{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"nge_ngen_desegregation-of-higher-education","title":"Desegregation of higher education","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2008-05-28"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the desegregation of universities and colleges in Georgia, beginning with the University of Georgia in 1961. Under court order, Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter began attending the University of Georgia on January 9, 1961. One of their lawyers, Horace T. Ward, had unsuccessfully tried to apply to the University of Georgia Law School in the 1950s. Georgia Institute of Technology voluntarily integrated in August 1961. Two of the state's private schools, Emory University in Atlanta and Mercer University in Macon, integrated in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Other Georgia institutions, including Berry College in Rome and Fort Valley State College, are also discussed.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation in higher education--Georgia","Race relations","Georgia--Race relations","Race discrimination--Georgia","African American college students--Georgia","College students--Georgia","Universities and colleges--Georgia","University of Georgia","Emory University","Georgia Institute of Technology","Mercer University","Georgia State University"],"dcterms_title":["Desegregation of higher education"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/desegregation-of-higher-education/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"geh_vacl_65","title":"John and Mary Glustrom interview","collection_id":"geh_vacl","collection_title":"Voices Across The Color Line Oral History Collection, 2005-2006","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Atlanta Metropolitan Area, 33.8498, 84.4383","United States, Minnesota, Hennepin County, Minneapolis, 44.97997, -93.26384"],"dcterms_creator":["Glustrom, John and Mary","Merritt, Carole"],"dc_date":["2006-05-12"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, John and Mary Glustrom discuss their active role in civil rights activities and school desegregation in Atlanta, Georgia. The couple recalls their family and educational backgrounds, John’s experience as an Army engineer during World War II, and Mary’s involvement with Help Our Public Education (HOPE) and the League of Women Voters. John served as the treasurer of the Georgia Council on Human Relations (GCHR) for 20 years. The Glustroms ends the interview with their assessment of race relations in Atlanta.","John Glustrom (1916-2008) was born in Atlanta, Georgia and was an Army engineer during World War II. Mary Glustrom was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota and graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1938."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["VIS 180.013.001"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Kenan Research Center, Atlanta History Center, 130 West Paces Ferry RD, Atlanta, GA 30305"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["MSS 990, Voices Across the Color Line oral history transcriptions, Kenan Research Center, Atlanta History Center"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--History","African Americans--Civil rights","Civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights","Civil rights leaders--Georgia","Civil rights leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights movements","Education","Education--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination","Race relations","Race relations--Georgia--Atlanta","School children--Georgia--Atlanta","School integration--Georgia--Atlanta","Schools--Georgia--Atlanta","Women--1950-1960","Women's rights--1970-1980","Technological High School (Atlanta, Ga.)","Georgia Institute of Technology","Emory University","Help Our Public Education (Atlanta, Ga.)","Yale University","League of Women Voters of Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["John and Mary Glustrom interview"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Atlanta History Center"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://www.youtube.com/embed/IyHKyTivFVc"],"edm_is_shown_at":["http://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/cdm/ref/collection/VACL/id/65"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This material is protected by copyright law. (Title 17, U.S Code) Permission for use must be cleared through The Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center. Licensing agreement may be required."],"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":["01:01:55 hours"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Glustrom, John, 1916-2008","Glustrom, Mary","Calhoun, John H., 1900-1988","Hollowell, Donald L., 1917-2004","Bond, Horace Mann, 1904-1972"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"geh_vacl_48","title":"Pearlie Dove interview","collection_id":"geh_vacl","collection_title":"Voices Across The Color Line Oral History Collection, 2005-2006","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Atlanta Metropolitan Area, 33.8498, 84.4383","United States, Georgia, Cherokee County, Holly Springs, 34.17399, -84.50132","United States, New York, New York County, New York, 40.7142691, -74.0059729"],"dcterms_creator":["Dove, Pearlie, 1921-2015","Merritt, Carole"],"dc_date":["2006-01-12"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Dr. Pearlie Dove discusses her decision to choose education as a field of study. She recalls her involvement for the struggle for equalization of pay for black teachers in Atlanta in the 1940s, and explains her participation in efforts to improve the conditions of Atlanta’s black schools. Dove describes her assessment of public education in Atlanta in terms of segregation, desegregation, re-segregation, and the quality of education for African American students. She ends the interview by discussing the 1973 Atlanta Compromise and how she became involved in the Carter Center’s Atlanta Project.","Pearlie Dove was in born at Grady Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia in 1921. She grew up near Ellis Street in the Washington Park district on the west side of Atlanta. Her father was a restaurateur and her mother worked as a bookkeeper at Atlanta Life Insurance Company. Ms. Dove graduated from Clark University in 1941 with a degree in education and a doctorate from the University of Colorado."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["VIS 180.009.001"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Kenan Research Center, Atlanta History Center, 130 West Paces Ferry RD, Atlanta, GA 30305"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["MSS 990, Voices Across the Color Line oral history transcriptions, Kenan Research Center, Atlanta History Center"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--History","Civil rights","Racism","Race discrimination","Race relations--Georgia--Atlanta","Education--Georgia--Atlanta","Religion","Big Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Atlanta, Ga.)","Atlanta University Center (Ga.)","Morris Brown College","Atlanta Life Insurance Company (Atlanta, Ga.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Atlanta, Ga.)","Grady Memorial Hospital (Atlanta, Ga.)","Emory University","Clark University (Atlanta, Ga.)","University of Colorado, Boulder","Young Women's Christian Association (Atlanta, Ga.)","Ebenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, Ga.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Grady High School","Brown High School"],"dcterms_title":["Pearlie Dove interview"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Atlanta History Center"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://www.youtube.com/embed/XI9wLRjL2cg"],"edm_is_shown_at":["http://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/cdm/ref/collection/VACL/id/48"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This material is protected by copyright law. (Title 17, U.S Code) Permission for use must be cleared through The Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center. Licensing agreement may be required."],"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":["55:54 minutes"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Dove, Pearlie","King, Cornelius","Martin, E. M.","King, Lonnie C., 1936-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"geh_vacl_59","title":"Lyndon Wade interview","collection_id":"geh_vacl","collection_title":"Voices Across The Color Line Oral History Collection, 2005-2006","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Atlanta Metropolitan Area, 33.8498, 84.4383"],"dcterms_creator":["Wade, Lyndon","Merritt, Carole"],"dc_date":["2005-11-01"],"dcterms_description":["Lyndon Wade begins his interview by discussing his early life, his family background, and being a native of Atlanta, Georgia. He conveys his memories of a segregated society in Atlanta and the social hierarchy that existed within the black public schools in the city. Wade also discusses his experiences in the military and his work in the mental health field while working at Emory University and with the Atlanta Urban League. He ends the interview with his assessment of the African American community in Atlanta.","Lyndon Wade was born in Atlanta, Georgia at Grady Memorial Hospital. He spent his childhood in an area near Atlanta University Center and graduated from Morehouse University with a masters degree in social work. He enlisted in the United States Army in 1958 and after being discharged he returned to Atlanta in 1963. Initially he worked for Emory Hospital in the mental health area and then became executive director of the Atlanta Urban League in 1968."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["VIS 180.030.001"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":["Kenan Research Center, Atlanta History Center, 130 West Paces Ferry RD, Atlanta, GA 30305"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["MSS 990, Voices Across the Color Line oral history transcriptions, Kenan Research Center, Atlanta History Center"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--History","Civil rights","Racism","Education","Race relations--Georgia--Atlanta","Butler Street YMCA (Atlanta, Ga.)","Morehouse College (Atlanta, Ga.)","Emory University","Emory University Hospital (Atlanta, Ga.)","Booker T. Washington High School (Atlanta, Ga.)","Atlanta University Center (Ga.)","Atlanta Urban League","Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority"],"dcterms_title":["Lyndon Wade interview"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Atlanta History Center"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://www.youtube.com/embed/x7A13Fv_WN8"],"edm_is_shown_at":["http://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/cdm/ref/collection/VACL/id/59"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This material is protected by copyright law. (Title 17, U.S Code) Permission for use must be cleared through The Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center. Licensing agreement may be required."],"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":["00:57:03 minutes"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Wade, Lyndon A.","King, Lonnie C., 1936-","McClinton, Emory","Young, Whitney M."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"geh_vhpohr_333","title":"Oral history interview of Janice M. Benario","collection_id":"geh_vhpohr","collection_title":"Veterans History Project: Oral History Interviews","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["Italy, Lazio, Rome, Rome, 41.89193, 12.51133","Italy, Naples, 40.8359336, 14.2487826","United Kingdom, England, Dorset, Christchurch, 50.7344198, -1.76512","United Kingdom, United Kingdom, England, Oxford, 51.7520131, -1.2578499","United States, California, City and County of San Francisco, San Francisco, 37.77493, -122.41942","United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637","United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","United States, Georgia, Atlanta Metropolitan Area, 33.8498, 84.4383","United States, Maryland, City of Baltimore, 39.29038, -76.61219"],"dcterms_creator":["Bruckner, William Joseph","Benario, Janice M., 1923-"],"dc_date":["2004-10-06"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Janice Benario recalls her experiences as a member of the Navy's WAVES during World War II. She worked as a cryptographer in Washington, D.C. in what became known as the \"Office of College Professors.\" Her work was top secret, and the work accomplished there was instrumental in hastening the war's end. She also describes her post-war life as a classicist college professor.","Janice Benario was a cryptographer in Washington, D.C. with the U.S. Navy during World War II.","JANICE BENARIO ATLANTA HISTORY CENTER VETERANS HISTORY PROJECT INTERVIEWER: JOE BRUCKNER DATE: OCTOBER 6, 2004 TRANSCRIPTIONIST: STEPHANIE MCKINNELL JOE BRUCKNER: This is October 6, 2004. We're at the Atlanta History Center in Atlanta, Georgia. This is Joe Bruckner, B-r-u-c-k-n-e-r, and I'm speaking with Mrs. Janice Benario about Mrs. Benario's experiences in World War II and before and after World War II. Mrs. Benario, we really appreciate you coming down here today and sharing your experiences, and we look forward to hearing your story. JANICE BENARIO: Well, thank you. JB: Would you state your complete name and date of birth please? JB: Yes. I was born Janice Marguerite Martin in Baltimore, Maryland. I married Herbert Benario in 1957. I was born February 19, 1923. JB: And you were born in Maryland? JB: In Baltimore. JB: And where are you currently living? JB: I live in Atlanta. My husband accepted a position to teach at Emory in 1960. I came down and looked around and found one for me at Georgia State University. So we've been in Atlanta since 1960. I retired 20 years ago. He retired a couple of years later, and we now live in a new condominium right across the street from the Emory Law School. So we've always lived in the Emory neighborhood. JB: Mrs. Benario, tell us a little bit about your upbringing, where you were born, your family. JB: Well, I am an only child. My father was an attorney. My mother is a housekeeper, stayed at home, and I went to the public schools in Baltimore, graduated from Western High school, and received a scholarship to go on to Goucher College. I really wanted to go away but my father said with Goucher College six blocks down the street, there was no need to send me away. So my war stories really start at my senior year at Goucher. I'll wait until you want me to get into that. JB: Where were you when war broke out, when Pearl Harbor was attacked? JB: I remember hearing that over the radio. I lived at home during college, started college in '39. I was sitting, studying on a Sunday afternoon when I heard about Pearl Harbor. JB: What was the reaction of you and your family and friends? JB: Well, I had heard my family talk about World War I, and I never really thought I'd see another big war. JB: From that point forward, from Pearl Harbor until you got involved in the war effort, what were you doing? JB: I was at Goucher College. I had started as a freshman in 1939, and so '41 was the end of my sophomore year. JB: Did you go ahead and complete college? JB: Oh, yes. JB: Graduated in what, 1943? JB: Graduated in 1943. My father had, and I also, had always planned that I would go on to graduate school. There's no point in doing it in the war because most of the professors were also involved. JB: Tell us how you got involved in the war effort and what you did during the war? JB: That's quite a story, really. The Navy, shortly after Pearl Harbor, had formed its women's reserves, the WAVES, Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service. Apparently, most of the girls who wanted to get in first were high school graduates and went in as enlisted personnel. The Navy wanted to attract more college graduates and so in the spring of 1942, they first gave a course in cryptology to seven of the leading women's colleges. Now that sounds like the seven sisters, and if one goes through the list, that is, that's Smith, Wellesley, Mount Holyoke, Radcliff, so on. But the seventh one, Vassar, wasn't there. Goucher College was put in its place, and that may have been because our Dean Stimson was cousin to the Secretary of War. So the course was given at Goucher in the spring of '42. I knew nothing about it because this was highly secret. I don't think anybody knew anything about it except a professor who was chosen to teach it, the dean, and the president. Certainly the other students didn't. In the fall of 1942, I was a senior, Latin history major. The professor, Elizabeth Winslow, professor of English, herself a recent Pulitzer Prize winner for biography, asked me if I would like to join this group, this course in cryptology. I hardly knew what cryptology was at that point, but she explained that one could work for the war, either through civil service or go into the Navy as a WAVE officer. At that time, all the advantages seemed to be in joining the service. We took this course, oh, I guess it was 10, 12 weeks long. We were told, of course, when we were invited that this was secret. One did not talk to anyone about it. Of course, my parents knew I was taking the thing. We met once a week in a locked classroom late on Friday afternoon on the top floor of one of the classroom buildings. If any of our friends wanted to know what we were doing or why we were still staying down at school, we had to either make up something or go the other way because it could not be broadcast that this course was being given. In the spring, the college held a public induction service for women going into all the services, the WACS, the WAVES, the SPARS. We were inducted. After graduation as midshipman, we went to eight weeks indoctrination, either at Mount Holyoke or Smith. I was sent to Mount Holyoke. That took most of July and August of '43. We had exams. We learned to drill. We learned a lot of Navy regs and such. When we passed the exams and graduated, we were ensigns. As I remember, there must have been 100, 125 in that class from all of these women's college. A large proportion were to be sent to Naval Communications in Washington, D.C. We all went down there for general indoctrination. All of us were cleared to handle top secret material. We knew nothing could be said about whatever we did. Down there we got individual orders. One girl from Radcliff, two others from Goucher, and I were assigned to the most highly classified office in the Naval communications annex. That was the office that was reading the Enigma messages from the German admiral Durnitz to his U-boats. We then went out to the communications annex. The Navy had taken over the old Mount Vernon girls' school at the corner of Massachusetts and Nebraska in Washington. There we were told which offices we were assigned to and taken to them. The four of us were cleared to handle top secret “Ultra” material. That's something no one else knew anything about, and we certainly couldn't tell anything about it. In fact, on that first day we were told that to talk would be considered treason in wartime. You know the punishment for treason. And so nobody talked. JB: Now was ultra the code name for the project? JB: I'd like to, if I might, to approach this from a different angle and then read something which I wrote first of all. Because of the secrecy of this, I had almost forgotten the whole story until 1991 when my husband got me a book called, by David Kahn, “Seizing the Enigma.” I was looking through it. There were some pictures in the middle, and there was a picture of our whole office. And here am I looking out over someone's shoulder. JB: Point to yourself. JB: In the second row there. So when I saw this in print, I decided it probably was alright to talk about it. Well, a couple of years later, I was a classicist, teaching Greek. At a professional meeting, I talked to someone who was preparing a special issue of a journal entitled “The Classics in Military Service.” He said to me that evening, he had enough stories by men and about men, did I know any woman who did anything interesting in World War II. I looked at him and I said, “Leon, she's sitting right here with you, all you have to do is ask her.” And so he did. And I wrote the article. I entitled it “Top Secret Ultra.” And I would like to read a little bit of the first paragraph because that will set the stage. “Now some fifty-odd years later, I am able to write those three words and tell the story of my activities as a WAVE officer from 1943 to '45. My parents never knew what I did. They died before I could tell. My husband only learned after 20 years of marriage. My children were in high school before they knew.” David Kahn writes in his book “Seizing the Enigma” Ultra was the greatest secret of World War II after the atom bomb. The German commander, Admiral Durnitz, communicated with his U-boats and controlled their maneuvers by means of the Enigma code machine, considered to be impenetrable. Ultra was the code name assigned to the super secret operation by the British and later the Americans as they attempted to unlock the technology of that machine. After December, excuse me, I was one of the few WAVE officers privileged to serve in the secret inner sanctum at the Naval Communications annex where machines broke each day's code. Officers translated the German messages, and we sent the material on to the upper echelons. In fact, the level of combat intelligence immediately below the, Admiral King himself. So where were we? JB: Tell me what you did day to day when you would go into the office, when things were really hot. What would you do? JB: Well, that's a good question. That's one that I've gotten when I've given some talks about it. I'd like to tell you a little bit about who was in the office first of all. No one knew what happened behind the closed doors of our office. They were locked with a buzzer, and we had to push this according to a code that was changed every week, to get in. And of course when the doors opened, there was nothing but a wooden barricade. Nobody could see anything. There were about thirty-five people in that office, covering it 24 hours a day, seven days a week. There was only one regular Navy man, the commander, who was in charge of the office. The other men worked in the Naval Reserve. They had been specially recruited because of their talents, English professors, language professors, philosophy, to work in this office. And so that no one knew what we were doing, we were called the Office of College Professors because of all these men who were working there. We also had on each watch a couple of translators that translated the German messages into English. We had some research people who worked only in the daytime who studied all the U-boats and kept index cards on U-boats and personnel and German military terms and so on and so forth. And we had a hand-picked enlisted secretarial staff who typed all of our work. There was a neutral shipping desk which also had two WAVES from Goucher from the previous class working there. So, it was with those people that I spent my days and nights for two years. Now what did we actually do in there? I guess the easiest thing to say is I was a glorified paper pusher, certainly never used that cryptology course that we had. One of the Allies' great intellectual successes was the finding out how the Enigma machine worked and then developing a machine which would reverse the messages so they could be translated. So since the messages were translated by machine, this didn't leave, there wasn't, when I got in, personal contact really with the messages. You have to remember, I entered in September of 1943. The war had been going on for four years, since '39. All this time, the Battle of the Atlantic was so important because the British Isles needed their supplies. Winston Churchill, this dominated Winston Churchill's attention the whole way. When I got into the war, there was agreement between the British and the United States to exchange all Enigma messages, all knowledge of the Enigma, the samples of the two machines, and everything was cooperation between them. Actually Polish cryptanalysis had first unraveled the Enigma machine, the wiring of it, and they developed what was called the Bomb, a machine which would unravel this. Both of them worked fine. Electric pathways, very complicated. Of course, when one is dealing with the code, sender and receiver have to have the key. It was estimated that there were 159 million, million, million possibilities as to ways this Enigma machine could be set up. Germans didn't think we could ever get into it, but the Allies did, and that gave great advantage in the Battle of the Atlantic. Well, and the third thing, by the time I got in, the Allies were reading the Naval Enigma traffic almost currently. I remember a couple of periods of a week or ten days when the key couldn't be found, and we would be delayed in reading it, but most of the time it was current. So, what did I do? When I got my desk, the messages were broken on the machine in an office beneath ours. Their secretarial staff printed out the German messages on long strips of yellow paper, as we used to get our telegrams, and put the messages together and sent them upstairs to our office. They went first to the translators who by that time had lots of help. They knew how the messages started, key words and such, and they knew weather reports and position reports. So they would translate them into English, give them to our typists who would make copies of the English. The English messages were handed first to the senior watch officer who read them and studied them and of course would call our research people to certain ideas. Then the messages were passed down to the junior watch officer and staff, that was ours. One of our main jobs, there was a big wall map of the Atlantic Ocean, the United States and Europe. We kept pins for each of the submarines that we knew about and often received position reports so we would move those pins to where they were. We kept track of the convoys; we had little pins with flags on them for convoys. In the meantime, also we knew how the Germans made a grid over the Atlantic Ocean so position reports could be given with simple letters and numbers. We were to keep that up to date. Another important thing we did each morning, on the mid-watch about 7:30, we prepared an envelope with all of the messages, the translations from the day, the neutral shipping report, and a submarine, U-boat report written by the research people with big letters across the top, Top Secret Ultra. We put this in an envelope. It was signed over to an armed carrier who appeared every morning at the Naval communications annex. He put it in his locked bag and went out to his automobile and carried it downtown to the main Navy department where this envelope was taken immediately to the American submarine tracking room, which was the intelligence unit of Admiral King. There were only four people who were allowed in there who got these messages. It was those people who made the decisions whether a convoy needed to be re-routed or whether we could go out and search out a submarine and destroy it. This wasn't quite as easy as it sounded because Winston Churchill and Roosevelt were determined that the Germans not find out that we were reading these messages. So something had to be done that wasn't obvious. So for instance if we knew a submarine was over by Africa, when it was on the surface, a plane, an Allied plane would have to be sent over. That plane could be seen because otherwise how would we know where these submarines were? Several times during the war, Admiral Durnitz became very suspicious because it seemed that we knew things, we got our convoys out of the way, and we were sinking some submarines. But his underlings always persuaded him that the Enigma machine could not be broken. This was the Naval traffic. The Army, the Air, and the Navy used the Enigma machine but with different variations. The Naval Enigma was the most complicated. Since Admiral Durnitz could never be persuaded, the Germans changed nothing. We read the messages on to the end of the war. By the end of, I went in September of '43, by the end of that year, the tide of the war was beginning to change. The Germans were sinking fewer of our supply ships, and we were sinking more of their U-boats. JB: Were you still in that position in June of 1944, Normandy invasion? JB: Yes, and that's a good question because one of the things which I remember most about 1944 was D-Day. All of the Enigmas contributed to the Allies' preparation, to how they learned where the Germans were, what supplies and so forth. I was on the mid-watch, went on midnight June 5th and was on until 8:00 a.m. June 6th. 8:00 a.m. in Washington was afternoon in Europe. We learned about the invasion because we were reading the traffic currently at the time. The message to Admiral Durnitz to each one of his U-boats that yes, the Allies had invaded the coast of France. So that's how I found out about it. The Germans, for three months, we kept them deceived. They thought there would be a second invasion to the north at Calais, but of course there never was. The story of that deception is very interesting also. There have been books written about it, and it's quite interesting. JB: Is that when we built the fake army? JB: Yes, built the fake army over in England. There, you have a list of books, that handout. I have a handout which I give when I'm talking about Top Secret Ultra. The first, it's arranged not alphabetically but chronologically because the first book is one by Winterbottem in 1974 entitled “The Ultra Secret.” That's when all this material was declassified. The, down near the end of the list, I have one by Gerard, “Secret Soldiers.” That's the story of World War II's army of deception, fascinating book. Then one from 2003 by Halfler, “Code Breaker's Victory: How the Allied Cryptographers won World War II.” This is fascinating also. Historians are beginning to feel that code breaking was a large part of the entire victory in World War II and that really some of the code breakers should have the reputation of the admirals and the generals because through the code breakers. Now I don't know if, here is a picture of the Enigma machine and the Bomb, which is the machine which breaks it. I don't know if that'll come through. JB: Try to get it on there. JB: My hand shakes. JB: So that's the Enigma machine on the left? As we're looking at it on the screen? JB: Yes, the typewriter looking device. JB: And the large one? JB: Is the Bomb. JB: That's you right above it? JB: Right. JB: OK, yeah, we got a good picture. How much longer after the Normandy invasion did you serve in that position? JB: Our office worked, and was really important work until the day the Germans surrendered in May, went through the same routine. We continued working through September because there was traffic, particularly from the early parts of the war that we didn't have the keys for. We just caught up on a lot of things and worked as I say until September. WAVE officers were being dismissed according to the time when they had come into the service. I had six months more to go, and so I was moved to an office in the Bureau of Medicine where I was put to grading doctors' correspondence courses, which was quite different from what I had been doing. I ultimately was released to inactive status in May of 1946. JB: When you were in this position and you would have free time and you'd be out with friends or whatever you would do socially, how did you handle the questions about what you do, since it was such a top secret thing? JB: Well, Washington was of course full of service people and so many of them were in work that couldn't be talked about, so no one thought about it too much. I had a civilian roommate a good part of the time because officers were given a living allowance, and so I just lived in one of the many women's boarding houses in Washington. My roommate always said she was going to get me to talk in my sleep and tell what I did, but she never did. JB: Did you have a lot of communication with your family during this time? JB: Oh, yes, Baltimore is only 40 minutes away on the train from Washington. Since between two of the watches we had 48 hours off, I frequently went home. There were many trains and military people moving all the time. That's one thing about living in Washington then, and working all these watches, women were safe any hour of the day or night. We'd go roaming around because where I lived, I had a four-block walk to Dupont Circle, and then a long bus ride to get out to the communications annex. But midnight, 4 a.m., didn't matter. JB: Was it an exciting place to be during that period? JB: Oh, yes. JB: When did you leave the service? JB: I had a good bit of leave piled up because we couldn't take it all during the early years, and really at all during the war. So actually I went home in March of '46 but was privileged to wear the uniform until the actual date of my discharge, which was in May. So I took advantage of flying which I could do in uniform and I had never been to the West Coast, so I flew in a Navy plane from Washington out to San Francisco area. JB: What was that like at the time, what was your reaction to what you saw at that age, going out there? JB: Well, it's amazing. What I remember most about that trip was it was a big plane, was that I had to pay sixty cents so they would feed me breakfast on it. JB: Times have changed. JB: Then I managed to get a ride back for free. And of course, I was _ for three years on active service, which meant I had four years of the GI Bill coming to me. So I stayed out, oh how was it, three or four years, then entered the graduate school of the Johns Hopkins University, and the GI Bill paid for the whole four years that it took me to get a master's and a Ph.D. JB: What did you get your master's and Ph.D. in? JB: Classical languages, Latin, Greek. And of course when one teaches that, I taught at Georgia State here in Atlanta, meant doing a little bit of everything, archeology, history, philosophy. JB: What were you told when you left the military about your position and what you couldn't say and couldn't do? JB: I don't remember exactly what we were told, but somehow or another we knew that we couldn't talk. We weren't to tell anyone. I believe my family knew that I worked on the German side of it. That was the sum total of it. JB: What was your feeling when you were finally able to talk about it, years down the road? JB: Well, it took a while to get used to it. It really wasn't until I saw my picture printed in the book that I felt free to talk about it. Goucher College had an article about us in their alumni magazine in 1992, and they had quotes from a couple of the women who said they still wouldn't talk about it. There just wasn't any question ever in our minds, no temptation. JB: When you were doing this, when you were in the service, did you realize you were part of one of the major events in world history? JB: No, I know a lot more now about how what we did fit into the overall scheme of the Battle of the Atlantic than I ever knew then. I mean, there are so many good books that have been written in the past ten years that covered the story, and about the machines. JB: You've had an interesting life since you got out of the service. Tell us a little bit about it. JB: Oh, yes. I received my Ph.D. in 1952 from the Johns Hopkins University. My first teaching position was at St. Johns College in Annapolis, Maryland, the great book school. That was a very good start for me, but I knew I didn't want to stay in that kind of school. So next, I taught for six years at Sweet Briar College in Virginia. In the meantime, Herb and I were married, and when he accepted a position at Emory, we came down to Atlanta. Never dreaming we'd still be here now. Both of us love to travel, and so we became connected with the Virgilian Society of America which runs a summer program at a villa outside of Naples in Italy. For a number of years we ran that summer program over there. When our children were born, because we were paid for the summers that we were over there, we could take the boys with us and our two children had some summers early on in Italy. Our first sabbatical, we spent the whole year in Italy, in Rome, the two boys were with us. They were then three and five. Our second sabbatical we spent in Oxford, England, and the boys went, and went to school in England. They were in middle school by that time. We have continued to travel in our retired years. JB: You make presentations now on your experiences in the service? JB: Yes, that story that I told today, Emory University had me give a talk back in April of 2002. That has led to lots of invitations, and I have told my tale now to over 1000 people. So it's neat, to have this happen in the years when I was 79, 80, and 81, I never dreamed possible. Never dreamed I'd be giving public lectures. JB: Well, before we stop, is there anything else about your experiences that you would like to tell us. It's such a fascinating story, and I want to be sure we haven't missed anything about you, while you were in the service or before or after that you would like to make sure we have included on the tape. JB: Oh, that's hard to say, because one could go into so many details. I think we've covered the main points of it. I will say since there are some pictures of me in this, the WAVES were very proud of their uniform, particularly that hat. JB: Will you show us a copy of your picture in the service, in the WAVES? JB: Yes, I have one. Do you want the midshipman one or . . . This was as a midshipman, a simpler insignia on the cap. Here as an officer. JB: Those are great pictures. Would you give me the name of your unit just to make sure we have that on the tape, the unit which you actually served with? JB: It's, well, I was at the Naval Communications Annex. Our office, the title of our office was OP20GI2A, Op under the chief of Naval operations, GI, general intelligence, A, the Atlantic theater. JB: Well, I can't tell you how much we appreciate you taking your time to come in here. This is a fascinating story, and I don't think we have anything like this on any of our other interviews. We want to thank you for what you did for the country."],"dc_format":["video/quicktime"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Veterans History Project oral history recordings","Veterans History Project collection, MSS 1010, Kenan Research Center, Atlanta History Center"],"dcterms_subject":["World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American","World War, 1939-1945--Cryptography","Enigma cipher system","ULTRA (Intelligence system)","Benario, Herbert W.","Stimson, Dorothy, 1890-1988","Winslow, Ola Elizabeth","Dönitz, Karl, 1891-1980","King, Ernest Joseph, 1878-1956","Churchill, Winston, 1874-1965","Turing, Alan Mathison, 1912-1954","Kahn, David, 1930-","United States. Naval Reserve. Women's Reserve","Goucher College","Georgia State University","Emory University","Mount Holyoke College","Mount Vernon Seminary","Johns Hopkins University","St. John's College (Annapolis, Md.)","Sweet Briar College","United States. Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944","Vergilian Society","WAVES","D-Day","Naval Communications Annex"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview of Janice M. Benario"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Atlanta History Center"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/cdm/ref/collection/VHPohr/id/333"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This material is protected by copyright law. (Title 17, U.S. Code) Permission for use must be cleared through the Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center. Licensing agreement may be required."],"dcterms_medium":["video recordings (physical artifacts)","mini-dv"],"dcterms_extent":["39:31"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"geh_vhpohr_388","title":"Oral history interview of William LeRoy Bates, Jr.","collection_id":"geh_vhpohr","collection_title":"Veterans History Project: Oral History Interviews","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["Australia, Victoria, Melbourne, -37.814, 144.96332","France, Versailles, 48.8035403, 2.1266886","Germany, Frankfurt am Main, 50.110922, 8.682127","India, Maharashtra, Mumbai, 18.9387711, 72.8353355","Ireland, 53.0, -8.0","Japan, Kobe-shi, 34.6932379, 135.1943764","Japan, Tokyo, 35.709026, 139.731992","Japan, Volcano Islands, Iwo Jima","Korea, Inchon, 37.456, 126.7052","Korea, Pusan, 35.1799528, 129.0752365","Korea, Wonju-si, 37.3420996, 127.9197603","Marshall Islands, Enewetak Atoll, 11.5141037, 162.06439324194528","Morocco, Casablanca, 33.5950627, -7.6187768","Panama, Panama Canal, 8.99797, -79.59269","Philippines, 13.40882, 122.56155","Solomon Islands, -9.7354344, 162.8288542","South Korea, Seoul, 37.5666791, 126.9782914","United Kingdom, England, Liverpool, 53.408371, -2.991573","United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","United States, Georgia, Atlanta Metropolitan Area, 33.8498, 84.4383","United States, Maryland, Calvert County, Solomons, 38.31846, -76.45412","United States, New Jersey, Ocean County, Lakehurst, 40.01456, -74.31126","United States, South Carolina, Beaufort County, Parris Island, 32.3352, -80.69233","United States, South Carolina, Richland County, Columbia, 34.00071, -81.03481","United States, Virginia, City of Norfolk, 36.89126, -76.26188","United States, Virginia, Stafford County, Marine Corps Base Quantico, 38.48959, -77.46688","United States, Washington, King County, Seattle, 47.60621, -122.33207"],"dcterms_creator":["Lowance, Lynn","Bates, William LeRoy, Jr., 1921-2013"],"dc_date":["2004-01-21"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, William Bates describes his career as an officer in the U.S. Marine Corps. His service began in World War II with battles in the Pacific and continued into Korea, where he participated in the Inchon Landing and the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. He also spent time post-World War II in Europe with the headquarters of the U.S. European Command. He describes in detail the Inchon Landing and the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, including Marine Corps strategy and mortar rounds. He recounts working with the Army of the Republic of Korea against the North Korean Army and the arrival of the Chinese Army.","Bill Bates was a Marine officer during World War II and the Korean War.","WILLIAM L. BATES, JR. VETERANS HISTORY INTERVIEW Atlanta History Center January 21, 2003 Interviewer: Lynn Lowance Transcriber: Stephanie McKinnell Lynn Lowance: [This is] January 21, 2004, and this is the beginning of an interview with William L. Bates, Jr., at the Atlanta History Center in Atlanta, Georgia. Mr. Bates is, how old are you? Bill Bates: 82. Int: 82 years old, having been born on March 8, 1921. My name is Lynn Lowance, and I'll be the interviewer. Mr. Bates, could you state for the recording what war and branch of the services you were in, your rank, and where you served. BB: That's a long history. I was in World War II. I enlisted as a private first class in 1942. And I served in the .Marine Corps until July 1965. I was in World War II and Korean War. The places where I served are numerous of course. I can get to them later on as we, as we pass through this interview. LL: Could you tell me a little bit about your early life, where you were born? BB: I was born in Columbia, South Carolina. My parents moved to Atlanta when I was just an infant, and I grew up in Atlanta. We lived in Ansley Park, and I went to Tenth Street School on Juniper Street for a while. I went to Tenth Street School then O'Keefe Junior High and then Boys' High School and then Emory University. Then I went to University of Pennsylvania to do graduate work. LL: What field? BB: It was a scholarship, a _____ given by the ____ Foundation. And I was there in Philadelphia when World War II broke out. LL: Were you drafted or did you enlist? BB: No I was still just 20 years old, so I was not subject to the draft when it broke out. Since, matter of fact, I came back to Atlanta and tried to get in the Army Air Corps because I had a pilot's license. But anyhow I couldn't, I had some problems with my eyes. I tried the Navy and they said I had problems with my eyes. Then this friend of mine from the Marine Corps came down, Jack Mc_____ a fellow from Savannah. He said the Marine Corps didn't care whether I could see or not, I couldn't fly but I went ahead and joined the Corps. Shortly thereafter, I went to Quantico for officer training. While there, I was offered and accepted a regular commission in the Marine Corps. I stayed at Quantico in the schools there as an officer instructor for some time and then went to sea school and then went to the USS Lexington. Well first I went to the USS General William Mitchell, a transport where I had a small detachment of I think myself and twenty eight men. LL: Tell me about your boot camp and training experiences, what was that like? BB: Well of course, we had some of the finest NCOs in the world as our instructors and very competent officers as well. LL: Do you remember any of their names? BB: Oh, there's Felix Daniel was a gunnery sergeant, fellow by the name of ________ was one of our sergeants. Berryhill was another one. Eubanks was a platoon leader, Stout was a platoon leader. LL: What makes them stand out in your mind? BB: You know it's hard to say, probably the fact that they were, they had some complete integrity as individuals. They were all very hard on us physically and mentally but only to toughen us I think. And it was a very rewarding experience because you did leave behind civilian practices and come into a different culture, which is what the whole thing is about. LL: What would a typical day have been like? BB: Well we got up I think probably about five o'clock. We'd go out for the morning run which was generally a couple miles. Then we'd come in for breakfast. Then we'd have classes in various military subjects all throughout the day and then secure at night around I guess 5:30 or 6 and have supper and go to bed. LL: So you said you went on from there to, what was the first ship you were on? BB: It was the Gen. William Mitchell, AP114. It was a troop ship, it was one of a class of ship that were built, this particular ship was manned by the Coast Guard. It had a Marine detachment and had a small Army troop detachment on it, Navy doctors, Navy chaplain. It was everything except the U.S. Air Force and that hadn't been invented then. LL: How many people? BB: Hm? LL: How many people would you say were on the ship? BB: Ship's _____ probably a couple hundred, but it would carry 3,000 troops, and it was fast, so it usually almost always traveled alone, depending on good information and speed to keep it out of the way of submarines. Traveled a couple of times to Casa Blanca and then a couple of times to, one time to Ireland, then a couple of times into Liverpool. When we came back to Norfolk and went through a canal out to Melbourne and then to Bombay. Then came back and picked up a bunch of Marines at _______ including General Ray Davis who recently died, medal of honor winner, wonderful man, first rate Marine. And came on back to the states and I was transferred from the Mitchell to the Lexington which is a Sealey 16 aircraft carrier, one of that, at that time they were largest carriers that we had. It had 104 planes on board, it had a Marine detachment of myself and two officers and about sixty men. We, I joined the ship in Atok, which is an atoll out in the middle of nowhere and we went into the Philippines for a little bit and went up and participated in some raids against the Japanese homeland. LL: Do you remember when this was? BB: Oh this would have been in late '44 probably maybe mid '44. Then we came back to the states to get some repairs done, went back out. I forgot which trip we participated in the attack on Iwo Jima. LL: Could you tell me something about that, describe that. BB: Well, I was not ashore, I was on the ship, so I don't really know anything about the physical attack on the land. LL: Did you see any of it from the ship? BB: No, no, the carriers stand out to sea, we need room to launch and recover planes. They don't generally, you don't see much land if you're on an aircraft carrier unless you repair them. But then we came back to Seattle, Puget Sound for refitting, then back out, more raids. Then the war ended. We, I remember that we had just gotten the word that the armistice was being signed and then went over the speaker system that there were some bogies coming in, and Halsey was aboard, and he said are they bogies, and the answer was yes, sir. And he said well shoot them down but do it in a friendly fashion. So… LL: And did you? BB: Yes. When we steamed in Tokyo Bay under the Coast Guard naval base and landed, made up a fleet marine regiment made up of men, us and from the ship's detachments. And went ashore to secure the naval base and naval air station which they had there. And we were ashore for several days. When we came back to the ship they wouldn't let us anywhere beyond the gangway because all of were ridden with lice, so they rigged a fumigation tent, we got on the ship, and went in this fumigation tent, kill all the lice before they'd let us back aboard. LL: Did you have much contact with the Japanese when you were off the ship? BB: No. Not much. They were very peaceable. I went with a bunch of fellows in a JEEP and the JEEP broke down near nightfall, and I sent the others back and one man stayed with me not realizing what was happening, it was, got cold so we went knocking on a couple doors, and this Japanese invited us in and gave us some tea and we were waiting for hopefully some, somebody to come out and rescue the JEEP and us. And this was tough looking Jap walked in, you know and he looked at us, I thought, I think maybe we've got some little trouble brewing here and then he said any one of you from Chicago? He said I'm in this place for three years, I want to go home. He had come over, it was only a few years, he had come over to get his fiancée and the war broke out and they kept him. So, after the Lexington, I went to troop training Atlantic fleet and was there for a while, about a year I guess and then I was sent over to headquarters US/European commands, which at that time was in Frankfort on Meine, supposed to be getting ready to move to London, which never happened. We were there for about eighteen months and then the headquarters moved to _______, a little town near Versailles, just outside of Paris. LL: And what year was this? BB: That would have been in 1950, no, no, it was 1950 was the Korean war. Oh, I left out the Korean War, how could I do that? When I came back from the Lexington, I took command of the Marine barracks at Sullivan's Island, Maryland, and then shortly thereafter I took command of a Marine barracks at Lakehurst, New Jersey, where the _____, and got interested early in helicopters because there was a Navy experimental helicopter squadron there. And they had some Marines attached to that squadron, and the Marine pilots were attached to me, and I made several very good friends in the Marine Corps aviation at that time. LL: At any time had you thought about leaving the military after World War II? BB: No, I loved the Marine Corps, I loved it from the moment they offered me a regular commission. I was thrilled and never changed, haven't changed yet, don't think I will now. But to resume, from the Marine barracks at Lakehurst, went to the junior school at Quantico and from there went to the Second Marine Division where I was put in charge of an outfit that was to develop basic infantry skills and people who had just graduated from boot camp. It was called the USMCV program and later became the unofficial combat training the Marine Corps used and still uses. And then I became staff ______ of the divisions, then went into the Second Battalion, Second Marines as weapons company commander. Shortly thereafter, the whole, most of the division got on trains and went out to the west coast and 2nd Battalion 2nd Marines became 1st Battalion 1st Marines. And I still was weapons company commander. We were out on the west coast for just a couple of weeks, later then the USS Naval NAPA which was attack transport, and we sailed to _____. In Covy (?) we had to, it was real interesting. Everything was done in such a terrible hurry that we had a mixture of loads in that amphibious operation. You've got to load ships in a very special way because if you want ammunition you can't go digging up from the bottom of the hold –the ammunition's got to be up here, so does medical supplies, so does water. So it is combat loaded and with some due attention to what the shoreline is like and what your needs would be. The ship had left in such a hurry that it didn't have time to do that. So it was commercial loaded, that is everything went in. When we went to Covy, we had a, I think about a week there, and we had to unload the ship and then reload it combat loaded. It was complicated by the fact that a big storm came up during that time, everything got wet and blown around, it was really sort of a mess. My dad was in Tokyo and my mother, and they came down to see me during that time. LL: ____________ BB: My father was a colonel in the army, he was ________ and he was in MacArthur's headquarters there. LL: What was his name? BB: Well I was junior, so he was William Bernard Bates. In the pictures, you know when I was talking, I should have mentioned there was this picture. This was the way that I looked as a young fresh cut Marine. And I've got another picture here that shows what the years did to me, when I retired, I was a little older. LL: You had two pictures with your father? BB: Yeah, and I'll get to those in a minute. We then sailed for ________ and made the ____ landing. It was real interesting because the landing was made primarily at night. Oh gosh, a good friend of mine landed on ____ which was a little island that stuck out in the middle of the harbor during the day. I can't remember his name, but then our regiment was due to land on the southern part of the beach. Whole thing was complicated by the fact that they have a terrible tide there, I think about 21 feet. And the bottom is mud, so if you get stuck in the mud, you're there. So you've got to take advantage of the tide at its height. My battalion was to go in reserve and we were to go in about 5:30 but we didn't get started until about 6:00 and it was getting dark. We, the boat wave commander apparently didn't have good instructions because we went in and I could see two islands on our right, they should have been on our left. So I told him to come about because I was in the fifth wave. The first waves went on in and they were landed on the wrong place, landed in some salt _______ and had a terrible time. We came up, went around the islands and found the _____ and instead of being the fifth wave, we were not only the first wave, we were the only wave. But we ran into very moderate resistance, a couple shots around. We had one guy who was hurt a little bit. And then some other people came down there, some of those people managed to work their way down the coast. We were finally managed to get most of the battalion together. Then we, from there, we went on into the attack toward Yongongpo which is a town on the other side of the Hon river from Seoul and moved pretty rapidly there. We had a wonderful bunch of people in our battalion that—Able company was commanded by Bob Barrow who later became commandant of the Marine Corps, Becker company was commanded by Wes ____, ended up a colonel, Charlie company was commanded by Bob Ray, tall thin drink of water. There's funny, people always seem to think that the thing they do worst is the thing that they do best. Ray would always tell me that they were the most cut up, put together company in the world, that they always were not only on time but ahead of schedule, they were never on time, they were always late. But you know you can talk to _____ and Ray wouldn't believe a watch, good man, first rate man. My executive officer was a guy named McIntire who was a cool stiff drink of water, he was alright but I was not particularly fond of him. I had a machine gun platoon leader named Bill Masterpool who was absolutely fantastic, just first rate. My mortar platoon leader was Eugene Paradey, a Yankee, a Maine fellow. _____, he devised a way to increase our mortar support, a little battalion at that time and still pretty much so. He had some internal fire support weapons. The companies have real mortars, 60mm mortars. The battalion has 81mm mortars, has a range of about three miles. And it has six, the idea being two to support each rifle company. Well Paradey said let's not do that, let's steal two more mortars, which we did, and we had instead of having three sections of two mortars each, we had two platoons of four mortars each, and the mortars then were able to displace one after another. Paradey also said let's don't fool around with the old fashioned way of calling fires which was forward observer would estimate the azimuth, the line between the gun and the target. Let's say that the observer's here, and the gun is here, and the target is there, he would put an imaginary line here and when the gun fired, he would try to correct that fire based on the imaginary line. We're pretty skillful, but Paradey says let's just go the artillery way, cause it isn't that complex. So the artillery way is that you have a line between you and the target and the gun as a line between itself and the target, you tell the gun where the shot fires according to your line and they use their tables to move it to their line. Well, it increases your effectiveness and speed tremendously. This was Paradey's doing. Paradey and Masterpool were two of the finest young officers I had ever seen, both of them really short, used to call them the gold dust twins. Just terrific. Then the AT platoon leader, the anti-tank platoon leader, we had three or four five inch rockets and flame throwers. Platoon leader was a guy by the name of Bill Kohline, a fine young officer. And the battalion commander was Jack Hawkins. Jack Hawkins, he had been a fine commander, but I'll tell you, he was captured by the Japanese on Corrigedor, and it didn't break him but it caused him to become afraid of being captured again. I know at one point, Hawkins and I were going around in the ____, we were trying to get around to come up with the leading elements of the battalion, and a north Korean tank suddenly appeared behind us and started shooting at us. We jumped over into some wrecked buildings and Hawkins said I'm not going to be captured again, if they come in here, why don't you just shoot me. I said I ain't going to shoot you, you shoot those bastards. TAPE 1 SIDE B Well the NK tank kept on going, thank goodness, we made it alright. It happened, the sort of thing happened again at a little town called Kojo up in north Korean, but I'll come to that later. In Seoul, course our regimental commander was the legendary Louie Fuller, _____ Fuller, five Navy Crosses, fantastic guy. Louie Fuller wanted me to be his operations officer. I didn't want to be Louie Fuller's operations officer. His first sergeant says if you pull this operations off, it's very simple, all you need a ruler. We hear _____ draw line. It's pretty much that way. I know at one point, we had just taken a high hill overlooking Seoul, and we were getting our battalion to swing around the hill, which is a very difficult maneuver, you know, advance a company and send a company out and they would go out and, just to make a real swinging movement. We had pretty high price to pay for it. ____ all of the sudden appeared at CP and he's looking and there's nothing to be seen. Our troops were moving, he said what's going on, what's going on, he says how many casualties have you had today. And Hawkins says I haven't had any yet. Fuller says well you ain't fighting then, you've got to have some blood out there. About that time, the tank came up and flashed him with his flame thrower, the building shot up in flames and people running around screaming and hollering, a lot of shooting. And Fuller says well now that's better. Fuller was something. He, Fuller, went to a great deal of trouble to make people think that he was bluff and bluster, he was really a very intelligent guy. He was a Marine's Marine, he was terrific, well he was the regimental commander. Well let's see, we went on into Seoul and took it, we, after that, we got into transports, my company was ordered into what they call a _____ out, it was an LST which is a landing ship tank which had been rented to the Japanese to use as fishing boats. And so they unrented them to use them for invasion craft. Well the Japanese had used this thing as a fishing boat and you could really tell it because it smelled to high heaven. It was worse because when we left Enchon and went around the end of the peninsula and on up to Wonsun. When we got up there we turned around and came back out to sea and then turned around and went back up. They were trying to clear mines out of Wonsun harbor. I think we were, it seemed like we were there for a month, but I guess we were doing this about three days then finally went ashore at Wonsun just the administrative landing. Then we were sent down to Kojo to protect some supplies down there. There was a rock, Republic of Korea, South Korean regiment that was around this little, beautiful little seaport town of just, lovely. We no sooner got there than they hightailed it and we put our dispositions which were far to separated and we got hit by a tough North Korean regiment during the night and lost, lost some people that we shouldn't have lost, in my opinion. Then Hawkins got the wind of it and wanted to go back to Wonsun, and a couple of us said no, we're not going to do that, _____ said let's don't do that. He got on the radio and said we were in deep trouble, so they put us another battalion down for this big fight. Course the other battalion got there and wondered what's happening. Sent a destroyer down ______ and then we were relieved and pulled out and as soon as we got back to Wonsun, Fuller sent Hawkins home, gave us a guy named Buck Schmuck, [one of] the finest combat men I have ever seen in my life, arrogant, egotistical, you know, awful, except the men loved him and so did the officers because he was just plain good and absolutely fearless. You know, when you're in combat, every once in a while you have a chance where you can have a fire and just stand around the fire and talk and stuff. Schmuck, _____ you're familiar to the lie, you can say well I made all A's in college. Nobody will challenge that, but you're not ready to lie too much. Schmuck lied too much. Told us he was an Olympic diver, that he had gone to participate in games in Neurenberg, was hailed by his old hometown just outside of Ennsbrook when he stopped by for a visit, there was a big ranch out in Buffalo Montana, Wyoming. Well, the problem was all these things were true, like I say just absolutely fantastic. We had some small combat actions there, my Dad visited us there, and that's another picture that I've got this little teeny one. But my Dad would come over to Korea on business from MacArthur's headquarters and he would go to the army headquarters and of course after his first visit they knew immediately to send, after he did what he needed to do there, to send him to the 10th corps, and the 10th corps would send him to the 1st division, 1st division would send him to our battalion and Dad would spend the night with us. He also generally would bring a couple bottles of whiskey, which made him a very popular figure. But it was, I remember one time, Dad got, was up in the fort, _____, and they said they sent him down in a helicopter the next day but the choppers were all up north, we'd already started the push up towards the reservoir. So, I got the radio message, I thought well hell I'll just go get him. So we were about twenty miles south there, I threw a couple of rifles in a JEEP, and my JEEP driver was somewhere, I couldn't locate him, and night was approaching. I wanted to get Dad and get back because there were guerillas all through the area. So I raced up there and found Dad and got him in the car and checked him out and a rifle and said now look there are some guerillas but let's go. We'll be able to make it back pretty much by nightfall. Dad said let's go, so we got in it. The only bad thing that happened was that we were under attack because Dad and I felt that there was no force in the universe that could possibly beat us, we were damn fools, we were lucky we weren't wiped out, off the face. He was a great guy. Well we then went on up towards the north, the division already had sent the fifth marines were way up near ______, oh this was around the Chosun reservoir area. Now these are high mountains, there are mountains up there around 5,000 feet. And the terrain is very rugged, it's not a nice jut around this _____. The 7th marines were ________ and most of the 1st marines were at Kyoto_____, and we were try again. We had been cleaning up some stuff in the south and we were to try again and went up to a place called Chinhungme (counter 120). We had some probing attacks with Chinese, we set out some ____ patrols and some fires and pretty much pushed them away from us. By enlisting the civilian population, if China man stays in your house, we won't come and burn your house down. So for the ______ why don't you come and tell us and will shoot the China man so he can't stay in your house. Quid pro quo, it was pretty good. We, but then of course the Chinese came in with massive forces and the division was told to retreat, OP Smith said we ain't retreating, we're attacking a different direction. Well it's true, we were attacking because all of us were surrounded, you'd ___ any way you wanted to, you'd be under attack. When they did that, we figured that the one thing that we knew that we could do would be to attack north and take the big hills. There's a road and you've got to use the road to get wounded out, etc… and the road is just a, the road is no wider than these two tables. And you know the drop offs were 1,000 feet here and it's a, road's essential. The road came from Kyoto____ out around this thing with a big mountain here but a distance from the road and we had gone up there a couple of days before and registered artillery including some stuff I think from the 92nd armored field artillery. That's got _____ army ___ great guy, had this 8 inch howitzer battalion and 155's were there. We had registered started blowing the Chinese off that hill but we needed to go off and attack the hill because the road came back and then made a deep switch end and there was a bridge. The engineers had come up and repaired this bridge when Schmuck and I went up to make this reconnaissance. And then they cleared out just as the Chinese were coming to collect Buck and myself and the squad that we had with us. But we figured pretty certain that the Chinese weren't going to let that bridge stay, and they didn't. And of course that was a checkpoint, but if we got up on the hill we could protect the people working on the bridge so they redid the bridge. They dropped bridge sections from aircraft and then muscled them into place so people could get past this. This bridge was at a pin stoke station, the ____ reservoir and another reservoir fell into pin stokes, big tubes that using force gravity turned turbines to produce electricity. They were still functioning. And there was an inclined railroad. But anyway, we went into the, Schmuck and I reconnoitered this place along with Bruce Sigman, AS2, a guy named Tovan who was the artillery forward observer a few days before. So we had a good idea of the terrain and we went into the attack and secured the hill. And then the people started, our men started coming out for _____, Bob Taf____ I think was the Lt. Colonel ______ was one of the first people that made contact with us. And the division, it was cold, and I don't know whether you realize, it's hard to realize how cold, cold really is. Now we were up there I think the temperature was about 15 to 20 degrees below zero and the wind was blowing and with the wind chill it was about 45 below zero. Well, when you're in the ground you don't have any place of heat, ground's cold, you're cold, everything's cold. And we had lots of troubles because our men had been issued these shoepacks, which are designed to be waterproof. Problem is that when you walk in them your feet sweat and then when you stop, your feet freeze so even in the attack you've got to make your men stop, sit down, take off their shoes, socks, and the inner felt and replace them with dry stuff and then start in the attack again. We had over 100 men who were cold casualties although every officer and NCO was trying to get people to protect their ears and protect their feet and protect their hands. It was terrible. I see you looking at your watch, are we running over time? LL: No, we're fine. BB: Am I rambling? LL: No, your details are marvelous, unbelievable. BB: Oh, good. Don't encourage me. Well, we came down from the mountain and were brought back in a transport to Meisan and there we were refitted with equipment and reinforced with replacements. While we were there, I told Buck Schmuck, I said my parents are in Tokyo and we're not doing anything ‘round here, I'd like to go over and see them. He says you've lost your mind. I said, he said if you guys pull, do something stupid like that, he'll eat you alive. I said well you know, right now I want to do that and Fuller don't know that I want to do that and he won't ever know unless I tell him or unless you tell him. Schmuck said I ain't going to tell him a damn thing, if you want to, be my guest. So I went in Fuller's tent, I knocked on the tent pole, Fuller looked up, said what you want Bridges. I said, sir, my name is Bates. I don't give a blankety blank what you name is, what do you want. I thought well this thing's started off real well. I said, I told him that my mother and dad were over in Tokyo and if I could get a ride over there I'd keep touch through MacArthur's headquarters and if the battalion was going to move, I'd be right back. He said you stupid blankety blank blank blank blank, there goes. He said I don't understand how anybody, how anybody would be so blank blank blank stupid as to sit here at Christmas when his mommy and his daddy are only a few miles away in Tokyo, I don't understand. He got a field telephone, cranked it up, said get me the general. ______ he says I got this fellow here, I want to send him to Japan to see his mommy and his daddy. He said his name is Bridges. I said, sir, my name is Bates. He said I don't give a damn what your name is. The next morning I was on the airplane heading for Japan. I got all the way ____ called _____ and they went out there and I called, it was a Navy fellow named Bruce _____, captain, and they were old time friends of ours. I called, talked to his wife, she said your mother and dad are at the Japanese hotel in Tokyo, I can't think of the name of it right now. He said we're going to join them in a few minutes why don't you go there? And I said I'll go there, so I had a JEEP and went found and the manager and said I'd like to get some of the smell off if possible and would you tell my dad that I'm here. So shortly thereafter Dad came steaming down so we had a big reunion and then went up and saw Mother, and I had a couple days with them and went on back to the battalion. We, shortly thereafter, we went off a little bit north of there to an area that the North Koreans had infiltrated, and they were doing a lot of guerilla attacks. We never could figure out quite why, we don't know whether they were cut off or what, but at any rate, they were raising cain with all the little communities around there. Bruce Sigman set up his intelligence network, he went to all the little villages because it was time to ship the rice, and he said look we'll protect you and your rice if you'll just keep us informed about these folks ‘cause if you don't they'll come, they're going to burn your rice. So we started getting pretty good info and we were chasing guerillas and pretty, chased them pretty much all the county I guess. But then Ridgeway came and the tempo of the war changed, and that was a good thing. We went up from this little area where _____ to Wanju. I went off in an ambulance, I had been sick as a dog and the battalion surgeon said I should go to the hospital ship. I had pneumonia, and Buck Schmuck says, he said, Bill, the surgeon says you ought to go to the hospital ship and he said I'm going to just leave it up to you, you know we need you ‘cause we're going to go under the attack, we just need you so you make the choice. I said I want to go to the hospital. He says I'm damned if you want to go to the hospital ship, we'll send you up in an ambulance. And so I had, a couple of days later I got slammed in an ambulance _____ up to Wanju, and I think it was then any day that I really thought maybe I made a mistake in, it was the next day that we went into the attack ‘cause I put on my pack, it was raining and we went slogging down through a puddle of mud then got into a firefight, digging foxholes, it kept raining, and the foxholes kept filling up with water. I've never more miserable in my life. We had some good days. A lot of maneuvering, we would form a right flank of the division most of the time so we didn't have to worry about anybody on our right, we would make big envelopments. You know sometimes, and this sounds funny, but sometimes war can right fun. You're dealing with some Chinese who are retreating. So you attack at 8:00 in the morning, five minutes preparation and go into the attack and he shoots a little bit and you shoot a little bit and he retreats. The next day you start at 8:00 in the morning, you fire, the next day you start 8:00 in the morning. The next day you send troops way out at 3:00 in the morning to come home and then you start your attack at 8:00 in the morning. The Chinese start running and you wipe out a company, you just… It, virtually no loss, so it's good. It isn't good but at least it's entertaining I guess. LL: We've got about ten more minutes. BB: Ten more minutes? Well I'll tell you about probably the most difficult battle that we were in. When the Chinese started their spring offensive in April of '51, they broke the sixth rock division on the left flank of our division and there was nothing between the Chinese and _____, no forces. There were large quantities of Chinamen who were coming in on the left flank of the first Marine division. First Marines were in reserve and we were sent out to refuse the flank, to bend the flank back and protect against the Chinese, there were literally thousands and thousands of them. My battalion was the first to go out and the furthest. We were supposed to be married up with a battalion of seventh Marines that were going to come up on our right. The battalion of first Marines were going to come up on our left. Both of them got stopped by the Chinese behind us. And we were out there by ourselves under extremely severe attack. We tied in closely for the night and when we were in reserve, our normal supporting artillery had been diverted and was up firing for the Korean Marine corps regiment. So on the way up, we stopped by and talked to Buzz Winecoff of the artillery regiment, the commander, and he said well if I give you the 155's I'll give you two of them and then we'll put some more of them on there. We brought the 155's, this is a big gun, we brought them in within 50 yards of our position. One of them had been 50 yards short, we would have wiped out a platoon _____. The fighting was that intense. We were knocked off the hill, ___ hill, under very very severe attack. We had 100 casualties. Normally if you've got close to 1000 men, 100 casualties pretty much routs you out. But then we said, ok come on back. Hell we were being fired at from behind. There were Chinese between us. So I, the battalion commander had fallen and hurt his knee, and he went, I sent the battalion exec Bill Bridges and the battalion commander Bob West, we had some tanks and motor transport. We loaded the wounded into the motor transport and sent the tanks along the road with the platoon, Baker company, to run this gauntlet of machine gun fire the Chinese were… TAPE 2 SIDE A …killed and some more wounded. Some of the wounded wounded again. But they made it and then it was up to us to fight our way out. And I devised a plan. We came back by echelons. Chinese were pursuing us all the way, running around screaming surrender, surrender and Masterpool got his machine guns up. Beautiful job. That was great. We, one big disappointment, I was recommended for the Navy Cross for that operation and the Navy Cross was awarded but it was awarded to the battalion commander who wasn't even there. That happens but not very often. I never did have any respect for that regimental commander who did that. But anyway… LL: Tell me about the ribbons that you have on. BB: Well, these are personal decorations. This is a Silver Star, that's a Bronze Star with a combat device. This is the Air Medal. I got the Air Medal for reconnaissance flights, and this is a Navy commendation medal with a combat device. I didn't show this picture did I? Me in combat gear and my retirement. LL: Beautiful. And how about the two with your father? BB: Well, I sort of skipped over those. My dad, when I was promoted to colonel, my dad pinned me on one shoulder with his Army eagle and General Ray Murray put the Marine Corps eagle on the other shoulder. And from then until I retired I wore an Army eagle on one shoulder. LL: And when did you officially retire? BB: Long ago, in 1965. LL: Is there anything else you would like to say to finish up? BB: No, I think I said too much already. No, I didn't mention this book. This book is a description in detail of the operations of the battalion in the Enchon landing, the _____ reservoir operation, and the spring operations in 1951, all in Korea. LL: And the original is in? BB: The original of this is in the Marine Corps at the Navy yard in Washington. That's where. LL: Well, thank you so much, we appreciate you coming and sharing with us."],"dc_format":["video/quicktime"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Veterans History Project oral history recordings","Veterans History Project collection, MSS 1010, Kenan Research Center, Atlanta History Center"],"dcterms_subject":["World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American","Korean War, 1950-1953--Personal narratives, American","Lexington (Aircraft carrier : 1943-1991)","V-J Day, 1945","Landing craft","Bates, William Leroy, Sr., 1895-1970","Schmuck, Donald M., 1915-2004","Davis, Raymond Gilbert, 1915-2003","Puller, Chesty, 1898-1971","Halsey, William F. (William Frederick), 1882-1959","Masterpool, William Jerome, 1925-1988","Smith, Oliver Prince, 1893-1977","Lavoie, Leon F., 1913-1985","Ridgway, Matthew Bunker, 1895-1993","Murray, Raymond Leroy, 1913-2004","United States. Marine Corps. Marine Division, 1st","United States. Marine Corps. Defense Battalion, 1st","United States. Coast Guard","Emory University","University of Pennsylvania"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview of William LeRoy Bates, Jr."],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Atlanta History Center"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/cdm/ref/collection/VHPohr/id/388"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":["This material is protected by copyright law. (Title 17, U.S. Code) Permission for use must be cleared through the Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center. Licensing agreement may be required."],"dcterms_medium":["video recordings (physical artifacts)","mini-dv"],"dcterms_extent":["1:04:40"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"geh_vhpohr_385","title":"Oral history interview of Robert W. Battle","collection_id":"geh_vhpohr","collection_title":"Veterans History Project: Oral History Interviews","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["Columbia River, 47.443875, -120.845216","Guam, 13.47861, 144.81834","Indonesia, Jayapura, -2.5387539, 140.7037389","Japan, Nagoya-shi, 35.1851045, 136.8998438","Japan, Volcano Islands, Iwo Jima","Japan, Wakayama-ken, 33.8070292, 135.5930743","Micronesia, Ulithi, 9.9613889, 139.6036111","New Caledonia, Noume´a, -22.2745264, 166.442419","Northern Mariana Islands, Saipan, 15.21233, 145.7545","Northern Mariana Islands, Tinian, 15.0116123, 145.629297331134","Panama, Panama Canal, 8.99797, -79.59269","Papua New Guinea, Manus Island, -5.558333, 154.619444","Philippines, Leyte Gulf, 14.6835822, 121.0701444","Philippines, Lingayen Gulf, 16.206166, 120.2323788","Philippines, Luzon, 18.5530638, 121.1246109","Philippines, Manila Bay, 14.5906216, 120.9799696","Philippines, Surigao Strait, 9.8153114, 125.4545447","United States, Alabama, Mobile County, Mobile, 30.69436, -88.04305","United States, California, City and County of San Francisco, San Francisco, 37.77493, -122.41942","United States, California, Los Angeles County, San Pedro, 33.73585, -118.29229","United States, Chesapeake Bay, 37.96186, -76.17834","United States, Florida, Saint Lucie County, Fort Pierce, 27.44671, -80.32561","United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","United States, Georgia, Atlanta Metropolitan Area, 33.8498, 84.4383","United States, Georgia, Floyd County, Rome, 34.25704, -85.16467","United States, Hawaii, Honolulu County, Pearl Harbor, 21.34475, -157.97739","United States, Hawaii, Maui, 20.8029568, -156.310683316022","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507","United States, New York, Kings County, Brooklyn, 40.6501, -73.94958","United States, New York, New York County, New York, 40.7142691, -74.0059729","United States, Oregon, Portland, 45.5202471, -122.6741949","United States, Virginia, City of Norfolk, 36.89126, -76.26188","United States, Virginia, Virginia Beach, Little Creek Naval Amphibious Base, 36.91847, -76.16469"],"dcterms_creator":["Palmer, Janet","Battle, Robert W., 1922-2011"],"dc_date":["2004-01-07"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Robert Battle relates his career as a Naval officer in World War II. He was pursuing a degree in journalism at the time the war broke out. He entered the Reserves until he graduated. He describes in detail his train trip to New York, life in training, including working on the yearbook and singing in the choir. After finishing his officer training, he became a communications officer aboard a troop transport, sailed on its shakedown cruise, and participated in several of the major battles of the Pacific Islands. He recounts life aboard ship including crossing the equator ceremonies, zig-zagging, and the fear of attack by kamikaze planes and two-man submarines. His ship was decommissioned at the end of the war. He describes V-J day and discusses the impact of his war experiences on his life and describes his post-war education and career.","Bob Battle was a Naval officer in the Pacific during World War II.","ROBERT W. BATTLE VETERANS HISTORY INTERVIEW Atlanta History Center Interviewer: Janet Palmer Transcriber: Stephanie McKinnell Janet Palmer: Today is January 7, 2004. My name is Janet Palmer, and I'll be interviewing Mr. Bob Battle for the Veteran's History Project at the Atlanta History Center. Mr. Battle, will you please state your full name and spell it for me? Bob Battle: Robert W. Battle. JP: And what is your date of birth and place of birth? BB: July 25, 1922 in Rome, Georgia. JP: What branch of the service were you? BB: US Navy. JP: And what was your rank, highest rank that you.. BB: Lieutenant. JP: Lieutenant. And what ship were you on? BB: I was on the USS Knox, APA 46. JP: Can you tell me a little bit about before going into the service, a little bit about your background and what you were doing at that time? BB: I was in school at Emory University and scheduled to graduate in June of 1943. Right after Pearl Harbor, in January 1942, a program was offered to go into the navy in the reserve and be allowed to finish your college education. I did this in January or February of 1942, I've forgotten, it was a V program and I can't remember the number, V5 or something like that. And I was left alone completely as far as the service was concerned until I graduated from Emory in June of 1943, and two weeks later I reported to the midshipman's school in Columbia University at New York City. JP: What kind of degree did you get from Emory? BB: I got a BA in Journalism. JP: So now when did you go to Columbia? BB: June of 1943. JP: Can you tell me a little bit about your experience there, do you remember arriving there… BB: I left Atlanta on a train, the first time I'd been off by myself, ever. And arrived in New York alone and first time I'd been to New York. I remember distinctly looking up through the roof of a cab to see the tall buildings and I spent the night in a hotel and reported to Columbia the next morning, I think it was 6:00, and a long line of people who were going in, entering that class of midshipman's school. JP: How did you feel? BB: Scared. It was the fourteenth class at Columbia, the midshipman's school. We were quartered in John Jay Hall, which is right across the street from the well known Columbia library. My roommate was from Indianapolis. We started out as apprentice seamen for the first thirty days, dressed in nothing but khakis. Drills, classes, athletic training, a lot of studying. At the end of thirty days we were promoted to midshipman and could get into our blue regular midshipman uniforms. I worked on the, we had a yearbook, I worked on the yearbook, I sang in the choir, which was a magnificent experience. The service for the midshipmen was at 5:00 on Sunday afternoons, and it was at Riverside church up on Riverside Drive, the old Harry Emerson _____ church. And we marched, the choir marched separately, and the corps of midshipmen marched in and the choir always used the navy hymn as the benediction, and that was very very moving. But the choir would go to choir practice sometime during the week, and we'd always sing going up and down the street going from Columbia up to Riverside church. JP: How far is that? BB: Oh, its about ten blocks I guess. But we always had a crowd hanging out the windows listening to us sing as we went back and forth. We were graduated from St. John the Divine, the cathedral of St. John the Divine the Episcopal cathedral. … largest church in the world, I think its one foot longer than St. Peter's. And one of my classmates recalls his impression was that heard this music way off in the background when we marched in and it was our band but you could hardly hear them, they were way down the nave. So we were graduated from there and given I guess maybe a week's leave or two weeks leave and reported to wherever we had been assigned. And I was assigned to the amphibious training base at Little Creek, Virginia, arriving there in November I guess of 1943. And we trained in the landing craft, the small landing craft that would take troops ashore in an invasion. It was very cold, we wore sometimes as much as four or five layers of clothing and scrambling around the decks of those little boats out in the Chesapeake Bay, if we'd fallen in, we'd have sunk like a stone, but it was very, very cold, scraping the ice off of the foul weather gear. We were there from November until January, early January and then were sent advanced amphibious training to Fort Pierce, Florida, which was a contrast in weather, and we were in shorts. But we trained, we practiced landings constantly and how to take the landing craft would breech, turn sideways on a current, and how to get them off. The crew would come in and drag those boats off. We had to, the engine was cooled with a water trap and it would get sand in it and overheat and the engine would shut off, so you were constantly cleaning the sand traps on the LCVP's and LCM's. We graduated from that class and went on a troop train from Fort Pierce, FL to Brooklyn, NY. JP: How did you from… BB: Train. JP: How did you get from Fort Pierce to the… BB: Train. JP: Oh the train. BB: It was a regular cattle car. What they called I think in World War I a 40 \u0026 8, forty men and eight horses. But there were bunks about I guess four or five high in these cars. And… JP: How long did it take you to get there? BB: A little over a day. JP: Did you eat on there and everything or did they stop? BB: No they had a mess car. And we then joined the USS Knox which had been commissioned about ten days before. She was an attack transport, had been, the hull had been built in Pascaguoula, Mississippi by Ingalls shipyard, and she was converted, she would have just been a freighter, she was converted to an attack transport in Brooklyn. And we went aboard as the landing ship crew, with ____ ships, that group was kept separate from the ship's crew. But our captain was smart enough to realize that that would just create a schism within the crew, so we were immediately integrated into the ship's crew. I went in the communications department, some of my classmates went into as deck officers, some as radio officers, some as engineer officers, but I was assigned to the communications department. And we did our shake down crews but I still stood deck watches on the bridge. We did our shake down crews, we took the knocks from Brooklyn down to Chesapeake to Norfolk and it was just as light as a toothpick on the water and I was sick for the first eight hours, deathly sick. But we were in, reported back to Norfolk and then did training up and down the Chesapeake for about a month and then in April or May of 1944 we sailed from Norfolk and went down and went through the Panama Canal and out to Pearl Harbor. And then from Pearl Harbor we went over to Maui and took aboard a marine division. An attack transport carries troops and all their equipment, trucks, tanks, everything. And we did practice landings at Maui and then on June 15, 1944, we invaded Saipan. That was the first of the invasions after _____ and _____. JP: Do you remember that: BB: Oh yes, I remember that very, very well. My assignment was to lead a wave of boat into the beach. The boats, we'd off load the boats and then they would circle up off the ship and be called in one by one and then loaded with troops who would come down the side of the ship on rope ladders. And then when all the boats were loaded for that wave, then we would advance towards the beach and be signaled when to come in and come in in a straight line across, parallel to the beach. And we'd land under fire and the troops would jump off and then we'd get out as fast as we could and regroup to go back to the ship. I think I was in the fourth or fifth wave, the fire was still pretty heavy. We got back to the ship in the late afternoon in time to see the ship sailing away. We had been left. The ship had had to get out to sea, all of the ships moved out to sea because of the threat of Japanese air attacks and Japanese two man submarine attacks. So they left us, told us to just gather together and we'll pick you up in the morning. COUNTER 128 JP: Are you walking around in the water or… BB: Yes, no. We were out, just out at sea. JP: How big were these _____? BB: They're 36 foot boats. JP: How many people were _____? BB: Well it would just be the crew by that time because the troops were all gone and they were ashore. I would rather have been where I was than where they were. But we tied up about, I guess 10 or 12, maybe 15 boats together and stood watches because we were afraid that we might be sunk by the Japanese subs, and we spent the night there and the ship came back and got us in the morning. So we joined back up with the Knox immediately. JP: So you didn't have any problems with the Japanese at that time? BB: No, not at that time. But we stayed, we still had a lot of equipment to unload and we stayed around off the landing area at Saipan for I supposed, let me see, a week, about a week and then we came back to, it was July, late July of 1944. We left Saipan and went back to Maui in the Hawaiian islands and loaded another load of troops and then came back to Honolulu and then sailed from there to Tinnean, which is next door to Saipan. And we were part of that invasion but it was, we were very minor part of that invasion. And we sailed from there, we crossed the equator for the first time and had initiation of all the people who had never crossed the equator before. JP: What does that involve? BB: Oh that involves a great pageant, a lot of initiation, a lot of hounding of the pollywogs as they call it, before they become shellbacks before the cross the equator. At that time, I remember I had one lock of hair left and it was gone with the initiation ceremony. That was the last of my hair. It involved being servants to the people who had already been across the equator, very costumed. But surprised certificate that you get and a card that I've kept in my memoirs. We sailed from there and went to Manus which is in the ______, and we stayed there from the first part of October to the end of October and sailed for, no to the middle of October. And we sailed for Leyte in the Philippines and we participated in the battle of Leyte Gulf. We were, we came in in the afternoon of D-day but when we got into Leyte harbor, we had to string paravanes because there were mines. Paravanes are floats that stick out from the ship and have wires on them and they cut the mine cables. So you can shoot the mines then with a rifle and blow them up. And we had to spend the night there in the harbor with smoke screen all around because of the Japanese airplanes and potential of Japanese attacks. We landed troops at Leyte and were there until the 21st of October. The battle of Leyte Gulf was the 20th. And we stayed there until the 21st and then we got out just as the 7th fleet was in their big battle of Leyte Gulf with the Japanese fleet. And we sailed down to Hollandia, New Guinea, and we were getting, we loaded troops there but we were there for probably two weeks in which time I had the opportunity to take one of the boats and we got a local Dutch warden, it's a Dutch island, and were taken down and got a chance to go ashore to a native village and got to see the natives on New Guinea. Then we sailed from Hollandia, New Guinea back to Leyte and then went through the _____ Straight, west and around the southern end of _____ and up to Linguian Gulf, past Manilla and up to Linguian Gulf, and that was when we were in the heaviest of the kamikaze attacks. And we were on 24 hour alert, we were fired on, never were singled out by a kamikaze but saw many of them and we were of course in a fleet. We were a division, we had a division commander on our ship so we were first in the line of three lines of ships. And the, one of the baby carriers just off our port quarter took a kamikaze and caught fire and had to drop out. We went into Linguian Gulf once we got there, relatively unscathed, and unloaded troops in Linguian and then went to Ulythe in the Carolines and stayed there for a rest and in February, at this point, we're now February of 1945, we entered the harbor at Guam and loaded troops for Iwo Jima. JP: While you were having the rest break, what did you do while you were there? BB: Just a lot of maintenance and in the case of communications, we monitored all of the radio circuits and we drilled. My general quarters post was very much exposed, right up on the signal bridge, and we did a lot of work with lights, flashing lights in code, and with signal flags up on the yard arms. And I was in charge of that crew there. The chief of that, chief petty officer of that crew knew more in five seconds than I would ever learn about it and so I kept my mouth shut and let him run it. JP: So you felt fairly _______ safe ______? BB: Yeah, except that it was pretty exposed, the top bridge. But we sailed from Guam to Iwo Jima, and we did not arrive until D-day plus I guess, it was D-day plus one. From where we were anchored, we unloaded troops. JP: Similar to what you did? BB: Similar to what we did in the earlier invasions. By that time I was not on the boats, I was in the communications office and radio and doing a lot of decoding. Everything came in in code and we had these code machines that we would load and change every eight hours and decode it. Our captain had us decode everything that came over the wire instead of stuff that was just addressed to us, we decoded everything, which made for reams and reams of paper and hours and hours of sitting in front of a typewriter keyboard and this decoding machine. JP: Did you get anything that was..? BB: Well we got the, I remember the communication when the fleet had to scramble and get out of Leyte Gulf when Halsey took the 7th fleet up north and left Admiral Spru___ I guess it was, stranded, and had to be called back in, not in code but in plain language over radio, said get back, and that's just before the battle of Sergile Strait. If you've ever seen the movies of the battle of Leyte Gulf, that's very descriptive, we were right in the middle of that. But then I got the communication when the war was over. It came over the radio. JP: ____ Iwo Jima? BB: No, we were back from, we got back from Iwo Jima. We set off the shore at Iwo Jima and were able to observe and listen on the radio to all of the air strikes that were going on the island, which were terrible air strikes. And I remember walking along the deck one day and seeing this marine sitting cross legged on the deck with a radio and as I went by I heard him say something I couldn't make out what it was. I found out later he was one of the Navajo talkers that they were talking back and forth from the island to the ship and directing the air strikes, but it was all in Navajo and nobody could understand any of it. We stayed there for about four or five days. We had a fairly large sick bay on the ship, and we took wounded in and took them back I think to Saipan. Yeah, took them back to Guam and took them off there. And then we sailed from there down to, all the way down to past the Solomons and had a two month maintenance period in Newmea, down in New Caledonia, which is almost down to Australia. JP: Did you cross the…? BB: Crossed the equator again. But from a different perspective, we were initiating instead of being initiat-ees. It was an interesting time to be in Newmea. Its, at that time was just literally a large village. Its French, there was a volcano up on the mountain. We were able to take one of the JEEPs and go up and look and comb the volcano. And we were there for I guess a month or more, lets see, we got to Newmea on the 23rd of March, no, no, yeah, on the 23rd of March and left of the 3rd of May, so we were there about six weeks. And came up to Leyte Gulf and then were told that we were going to get two months in the states. And that was in May I guess of 1945. And we sailed from I'm trying to remember whether we took anybody home with us as far as troops are concerned or not, but we sailed from there to Portland, Oregon, went in through the mouth of the Columbia river. And we had sixty days in Portland. Half the ship got the first thirty days off leave and the other half got the second thirty days off. And I was able to fly back to Atlanta then and come back. And we stayed in Portland until, lets see, we got there in June so we stayed there until August. And V-J day we were in Portland. We sailed the next day, so we missed all of the celebration of V-J day, but we sailed from there down to San Francisco and we were in San Francisco from the 16th of August until the 22nd, and we went to, back to Pearl Harbor and then back down to Anowetok and Guam and back to Leyte and then we anchored, we came up into Manilla bay, the war being over. We loaded troops to go back to the states. It was called, the operation was called Magic Carpet. As they were qualified under the point system, they were getting out of the service. We took them from, we sailed nonstop from Manilla to San Pedro or Long Beach, California. COUNTER 308 JP: How long was it? BB: That was about a three week… JP: Each way? BB: Oh yes. Lets see, no I missed something completely. From, we sailed from Manilla, I said we sailed back to the states. From Manilla, that was the second time. From Manilla we sailed back over to _____ gulf and picked up troops to take in for the occupation of Japan, and that was in September of 1945. We sailed up, we loaded the troops and then we were going into Magoya, Japan. But we had to anchor while they cleaned the mines out of Magoya Harbor. So we were in a very large anchored area called _______ Bay, and the little town, the Japanese village was called Wakyama. We had to stay there for three weeks, almost three weeks while they cleaned it out, cleaned out Magoya, and during that time, we had a typhoon. And we're unable to move the ship at all, we put both anchors out and acted as though we were sailing. In other words, the ship was steaming ahead very, very slowly to take the strain off of the anchor chains. But we did have an opportunity to go ashore in this little Japanese village and wander up and down and _____ souvenirs. Then we sailed into Magoya and unloaded troops in a day and a half there and then sailed from there to, back to Luzon. JP: So, when you were there in Japan, this was before the ____? BB: No, no, no, this was after. See the surrender was signed I think it was the 2nd or 3rd of September and we're now into October. Because we took, we loaded troops to go to Japan on the 21st of September, so we were in Wakyama anchored from the first week in September, uh the first week of October to the end of October, almost the end. JP: During this typhoon were most of the people sick? BB: No, no. We just, it was almost landlocked so we didn't, but the winds were just howling and of course rain and some, it was a chop in the bay. But we were afraid that the wind was going to break an anchor chain so that's why we stayed as though we were steaming at sea with two anchors out instead of one and steaming ahead very, very slowly would take the strain off of the anchor chains. From Magoya, we went down to Luzon,, and that's where we picked up the troops to go to the states. And I've already covered that. We got back to Portland in June and then we sailed from Portland to San Francisco in August. JP: When you got back to the States the first time, how did you feel? BB: I couldn't believe that I was seeing the States, and that became a rather important part of my life, which I'll get to later. JP: I know that was a beautiful sight. BB: It was a beautiful sight. But when we left San Francisco and sailed back to Manilla and picked up another load that were to go, went into San Pedro, Long Beach. And from there, we got orders to proceed to New Orleans to decommission the ship. So we sailed from San Pedro around, came back through the Canal up to New Orleans and had about almost a month in New Orleans at Mardi Gras time. JP: Were you able to get off the ship? BB: Oh yes. We were, what they were going was they were taking off all the guns and all of the heavy stuff because we were going to Mobile to be decommissioned. And we sailed from New Orleans on Mardi Gras, we didn't get to see the final celebration. We sailed down the river and out and then back up into Mobile Bay and the ship was decommissioned in May of 1946 in Mobile. During the time we were in Long Beach, CA, I, on a blind date, met someone. It didn't last just 55 years. We had maybe three dates before we were married. And she was from Portland, OR, had no connection with my having been in Portland, but I've been back to Portland countless times since then and I always think of when I get there, I always think of coming in the first time to, see we arrived about midnight and we could hardly see any of Portland. But that's the combat. Then from there I was sent to New Orleans to the navy, the 6th, I've forgotten the number of that naval district and was transferred to Charleston to the 6th naval district for decommissioning. And I got out of the navy in March of 1946. JP: Before we talk about getting out of the navy, are there any particular stories or people or events that really stand out in your mind, during all these places that you went? BB: Maui was always a pleasant experience, and I've been back there later as a civilian after the war, and went up to Mount Holy________, which was a volcano. JP: Were you always feeling scared? BB: Not particularly. JP: Do you get finally to where it just becomes a daily routine? BB: It becomes a daily routine. And we weren't under fire constantly. There were just times, in case of the invasions where it was very intense but not if you were steaming from Guam to New Guinea, it was just, you were at sea. You did a lot of drilling and we, a lot of zig-zagging convoys and signaling convoys with flags, so I was busy on the signal bridge during all those times because they'd order a zig-zag pattern and the ships would acknowledge by flag that they had gotten the signal and then when the flags were dropped, that's when you made your turn in zig-zagging. JP: We're resuming the interview with Mr. Robert Battle for the Veteran's History Project. So when you got back and you got out of the service, what did you do at that point? BB: Well, when I got out of the service in, I was actually out and on terminal leave in March of 1946. And I went back to Emory and I wanted to get a graduate degree, and the dean of men had been very active in a lot of things at Emory, and the dean of men asked me to come in as his assistant while I went to graduate school. But in the meantime, I went out to Portland and got my bride and brought her back to Atlanta. And I spent the next year working in the dean's office and getting a master's degree at Emory. And then I went to the Atlanta Journal in the advertising department and was there from 1947 to 1949, in which time I went to work for a then unknown little company called Vacuum Foods, which had a brand of orange juice called Minute Maid which later became Minute Maid corporation and then became the Minute Maid division of Coca Cola. And I was a salesman and the district manager and then finally the regional manager for Minute Maid with about six states. Then in 1958, the company changed its sales method from a direct sales force to a network of food brokers and they gave some of us the opportunity to go into business for ourselves, one in New York, one in Chicago, one in Denver, one in Dallas. I took Atlanta and went in the food brokerage business and remained there until I retired in 1987. JP: When you came back and went back to school were you able to use VA benefits? BB: Oh yes. I had my, I guess my VA benefits. JP: The GI Bill. BB: GI Bill, I couldn't think of the term we used. And at that time, during that first year, we were working with, I was working mostly with veterans who had come back and gone back to school. And a lot of them were married and living in trailers and there was a lot of having to get used to going back to college or going to college for the first time, but we started things like the newspaper and the annual and the interfraternity council and the student government and I worked on all of those things during that year while I was getting a masters. JP: Were you involved in any veteran's groups? BB: No, not in any veteran's groups, and we did not, I stayed in touch, an interesting thing, there were about five of us who reported to midshipman's school at Columbia university in June of 1943 who decommissioned the ship, we were together the entire time. That was a very happy, it was called a happy ship, there was not a lot of conflict on it and very few transfers off and on. There were a number of people who were on the ship for the entire time she was commissioned from the time she was commissioned in Brooklyn until she was decommissioned in Mobile. JP: Was she called a happy ship after the fact or even while you…? BB: No, even then. People would say oh, you're on a happy ship. But what your question? JP: I was asking about… BB: I stayed in touch with all of those people that I had gone to midshipman's school with. And they have dropped out one by one through death. I still have one contact, the fellow that I told you heard that midshipman's band from back in the cathedral. I was reading Smithsonian magazine about five or six years ago and there was a letter to the editor. And there had been an article in Smithsonian about St. John the Divine, the cathedral, and this fellow had written a letter and I didn't know who he was. So I immediately wrote him and he have stayed in touch ever since. We email back and forth all the time. My wife and I spent a weekend in California with them, but the rest of the crowd have died. The ship had a reunion in, let me see, I can't remember when the first reunions were, it was in Indianapolis, oh 1993, and they had probably 40 or 50 there. They've had, there's a group that gets together that I haven't been able to be at, they get together about every year or two, but they want to go to Pigeon Forge, Tennessee or Branson, Missouri for the entertainment and for their wives to be at the discount malls. So I stay in touch. The small group, a small group of signalmen that I was on the bridge with, we have stayed in close touch. We, us Christmas cards every year, and we have gotten together three or four times, but that's dwindled down now to about, oh, if we get everybody there, there may be ten. JP: Are there any experiences or anything we didn't talk about that you'd like to. BB: I can't think of anything exciting or interesting. I probably will think of something later, but... JP: Overall, how did the whole experience affect you? BB: Well it changed my life totally, as I'm sure it did almost anyone who went through that experience. I don't know what I would have done in retrospect had I not had that experience. I would have probably finished up college and I don't know what I would have done then. But it changed my life, I met my wife, my whole family life changed. It made a much more mature person out of me. It was a life changing experience. I can't think of any other description that fits it better than that. JP: If there's nothing else… BB: No, just thank you for the opportunity. JP: Thank you very much. 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