama's First Baptist Church, while state and local law officials in Montgomery, Alabama mobilize outside of the church to address activity and crowds outside. Events probably took place on and around the Montgomery Freedom Rides on May 21, 1961.","The clip begins with two daytime shots of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama; the first shot is followed by a close-up of the church facade; the church door is open, and people are gathered upon the steps outside. This is followed by a shot of a large crowd of predominantly African American women assembled together inside of a church; some of the women are waving paper fans to cool down. Next, in another shot taken inside the church, Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy (pastor of the First Baptist Church from 1951 to 1961) claps his hands together at the pulpit, while a procession of young African American men walk past the pulpit, and down several steps into the church congregation; he is joined in applause by others in the church. A glimpse of a young civil rights worker, possibly John Lewis, can be seen in the foreground at about sixteen and a half seconds into the clip; he has a bandaged head. A white cameraman takes still photographs of the young men as they make their way into the audience. The clip jumps to a shot of the predominantly African American church audience gathered together; members of the crowd stand clapping their hands together while one woman in the audience waves her hands in the air. The clip then jumps back to the procession of young men walking from behind the pulpit led by Reverend Abernathy cheering from the pulpit and clapping his hands in the air, again, joined by the rest of the crowd in the church. In the foreground of the shot, another white cameraman takes still photographs of the young men walking into the audience.","Next, in a nighttime shot taken outdoors, a group of four Alabama state troopers are gathered together in discussion around the open door of a police vehicle. The camera pans around the group and focuses on a rifle harness worn on the back by of one of the state troopers. One trooper holds his right hand in the air. This is followed by another nighttime shot, this time of a troop of national guardsmen wearing helmets, holding bayonets upright, and marching in formation along a paved road; they turn and march together down a sidewalk while a cameraman holding a floodlight moves behind them. The clip jumps briefly to a crowd of white men in plain clothes gathered together outside at night. One man, in a suit, is holding a cigarette in his right hand as he gestures and speaks; several other white men in the group appear to be holding batons.","This is followed by a shot of a group of Montgomery city police officers having a discussion; one of the policemen is seated on a motorcycle. This is followed by footage of automobiles traveling at night on a busy street while clouds of vapor or smoke rise from the ground. The clip breaks to a group of national guardsmen emerging from the rear of a large covered truck. This is followed by a shot of a cluster of fire hoses attached to a fire hydrant adjacent to a signpost that reads \"Columbus St.\" (the location of the First Baptist Church is at the corner of Columbus and North Ripley Streets in Montgomery Alabama). The camera follows the path of the fire hoses back to a Montgomery city firetruck, where several firemen are also standing; the stained glass windows of the First Baptist church can be seen in the background behind the firetruck. Next, a group of firemen and state troopers are seen from the back, standing together by a street sign that reads \"Closed\"; the clip ends with a shot of the camera turning back to a group of helmeted national guardsmen walking down the street at night while a still photographer follows alongside.","On May 4, 1961, two groups of volunteers known as \"Freedom Riders\" trained in nonviolence planned to travel from Washington D.C. to New Orleans. Sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); these volunteers traveled in groups throughout the South to challenge laws prohibiting integrated bus travel. On May 10 both buses of Freedom Riders were ambushed by violent mobs in Anniston, Alabama, and one bus was ambushed again in Birmingham. Alabama state troopers, sent after negotiations between state leaders and officials at the Department of Justice, and student reinforcements from Nashville protected the Freedom Riders on their journey from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. Alabama state troopers, sent after negotiations between state leaders and officials at the Department of Justice, and student reinforcements from Nashville protected the Freedom Riders on their journey from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. However, local police who were supposed to protect the riders in Montgomery were not at the bus station when the travelers arrived, and rioting white crowds beat the riders, newsmen, and federal officials at the scene. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. flew to Montgomery on May 21 for a mass meeting held in Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy's First Baptist Church. On May 21, Freedom Riders were joined by other Montgomery civil rights workers and supporters who met at the church; they were surrounded that evening by rioting white segregationists who burned automobiles parked outside of the church and threatened to set the church ablaze with the civil rights workers inside. After local law enforcement failed to restore order, King negotiated federal protection with U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy; Kennedy contacted Alabama governor John Patterson, who ultimately ordered the Alabama National Guard to disperse the mob. The congregation was kept in the church until four-thirty the next morning when Alabama National Guard trucks finally transported African Americans home. Further negotiations between state and federal officials brought National Guard troops to Montgomery to protect the Freedom Riders in their journey. The group was protected until their arrival in Jackson, Mississippi, where they were beaten, arrested, and sent to Parchman Penitentiary; others who later arrived in Jackson to continue the ride were also arrested. Although the Freedom Riders never made it to New Orleans, the federal Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ruled segregation in travel between states illegal as well as in facilities serving those travelers; the ruling went into effect November 1, 1961.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35108"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Montgomery","Demonstrations--Alabama--Montgomery","Police--Alabama--Montgomery","Violence--Prevention","Race relations","Facades--Alabama--Montgomery","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Segregation in transportation--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","Photographers--Alabama--Montgomery","Photojournalists--Alabama--Montgomery","Church buildings--Alabama--Montgomery","African American churches--Alabama--Montgomery","Pulpits--Alabama--Montgomery","Clergy--Alabama--Montgomery","African American clergy--Alabama--Montgomery","Organ (Musical instrument)--Alabama--Montgomery","Microphone","Direct action--Alabama--Montgomery","Passive resistance--Alabama--Montgomery","Violence--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Violence against--Alabama--Montgomery","Fire fighters--Alabama--Montgomery","Motorcycle police--Alabama--Montgomery","Police, State--Alabama","Public safety--Alabama--Montgomery","Police-fire integration--Alabama--Montgomery","Fans--Alabama--Montgomery","Applause--Alabama--Montgomery","Military weapons--Alabama--Montgomery","Rifles--Alabama--Montgomery","Bayonets--Alabama--Montgomery","Holsters--Alabama--Montgomery","Helmets--Alabama--Montgomery","Riot helmets--Alabama--Montgomery","Police vehicles--Alabama--Montgomery","Fire engines--Alabama--Montgomery","Automobiles, Military--Alabama--Montgomery","Automobile driving at night--Alabama--Montgomery","Street signs--Alabama--Montgomery","Street names--Alabama--Montgomery","Hydrants--Alabama--Montgomery","Fire hose","Freedom Rides, 1961","Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers gathered inside of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35108"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35108"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn35108, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers gathered inside of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0778, 30:20/31:20, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","Lewis, John, 1940-2020"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42092","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Governor Ernest Vandiver commenting on the actions of Attorney General Robert Kennedy in the Prince Edward County school case, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 9","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Vandiver, S. Ernest (Samuel Ernest), 1918-2005"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Virginia, Prince Edward County, 37.2243, -78.44108"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-09"],"dcterms_description":["This silent WSB newsfilm clip from May 9, 1961, shows Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver commenting on a federal school desegregation lawsuit recently initiated by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy against the school board of Prince Edward County, Virginia.","The clip is divided into two parts. In the first segment of the clip, Vandiver, standing at a podium, appears to be speaking candidly to the audience. In the second part of the clip, Vandiver is filmed from the side while seated at a desk. Holding a lit cigarette, he speaks to a reporter who is off-camera.","School desegregation lawsuits were first introduced in Virginia in 1951 in Davis, et al. v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, a suit that was later included in the 1954 United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled against segregation in public education. In response, Virginia legislators passed a series of laws designed to prevent school integration. Dubbed \"massive resistance\" by Virginia senator Harry F. Byrd, the laws eliminated funding and shut down integrated schools while they simultaneously furnished white families with tuition grants to educate their children in private schools. In the fall of 1959, Prince Edward county's schools closed rather than integrate.","In April of 1961, with Prince Edward County public schools still closed, the United States Department of Justice filed a motion in Federal District Court to prevent Virginia from providing financial support to any public school in the state until the schools were reopened on a desegregated basis. Officials in Georgia maintained an interest in the outcome of the Justice Department case against Prince Edward County because the city of Atlanta had also been ordered by federal courts to integrate their schools that fall. Shortly after the lawsuit was filed, on May 6, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy delivered a speech at the University of Georgia School of Law, where he condemned the situation in Prince Edward County, informed his audience that the Department of Justice would act on those who circumvented court orders, and praised the recent desegregation of the University of Georgia.","As a gubernatorial candidate, Ernest Vandiver vowed to maintain segregation in Georgia public schools, though victorious desegregation lawsuits such as Holmes v. University of Georgia prevented him from doing so. The Holmes v. University of Georgia decision in January of 1961 resulted not only in the integration of the University of Georgia, but also necessitated an early repeal of the state's massive resistance legislation. Although Georgia had followed Virginia's precedent in establishing anti-desegregation legislation, the prompt ruling in Holmes v. University of Georgia had unexpectedly shifted Georgia's desegregation battle from the Atlanta public schools to the state's land grant university. Georgia's rural legislators who controlled the General Assembly could easily find support to close Atlanta public schools in order to uphold segregation, but the prospect of shutting down the state's flagship university for the same cause proved to be unpopular. Governor Vandiver continued to express opposition to integration, but worked with Atlanta mayor William Hartsfield to ensure order when it became Atlanta's turn to integrate its public schools later that same year. In the fall of 1961, Atlanta public schools peacefully complied with court-ordered desegregation. Back in Prince Edward County, Virginia, public schools remained closed until the fall of 1964.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42092"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Governors--Georgia","Attorneys general--United States","Segregation in education--Virginia","Segregation in education--Georgia","Segregation in education--Southern States","Federal-state controversies--Virginia","Federal-state controversies--Georgia","Federal-state controversies--Southern States","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Virginia--Prince Edward County","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Southern States","School integration--United States","School integration--Southern States","School integration--Georgia","School integration--Virginia--Prince Edward County","Government, Resistance to--Southern States--History--20th century","Government, Resistance to--Virginia--History--20th century","Government, Resistance to--Georgia--History--20th century","African Americans--Education","African Americans--Civil rights--Virginia","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia","Public school closings--Virginia--Prince Edward County","Press conferences--Georgia--Atlanta","Politicians--Tobacco use","Smoking--Georgia--Atlanta","Smoking in the workplace--Georgia--Atlanta","Microphone","Prince Edward County (Va.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Race relations--History--20th century","Virginia--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Governor Ernest Vandiver commenting on the actions of Attorney General Robert Kennedy in the Prince Edward County school case, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 9"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42092"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42092"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-09"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42092, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Governor Ernest Vandiver commenting on the actions of Attorney General Robert Kennedy in the Prince Edward County school case, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 9, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0915, 00:20/00:46, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 26 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.","1 clip (about 19 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Vandiver, S. Ernest (Samuel Ernest), 1918-2005","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968","Byrd, Harry F. (Harry Flood), 1887-1966","Davis, Dorothy E.--Trials, litigation, etc.","Brown, Oliver, 1918-1961--Trials, litigation, etc."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42486","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the chairman of the University System of Georgia Board of Regents Robert O. Arnold speaking to reporters about the recent integration of the University of Georgia from offices in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Arnold, Robert O."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from January 1961, chairman of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia, Robert O. Arnold, speaks to reporters about integration at the University of Georgia from an office in Atlanta, Georgia.","The clip begins with a man putting a microphone around the neck of Robert O. Arnold, chairman of the Board of Regents. The man also adjusts a small table in front of Arnold with several microphones on it. A reporter sits down on the couch next to Arnold and asks him to identify the reason for the recent calm at the University of Georgia which had been integrated by court order January 9, 1961. Arnold praises the \"fine conduct of everybody concerned with this affair.\" He specifically mentions the Sunday, January 15 agreement between University officials and news reporters where the reporters agreed to stay away from campus. University officials believed such efforts would minimize the possibility of crowds gathering and help students build a routine.","Arnold declines to comment on restrictions university officials have placed on students because he has not visited the campus in several days. He also declines to comment on the students' mood for the same reason. Responding to a follow up question about the press and crowds Arnold states that \"crowds gather around the press and the press gathers around the crowds.\" Arnold refuses to comment on the possible involvement of the press in the January 11 riot on campus, in part because \"other people have commented too much already about this.\" The first reporter asks Arnold about African American applicants to other segregated schools in the University System of Georgia. Arnold expresses his confidence that admissions offices at other schools in the system will evaluate the merits of applicants. The Georgia Institute of Technology integrated in the fall of 1961 when three African American young men were admitted to the school. Asked again about the press's influence on racial tension at the university, Arnold suggests the press provides sensation to people who are looking for it. Finally a reporter counters Arnold's claim by asserting that the press presents \"exactly what happened as we see it.\"","Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in July 1959. University officials claimed \"lack of space\" and refused to admit the two African American students for several quarters. In the fall of 1960, African American attorneys Donald Hollowell, Constance B. Motley, and Horace T. Ward filed a federal lawsuit seeking admission for the two students. Federal judge William A. Bootle on January 6, 1961 ordered the university to admit the two students, ending the university's segregation. Holmes and Hunter registered for classes January 9, and attended their first classes on campus January 11. White students and citizens rioted on January 11 following a basketball game where the University of Georgia team lost to Georgia Tech, leading to the suspension of Hunter and Holmes and their return to Atlanta. Some of the white students who were arrested during the riot were also suspended, leading other legislators to propose bills paying their tuition at other institutions. On January 13, judge Bootle ordered the university to readmit the two students, and they returned to classes January 16.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42486"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia","Microphone","Tables--Georgia--Atlanta","Sofas--Georgia--Atlanta","Crowds--Georgia--Athens","Race riots--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","Press conferences--Georgia--Atlanta","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia--Athens","College integration--Georgia--Athens--Press coverage","Athens (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the chairman of the University System of Georgia Board of Regents Robert O. Arnold speaking to reporters about the recent integration of the University of Georgia from offices in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42486"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42486"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42486, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the chairman of the University System of Georgia Board of Regents Robert O. Arnold speaking to reporters about the recent integration of the University of Georgia from offices in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0935, 25:44/30:23, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 4 mins., 39 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Arnold, Robert O.","Aderhold, O. C., 1899-1969"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mus_sovcom_99-159-0-18-1-1-1","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of an unidentified female in the foreground standing beside a microphone with two middle aged men sitting in the background, Mississippi, 1960s","collection_id":"mus_sovcom","collection_title":"Sovereignty Commission Online","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, 32.75041, -89.75036"],"dcterms_creator":["Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission"],"dc_date":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_description":["Unidentified female at microphone with two males behind, possibly Anne Braden, Carl Braden and James Dombrowski","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["from Unfoldered Material (Pertains to Southern Conference Educational Fund, Inc.), Sovereignty Commission records, Mississippi Department of Archives and History"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of Series 2515 : Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records Online, 1994-2006"],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights workers--Mississippi","Social reformers--Mississippi","Women civil rights workers--Mississippi","Women social reformers--Mississippi","Women, White--Mississippi","Men, White--Mississippi","Chairs--Mississippi","Microphone"],"dcterms_title":["Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of an unidentified female in the foreground standing beside a microphone with two middle aged men sitting in the background, Mississippi, 1960s"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Mississippi. Department of Archives and History"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://da.mdah.ms.gov/sovcom/photo.php?display=item\u0026oid=662"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records are state government records made available to the public pursuant to American Civil Liberties Union v. Fordice, 969 F.Supp. 403 (S.D.Miss.1994). The web-enabled version of the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records is intended for public use in research, teaching, and private study in accordance with the provisions of the Fair Use clause of the United States Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). MDAH makes no warranty or assurances that materials contained in this collection are free from U.S. copyright claims or other restrictions on free use and display. It is the user's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright or other use restrictions when publishing or distributing materials found in this collection. MDAH requests that prior to publication of Sov. Com. images the user submit an MDAH Broadcast/Publication Permission form for approval by the Department. This form must be accompanied by documentation which proves that copyright requirements have been satisfied. Contact MDAH Reference Staff for details on how to obtain and complete the B/PP form: (601) 576 6876 or refdesk@mdah.ms.gov. There are no MDAH Use Fees associated with use of Sov. Com. images. MDAH asks that each image used in a presentation, display, or publication be accompanied by a credit line, which at a minimum includes the name of this collection, the unique resource identifier for each image, the name of this institution, and URL. ; Cite images according to the following structure: Original Creator, \"Title\", Original creation date (if known), Unique Resource Identifier, Series Number and Title, Archival Repository, date of last web page revision, image location/URL, (image viewed on date)."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Dombrowski, James A. (James Anderson), 1897-1983","Braden, Carl, 1914-1975","Braden, Anne, 1924-2006"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"mus_sovcom_9-37-0-2-113-1-1","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of a woman holding a sign that reads \"The Governors Wallace do not speak for the south\" while speaking into a microphone held by a reporter during a demonstration in Atlanta, Georgia, 1960s","collection_id":"mus_sovcom","collection_title":"Sovereignty Commission Online","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission"],"dc_date":["1960/1969"],"dcterms_description":["Demonstration.  Some hold placards denouncing the Governors Wallace and Gov. Lester Maddox.  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