{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"nge_ngen_columbians","title":"Columbians","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2008-01-25"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Columbians Incorporated, the nation's first neo-Nazi political organization, which arose in Atlanta during the summer of 1946 when incidents of racial violence and civil unrest were on the rise across the South. The group pursued a campaign of intimidation against the city's minorities, patrolling those neighborhoods most vulnerable to racial transition, and threatening with violence those residents who dared cross the city's \"color line.\" Although they attracted some support from Atlanta's working-class whites, the Columbians were uniformly condemned by the city's press and targeted for arrest by its political establishment. Homer Loomis, a thirty-two-year-old New Yorker, came to Atlanta in 1946 intending to start a white supremacist movement. Loomis met thirty-one-year-old Alabama native Emory Burke, who was already a veteran of numerous white supremacist and fascist groups. Loomis and Burke forged a close personal relationship and, along with a third member, John H. Zimmerlee, of whom little is known, formed the Columbians Incorporated. Describing themselves as a \"patriotic and political\" group, the three men applied for a charter as a nonprofit organization from the state, which they received in August 1946. The men drew a majority of their support from working-class whites. Burke and Loomis claimed to have enlisted as many as 2,000 members, though other sources indicate the actual number was closer to 200. In order to fulfill their vision of a \"progressive white community,\" the two men advocated a program of repatriation and deportation for America's minorities. Under their plan, blacks would repatriate to South Africa, which they admitted would first need to be purchased from Britain, and Jews would be deported to an unspecified location in the Mediterranean. After two incidents in October 1946 involving violence and demonstrating by members of the group, elected officials, members of the press, and local ministers all condemned the organization as a public menace requiring immediate attention. In November state officials moved to revoke the group's charter. By summer 1947, the group had dissolved, following the conviction of its leaders, Homer Loomis and Emory Burke, on charges of usurping police power and inciting to riot. Although the Columbians' existence may have been brief, their appearance nonetheless dramatized the racial tensions that characterized the postwar South and demonstrated the efficacy of Atlanta's moderate consensus that would later earn the city its reputation as \"the City Too Busy to Hate.\"","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["Columbians Incorporated","Neo-Nazism--Georgia--Atlanta","Neo-Nazism--Southern States","Neo-Nazis--Georgia--Atlanta","Neo-Nazis--Southern States","Fascism--Georgia--Atlanta","Fascism--Southern States","Fascists--Georgia--Atlanta","Fascists--Southern States","Hate groups--Georgia--Atlanta","Hate groups--Southern States","Political violence--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Georgia--Atlanta","Intimidation--Georgia--Atlanta","Harassment--Georgia--Atlanta","Minorities--Abuse of--Georgia--Atlanta","Minorities--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Race relations","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Race relations--History--20th century","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Vigilantes--Georgia--Atlanta","Neighborhood--Georgia--Atlanta","Social groups--Georgia--Atlanta","Housing--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Housing--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Crimes against--Georgia--Atlanta","Working class whites--Georgia--Atlanta","White supremacy movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta journal-constitution","Newspapers","Press--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Press coverage","Columbians Incorporated--Press coverage","African Americans--Press coverage--Georgia--Atlanta","Press and politics--Georgia--Atlanta","Journalism--Political aspects--Georgia--Atlanta","Nonprofit organizations--Georgia--Atlanta","Nonprofit organizations--Political activity","African Americans--Relocation","Blacks--Relocation","Forced migration","Jews--Relocation","Jews--Civil rights--United States","Jews--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Jews--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Deportation--United States","United States--Emigration and immigration","Demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Charters--Georgia--Atlanta","Columbians Incorporated--Charters","Arrest--Georgia--Atlanta","Indictments--Georgia--Atlanta","Imprisonment--Georgia--Atlanta","Riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Police power--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century","Southern States--Politics and government--20th century","Georgia--Politics and government--20th century","Judgments, Criminal--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["Columbians"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/columbians/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Loomis, Homer L., 1914-","Burke, Emory, 1915-","Zimmerlee, John H."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"nge_ngen_william-holmes-borders-1905-1993","title":"William Holmes Borders","collection_id":"nge_ngen","collection_title":"New Georgia Encyclopedia","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["Hatfield, Edward A."],"dc_date":["2007-12-14"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Reverend William Holmes Borders, who between 1937 and 1988 served as pastor of Wheat Street Baptist Church in Atlanta, where he campaigned for civil rights and distinguished himself as a spokesperson for the city's poor and dispossessed. Born in Macon, Borders graduated from Morehouse College in Atlanta and then attended Garrett Theological Seminary at Northwestern University where he received his bachelor of divinity degree in 1932 and subsequently accepted the pastorate of the Second Baptist Church in Evanston, Illinois.In 1936, he earned a master's degree from Northwestern. Borders was instrumental in the hiring of Atlanta's first black police officers in the 1940s, led the campaign to desegregate the city's public transportation in the 1950s, and established the nation's first federally subsidized, church-operated rental housing project in the 1960s. Thereafter, he continued to support a variety of philanthropic causes and remained an influential public figure in Atlanta until his death in 1993.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Forms part of the New Georgia Encyclopedia."],"dcterms_subject":["African American clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","Clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American political activists--Georgia--Atlanta","Political activists--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","Civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--History--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Social conditions--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Race relations","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Politics and government","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","Community life--Georgia--Atlanta","Poor--Georgia--Atlanta","Poor African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Social justice--Georgia--Atlanta","Social justice--Religious aspects--Baptists","Equality--Georgia--Atlanta","African American police--Georgia--Atlanta","Police--Georgia--Atlanta","African American criminal justice personnel--Georgia--Atlanta","Criminal justice personnel--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Officials and employees","Transportation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation in transportation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Buses--Georgia--Atlanta","Boycotts--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Transportation--Georgia--Atlanta","Housing--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Low-income housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Housing authorities--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Housing management--Georgia--Atlanta","Housing subsidies--Georgia--Atlanta","Apartments--Georgia--Atlanta","Rental housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Rental housing--Finance","Church property--Georgia--Atlanta","Church work--Georgia--Atlanta","Church work--Baptists","Church work with African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Church work with the poor--Georgia--Atlanta","African American churches--Georgia--Atlanta","Churches--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Religion","Streets--Georgia--Atlanta","Neighborhood--Georgia--Atlanta","African American neighborhoods--Georgia--Atlanta","Ethnic neighborhoods--Georgia--Atlanta","Inner cities--Georgia--Atlanta","African American orators--Georgia--Atlanta","Orators--Georgia--Atlanta","African American radio broadcasters--Georgia--Atlanta","Radio broadcasters--Georgia--Atlanta","Radio personalities--Georgia--Atlanta","Radio programs--Georgia--Atlanta","Radio in religion--Georgia--Atlanta","Mass media in religion--Georgia--Atlanta","Radio broadcasting--Religious aspects","Primaries--Georgia","Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Election","Arrest--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Saving and investment--Georgia--Atlanta","Credit unions--Georgia--Atlanta","Employment agencies--Georgia--Atlanta","Job vacancies--Georgia--Atlanta","Unemployed--Georgia--Atlanta","Day care centers--Georgia--Atlanta","Child care--Georgia--Atlanta","Urban renewal--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta Life Insurance Company","Nonprofit organizations--Georgia--Atlanta","Federal aid to nonprofit organizations--Georgia--Atlanta","Federal aid to housing--Georgia--Atlanta","Subsidies--Georgia--Atlanta","Old age homes--Georgia--Atlanta","Student movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Wheat Street Baptist Church (Atlanta, Ga.)","Theology, Practical--Georgia--Atlanta","Auburn Avenue (Atlanta, Ga.)","Politics, Practical--Georgia--Atlanta","Love, Law, and Liberation Movement (Atlanta, Ga.)","Ordinances, Municipal--Georgia--Atlanta","Wheat Street Baptist Church Credit Union (Atlanta, Ga.)","Jet, Banks, and Russell","Wheat Street Towers (Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dcterms_title":["William Holmes Borders"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["New Georgia Encyclopedia (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/william-holmes-borders-1905-1993/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["If you wish to use content from the NGE site for commercial use, publication, or any purpose other than fair use as defined by law, you must request and receive written permission from the NGE. Such requests may be directed to: Permissions/NGE, University of Georgia Press, 330 Research Drive, Athens, GA 30602."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: \"[article name],\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved [date]: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org."],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["articles"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Borders, William Holmes, 1905-1993","Hartsfield, William Berry","Borders, William Holmes, 1905-1993. Seven minutes at the mike in the Deep South"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38120","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Junior College students who want charges against students dropped and an attorney comments on the situation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1978 June 22","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Thomas, Jim"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, Pryor Street, 33.7282815, -84.3924887"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1978-06-22"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from June 22, 1978, demonstrators protest arrests made at Atlanta Junior College graduation ceremonies by marching in front of the State Court of Fulton County; Atlanta Junior College students protest against the denial of summer teaching contracts for five instructors at the school; and an attorney representing the graduation ceremony protestors speaks about the circumstances surrounding their arrest.","The clip, which is about sixteen minutes long, begins with several shots of a multiracial group of demonstrators greeting each other as they prepare to organize outside of the State Court of Fulton County. The group of demonstrators congregates, and a placard reads \"Drop the charges against the 9 AJC student (sic)! It's right to fight the capitalist system!!! The source of all oppression!!\" This is followed by a closeup shot of a student opening up a newspaper, then a shot of the facade of the State Court of Fulton County. Next, protesters continue to accumulate outside of the Fulton county courthouse; the camera then zooms in closely on a protest leaflet, legible text reads \"Fight Discrimination.\" This is followed by more shots of protesters gathering around the courthouse facility.","Next, two African American students carrying a red, black and green Pan-African flag lead a procession of multiracial protesters in a picket in front of the State Court of Fulton County. Some demonstrators have brought their children; one woman pickets with her baby in a harness carrier, and a man carries a little girl on his shoulders. The protesters engage in chants that include \"Drop the charges, and we'll go home,\" \"Police attack, we fight back,\" \"Police attack, the people fight back,\" \"One, two, three, four, we ain't going to take this shit no more, five six, seven, eight,we ain't going to live in a racist state\" \"One, two, three, four, we ain't going to take this shit no more, five, six, seven, eight, we ain't going to live in this fascist state,\" and \"The people united can never be defeated.\" There are several chants that are unclear. Some of the protesters raise their fists while chanting; some carry protest placards, legible signs include the messages \"Drop the charges,\"Self determination for the Afro-American nation,\" \"Wallace-Selma Busbee-AJC no more police brutality\"(directed towards Georgia governor George Busbee and Georgia state patrolmen), \"Busbee call off your goons stop police brutality,\" \"Busbee's goons equal KKK cops and Klan work hand in hand,\" \"Black and white unite fight racism,\" \"Wallace and Selma Busbee and AJC,\" and \"Drop the charges against the AJC 26.\"","The audio drops out momentarily; next, the picketers are observed by a small group of bystanders, there is also a steady stream of pedestrian traffic continuing along the sidewalk, unperturbed by the picket line. A Georgia state patrol car is parked directly across the street from the gathering of picketers. There is a shot of an African American woman standing outside of the Fulton County parks and recreation department observing the protest, and several shots of people, including uniformed officers, looking at the demonstration from the windows in their office buildings. The number of picketers continues to grow, and the chants increase in volume as one of the protesters begins using a bullhorn. Two Georgia state patrolmen cross through the group of picketers to enter the Fulton county courthouse building, and the chant \"Police attack, the people fight back\" intensifies. Next, inside of the building on 160 Pryor Street, a Georgia state trooper, in silhouette, speaks to people in the building's front lobby. There are several aerial shots of the demonstration, filmed from several floors above. Next, the demonstration on the sidewalk ceases, the picketers drop their signs into a pile, and protesters enter the State Court of Fulton County building.","The clip jumps to a segment filmed at the campus of Atlanta Junior College, where another protest is taking place. Demonstrators hold up placards, those that are legible read \"Fight for the rights of black and other third world students\" and \"Four hundred years of oppression we demand (text illegible).\" Next, several young African American men, all protesters, have gathered along a paved walkway; they discuss student support of the protests. Several of the men are holding protest signs. The camera closes in on two signs, one of which is partially legible \"No Moureo No Ron No Charlayn, No Jabari, No Beverly (text illegible).\"","At another location on campus, three more young African American men carry placards as they walk down a paved walkway past a series of benches. One of the men shouts \"Be a man\" to someone off camera. The camera closes in on the shouting man, and, speaking to the camera, he says \"Get back on the job.\" The clip breaks and cuts him off. When the clip resumes, he explains that he and other students are striking because the president of the school has not issued summer contracts to five instructors. He remarks that students support the five teachers, that the president of the school refuses to address racism at the school, and that they (the students) stand against the action taken against, in his opinion, the best instructors at the school. He is carrying a sign that reads \"This time Thompson (text illegible) in the unemployment line,\" a reference to Atlanta Junior College president Edwin Thompson. There are several more scenes of students discussing events at the school, making protest signs, and picketing at different locations on campus; one protester carries a sign that reads \"Dare to struggle dare to win.\"","The clip returns to the protest outside of the State Court of Fulton County, where protesters chant \"Free the nine, put the state on trial.\" An unidentified attorney defending the students remarks to African American WSB reporter Jim Thomas that, despite having being issued a continuance, they were ready to present their case that day, with all of their witnesses subpoenaed and lawyers present. Thomas asks the attorney what the defense case will be when he returns to court; the attorney responds that the students had the right to be on the facilities of the West Hunter Street Baptist Church, and that the charges of trespassing and disrupting activities on property brought by the state do not apply to the students, because they were on private, not state property. He notes that Reverend Ralph David Abernathy, pastor of the West Hunter Street Baptist Church, gave permission to Atlanta Junior College to hold commencement exercises at the church facilities. He specifies that this permission did not include giving the college, the Georgia Board of Regents or the state of Georgia complete control of the facilities. He explains that Abernathy also welcomed peaceful demonstrations, and, as agreed upon, those had been conducted in a common area on the church property. The attorney conveys Abernathy's displeasure and embarrassment caused by the state authorities' claim of possession of the West Hunter Street Baptist Church grounds, enacted so that they could invoke the authority to call in state troopers and arrest student demonstrators.","When asked by Thomas if he thought the state troopers \"had any business\" at the commencement exercises, the attorney responds that he did not think so, noting that the presence of the troopers in the parking lot of the church discouraged guests of the commencement services from attending, and emphasizes that it was the state troopers, not the demonstrators, that were feared. He adds that service attendees confirm that the demonstration was peaceful and not disruptive. Thomas asks the attorney about his reaction to the trial continuance; the attorney responds that he thinks \"the state is confused about how to relate to this particular situation.\" After a break in the clip, the attorney notes that he is \"pleased by the response of other attorneys\" who have offered to donate their time to the case.","During the spring of 1978, Atlanta Junior College (AJC) president Edwin Thompson denied summer teaching contracts for five AJC instructors who engaged in activities protesting racial discrimination and insufficient desegregation plans at Georgia state colleges and universities. In response to this decision, student-organized demonstrations were held regularly on the AJC campus, and on the grounds of the West Hunter Street Baptist Church on June 8, 1978 during AJC graduation ceremonies. The Reverend Ralph David Abernathy, pastor of the West Hunter Street Baptist Church, had granted AJC use of the church's facilities on June 8 to house commencement exercises that were too large to be accommodated on campus; he had also granted permission for peaceful demonstration to take place on church property. The protest was held concurrently with the graduation events, and during the ceremony, nine demonstrators were arrested by Georgia state troopers. Abernathy spoke out against the arrests. Following the commencement day demonstration, another protest was held the following week at a Georgia Board of Regents meeting; seventeen protesters were arrested at this gathering. Demonstrators declared police brutality at both the West Hunter Street Baptist Church and the Board of Regents meeting protests.","On Friday, June 22, 1978, a multiracial crowd of approximately eighty-five demonstrators marched in front of the Fulton County Courthouse to protest the arrests of demonstrators supporting the AJC instructors; the use of force by state troopers in the arrests of the aforementioned demonstrators; and to attend a preliminary court hearing for the nine protesters who were arrested on the grounds of the West Hunter Street Baptist Church on June 8.","Reporter: Thomas, Jim","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn38120"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Universities and colleges--Georgia--Atlanta","Universities and colleges--Faculty--Georgia--Atlanta","Universities and colleges--Employees--Georgia--Atlanta","Universities and colleges--Complaints against--Georgia--Atlanta","Universities and colleges--Administration--Georgia--Atlanta","Race relations","African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Courts--Georgia--Atlanta","Demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Buildings--Georgia--Atlanta","Courthouses--Georgia--Atlanta","Public buildings--Georgia--Atlanta","Flags--United States","Black American Heritage Flag","Pan-Africanism","Pamphlets--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Audio amplifiers--Georgia--Atlanta","Racism--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in employment--Georgia--Atlanta","Fascism--Georgia--Atlanta","Children--Georgia--Atlanta","Infants--Georgia--Atlanta","Political activists--Georgia--Atlanta","Political activists--Family relationships--Georgia--Atlanta","Offices--Georgia--Atlanta","Sidewalks--Georgia--Atlanta","Pedestrians--Georgia--Atlanta","Police--Georgia--Atlanta","Police, State--Georgia--Atlanta","Police brutality--Georgia--Atlanta","Police--Complaints against--Georgia--Atlanta","Police vehicles--Georgia--Atlanta","Students--Georgia--Atlanta","African American students--Georgia--Atlanta","Student strikes--Georgia--Atlanta","Students--Political activity--Georgia--Atlanta","African American students--Political activity--Georgia--Atlanta","Student protesters--Georgia--Atlanta","Student activities--Georgia--Atlanta","Student movements--Georgia--Atlanta","College students--Georgia--Atlanta","Junior college students--Georgia--Atlanta","College presidents--Georgia--Atlanta","Teachers--Georgia--Atlanta","College teachers--Georgia--Atlanta","College teachers--Employment--Georgia--Atlanta","African American clergy--Georgia","Clergy--Georgia","Contracts--Georgia--Atlanta","Teachers' contracts--Georgia--Atlanta","College buildings--Georgia--Atlanta","College campuses--Georgia--Atlanta","College facilitites--Georgia--Atlanta","Church buildings--Georgia--Atlanta","African American churches--Georgia--Atlanta","Commencement ceremonies--Georgia--Atlanta","Intimidation--Georgia--Atlanta","Arrest--Georgia--Atlanta","Imprisonment--Georgia--Atlanta","Trials--Georgia--Atlanta","Lawyers--Georgia--Atlanta","Possession (Law)--Georgia--Atlanta","Trespass--Georgia--Atlanta","Right of property--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Television journalists--Georgia--Atlanta","African American television journalists--Georgia--Atlanta","Microphone","Georgia--Social conditions--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Junior College students who want charges against students dropped and an attorney comments on the situation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1978 June 22"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38120"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38120"],"dcterms_temporal":["1978-06-22"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn38120, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Junior College students who want charges against students dropped and an attorney comments on the situation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1978 June 22, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0030, 21:52/38:16, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 16 mins., 24 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Thomas, Jim","Thompson, Edwin A.","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","Busbee, George, 1927-2004","Wallace, George C. (George Corley), 1919-1998"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn23270","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights activist Hosea Williams addressing a crowd of picketers and conducting an interview with Dick Horner regarding civil rights advocacy and negotiation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1973 August 6","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Horner, Dick","Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1973-08-06"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia, August 6, 1973, Hosea Williams addresses a crowd picketing outside a building, differentiates grassroots and direct action activism from civil rights-related negotiations administered by more moderate civil rights organizations, and aligns his ongoing efforts with the work of the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","The clip begins with several silent shots. First, an elderly African American gentleman sits and leans up against a pair of crutches. This is followed by several shots of busy city sidewalks and crosswalks populated mostly by African Americans. Next, Hosea Williams, the executive director of the DeKalb/Metro-Atlanta branch of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) speaks into press microphones amidst a crowd of picketers, reporters, and cameramen. He is standing at the entrance of a building, and is wearing a handwritten protest sign hung around his neck (it is not fully legible, but includes the words \"Metro-DeKalb SCLC\"); an African American cameraman is filming events with a camera wrapped in clear plastic to protect it from the rain. It is not clear what building is being picketed. Two Atlanta police department station wagons are shown parked along the curb; next, a group of protesters carrying umbrellas walk along the sidewalk in the rain; they are wearing signs around their necks (the text on the signs is not legible).","The next shot begins with sound. Hosea Williams is seated behind a desk. Speaking to reporter Dick Horner, Williams describes the civil rights advocacy process as he sees it. He explains that, in order for organizations such as the National Urban League, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the YMCA to be able to effectively negotiate civil rights causes \"at the table,\" there must be enough pressure created by a social demand for change. This pressure, Williams states, can only be cultivated through direct action in the street, which Williams generates by leading marches and demonstrations; he notes that \"power is never relinquished; it is always taken.\" After direct action efforts successfully elevate the social pressure necessary to engage government officials and business leaders; these leaders will in turn negotiate with members of the aforementioned civil rights organizations and ultimately respond to demands. Williams asserts that his activism is consistent with the efforts led by the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., whom he acknowledges as his teacher; he points out that \"Dr. King was out in the street. He taught me what I am doing.\" Williams emphasizes that he is continuing King's work.","The last shot in the clip is silent; it is taken from behind Hosea Williams' desk. The back of Williams' head is shown as he continues to speak and gesture with his hands. Reporter Dick Horner is seated at the opposite side of Williams' desk, holding a microphone. The shot ends as the camera zooms in on Horner.","In 1973, Hosea Williams, executive director of the DeKalb/Metro-Atlanta branch of SCLC, participated in more than nineteen strikes throughout the city of Atlanta, either as a strike coordinator, or as a consultant for others who sought his experience in handling labor disputes. The previous year, Williams founded the Poor People's Union of America to further combat racial discrimination and unfair labor practices in Atlanta-area businesses, and to help secure job stability, pensions, and health care benefits for Atlanta's working poor. By continuing to direct public attention to economic and labor disparities through nonviolent direct action, Williams upheld the late Dr. Martin Luther King's legacy by continuing the anti-poverty work that King had committed to at the end of his life.","Reporter: Horner, Dick","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn23270"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Race relations","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta--Economic conditions","Older people--Georgia--Atlanta","Older African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","African American neighborhoods--Georgia--Atlanta","City and town life--United States--20th century","Community life--United States--20th century","Community activists--Georgia--Atlanta","Pedestrians--Georgia--Atlanta","Sidewalks--Georgia--Atlanta","Crutches--Georgia--Atlanta","Demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Direct action--Georgia--Atlanta","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Protest marches--Georgia--Atlanta","Protest movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Protest movements--Georgia--Atlanta--History--20th century","Police vehicles--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta--History--20th century","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","Civil rights--United States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers","Civil rights workers--United States","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","African American clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","Labor leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","African American labor leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","Negotiation--Georgia--Atlanta","Rain and rainfall--Georgia--Atlanta","Desks--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Microphone","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Camera operators--Georgia--Atlanta","Georgia--Race relations","Georgia--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","United States--Social conditions--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights activist Hosea Williams addressing a crowd of picketers and conducting an interview with Dick Horner regarding civil rights advocacy and negotiation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1973 August 6"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn23270"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn23270"],"dcterms_temporal":["1973-08-06"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn23270, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights activist Hosea Williams addressing a crowd of picketers and conducting an interview with Dick Horner regarding civil rights advocacy and negotiation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1973 August 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1957, 25:25/27:07, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 42 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Horner, Dick","Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Influence"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn66735","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of William E. Smith, Jr., also known as Bill Smith, and Judy Lambert, both of the Georgia Gay Liberation Front, discussing plans for the upcoming Gay Pride Week, including a rally and a march, Atlanta, Georgia, 1972, June 23","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Smith, William E., Jr.","Lambert, Judy (Political activist)"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Piedmont Park, 33.78649, -84.37382"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1972-06-23"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from June 23, 1972, probably from Atlanta, William E. Smith, Jr., also known as Bill Smith, and Judy Lambert, both of the Georgia Gay Liberation Front, are interviewed by unidentified reporters about an upcoming Gay Pride Week to include a rally and a march.","The clips begin with Smith being interviewed by two unidentified reporters. Judy Lambert and an unidentified white man, probably another member of the Georgia Gay Liberation Front, stand on either side of Smith.","Smith is seen to speak with no audio for a moment. His audio begins mid-word; he is probably speaking the name of Piedmont Park. He then says, \"The hill was chosen to emphasize the blatant discrimination against -- of the park. And I think the park officials ... \"","Smith has a brief exchange with an unidentified reporter; the reporter's audio is too low for his question to be intelligible and Smith's reply is not completely intelligible. During this exchange, Smith's unidentified associate, and then the button on Lambert's shirt, reading, \"GAY IS GOOD,\" are shown on camera.","An unidentified reporter asks, \"This is the main reason, right, for the rally and the march?\"","Smith replies, \"No. And -- \"","An unidentified reporter asks, \"Where, specifically, is the hill area you're talking about?\"","Smith says, \"The area around the baseball diamond is -- \" and his audio then ceases.","The next clip shows Judy Lambert, speaking with no audio for a moment. She then says, \"Gay Pride Week is our expression of our intention not to be shoved back into our closets. We intend to educate the universities and the public at large about treating human beings equally. We will fight on campus and in court if necessary to establish gay liberation as a dominant force, expressing new ideas pertinent to relating to ourselves and others as valuable human beings.\" She speaks with no audio for a moment before the end of the clip.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Supporting information was taken from the following sources:","\u003ci\u003eGeorgia Voice\u003c/i\u003e, 22 June 2012. Web. 28 April 2017.","\u003ci\u003eGeorgia Voice\u003c/i\u003e, 10 June 2016. Web. 28 April 2017.","Touching Up Our Roots, Photos, Gay Pride March - 1972 (b). Web. 28 April 2017."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn66735"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Gay pride celebrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Gay rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of William E. Smith, Jr., also known as Bill Smith, and Judy Lambert, both of the Georgia Gay Liberation Front, discussing plans for the upcoming Gay Pride Week, including a rally and a march, Atlanta, Georgia, 1972, June 23"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn66735"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn66735"],"dcterms_temporal":["1972-06-23"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn66735, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of William E. Smith, Jr., also known as Bill Smith, and Judy Lambert, both of the Georgia Gay Liberation Front, discussing plans for the upcoming Gay Pride Week, including a rally and a march, Atlanta, Georgia, 1972, June 23, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1840, 46:41/47:39, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 58 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Smith, William E., Jr.","Lambert, Judy (Political activist)"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn64296","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans reacting negatively to mayor Sam Massell's speech on politics and government, Atlanta, Georgia, 1971 October 6","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Lewis, John, 1940 February 21-","Dodson, Henry D., 1932-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1971-10-06"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from October 6, 1971, several African Americans, including Atlanta city alderman Henry Dodson and civil rights leader and future U.S. Representative John Lewis comment negatively on a speech recently given by Atlanta mayor Sam Massell.","The clip begins with Atlanta city alderman Henry Dodson telling a  reporter that \"coming from the other side,\" he is \"glad\" that Massell \"made the speech like he made.\" Although the mayor may have told him that he had to \"think white to get along in this society,\" he asserts \"I can think black and get along in this society.\" Dodson notes that he represents both black and white people in his district, and insists that, by thinking black, he can serve his constituents just as well as the white politicians that preceded him. He concludes \"I'm not going to think white.\" Next, John Lewis confesses that he is \"very disappointed\" with Massell's speech, and thinks \"it is wrong for the mayor of a city like Atlanta to suggest that black people should not be concerned about their own political destiny.\" Next, an African American woman disagrees with the mayor \"outlining what we as blacks should do\" and is skeptical that he has \"thought it all through.\" She opines that Massell has instructed African Americans to \"get to work on what he is thinking we should do.\" Her overall impression of the speech is that African Americans \"were still proving ourselves as black people in this city,\" and she remarks \"I thought that we had come further than that.\"","On October 6, 1971, Atlanta mayor Sam Massell addressed the Hungry Club, a community forum held weekly at Atlanta's African American Butler Street YMCA, to gain support from the African American community for political measures that would encourage white residency and reduce the loss of municipal tax revenue garnered from white middle-class Atlantans. In his speech, the mayor expressed his concerns about white flight and its negative financial impact on the city. In addition to suggesting that black leaders \"think white\" and favor working \"to make the city more attractive as an inducement for them to stay,\" he asked that they \"challenge the militant minority\" and \"rise above the inferiority complex that only blacks will politically support blacks.\" Massell alienated the majority of his African American audience with this speech; he did so by suggesting that African American behavior, rather than white racism, caused white flight, and that electing African American candidates was secondary to appeasing white Atlanta residents. His refusal to take questions at the conclusion of the speech was equally unpopular.","Sam Massell, Atlanta's first Jewish mayor, and, as of 2010, Atlanta's last white mayor, initially adopted the strategy of the city's previous mayors, William Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, who had bridged the city's racial gap by building a coalition of African Americans and liberal and moderate whites. This changed, however, when African American vice mayor Maynard Jackson began to surpass Massell's popularity as a candidate in the black community. As re-election drew closer, Massell abandoned the coalition approach of his predecessors, and spent his efforts on gaining white support. He conducted a racially divisive campaign embodied by the slogan \"Atlanta's Too Young To Die,\" a warning to voters that a black mayor would kill the city. When Jackson defeated Massell in 1973, the racial polarization that had been cultivated in the election yielded a highly segregated result, with African Americans voting overwhelmingly for Jackson, and whites for Massell.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn64296"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Politics and government","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Speeches, addresses, etc.","Forums (Discussion and debate)--Georgia--Atlanta","Speeches, addresses, etc","Government, Resistance to--Georgia--Atlanta","Whites--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Migration, Internal--Georgia","Urban-rural migration--Georgia","Whites--Georgia","African Americans--Georgia","Whites--Georgia--Atlanta--Migrations--20th century","Whites--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Whites--Georgia--Atlanta--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Racism--Georgia--Atlanta","Prejudices--Georgia--Atlanta","Political candidates--Georgia--Atlanta","Political campaigns--Georgia--Atlanta","Municipal government--Georgia--Atlanta","Electoral coalitions--Georgia--Atlanta","Elections--Georgia--Atlanta","Polarization (Social sciences)--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Elections","Jewish mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Jewish politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","African American politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","City councilmembers--Georgia--Atlanta","Municipal officials and employees--Georgia--Atlanta","Political participation--Georgia--Atlanta","City dwellers--Georgia--Atlanta","Taxation--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--Economic aspects","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--Political aspects","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations","Atlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Board of Aldermen"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans reacting negatively to mayor Sam Massell's speech on politics and government, Atlanta, Georgia, 1971 October 6"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn64296"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn64296"],"dcterms_temporal":["1971-10-06"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn64296, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans reacting negatively to mayor Sam Massell's speech on politics and government, Atlanta, Georgia, 1971 October 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1770, 24:23/27:03, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 40 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Massell, Sam","Lewis, John, 1940-2020"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn64279","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans reacting to a speech by mayor Sam Massell, Atlanta, Georgia, 1971 October 6","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Lewis, John, 1940 February 21-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1971-10-06"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from October 6, 1971, several African Americans, including civil rights leader and future U.S. Representative John Lewis comment on a speech recently delivered to the Hungry Club by Atlanta mayor Sam Massell.","The clip begins with John Lewis speaking to a reporter; he comments that black Atlantans have lived in the city a long time, represent its resources, and should have an interest in controlling the city, noting \"we are a majority of the city, and we should control it.\" Next, Dr. Benjamin Mays, president emeritus of Morehouse College and president of the Atlanta Board of Education, describes Mayor Sam Massell's speech as \"sincere;\" he goes on to say that overall, the speech was good, and that \"there are many good things in the speech which I think we need to consider very seriously.\" The reporter asks Mays if there were any parts of the speech that he considered \"objectionable;\" he responds that there were not. Next, an unidentified African American man calls the speech \"an insult to all blacks who think,\" and criticizes Massell's departure from the podium without taking questions from the audience as \"cowardice;\" he suggests \"frankly, if he's a statesman, he should have been talking to the Chamber of Commerce, or to the Kiwanis Club, or to the Lion's Club. This is the wrong group.\" He  concludes \"We are not responsible for white folks running from the city of Atlanta.\"","On October 6, 1971, Atlanta mayor Sam Massell addressed the Hungry Club, a community forum held weekly at Atlanta's African American Butler Street YMCA. Here, Massell hoped to gain support from the African American community for political measures that would discourage white flight from the city and reduce the loss of municipal tax revenue garnered from white middle-class Atlantans. In his speech, Massell suggested that black leaders \"think white\" and favor working \"to make the city more attractive as an inducement for them to stay.\" He also asked that they \"challenge the militant minority\" and \"rise above the inferiority complex that only blacks will politically support blacks.\" By suggesting that African American behavior, rather than white racism, caused white flight, and that electing African American candidates was secondary to appeasing white Atlanta residents, Massell alienated the majority of his African American audience with this speech. His refusal to take questions at the conclusion of the speech was equally unpopular.","Sam Massell, Atlanta's first Jewish mayor, and, as of 2010, Atlanta's last white mayor, initially adopted the strategy of the city's previous mayors, William Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, who had bridged the city's racial gap by building a coalition of African Americans and liberal and moderate whites. This changed, however, when African American vice mayor Maynard Jackson began to surpass Massell's popularity as a candidate in the black community. As re-election drew closer, Massell abandoned the coalition approach of his predecessors, and spent his efforts on gaining white support. He conducted a racially divisive campaign embodied by the slogan \"Atlanta's Too Young To Die,\" a warning to voters that a black mayor would kill the city. When Jackson defeated Massell in 1973, the racial polarization that had been cultivated in the election yielded a highly segregated result, with African Americans voting overwhelmingly for Jackson, and whites for Massell.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn64279"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Public opinion--Georgia--Atlanta","Forums (Discussion and debate)--Georgia--Atlanta","Speeches, addresses, etc.","Government, Resistance to--Georgia--Atlanta","Whites--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Migration, Internal--Georgia","Urban-rural migration--Georgia","Whites--Georgia","African Americans--Georgia","Whites--Georgia--Atlanta--Migrations--20th century","Whites--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Whites--Georgia--Atlanta--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Racism--Georgia--Atlanta","Prejudices--Georgia--Atlanta","Political candidates--Georgia--Atlanta","Political campaigns--Georgia--Atlanta","Municipal government--Georgia--Atlanta","Electoral coalitions--Georgia--Atlanta","Elections--Georgia--Atlanta","Polarization (Social sciences)--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Elections","Jewish mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Jewish politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","African American politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Political participation--Georgia--Atlanta","City dwellers--Georgia--Atlanta","Taxation--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--Economic aspects","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--Political aspects","Atlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans reacting to a speech by mayor Sam Massell, Atlanta, Georgia, 1971 October 6"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn64279"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn64279"],"dcterms_temporal":["1971-10-06"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn64279, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African Americans reacting to a speech by mayor Sam Massell, Atlanta, Georgia, 1971 October 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1769, 58:59/60:04, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 5 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Massell, Sam","Lewis, John, 1940-2020","Mays, Benjamin E. (Benjamin Elijah), 1894-1984"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn64278","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Sam Massell speaking against racism prevailing in Atlanta, Georgia, 1971 October 6","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Massell, Sam"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1971-10-06"],"dcterms_description":["Mayor Massell speaks against racism prevailing in Atlanta","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn64278"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Public opinion--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Sam Massell speaking against racism prevailing in Atlanta, Georgia, 1971 October 6"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn64278"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn64278"],"dcterms_temporal":["1971-10-06"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn64278, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Sam Massell speaking against racism prevailing in Atlanta, Georgia, 1971 October 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1769, 56:26/58:57, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 31 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Massell, Sam"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55999","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a peace and civil rights rally, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 6","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1969-04-06"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Atlanta, Georgia, dated April 6, 1969, civil rights and anti-war demonstrators protest the Vietnam War with a march and rally on the Sunday following the one-year anniversary of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination.","The clip opens with Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy marching in the street amidst a crowd of African American and white demonstrators; this shot is silent. Next, demonstrators march down the street, this time with the Georgia state capitol building in the background. A row of demonstrators march down the street with their arms linked together; behind them, protesters carry both homemade and printed signs that read \"War profit is blood money,\" \"Honor Dr. King end racism,\" \"Support your boys in Vietnam bring them home now,\" and \"Dr. King died April 4, 1968 for all mankind.\" This is followed by another shot of Abernathy's place in the procession; next, participants in the march move past the state capitol. A demonstrator carrying a bullhorn leads the crowd in singing \"We Shall Overcome.\" Next, at another location on the march route, a crowd shouts chants of \"Peace now;\" this is followed by a group of young men carrying a large banner along the route that reads \"Southwide mobilization,\" presumably representing the organization Southwide Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam. Next, African American and white demonstrators are gathered together at an outdoor rally. Members of the audience raise their right fists in the air; a voice emanating from a loudspeaker says \"We are not divided.\" The last shot in the clip shows demonstrators at the rally breaking into applause; the camera pans back and forth across the audience.","On Easter Sunday, April 6, 1969, a march dedicated to King was held in Atlanta to commemorate the one-year anniversary of his assassination. The march began at Ebenezer Baptist Church on Auburn Avenue, paused at the state Capitol to pick up vigil-keepers, proceeded through the Five Points business district, and ended at Hurt Park, where Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy and others addressed approximately four thousand participants at a rally. Some of the other speakers at the rally included Dave Dellinger, chairman of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam; Luis Melendez, an organizer for California grape pickers, and Jeannette Rankin, former Georgia congresswoman and anti-war activist.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn55999"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Memorialization--Georgia--Atlanta","Protest movements--United States--History--20th century","Protest movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--United States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers","Civil rights workers--United States","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American clergy--Georgia","Clergy--Georgia","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","Anti-war demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Peace movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--United States","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Public opinion--Georgia--Atlanta","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Economic aspects","Profiteering--United States","Draft--United States","Draft--Georgia--Atlanta","Counterculture--United States","Counterculture--Georgia--Atlanta","Political activists--Georgia--Atlanta","Pacifists--Georgia--Atlanta","Hippies--Georgia--Atlanta","Youth--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Banners--Georgia--Atlanta","We shall overcome","Singing--Georgia--Atlanta","Protest songs--Georgia--Atlanta","Audio amplifiers--Georgia--Atlanta","Microphone","Applause","United States--Social conditions--20th century","Georgia--Social conditions--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a peace and civil rights rally, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 6"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55999"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55999"],"dcterms_temporal":["1969-04-06"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn55999, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a peace and civil rights rally, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1537, 15:33/16:38, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 5 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990--Political activity","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Anniversaries, etc.","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Assassination"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55980","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a demonstration against the Vietnam War commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 April 6","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1969-04-06"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia, dated April 4, 1969, demonstrators protest the Vietnam War on the one-year anniversary of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination; King is also memorialized in a video montage.","The clip is divided into two segments, both containing audio. The first segment opens with a shot of a protest march; a group of mostly white demonstrators make their way down the street, some carry handmade or printed signs. Some of the signs read: \"War profit is blood money,\" \"Make his dream a reality end war poverty racism,\" \"Dr. King died April 4, 1968 for all mankind,\" \"Amnesty fOr all war protestors,\" \"Anti-war, pro GI,\" and \"End war now.\" Audio for the clip consists mostly of background noise until the camera pans left across the parade of demonstrators; the shot ends on a group stalled by a bottleneck in the procession route. At this point, an amplified voice sings \"We Shall Overcome,\" a group of demonstrators shout \"Peace now!\" and a reporter instructs the sound engineer to keep the microphone on the crowd noise. The next shot in the first segment includes a large gathering of African American and white demonstrators as they listen to a speaker calling for an end to the war in Vietnam. The camera pans across the crowd to the right; the shot then breaks and the camera pans in the opposite direction while the crowd sings \"We Shall Overcome.\" Throughout the crowd, demonstrators hold signs and banners; some raise their fists or make v-signs for peace.","The second segment of the clip is a b-roll montage memorializing King that begins with a shot of the facade of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, followed by several shots from the inside of the church that include a portrait of King, the church pulpit, and a close-up of a prayer book. The montage continues with a still photograph of King's funeral cortege amidst a crowd of mourners, then a motion shot of King's grave and the eternal flame that accompanies it. A second shot of King's grave zooms in on the inscription on King's tombstone, and closes in on the year 1968, the year King died. The last shot in this clip is of a cemetery, presumably Atlanta's South-View Cemetery, where King was originally buried (his remains were removed from South-View in 1970). The audio for this segment consists mostly of background noise and conversational fragments.","On Easter Sunday, April 6, 1969, a march dedicated to King was held in Atlanta on the one-year anniversary of his assassination. The march began at Ebenezer Baptist Church on Auburn Avenue, paused at the state Capitol to pick up vigil-keepers, proceeded through the Five Points business district, and ended at Hurt Park, where Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy and others addressed approximately four thousand participants at a rally. Some of the other speakers at the rally included Dave Dellinger, chairman of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam; Luis Melendez, an organizer for California grape pickers, and Jeannette Rankin, former Georgia congresswoman and anti-war activist.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Title originally read \"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a demonstration against the Vietnam War commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 April 4.\" Further research of events in the clip determine that the footage was recorded on April 6, 1969."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn55980"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","Monuments--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Peace movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Assassination--Georgia--Atlanta","Demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Memorialization--Georgia--Atlanta","Memorial rites and ceremonies--Georgia--Atlanta","Protest marches--Georgia--Atlanta","Protest movements--United States--History--20th century","Protest movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--United States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers","Civil rights workers--United States","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American clergy--Georgia","Clergy--Georgia","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race relations","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","Anti-war demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--United States","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Protest movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Public opinion--Georgia--Atlanta","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Youth--Georgia--Atlanta","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Economic aspects","Profiteering--United States","War--Economic Aspects","Draft","Draft--United States","Draft--Georgia--Atlanta","United States--Social conditions--20th century","Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Peace","Counterculture--United States","Counterculture--Georgia--Atlanta","Political activists--Georgia--Atlanta","Pacifists--Georgia--Atlanta","Hippies--Georgia--Atlanta","Youth--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Banners--Georgia--Atlanta","V symbol","We shall overcome (Song)","Singing--Georgia--Atlanta","Protest songs--Georgia--Atlanta","Audio amplifiers--Georgia--Atlanta","Microphone","Photographs","Funeral rites and ceremonies--Georgia--Atlanta","Church buildings--Georgia--Atlanta","Facades--Georgia--Atlanta","African American churches--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Epitaphs--Georgia--Atlanta","Georgia--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a demonstration against the Vietnam War commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 April 6"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55980"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55980"],"dcterms_temporal":["1969-04-06"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn55980, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a demonstration against the Vietnam War commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 April 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1536, 49:43/51:18, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 35 secs.): color, silent ; 16 mm.","1 clip (b-roll): color, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44605","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen on his decision not to run for re-election in a speech before the rotary club on the race problems of Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 January 6","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","Allen, Ivan, III, 1938-1992","Massell, Sam"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, Forsyth Street","United States, Massachusetts, Suffolk County, Boston, 42.35843, -71.05977","United States, New York, Monroe County, Rochester, 43.15478, -77.61556","United States, New York, New York County, New York, 40.7142691, -74.0059729"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1969-01-06"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip dated January 6, 1969, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. addresses a meeting of the Atlanta Board of Aldermen at city hall; discusses his decision to not run for re-election as mayor with a reporter; and delivers a speech to the Atlanta Rotary club where he thanks Atlanta's business community for its support and urges the audience to prioritize improvements that will benefit poor African Americans both socially and economically. Several segments of the clip appear to be out of sequence.","The clip, which is approximately fifteen minutes long, begins with several shots of Allen working inside of the mayor's office in Atlanta City Hall; he speaks to an aide, and then flips through what appears to be an appointment book. Next, a reporter holds his microphone up to the mayor's son Ivan Allen III, who comments supportively on his father's work as mayor, and on his decision to retire from public office, noting \". . . we're, in some respects, sorry to see him make this decision, but in other respects, glad to know that he's going to have some time on his hands . . . and be able to devote more time to other interests.\" The reporter's question is not recorded. This is followed by b-roll footage of Allen's mayoral memorabilia housed in city hall, which includes a photograph of Allen speaking to a fireman in front of a street full of fire hoses; a plaque beneath a glass vitrine housing a football that reads \"Atlanta's first national league football Atlanta Falcons vs. Los Angeles Rams September 11, 1966 Atlanta Stadium\"; and another photograph of Allen petting a lemur held by an animal trainer. The camera then pans across a wall full of ceremonial shovels used in groundbreakings.","Next, Mayor Allen, sitting in the back seat of a chauffeured automobile, speaks to a reporter who is off-camera.  Allen outlines some of the difficulties of being the mayor of a major city. He recalls \"there have been fifteen or twenty major crises during the last seven or eight years,\" notes that he is obliged to family and friends \"to not stretch myself out too far,\" and that he considers the privilege of serving eight years \"a long time.\" He says that his service as mayor has broadened his friendships and his knowledge of the city, then comments \"I have a very deep understanding of the race issue, of which I spoke about today with all of the frankness and candor that I can put into it. There's in Atlanta, a tremendously grave problem, and unless we build our structure strong and build a strong Negro community, we're going to be in grievous trouble and I feel like I have the complete freedom to express this in the strongest possible fashion now.\" The sound drops out, and the camera focuses on the vehicle approaching Atlanta City Hall through the passenger-side window.","Next, Mayor Allen greets several people, including African American alderman Q. V. Williamson, and vice mayor Sam Massell inside Atlanta City Hall at a meeting of the board of aldermen.  This is followed by a shot of the audience seated inside of city hall, and then by footage of Massell speaking at a podium, admonishing current city officeholders for announcing their candidacy for the office of mayor too early. Massell notes that it is a disservice to their constituents considering the election is still ten months away; he then refers to a study that recommends shorter campaign periods. There are several more shots of people attending the meeting at city hall; these are followed by a shot of Mayor Allen, who addresses the city hall audience from the same podium where Massell was speaking previously. Allen warns against the reliance on property tax increases to supply the city with revenue, notes that high property taxes will prohibit business growth and residential development, and urges the audience to seek additional sources of revenue.","After a break in the clip, Allen speaks to the Atlanta Rotary club, a local chapter of the business service club Rotary International. At the dais, a signboard reads \"Attendance,\" and lists 1967 and 1968 attendance figures; a Rotary International emblem is displayed on the podium where Allen delivers his speech. The screen fades to white for several seconds, then returns to Allen speaking for several moments without sound. The sound returns, and Allen recognizes the Atlanta business community by quoting Atlanta's previous mayor, William B. Hartsfield: \"Atlanta's government and the business community have been closely allied in an effort to make this a better, and a greater city.\" He thanks the Rotary organization for their support both politically and personally; acknowledges his father, businessman Ivan Allen Sr.'s attachment to the Rotary club; and expresses appreciation for the club's consideration during and after his father's death the previous year. During the speech, Allen heralds some of the past year's accomplishments, which include the fluoridation of the city's water. He regrets the defeat of public transportation, noting \"we lost rapid transit; we lost it badly,\" and attributes the loss to Atlanta residents not being ready to accept a greater ad valorem tax burden in order to support the service. He announces \"I think that it is proper that I make clear my own plan\"; the clip then breaks.","The clip starts again, with the mayor stating \"Having removed myself completely from that office, there are matters that I wish to speak to the Atlanta Rotary club as well as to the people of Atlanta on what I consider to be the most difficult era in which we go into, and the most difficult problem that we have, and that is the problem of race as it confronts almost every American city today.\"  He continues, stating \"I'm anxious to have the privilege to speak to the white community of Atlanta, with the complete freedom that goes where no one says that what you say is being said because you are seeking the Negro vote. I am speaking now as a private Atlanta citizen with complete candor on what I consider to be the most grievous problems that the American city is confronted with today.\"","He refers to a television program that he watched recently, which documented the racial challenges of several American cities, such as Boston, Massachusetts, Rochester, New York, and New York City, each city possessing African American populations significantly smaller than that of Atlanta.  He says \"I believe that every right-thinking American citizen today acknowledges the fact that the most serious domestic problem that we have are the twenty million Negro citizens of this country who have been denied, and all of us are part . . . of the guilt of denying them equal opportunity, equal rights and equal advantages in this great democracy.\" He notes that forty-six percent of the Atlanta population is African American, and that approximately forty percent of that group consists of \"an established Negro population that has been here a long time.\" He cites prominent African American leaders in Atlanta \". . .  it's the Alexanders, it's the William Holmes Borders, it's Martin Luther King, Sr., it's the Bill Calloways, it's the T. M. Alexanders, it's Dr. [Frederick Earl] McLendon, it was old A. T. Walden. . .\" and describes those leaders as \"a conservative, constructive group that acquired a substance in this city and that were part of the community.\" The clip breaks and jumps to another portion of Allen's speech, where he explains that he has spent his past seven years in office \". . . devoted primarily to the racial problem . . .\" He applauds the success of the city's services, including fire, police, street paving and garbage pickup, and acknowledges the problems caused by a city garbage worker's strike that took place during the fall of 1968. Allen then urges the audience to recognize poverty in the African American community as the city's most serious problem; acknowledges the essential role that federal funding has played in the city's municipal improvements, particularly in low income housing; and notes that seven to eight percent of the population of Atlanta lives in low income housing units. The clip breaks and jumps again. Allen continues to emphasize the importance of raising the quality of life for poor African Americans for the good of the city, and says \". . . the bottom level has got to be raised if you're going to structure the foundation.\" He congratulates the business community for improving employment opportunities for African Americans, and begins to discuss African American voting rights, but is cut off by a break in the clip. After a couple more jumps in the clip, Allen concludes his presentation by saying that he hopes the Rotary club will invite him to speak the following year, and that his message will be positive. He emphasizes that his perspective on the city is both candid and sincere after \". . . having lived in the sun of the vortex of the racial issue for some eight years now, and having seen what I think needs to be done, and having seen the vast changes, some successful and some not so successful . . .\" He thanks the audience and the business community for their support over the years, expresses pride in the city on behalf of his family, and appreciates the privilege of serving as mayor. Next, in another segment of b-roll footage, Mayor Allen walks along the sidewalk on Forsyth Street and heads into the Dinkler Plaza hotel, the location of the Atlanta Rotary club meeting.","The clip returns to Allen's speech at the Atlanta Rotary club, where he explains that the timing of his announcement not to run for re-election is intended to provide voters with time to consider the best candidate, and he expresses confidence in the city's leadership to select a new mayor. In the next shot, Allen leaves the podium. As he makes his way behind the dais, the audience gives him a standing ovation. This is followed by shots of Allen shaking hands with members of the audience as they congratulate him. Next, a crowd of white men in business suits line up along a staircase displaying a large \"Welcome Rotary\" sign; this is presumably inside the Dinkler Plaza hotel. The clip jumps to an earlier scene from the event, where Allen waves to the audience as he prepares to speak to the Rotary club. The sound drops out during a brief shot of the audience, and in the first few seconds of the next shot, which returns to Allen's Rotary club speech. The sound resumes, and Allen recognizes that while they may find solutions to municipal problems, such as financial shortages, he emphasizes \". . . but we've got to find the answer in the city of Atlanta to what is obviously our number one problem, and that is the Negro citizen and he has got to be raised to a decent standard of economics and social position if a city with a forty-six percent, and growing percentage of Negro population is going to be a strong city in the future. We can't do it except by improving their lot.\" The clip returns to b-roll footage of the front of Atlanta City Hall, followed by a short scene of Mayor Allen entering a city hall meeting, where he greets members of the audience, and then members of the city government.","On January 6, 1969, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. publicly announced that he would not seek re-election for a third term in office,  first at an Atlanta Rotary club luncheon, and then later that afternoon at a meeting of the board of aldermen while delivering his annual \"state of the city\" address.  During these speeches, Allen urged the city's business and civic leaders to address the needs of the African American urban poor, advocated for increased funding to support the city's economic development and public housing projects, and attributed much of the city's success to the support provided by financial partnerships with the federal government. Allen's support for federally-funded municipal projects was fortified by the recommendations of the 1968 report supplied by the U.S. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, also known as the Kerner Commission report, which proposed a substantial commitment of federal resources to improve African American work and living conditions. Allen also noted the city's shifting social and political demographics. As mayor, Allen had cultivated a longstanding voting coalition that was comprised of Atlanta business leaders, African Americans, and liberal and moderate whites; by the end of his second term, the core of the city's political power had begun to shift substantially away from the white business community, and towards African American voters.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn44605"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Taxation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","Clubs--Georgia--Atlanta","Politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Jewish politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","African American politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Children of politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta--Election","Political campaigns--Georgia--Atlanta","Political candidates--Georgia--Atlanta","Sports franchises--Georgia--Atlanta","Professional sports--Georgia--Atlanta","Souvenirs (Keepsakes)--Georgia--Atlanta","Lemurs--Georgia--Atlanta","Infrastructure (Economics)--Georgia--Atlanta","Government aid--Georgia--Atlanta","Federal-city relations--Georgia--Atlanta","Human services--Georgia--Atlanta","Public welfare--Georgia--Atlanta","Urban policy--Georgia--Atlanta--History--20th century","Poverty--Georgia--Atlanta","Poverty--Research--United States","Cities and towns--Research--United States","Poor--United States","Poor--Georgia--Atlanta","Poor African Americans--United States","Poor African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Riots--United States","Riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Race riots--United States","Race riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Riot control--United States","Riot control--Georgia--Atlanta","Social conflict--United States","Social conflict--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Forecasting","Political violence--Southern States--History--20th century","Segregation--United States","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--United States","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--United States","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Political aspects--United States","Race discrimination--Political aspects--Georgia--Atlanta","Prejudices--Georgia--Atlanta","Opportunity--Georgia--Atlanta","Urban poor--United States","Urban poor--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","African Americans--Economic conditions--20th century","African American neighborhoods--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--United States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Government policy","Civil rights--Government policy--United States--20th century","Civil rights--Government policy--Georgia--Atlanta--20th century","African Americans--Politics and government--20th century","Whites--Politics and government--20th century","Refuse collectors--Georgia--Atlanta","Strikes and lockouts--Refuse collectors--Georgia--Atlanta","City dwellers--Taxation--Georgia--Atlanta","Property tax--Georgia--Atlanta","Ad valorem tax--Georgia--Atlanta","Water--Fluoridation--Georgia--Atlanta","Local transit--Public opinion","Social responsibility of business--Georgia--Atlanta","Business and politics--Georgia--Atlanta","Businesspeople--Georgia--Atlanta","African American businesspeople--Georgia--Atlanta","Political customs and rites--Georgia--Atlanta","Job creation--Georgia--Atlanta","Suffrage--Georgia--Atlanta","Applause--Georgia--Atlanta","Audiences--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","United States--Race relations--20th century","United States--Race relations--Political aspects","Atlanta (Ga.)--Social conditions--20th century","United States--Social conditions--20th century","United States--Economic conditions--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Economic conditions--20th century","United States--Social policy, 41.86755925, -87.66798717346917","Atlanta (Ga.)--Social policy","United States--Politics and government--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen on his decision not to run for re-election in a speech before the rotary club on the race problems of Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 January 6"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44605"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44605"],"dcterms_temporal":["1969-01-06"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn44605, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen on his decision not to run for re-election in a speech before the rotary club on the race problems of Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 January 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1029, 18:06/32:43, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 14 mins., 37 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Allen, Ivan, 1877-1968","Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","Allen, Ivan, III, 1938-1992","Massell, Sam","Williamson, Q. V.","Hartsfield, William Berry","Walden, A. T. (Austin Thomas), 1885-1965","King, Martin Luther, Sr., 1899-1984","Alexander, T. M. (Theodore Martin)","Borders, William Holmes, 1905-1993","McClendon, F. E. (Frederick Earl)"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53927","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of activities organized for Poor People's Campaign participants visiting Atlanta and a Poor People's Campaign rally with speakers Coretta Scott King, Ralph D. Abernathy and Hosea Williams, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 May 9","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000","King, Alberta Williams, 1904-1974"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, Auburn Avenue, 33.755509, -84.376596","United States, Mississippi, Quitman County, Marks, 34.25683, -90.27298"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1968-05-09"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip dated May 9, 1968, Poor People's Campaign participants traveling by bus make a stop in Atlanta before heading north to Washington, D.C. A caravan of tour buses drives along a highway; demonstrators serve themselves food inside of the gymnasium at Morehouse College; Alberta Williams King addresses a large group of people in front of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthplace at 501 Auburn Avenue in Atlanta; and Coretta Scott King, Reverend Hosea Williams, and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy speak at a Poor People's Campaign rally at the Atlanta Civic Center.","The clip, which is approximately ten minutes long, opens with a procession of tour buses driving down a highway. This is followed by a shot of a tour bus parked on a street, and then by a shot of an African American man helping passengers off of a bus. Next, a line of people gather inside of Archer Hall (Morehouse College's gymnasium), and serve themselves food from a long row of tables stocked with casseroles and prepared dishes. Next, Alberta Williams King (Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s mother) speaks to a large group of people, predominantly African American, who have gathered outside of King's childhood home on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta; she recalls some of her son's childhood activities in the neighborhood. As she speaks, she rests her hands on Reverend Howard Creecy, Sr.'s shoulder. The clip jumps, and for a moment, she appears to be taken over by grief. After another jump in the clip, the crowd gathered on Auburn Avenue sings \"We Shall Overcome.\"","The next shot is taken inside of an auditorium (presumably the Atlanta Civic Center) at a rally, where Coretta Scott King addresses a predominantly African American audience from a podium. She appeals to Atlanta residents to set an example for the rest of the nation by eradicating hunger, unemployment and inadequate housing, and notes \". . . right here in Atlanta, we are challenged to do something about these problems because we have the opportunity to become a model city to set the example for the other cities of this nation.\" Here, she is presumably speaking about Atlanta's participation in the Model Cities Program, an urban relief initiative administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development that emphasized community engagement, urban rehabilitation,and robust social services. In 1968, Atlanta became one of the first eleven cities selected to participate in the program. She addresses women directly, noting that they have a \"special role to play\" in fulfilling the dreams of Martin Luther King, and of instilling \"true values\" in their children. She warns her audience that the struggle will become more difficult, and recites Langston Hughes' poem of struggle and perseverance \"Mother to Son,\" in which an African American mother informs her son \"Life for me ain't been no crystal stair.\" Invoking the faith and determination of the poem's protagonist, King concludes that such qualities will bring about a new world \"where men can really be free and live in peace.\" She receives a standing ovation from the audience as she leaves the podium. This is followed by several shots of the audience, interspersed with a brief shot of Reverend Hosea Williams speaking at the podium. As the camera captures shots of the audience, the audio track includes fragmented comments from Williams on the loudspeaker about traveling from Marks, Mississippi (one of the points of origin for many Poor People's Campaign participants), and a demonstrator being punched in the eye by a policeman. Coretta Scott King is shown seated in the audience listening to Williams. Due to constant breaks in the footage, none of Williams' comments are captured completely.","Next, Reverend Ralph David Abernathy addresses the audience at the podium. He notes that he has marched approximately forty-five miles in the past several days, and remarks on his extensive travel and public speaking engagements in the four weeks since King's death. He states that he and other civil rights activists are \"sick and tired of going to Washington\" to demonstrate, and remarks that this is the last time they will be returning. Abernathy then enacts a scenario where President Lyndon B. Johnson asks his aides to look outside the windows of the White House to determine if demonstrators are approaching outside, and they confirm the arrival of Poor People's Campaign participants in increasing numbers. President Johnson then orders his aides to \"look out of the east window and see if anybody is coming.\" Abernathy says that he can hear them saying \"Mr. President, there is a number of them coming out of the east.\" Continuing, Abernathy says that he can hear President Johnson say \"run over to the west window and see if anybody is coming from the west . . .\" The aides report \"Mr. President, they're coming up out of Milwaukee. Father Groppi has a group [a reference to the Midwestern Catholic priest and civil rights activist Father James Groppi]. They're coming out of Chicago, they're coming out of Cleveland. They're coming out of St. Louis.\" Abernathy then says that he can hear Johnson say \"But I want you to check the far west and see if anybody is coming from the far west.\" His aides then report back \"Mr. President, we see a whole Indian reservation coming from Colorado.\" After a jump in the clip, Abernathy once again portrays Johnson's staff exclaiming \"In fact, Mr. President, they're coming from the east, they're coming from the west. They're coming from the north, they're coming from the south. In fact they're coming in such large numbers that no man can number.\" The clip jumps and Abernathy continues, noting \"every day I look in the mirror, I love Ralph Abernathy more and more,\" a sentiment shared by his children and his wife. The clip jumps to a quick shot of the audience applauding Abernathy, then loses sound; the clip concludes with a silent shot of Abernathy continuing his speech.","Following Dr. Martin Luther King's assassination on April 4, 1968, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference vowed to continue work on the Poor People's Campaign in his memory. Cooperating with other civil rights and relief organizations, SCLC members planned a six-week event in Washington, D.C. that lasted from May 2 to June 19 to emphasize the plight of the nation's poor and to persuade the passage of federal legislation that would improve the economic and social conditions of the impoverished. SCLC leaders organized several regional caravans to travel to Washington, D.C. A delegation of approximately five hundred people from Mississippi and Alabama arrived on buses in Atlanta on May 9 to rest before they resumed travel to Washington; food and lodging were provided by private Atlanta residents and members of local churches. While in Atlanta, Poor People's Campaign participants viewed King's birthplace and original burial site at South-View cemetery (his remains were transferred several times after his initial burial; as of 2011, they are at the King Center), and attended a preliminary rally at the Atlanta Civic Center. The crowd at the rally drew an audience of approximately thirteen thousand people, and included speakers Coretta Scott King, Ralph D. Abernathy and Hosea Williams; musical performances were provided by Diana Ross and the Supremes, the Temptations, Stevie Wonder, and Gladys Knight and the Pips. Poor People's Campaign demonstrators traveled onward to Washington, where they lived in Resurrection City, a tent settlement on the Mall, and protested at numerous federal agencies on behalf of economic justice. The Poor People's March on Washington, held on June 19, signified the end of the campaign.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Title originally read \"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Coretta Scott King and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy speaking at a Human Rights rally, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 June 17.\" Further research of events depicted in the clip determines that the event was a Poor People's Campaign rally which took place on May 9, 1968. Reverend Hosea Williams also spoke at the event."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn53927"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","Human rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Race relations","Speeches, addresses, etc.","Historic buildings--Georgia--Atlanta","Birthplaces--Georgia--Atlanta","Memorials--Georgia--Atlanta","Caravans--Georgia--Atlanta","Buses--Georgia--Atlanta","Tour buses--Georgia--Atlanta","Express highways--Georgia--Atlanta","Streets--Georgia--Atlanta","Roads--Georgia--Atlanta","Tour bus parking--Georgia--Atlanta","Dinners and dining--Georgia--Atlanta","Buffets (Cooking)--Georgia--Atlanta","Casserole cooking--Georgia--Atlanta","Tables--Georgia--Atlanta","Table","Stadiums--Georgia--Atlanta","Gymnasiums--Georgia--Atlanta","Travelers--Georgia--Atlanta","Spectators--Georgia--Atlanta","Grief--Georgia--Atlanta","Bereavement--Georgia--Atlanta","Struggle","Fatigue--Georgia--Atlanta","Affirmations--Georgia--Atlanta","Women--History","Women--Ethics","African American women--History","African American women--Ethics","Values--Georgia--Atlanta","Audiences--Georgia--Atlanta","Applause--Georgia--Atlanta","Microphone","We shall overcome (Song)","United States--Social conditions--20th century","Poor African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","Poor--Social conditions--20th century","Poor--Services for--Georgia--Atlanta","Poor--United States","Poverty--United States","Protest marches--Washington (D.C.)","African American clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","Clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Indians of North America--Civil rights","Indians of North America--Colorado","Indian reservations--Colorado","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Politics and government--20th century","Civil rights movements--United States--History--20th century","African Americans--Economic conditions--20th century","Economic assistance, Domestic--Citizen participation","Social service--Citizen participation","Social movements--United States","Police brutality--Mississippi--Marks","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Marks (Miss.)--Race relations","Marks (Miss.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations","Georgia--Race relations","Georgia--Race relations--History--20th century","Washington (D.C.)--Race relations","Washington (D.C.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of activities organized for Poor People's Campaign participants visiting Atlanta and a Poor People's Campaign rally with speakers Coretta Scott King, Ralph D. Abernathy and Hosea Williams, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 May 9"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53927"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53927"],"dcterms_temporal":["1968-05-09"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn53927, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of activities organized for Poor People's Campaign participants visiting Atlanta and a Poor People's Campaign rally with speakers Coretta Scott King, Ralph D. Abernathy and Hosea Williams, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 May 9, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1468, 00:00/10:04, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 10 mins., 4 secs.): color, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Birthplace","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Homes and haunts","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Childhood and youth","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Influence","King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006--Speeches, addresses, etc.","Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000","Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000--Travel","Williams, Hosea, 1926-2000--Speeches, addresses, etc.","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990--Speeches, addresses, etc.","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990--Political activity","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990--Travel","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967--Poetry","Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","Groppi, James, 1930-1985","King, Alberta Williams, 1904-1974","King, Alberta Williams, 1904-1974--Speeches, addresses, etc.","Creecy, Howard W., 1928-2008"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null}],"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":2,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":2,"limit_value":12,"offset_value":0,"total_count":21,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":false},"facets":[{"name":"type_facet","items":[{"value":"MovingImage","hits":19},{"value":"Text","hits":2}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"creator_facet","items":[{"value":"WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)","hits":19},{"value":"Hatfield, Edward A.","hits":2}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_facet","items":[{"value":"Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":21},{"value":"Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":14},{"value":"Race relations","hits":13},{"value":"African Americans--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":11},{"value":"Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","hits":11},{"value":"Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":11},{"value":"African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":10},{"value":"Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":10},{"value":"Demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":10},{"value":"African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":9},{"value":"Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","hits":9}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_personal_facet","items":[{"value":"Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","hits":5},{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":5},{"value":"Massell, Sam","hits":4},{"value":"Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","hits":3},{"value":"Hartsfield, William Berry","hits":3},{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Influence","hits":3},{"value":"Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990--Political activity","hits":2},{"value":"Borders, William Holmes, 1905-1993","hits":2},{"value":"Carmichael, Stokely, 1941-1998","hits":2},{"value":"Johnson, Leroy, 1928-","hits":2},{"value":"Johnson, Lyndon B. 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