{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn47697","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Lester Maddox pushing African Americans away from his cafeteria with an ax handle, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 January 29","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1965-01-29"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from January 29, 1965, Reverend Charles E. Wells, Sr. and three unidentified African American men peacefully attempt to patronize the Lester Maddox Cafeteria in Atlanta, Georgia, where they are faced down by Lester Maddox and other white restaurant patrons and staff, who violently push them away from the establishment and shout at them. A young white male patron is also pushed off of the property. Multiple segments of the clip appear to be out of sequence.","The silent clip, just over four and a half minutes long, begins outside the entrance of the Lester Maddox Cafeteria at 891 Hemphill Avenue N. W., Atlanta, where a crowd of white men and four African American men are gathered.  Lester Maddox, the restaurant's proprietor, shoves Reverend Charles E. Wells, Sr. and an unidentified African American man away from the entrance; they resist peacefully. The clip breaks, and in the next shot, Maddox, holding an axe handle, grabs Wells by the lapels of his coat, and pushes him forcefully across the parking lot, while Lester Maddox, Jr. aggressively shoves another African American man outside of the camera frame. Again, Wells and the other African American man are peacefully resisting. As Maddox retreats to the front entrance of the restaurant, he yells something to the crowd of bystanders. The clip breaks, and Maddox uses his hands to push away a third African American man who also resists peacefully.  Maddox then rushes across to shove Wells, who has returned from the edge of the parking lot to his previous position in front of the restaurant; Maddox initially uses an axe handle, then grabs Wells several times by the neck and pushes him back to the sidewalk. Wells holds his hands in the air, presumably to demonstrate that he is not retaliating. After another jump in the clip, Maddox speaks to a young white man standing in front of his restaurant. The clip breaks, and Maddox, filmed from the back, pushes the young man away to the curb; a white woman stands to the side, holding a coat. Next, a police car and an officer on a motorcycle drive past the restaurant; the officer on the motorcycle makes a u-turn and drives in the opposite direction. This is followed by a sidewalk shot of a white man in a service uniform aggressively wagging his finger in the face of one of the unidentified African American men who have attempted to enter the restaurant. Next, a shot filmed from a further distance shows a crowd gathered in front of the restaurant. A covered sign on the property reads \"This light turned out by L. B. J.\"; also visible is a large, white, smokestack-shaped monument that Maddox built to memorialize private property rights.","In the next shot, taken from a distance, two of the African American men who sought service at the restaurant exit the premises and make their way down the sidewalk. Next, the clip jumps back to Lester Maddox in the midst of a discussion with the young white man he pushed off of the restaurant premises in a previous section of the clip. The clip jumps to a shot of Maddox pointing vigorously at the young man, then at the curb; Maddox reaches for the young man's shoulder, directs him toward the curb, and pushes him off of the premises. As he does this, white bystanders hover around the scene in the parking lot. A model A Ford is parked at the back of the parking lot. Attached to its side is a banner, whose legible text reads \"The Pickrick Ford drawing FREE 3:00 P.M. April 6\"; the rest of the banner is illegible.  After a pause, the clip jumps back to a shot of the front of the restaurant, with three members of the group of African American men standing by the entrance. The same uniformed white man addresses one of the African American men, then gestures toward the door with his arm. This is followed by another shot of Lester Maddox shoving away two members of the group of African American men with an axe handle while a group of white men rush behind Maddox, and a cameraman tries to capture the shot. Wells attempts to engage Maddox in discussion; Maddox is joined promptly by several white men, who stand beside him; one of whom is a restaurant employee wearing an apron and paper hat. A nearby donation box reads \"Clothes for the needy.\" Next, Wells and two African American men stand in the restaurant driveway while speaking to the white man in the service uniform. He points his finger in their faces again. The fourth African American member of the group is behind them, speaking to another person who is off-camera. Next, the camera focuses on the predominantly white crowd in a shot framed above the shoulders, and closes in on a white man wearing glasses and a hat, attempting to speak to Wells. The clip jumps, and a white reporter asks Wells a question as he departs from the site. The clip pauses for a period, showing a blank black screen, and then a shot of the asphalt below.","The clip resumes with a shot of two police cars parked directly across the street from the restaurant. A police officer stands outside of the car closest to the street. There is another shot of a police officer on a motorcycle; he turns his car into the lot where the two police cars are parked. The next shot, taken from inside the lot where the police cars are parked, shows the top of one of the police cars, and the Lester Maddox Cafeteria across the street; one of the police cars pulls out of the lot. Across the street, the crowd outside of the restaurant appears to have dispersed; several customers walk toward the restaurant entrance, and a young white boy crosses the street.  The clip breaks and begins again with another shot of the restaurant taken from the same location. The clip pauses again, displaying a blank black screen, then a gray screen.","Next, the clip returns to another shot of Maddox pushing away one of the unidentified African American men, then Wells, then another man; he pushes the first two men by their chests, and the third man by grabbing the back of his neck and head; the African American men attempt to regain their composure and make their way back to the restaurant.  The camera, now directly in front of Maddox, captures a frontal view of him pushing one of the African American men towards the camera. Maddox retreats; as he moves backward, it becomes evident that he is holding axe handles in both hands. The African American men do not fight back. One of the unidentified African American men begins to speak to Maddox, as he gestures with both hands. White restaurant patrons and employees move in beside Maddox, to block the African American men from moving closer to the restaurant. A man puts Wells' hat back on his head, and Maddox heads back toward the restaurant. The African American men continue to speak to the white men who have blocked the front of the restaurant. The same uniformed white man seen in previous shots approaches one of the African American men, then aggressively points at him and shouts. Wells attempts to intercede. Next, in a shot taken from behind Wells, several angry white restaurant patrons exchange words with Wells and another of the African American men, while several other white men stand behind and observe. This is followed by a shot taken from a different angle, where two different white men speak to Wells. The clip jumps back to a shot of the same uniformed white man combatively pointing and thrusting his arm in front of the face of the same African American man; the African American man shouts back at him. The shot is taken behind the white man's head; it is not clear if he is also shouting. Next, another white man argues with the African American man standing next to Wells and repeatedly shakes his pinched fingers, as though he is trying to make a series of points. This white man is also filmed from behind, so it is unclear if he is shouting.  The clip jumps to another shot of the crowd gathered in the parking lot in front of the restaurant, taken from a distance.","Next, Wells and the three other African American men retreat from the restaurant parking lot to the sidewalk, and, as seen in a previous section of the clip, Wells turns around to speak to the white reporter as he leaves. The African American men leave the site of the restaurant, and proceed down the sidewalk. Next, the camera captures a close-up shot of the sign for the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, then jumps back to another shot of Maddox speaking to the young white man he kicked off of his property in a previous section of the clip; they are standing in front of the restaurant entrance. Maddox extends his arm and points to his right. The clip breaks again, to another shot of Maddox and the young white man, this time on the edge of the restaurant property; here, Maddox leans in toward the young man, then walks away. Next, several people mill around the entrance of the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, the shot includes the antique Ford in the parking lot, with another sign on the back of the car that reads \"Pickrick Ford\"; the rest of the text on the sign is illegible. This is followed by a shot of a newer light-colored car that displays the Pickrick Restaurant's logo, and reads \"The Pickrick Atlanta, Ga. Lester Maddox, Pres.\" The camera pans back up to the sign \"Lester Maddox Cafeteria\" posted above the entrance of the restaurant. The clip ends with a shot of a group of several white customers walking beneath the building's awning and toward the restaurant entrance.","On January 29, 1965, Reverend Charles E. Wells, Sr. and three other African American men were denied service at the Lester Maddox Cafeteria, where they were verbally accosted and physically shoved away, in some cases with axe handles, by white patrons of the restaurant. The four African American men had also attempted to patronize Maddox's establishment on two previous occasions. Maddox, still waiting to answer a federal contempt order for his refusal to integrate, was operating his establishment in open defiance of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He was also awaiting trial on pending state charges for pointing a gun on three African American ministers, George Willis, Jr., Woodrow Lewis, and Albert Dunn in their attempt to integrate his previous establishment, the Pickrick Restaurant, on July 4, 1964. A photograph from the incident was captured by an Associated Press photographer and saw nationwide distribution; in the photo, Maddox and his son Lester Maddox, Jr. force George Lewis away from Maddox's Pickrick restaurant by pointing a handgun and brandishing an axe handle at him. Willis vs. Pickrick Restaurant, the lawsuit filed by Willis, Lewis, and Dunn, became the first case brought under the public accommodations section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In the wake of national publicity surrounding the event, Maddox adopted the axe handle as a symbol of his resistance to desegregation, and sold souvenir axe handles, dubbed \"Pickrick drumsticks\" to his segregationist supporters, in whose eyes he had become a folk hero. On July 22, 1964, a federal court upheld the Civil Rights Act, and issued an injunction against the Pickrick and the white-only Heart of Atlanta Motel, owned by Atlanta attorney Moreton Rolleston. Both businesses were prohibited from denying service to customers based on color or race. While lawyers appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court, Maddox closed the Pickrick on August 13, and re-opened the business as the Lester Maddox Cafeteria on September 26 on the same property. Maddox contended that the new establishment was a local business that did not engage in state commerce, and was therefore not subject to the Civil Rights Act. In December 1964, the United States Supreme Court ruled to uphold the Civil Rights Act. For the next couple of months, Maddox continued to operate his new restaurant under the pretense of refusing to serve integrationists, a denial of service that he insisted was politically, not racially, based. On February 5, 1965, federal district judge Frank A. Hooper found Maddox to be in contempt of court, and imposed a fine of two hundred dollars for each day he failed to integrate his restaurant. During his contempt hearing, Maddox testified that he never used violence against African Americans, and claimed that he only shoved Wells and his party because the African American men had shoved him first. He also complained to the press about a sprained arm and hand. On February 7, 1965, Maddox closed the Lester Maddox Cafeteria. That same year, he announced his candidacy for governor of Georgia. After having defeated political moderate (and former governor) Ellis Arnall in the Democratic primaries, Maddox ran against segregationist Republican Howard \"Bo\" Callaway in 1966. Although Callaway received the most popular votes in the general election, a vigorous write-in campaign for Ellis Arnall prevented Callaway from receiving the majority vote that was required by the state constitution at that date, and shifted the gubernatorial election to the Democratic party-dominated Georgia State Assembly, where Maddox's victory was secured by a vote of 182 to 66. Ten legislators, nine of whom were African American, refused to vote for either segregationist candidate.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn47697"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Southern States","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Southern States","Race relations","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Police--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurateurs--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Employees","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Southern States","African American clergy--Georgia","Clergy--Georgia","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Southern States","Racism--Georgia--Atlanta","Racism--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Crimes against--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Crimes against--Southern States","Offenses against the person--Georgia","Offenses against the person--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Violence against--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Violence against--Southern States","African Americans--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","African Americans--Southern States--Social conditions--20th century","Whites--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Whites--Southern States--Social conditions--20th century","Social conflict--Georgia--Atlanta","City traffic--Georgia--Atlanta","Motorcycles--Georgia--Atlanta","Police vehicles--Georgia--Atlanta","Press--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Television journalists--Georgia--Atlanta","Television cameras--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Monuments--Georgia--Atlanta","Parking lots--Georgia--Atlanta","Raffles--Georgia--Atlanta","Poor--Charitable contributions--Georgia--Atlanta","Southern States--Race relations","Georgia--Race relations","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Southern States--Social conditions--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Lester Maddox pushing African Americans away from his cafeteria with an ax handle, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 January 29"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn47697"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn47697"],"dcterms_temporal":["1965-01-29"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn47697, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Lester Maddox pushing African Americans away from his cafeteria with an ax handle, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 January 29, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1241, 3:57/08:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 4 mins., 35 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","Maddox, Lester, Jr., 1944-","Wells, Charles E. 1938-2004"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46073","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting with Atlanta civic leaders about recent desegregation demonstrations, and Fulton county solicitor William T. Boyd pledging to prosecute demonstrators who break the law, Atlanta, Georgia 1964 January 27 and 1964 January 29","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","Boyd, William T., 1920-1965","Forman, James, 1928-2005"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-01-27"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip dated January 27 and 29, 1964, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. addresses a body of white and African American business, religious, and civic group leaders at City Hall with regard to recent demonstrations centered around segregated restaurants and hotels involving members of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR), and the Ku Klux Klan that resulted in violence; members of SNCC, SCLC and several Atlanta community leaders address the same audience in City Hall; and Fulton county solicitor general William T. Boyd makes an announcement at a press conference where he pledges to prosecute demonstrators who violate the law. Several segments of the clip appear to be out of sequence.","The clip is divided into two parts. The first part, approximately six minutes long, begins with a silent portion comprised of several scenes of a government assembly. A poorly-lit close-up of an unidentified speaker is followed by another unidentified speaker at a podium, and then a shot of several men, presumably city legislators, who are working at a long desk. Behind them, a wall is lined with portraits. A different group of men, who are also presumably city legislators, are seated listening. The screen goes black. The next several silent scenes are taken","inside of Atlanta City Hall, and show Mayor Allen speaking to a full audience comprised of both whites and African Americans. The next portion of the clip contains sound. Reading from a prepared statement, Mayor Allen says \"this irresponsible element that chooses to assume threatening posture and attack our city destructively will find that they cannot undermine Atlanta's solid foundation of fairness and freedom built so patiently over many years by men and women of good sense and good will of both races.\" The sound drops out at the end of Allen's statement. The next few silent scenes include a close-up of men taking notes, a shot of an unidentified African American man with a cane speaking into a standing microphone that is taken from behind two video cameras, and several more shots of the audience.","The next shot contains sound. Here, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) executive secretary James Forman says \"there is no malice in the hearts of anyone who adheres to the principle of nonviolence against a particular individual; in fact, we love our white brothers even though they make it difficult for us to love. We even love the Ku Klux Klan that was demonstrating against us, even though they may not understand that . . .\" He is interrupted by Mayor Allen, who reminds Forman to remain on subject; Allen reminds him that he is extending him every courtesy he has of other speakers. Forman defends his speech by replying \"Well, I am speaking to the subject, because the subject involves the rationale of the demonstrations in the city of Atlanta. Some of us have been called irresponsible, and I think it's necessary for the city of Atlanta at this moment to understand some of the reservoir which produces the need for demonstrations.\" The sound drops out at the end of Forman's statement.","In the next few silent shots, Mayor Allen speaks to the audience from the podium, pointing for emphasis; this is followed by several shots of the audience. The camera closes in on the front row where restaurateur Lester Maddox, owner of the segregated Pickrick restaurant is seated; Maddox raises his hand to speak. This is followed by several shots of an unidentified white man, reading from a prepared statement at the standing microphone. The clip jumps to several shots of segregated Leb's restaurant, where a small group of African American and white demonstrators picket along the sidewalk carrying a banner that reads \"Democracy on the line why are students in jail?\" These shots are interspersed with shots of a white police officer directing traffic, and two white police officers standing on a street corner, presumably the corner of Forsyth and Luckie Streets, and the location of Leb's restaurant. In the next shot, Mayor Allen speaks from a podium at the meeting in city hall.","The next shot contains sound. Here, Mayor Allen states \"I have asked you to meet here this afternoon to help evaluate and work out a solution to a situation which threatens not only the good name, but beyond that, even the public safety of this city.\" The clip breaks and skips to another section of Allen's address, where he says \"Atlanta's tolerance has been almost unlimited. Atlanta's desire for every citizen to have liberty, freedom, and equal rights is unabated. Atlanta will not slow down or stop in its efforts to work out solutions to all problems of racial relations. That is the course of action to which Atlanta has been and shall continue to be committed.\"  The sound drops out again. Several Atlanta business and community leaders speak to the audience from the stand microphone; the leaders include Atlanta board of education member Dr. Rufus E. Clement, executive secretary of the Atlanta Restaurant Association Ed England, an unidentified African American leader, and executive director of SCLC Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker. There are several more silent shots of the audience interspersed with close-up shots of Maddox, and shots of cameramen filming Mayor Allen speaking at the podium; one of the cameramen is operating his camera while simultaneously holding a lit cigarette. There are further shots of the audience and of Mayor Allen guiding an unidentified white man to the microphone; the man goes on to read from a prepared statement. There are several exterior shots of Atlanta city hall, including one where three men in overcoats and hats enter the building; this is followed by further scenes from the meeting, where the mayor and members of the audience are led in prayer by a young white clergyman. After the clergyman concludes the prayer, the standing audience collectively sits down. Next, a white audience member asks a question from his seat; the clip jumps to a shot of the audience taken from behind Mayor Allen as people are looking for places to sit down. The last shot in the first part of the clip shows Mayor Allen arranging his documents at the podium.","In the second segment of the clip, which is approximately five minutes long, William T. Boyd, solicitor general of the Atlanta judicial circuit reads from a prepared statement delivered on January 27, 1964. He is filmed seated inside an office; there is a typewriter at the desk and a file cabinet in the background. After a false start, Boyd states \"Tragedy, bloodshed and death were narrowly averted in the streets of Atlanta this past weekend. That some persons of both races, white and Negro, escaped serious and possibly fatal injuries was the merest accident and I thank God for that accident.\" He pauses, the clip breaks, then he resumes speaking; the beginning of his statement is recorded incompletely.  He argues that the conflict that broke out during protests the previous weekend provides the nation with a false picture of Atlanta \"which does not show the harmony with which our Negro and white citizens have worked to improve the lot of both races here\" and points to examples of peaceful school desegregation, voluntary desegregation by some merchants and restaurant owners, and peaceful demonstrations as examples of Atlanta's successful race relations. Boyd expresses his faith in the law, notes that law enforcement groups cannot uphold the law without the help of the public, noting \"here respect for it is weakened, where the prophets of hate and deceit, who love not themselves, their nation, or their god prevail against it, there is tragedy. \" He urges citizens to uphold the law in order to preserve public safety. Boyd stops, asks the cameraman \"How was it, alright?\" grabs his waiting cigarette, and takes a puff. The clip breaks, and then returns to a shot of Boyd leaving the desk with a stack of papers in his hand. The clip breaks to a gray screen, and resumes with what is probably an earlier shot of Boyd, seated at the desk.  He announces that he is bringing twenty-four cases to the Fulton county grand jury on Tuesday, that they are known as \"the Krystal cases\" (presumably cases involving demonstrators attempting to desegregate Atlanta-area Krystal restaurants), and involve Georgia's anti-trespass law.  He announces \"I will use this office and its resources to curb violence by hoodlums and thugs of any race.\" The clip breaks, and Boyd expresses that as solicitor general of the Atlanta judicial circuit, that it is his \"duty to speak out against those who would seek their day in court in the streets jeopardizing the lives of innocent bystanders as well as those who are in direct and violent disagreement with them.\" He acknowledges \"Vital forces are at work in the Negroes' rightful attempt to gain their full constitutional recognition as Americans. Equally vital forces, and not always purely racial ones, are behind the opposition to Negro goals.\" He asserts \"it is my sworn duty as solicitor general to uphold the law, to prosecute without fear or favor those who would violate the law. The law stands between us and chaos, no matter what our station in life, no matter what our beliefs, no matter what our race. The law is our promise that we can walk the very streets in safety . . .\" He refers once more to the violent events of the previous weekend, before the clip ends; Boyd's comments are incompletely recorded.","On January 29, 1964, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. convened a meeting of African American and white community leaders at Atlanta city hall; he hoped to resolve heightened tensions over the partial desegregation of Atlanta restaurants and hotels, and the lack of a public accommodations law barring segregation in Atlanta. Allen's actions were prompted by a series of demonstrations organized by members of SNCC and COAHR that had elevated in intensity since December of 1963. In the four days prior to the meeting at city hall, more than three hundred people had been arrested in connection to these demonstrations. The most disruptive of these protests took place on Sunday, January 26 at segregated Leb's Restaurant in downtown Atlanta, where picketers had attracted approximately one thousand white spectators, some of whom were members of the Ku Klux Klan. Clashes between civil rights demonstrators, spectators, and restaurant personnel resulted in the injury of several demonstrators and police officers, property damages to the restaurant, and the blocking of street traffic.  The Atlanta Restaurant Association placed full page ads in Atlanta papers, declaring that the city had placed too much pressure on restaurant owners to desegregate, and denied segregated establishments full protection by law enforcement when demonstrators picketed their establishments.","At the January 29 meeting, Mayor Allen requested a thirty-day moratorium on desegregation demonstrations, and upheld his support for an active federal civil rights bill to desegregate public accommodations. He announced that city police would begin to enforce the arrest of trespassers at sit-ins to accommodate restaurateurs, but that lawful picketing would be permitted and protected. Time was also allotted to Atlanta police chief Herbert Jenkins to summarize the police department's policy regarding the enforcement of laws related to public demonstrations. The mayor requested the attendance of members of the Atlanta Board of Aldermen, legislators from Fulton and DeKalb counties, members of the Summit Leadership Conference, a coordinating body for more than eighty civil rights groups in Atlanta, and representatives from SCLC, COAHR and SNCC. The meeting was also attended by members of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce and the Atlanta Restaurant Association. Despite Mayor Allen's efforts, the meeting accomplished little beyond demonstrating his engagement in the ongoing problem. The Chamber of Commerce and the Atlanta Restaurant Association declared that they favored voluntary desegregation rather than a public accommodations law; the elder and more conservative members of the Atlanta Summit Leadership Conference were in agreement with the mayor regarding the thirty-day \"cooling off period,\" but the members of SCLC and SNCC refused to comply; and Allen's proposed thirty-day moratorium on demonstrations went unheeded.  Six months later, with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in July, Atlanta restaurants were finally required to integrate by law.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Former title read \"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting about demonstrations by African Americans in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 January 27.\" Research of the events in the clip determine that the date of Mayor Allen's address was January 29, 1964, and that William Boyd's statement was made on January 27, 1964."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn46073"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Police--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Lawyers--Georgia--Atlanta","County attorneys--Georgia--Atlanta","Politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Meetings--Georgia--Atlanta","Audiences--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","African American clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Traffic police--Georgia--Atlanta","Riots--United States","Riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Race riots--United States","Race riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Riot control--United States","Riot control--Georgia--Atlanta","Social conflict--Georgia--Atlanta","Interpersonal confrontation--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Forecasting","Political violence--Southern States--History--20th century","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Southern States","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Southern States","Community activists--Georgia--Atlanta","Civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","Educators--Georgia--Atlanta","African American educators--Georgia--Atlanta","City halls--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Southern States","Discrimination in education--Georgia","Discrimination in education--Southern States","Segregation in education--Georgia","Segregation in education--Southern States","School integration--Georgia--Atlanta","Grand jury--Georgia--Atlanta","Television camera operators--Georgia--Atlanta","Smoking--Georgia--Atlanta","Smoking in the workplace--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Officials and employees","Atlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting with Atlanta civic leaders about recent desegregation demonstrations, and Fulton county solicitor William T. Boyd pledging to prosecute demonstrators who break the law, Atlanta, Georgia 1964 January 27 and 1964 January 29"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46073"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46073"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964-01-27"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn46073, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting with Atlanta civic leaders about recent desegregation demonstrations, and Fulton county solicitor William T. Boyd pledging to prosecute demonstrators who break the law, Atlanta, Georgia 1964 January 27 and 1964 January 29, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1136, 7:43/14:12, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 6 mins., 29 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.","1 clip (about 4 mins., 39 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","Boyd, William T., 1920-1965","Clement, Rufus E., 1900-1967","England, Ed","Walker, Wyatt Tee","Forman, James, 1928-2005"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46062","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Board of Aldermen holding a public hearing on segregation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from 1964, civil rights demonstrators protest the segregation of Atlanta public facilities at Atlanta City Hall while the Atlanta Board of Aldermen conduct a meeting inside.","The clip begins with a view of Sam Massell, president of Atlanta's Board of Aldermen, presiding over a meeting of the Board of Aldermen at Atlanta City Hall. This is followed by a close-up shot of Massell speaking into a microphone. Unidentified members of the Board of Aldermen speak amongst themselves and to the the public; these shots are interspersed with close-up shots of the white audience in attendance. Next, a group of African American demonstrators are gathered silently outside of the doors of the meeting room of the Board of Aldermen; they are holding placards and carrying protest leaflets. Some of the signs read \"End discrimination in public places\" and \"Down segregation.\"","After a break in the clip, members of the Board of Aldermen continue to make public statements and conduct smaller conversations with their colleagues; there is also one quick shot of the backs of African American demonstrators waiting outside of the Board of Aldermen's doorway. Coverage of the protest outside the meeting continues after another break in the clip; as the protestors continue to demonstrate, a white man carrying documents walks through the line of demonstrators and into the meeting. As the demonstrators continue to wait outside of closed doors, the camera slowly pans over protest signs, which include \"End discrimination in hospitals,\" \"End discrimination in public places.\" The clip ends when a white man enters a doorway adjacent to the demonstrators, and a young African American woman carrying a sign hands him a leaflet as he passes through the hallway.","Prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Atlanta still had not managed to pass a public accommodations ordinance that would desegregate public facilities; in failing to do so, Atlanta had fallen behind many Southern cities in progressive civil rights legislation. Although he was also under considerable pressure from local civil rights groups, mayor Ivan Allen personally believed that segregation would drive national business opportunities away from the city. In January of 1964, Allen called upon the the city's Board of Aldermen to create local ordinances that would desegregate Atlanta public facilities.  After some disagreement, the Board of Aldermen voted in favor of asking city businesses to desegregate, though the city's legal counsel later advised that the legislative body was not granted such authority in the city charter. In an attempt to overcome this legal obstruction, lone African American state senator Leroy Johnson proposed a bill to the state's General Assembly that would empower the Board of Aldermen to pass a public accommodations ordinance; it was struck down by segregationists. Reluctantly, Allen finally accepted that the only solution to the problem would be the public accommodations section of the federal civil rights bill that would ultimately become the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Ivan Allen was the only elected official from the South that testified before Congress in support of the public accommodations section of the bill before it became law.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn46062"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Municipal government--Georgia--Atlanta","City council members--Georgia--Atlanta","Municipal officials and employees--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Southern States","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in medical care--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in medical care--Southern States","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Hospitals--Georgia--Atlanta","Hospitals--Southern States","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Southern States","Hotels--Georgia--Atlanta","Hotels--Southern States","Motels--Georgia--Atlanta","Motels--Southern States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Southern States","City halls--Georgia--Atlanta","Buildings--Georgia--Atlanta","Public buildings--Georgia--Atlanta","Politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Meetings--Georgia--Atlanta","Audiences--Georgia--Atlanta","Microphone","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Pamphlets--Georgia--Atlanta","Racism--Georgia--Atlanta","Georgia--Race relations--History--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Southern States--Social conditions--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Buildings, structures, etc."],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Board of Aldermen holding a public hearing on segregation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46062"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46062"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn46062, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Atlanta Board of Aldermen holding a public hearing on segregation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1133, 17:20/21:04, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 3 mins., 44 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Massell, Sam","Cook, Rodney"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn32577","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of delegates to the National Association of Colored People convention picketing Johnny Reb's restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, 1962 July 6","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1962-07-06"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip dated July 6, 1962, African American delegates from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) convention in Atlanta, Georgia picket the segregated restaurant Johnny Reb's Canteen, while white men counterdemonstrate and hand out leaflets.","The clip opens with a shot of African American demonstrators picketing on the sidewalk in front of Johnny Reb's Canteen, a segregated Atlanta restaurant. The picketers carry placards that read \"Open restaurant policy in Dallas, Tex. Why not in Atlanta? N.A.A.C.P.\" A white man dressed in a Confederate soldier's uniform, presumably an employee of Johnny Reb's, marches alongside the African American protesters. In mock protest, he carries a sign that reads \"Everybody loves Johnny Reb's ice cream.\" Next, a group of white observers watch the demonstrations from a nearby building. This is followed by another shot of African American protesters back at Johnny Reb's Canteen wearing signs that read \"12 southern cities have open hotels why not Atlanta? N.A.A.C.P.\" Next, a police officer signals street traffic to continue moving forward. This is followed by footage of a white man handing out leaflets to white passersby; he withholds the leaflets as a group of young African American women walks by, and resumes distributing the leaflets as more white men pass by.","In July 1962, the NAACP held its fifty-third annual convention in Atlanta, Ga. Although lunch counters had recently integrated, the majority of the city's public accommodations remained segregated and convention attendees were refused service in several downtown hotels and restaurants. Delegates picketed Johnny Reb's Canteen,  one of ten hotels and six restaurants selected by the convention for denying African Americans service or accommodations. After the convention, further integration efforts focusing on restaurants and lunch counters continued in Atlanta, led by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR). Thirty-five downtown restaurants agreed to desegregate in June 1963 after two months of sit-ins and protests. On June 25, 1963 thirty-five eating establishments agreed to quietly desegregate on a thirty-day trial basis, although most resegregated by the end of the year, a result of white segregationists picketing the integrating restaurants. Most Atlanta-area restaurants desegregated following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn32577"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Southern States","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Georgia--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Whites--Georgia--Politics and government--20th century","Whites--Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Southern States","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Southern States","Hotels--Georgia--Atlanta","Hotels--Southern States","Motels--Georgia--Atlanta","Motels--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Southern States","Race relations","Congresses and conventions--Georgia--Atlanta","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Pamphlets--Georgia--Atlanta","Police--Georgia--Atlanta","City traffic--Georgia--Atlanta","Traffic signs and signals--Georgia--Atlanta","Pedestrians--Georgia--Atlanta","Racism--Georgia--Atlanta","Southern States--Race relations","Georgia--Race relations","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Social conditions--20th century","Southern States--Social conditions--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of delegates to the National Association of Colored People convention picketing Johnny Reb's restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, 1962 July 6"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn32577"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn32577"],"dcterms_temporal":["1962-07-06"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn32577, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of delegates to the National Association of Colored People convention picketing Johnny Reb's restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, 1962 July 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0725, 47:50/48:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 42 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_idn_idn38","title":"Paper containing excerpts on social and economic matters dealt with at a meeting at the First Methodist Church and the North Shore Hotel, Evanston, Illinois, February 1-4, 1955","collection_id":"suc_idn","collection_title":"Isaiah DeQuincey Newman, (1911-1985), Papers, 1929-2003","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Illinois, Cook County, 41.8954, -87.64616","United States, Illinois, Cook County, Evanston, 42.04114, -87.69006","United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009"],"dcterms_creator":["Newman, I. DeQuincey (Isaiah DeQuincey), 1911-1985"],"dc_date":["1959"],"dcterms_description":["6 pages","Six page handwritten paper describing the role of the Board of Social and Economic Relations at a meeting at the First Methodist Church and the North Shore Hotel, Evanston, Illinois, February 1-4, 1955. The paper includes observations about the Southern agrarian economy and its impact on southern African American households, the importance of agricultural organizations such as the American Farm Bureau Federation, National Grange, and the National Farmer's Union, and race relations in the Methodist Church.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":["pnn59uu"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of online collection: Isaiah De Quincey Newman (1911-1985) Papers, 1929-2003."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Folder: General, 1950-1959, Isaiah DeQuincey Newman Papers, South Carolina Political Collections, The University of South Carolina Libraries"],"dcterms_subject":["Advisory boards--South Carolina","Race relations","South Carolina--Race relations","Race relations--Religious aspects","Clergy--South Carolina","African American clergy--South Carolina","Clergy--Political activity--South Carolina","African Americans--Economic conditions","Farms--South Carolina","Poverty--South Carolina","Farmers--South Carolina","African American farmers--South Carolina","Agricultural laborers--South Carolina","African American agricultural laborers--South Carolina","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","National Grange","American Farm Bureau Federation","National Farmers' Union (U.S.)"],"dcterms_title":["Paper containing excerpts on social and economic matters dealt with at a meeting at the First Methodist Church and the North Shore Hotel, Evanston, Illinois, February 1-4, 1955"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of South Carolina. South Carolina Political Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/idn/id/38"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":["image/jpg","Manuscripts"],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_greenbook","title":"Negro travelers' green book, Spring 1956","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1956"],"dcterms_description":["The Negro Travelers' Green Book series was published by Victor H. Green as a resource for African American travelers; the information provided in the travel guide enabled African Americans to find safe and welcoming dining and lodging accommodations during the days of segregation. This site provides a complete copy of the Spring 1956 edition of the Green Book that is viewable and searchable as a digital object, along with a custom Google map that compiles placemarks for over 1,500 listings from the publication."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Automobile travel--Guidebooks","Travelers--United States","African Americans--Segregation--United States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Social conditions--To 1964","Discrimination in public accommodations--United States","Discrimination in public accommodations--Southern States","Discrimination in restaurants--United States","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Segregation in transportation--United States","Segregation in transportation--Southern States","Race relations","Race relations--United States","Race relations--Southern States"],"dcterms_title":["Negro travelers' green book, Spring 1956"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Caroliniana Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://digital.library.sc.edu/collections/the-negro-travelers-green-book-1956/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"suc_jad_jad667","title":"Telegram, 1955 Nov. 29, (New York, N.Y.), James L. Yong, to Joseph A. DeLaine, Sr., (New York, N.Y.)","collection_id":"suc_jad","collection_title":"Rev. Joseph A. DeLaine Papers ca. 1918-2000","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, New York, New York County, New York, 40.7142691, -74.0059729"],"dcterms_creator":["Yong, James L."],"dc_date":["1955-11-29"],"dcterms_description":["Telegram sent November 29, 1955 from James L. Yong, New York State Commissioner of Civil Liberties in New York, New York, to Joseph A. DeLaine, also in New York City, requesting that DeLaine address a mammoth rally of the Improved Benevolent Protective Order of Elks of the World (IBPOE of W) to protest Southern injustices.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of online collection: Rev. Joseph A. DeLaine papers, ca. 1918-2000."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Legal size - 13439 - (Folder 8), Joseph Armstrong DeLaine papers, ca. 1918-2000,  South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbus, South Carolina."],"dcterms_subject":["Fraternal organizations--New York (State)--New York","Improved, Benevolent, Protective Order of Elks of the World","Civil rights--New York (State)","Civil rights workers--New York (State)","African American civil rights workers--New York (State)","New York (State)--Officials and employees","Demonstrations--New York (State)--New York","Race discrimination--Southern States","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century","Race relations","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","Segregation in education--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","DeLaine, Joseph A. (Joseph Armstrong), 1898-1974--Correspondence","Yong, James L.--Correspondence"],"dcterms_title":["Telegram, 1955 Nov. 29, (New York, N.Y.), James L. Yong, to Joseph A. DeLaine, Sr., (New York, N.Y.)"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["South Caroliniana Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/jad/id/667"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["telegrams"],"dcterms_extent":["image/jpg","Manuscripts"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Yong, James L.","De Laine, Joseph A. (Joseph Armstrong), 1898-1974"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"wgbh_tdcr_021","title":"Rev. C. T. Vivian","collection_id":"wgbh_tdcr","collection_title":"Teachers' Domain Civil Rights Special Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Rev. C.T. Vivian"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Calhoun County, Anniston, 33.65983, -85.83163","United States, Alabama, Dallas County, 32.32597, -87.10648","United States, Alabama, Dallas County, Selma, 32.40736, -87.0211","United States, Tennessee, Davidson County, Nashville, 36.16589, -86.78444"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1950/1965"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, civil rights leader Reverend C. T. Vivian recalls his role in the 1960 Nashville sit-in movement, the 1961 Freedom Rides, and the 1965 Selma voting rights campaign. An executive staff member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Vivian was an ardent advocate of nonviolence.","Includes a background essay, discussion questions, and alignments to teaching standards.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 6-12.","Transcript of an interview.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of: Teacher's Domain Civil Right Special Collection.","A PDF viewer may be needed to view the transcript."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Washington University Libraries, Henry Hampton Collection","Teacher's Domain Civil Rights Special Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers","African American political activists","African American clergy","African Americans--Politics and government","African Americans--Violence against","Sit-ins--Tennessee--Nashville","Boycotts--Tennessee--Nashville","Suffrage--Alabama--Selma","African Americans--Social conditions--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","African Americans--Legal status, laws, etc.","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Equality--Southern States","Social justice--Southern States","South Carolina--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Nonviolence--Southern States","Discrimination in public accommodations","Race relations","Southern Christian Leadership Conference","Nashville Christian Leadership Conference","Freedom Rides, 1961","Congress of Racial Equality","United States. 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