{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33088","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Trailways bus driving through downtown and then parking at a bus station and police arresting two African American female Freedom Riders in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 May 24","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, Hinds County, Jackson, 32.29876, -90.18481"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-24"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from May 24, 1961, police observe a Trailways bus as it parks at the Jackson, Mississippi, station and then arrest two African American female Freedom Riders.","The clip begins with a Trailways bus driving through a downtown area of Jackson, Mississippi. Several uniformed police officers stand on the sidewalk and watch as the bus pulls into the station. Later, more policemen are seen; one of the policemen holds the leash of the dog next to him. Policemen escort two African American women, Julia Aaron and Jean Thompson, from the bus station to a waiting paddy wagon. The women carry suitcases, and a photographer takes pictures of the two as they approach the vehicle.","In 1961 the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized a \"Freedom Ride\" beginning in Washington, D.C. on May 4 with the plan to arrive in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 17. In New Orleans, the riders planned to join a celebration of the seventh anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education United States Supreme Court case ruling against segregated public education. During the journey, the Freedom Riders planned to test compliance with another Supreme Court ruling, Boynton v. Virginia. The Boynton case banned segregation in transportation facilities serving passengers traveling across state lines. The 1961 Freedom Ride was patterned after a 1947 \"Journey of Reconciliation\" during which CORE activists traveled through the upper South testing compliance with the Boynton decision. During the 1961 Freedom Ride, civil rights workers traveled in two groups, one by Greyhound and one by Trailways buses. On Mother's Day, May 14, the group traveling by Greyhound was attacked in Anniston, Alabama. A mob slashed the bus tires and firebombed the bus. Later in the day, a white mob met the Trailways riders in Birmingham and beat both the riders and several bystanders. By arrangement with local law enforcement, the mob had fifteen minutes to attack the Freedom Riders before the police would come to return order. Following the attacks, officials at the United States Department of Justice, including Attorney General Robert Kennedy, stepped in and tried to work with Alabama officials to guarantee protection for the Freedom Riders. When negotiations failed, the riders flew to New Orleans on May 16. Diane Nash and members of the Nashville Christian Leadership (NCLC) recognized the importance of continuing the Freedom Ride and arranged for subsequent groups of riders to continue the journey. A reorganized Freedom Ride traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery, Alabama on May 20, 1961. Montgomery law enforcement again agreed to not interfere as a white mob beat the riders. The following evening, local African Americans gathered at First Baptist Church in Montgomery for a mass meeting in support of the Freedom Riders. During the meeting, a mob surrounded the church and prevented the participants from leaving. The next morning, the Alabama National Guard and United States Marshals dispersed the crowd and escorted the meeting participants home. Over the next few days, civil rights leaders, Freedom Riders, Justice Department officials, and Alabama and Mississippi officials negotiated a plan for the riders to safely travel from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi. On May 24, two groups of riders boarded one Greyhound and one Trailways bus bound for Mississippi. Unbeknownst to the riders, they would be arrested in Mississippi as they exited the buses. After the arrests in Mississippi, most of the riders, following the \"jail, no bail\" policy began earlier the year as part of on-going sit-in demonstrations, refused bail in Mississippi and were sent to Parchman Penitentiary. Subsequent groups of riders throughout the rest of the summer also traveled to Mississippi and were arrested and sent to Parchman. The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) finally passed policies against racial segregation in transportation that went into effect in November 1961.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn33088"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Buses--Mississippi--Jackson","Central business districts--Mississippi--Jackson","Bus terminals--Mississippi--Jackson","Police--Mississippi--Jackson","African American women--Mississippi--Jackson","African American civil rights workers--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights workers--Mississippi--Jackson","Trailways","Police dogs--Mississippi--Jackson","Arrest--Mississippi--Jackson","Police vehicles--Mississippi--Jackson","Luggage--Mississippi--Jackson","Photographers--Mississippi--Jackson","Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Mississippi--Jackson","Direct action--Mississippi--Jackson","Jackson (Miss.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Trailways bus driving through downtown and then parking at a bus station and police arresting two African American female Freedom Riders in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 May 24"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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(Jean Catherine), 1942-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33504","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of lunch counter employees shutting down operations to avoid integration, and Freedom Riders sitting in the Trailways bus terminal and then being arrested in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 May","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, Hinds County, Jackson, 32.29876, -90.18481"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from May 1961, white lunch counter operators close to avoid integration and Freedom Riders sit in the white waiting room and later are arrested at the Trailways bus terminal in Jackson, Mississippi.","The clip begins with white waitresses in uniform standing behind a lunch counter while a man in a suit stands at the edge of the counter. A white male employee ropes off the lunch counter; handwritten signs attached to the rope read \"closed.\" Next, four African American men sit in a waiting room. One of the men pulls out a book while he waits. A white young man sits down at one end of the bench. Two other young men, one African American and one white, sit next to each other and appear to speak to one another. In the waiting room, a soldier with a gun slung across his back is seen from behind. Over his shoulder, a cameraman takes pictures of the interracial group in the waiting room. Later, several soldiers with \"MP\" armbands board a bus. Two African American men get off another bus and walk to a waiting group; a cameraman takes a picture and walks away. A sign on the door of the Trailways station indicates the waiting room is for white passengers traveling within Mississippi. Back inside the waiting room, a white police officer speaks to two African American men who sit on benches. Officers help both men stand up as men with cameras take pictures. Both men are frisked by policemen before they are directed to go outside. Outside, an African American woman carrying a suitcase is followed by a policeman as she walks towards and then gets in a paddy wagon. Finally a white man follows her and also gets in the police vehicle.","In the summer of 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized an interracial \"Freedom Ride\" through the South to test compliance with the United","States Supreme Court ruling banning segregation in interstate transportation. The ride, patterned after CORE's 1947 \"Journey of Reconciliation,\" began in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961 after three days of nonviolence training. Riders traveled in two groups, one by Greyhound and one by Trailways. The group met minor resistance in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. However, on May 14, both groups of travelers were attacked by white mobs in Alabama. In Anniston, the Trailways bus was attacked in the bus station and then burned just outside of town; riders who were trapped on the bus when the fire began suffered from smoke inhalation. In Birmingham, the Greyhound riders were attacked by a mob that viciously beat them and several bystanders. In both cases, local law enforcement officials appear to have been aware of the mob's plans yet arrived after the attack had begun. On May 15, officials from the United States Department of Justice, including Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, began negotiating with Alabama officials in an attempt to arrange safe passage for the riders from Birmingham to Montgomery. When Kennedy was unable to get Alabama governor John Patterson to agree to protect the riders, he arranged for the Freedom Riders to fly to New Orleans. Students from the Nashville movement, feeling it important to continue the Freedom Ride, gathered in Birmingham and on May 20 traveled to Montgomery. In Montgomery, another white mob attacked the riders and several bystanders, including John Seigenthaler, Kennedy's personal assistant in Alabama. President John F. Kennedy authorized federal marshals to be sent to Alabama to restore order following continued racial rioting in the city. After further negotiations between the Justice Department and officials from Alabama and Mississippi, the Freedom Riders traveled from Montgomery to Jackson, Mississippi on May 24. Unbeknownst to the riders, the Justice Department had agreed to allow Mississippi officials to arrest the riders upon their arrival in Jackson. Throughout the summer, subsequent groups of riders traveled to Jackson and were also arrested. In September 1961, at the urging of the Justice Department, the Interstate Commerce Commission banned segregation in facilities serving interstate passengers.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn33504"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Buses--Mississippi--Jackson","Bus terminals--Mississippi--Jackson","Police--Mississippi--Jackson","African American civil rights workers--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights workers--Mississippi--Jackson","Arrest--Mississippi--Jackson","Jackson (Miss.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Police vehicles--Mississippi--Jackson","Photographers--Mississippi--Jackson","Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Mississippi--Jackson","Luggage--Mississippi--Jackson","Reporters and reporting--Mississippi--Jackson","Discrimination in restaurants--Mississippi--Jackson","Restaurants--Mississippi--Jackson","Military police--Mississippi--Jackson"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of lunch counter employees shutting down operations to avoid integration, and Freedom Riders sitting in the Trailways bus terminal and then being arrested in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 May"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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