{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"okd_race-riot_665","title":"Letter Resident Representative to Those Concerned, 12 March 1920","collection_id":"okd_race-riot","collection_title":"Tulsa Race Massacre Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Oklahoma, Tulsa County, Tulsa, 36.15398, -95.99277"],"dcterms_creator":["Garwood, H. 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Unfortunately, state governments were passing legislation that codified inequality between the races. Laws requiring the establishment of separate schools for children of each race were most common; however, segregation was soon extended to encompass most public and semi-public facilities.","Beginning with passage of an 1887 Florida law, states began to require that railroads furnish separate accommodations for each race. These measures were unpopular with the railway companies that bore the expense of adding Jim Crow cars. Segregation of the railroads was even more objectionable to black citizens, who saw it as a further step toward the total repudiation of three constitutional amendments. When such a bill was proposed before the Louisiana legislature in 1890, the articulate black community of New Orleans protested vigorously. Nonetheless, despite the presence of 16 black legislators in the state assembly, the law was passed. 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With the cooperation of the East Louisiana Railroad, on June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy, a mulatto (7/8 white), seated himself in a white compartment, was challenged by the conductor, and was arrested and charged with violating the state law. In the Criminal District Court for the Parish of Orleans, Tourgée argued that the law requiring \"separate but equal accommodations\" was unconstitutional. When Judge John H. Ferguson ruled against him, Plessy applied to the State Supreme Court for a writ of prohibition and certiorari. Although the court upheld the state law, it granted Plessy's petition for a writ of error that would enable him to appeal the case to the Supreme Court.","In 1896, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. Justice Henry Brown of Michigan delivered the majority opinion, which sustained the constitutionality of Louisiana's Jim Crow law.","Indeed, it was not until the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. 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Ferguson, Judge of Section \"A\" \nCriminal District Court fro the Parish of Orleans. \n \nIn Error to the Supreme Court of the State of Louisiana \n \nThis cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the Supreme Court of Louisiana and was argued by counsel. \n \nOn consideration whereof, It is now here ordered and adjudged by this Court that the judgment of said Supreme Court, in this cause, be, and the same is hereby, affirmed with costs. \n \nper Mr. Justice Brown, \nMay 18, 1896. \n \nDissenting: \nMr. Justice Harlan \n \n15.248. \nSupreme Court of the United States. \n \nNo. 210 \nOctober Term, 1895. \n \n15, 248 \n \nSupreme Court of the United States, \nNo. 210, October Term 1895 \n \nHomer Adolph Plessy \nPlaintiff in Error, \nvs. \nJ.H. Ferguson, Judge of Section \"A\" \nCriminal District Court for the Parish of Orleans. \n \nIn Error to the Supreme Court of the State of Louisiana \n \nThis cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the Supreme Court of the State of Louisiana, \nand was argued by the counsel, \n \nOn consideration whereof, It is now here ordered and \nadjudged by this court that the judgement of the said Supreme \nCourt, in this cause, be, and the same is hereby, affirmed \nwith costs, \nper M. Justice Brown \nMay 18, 1846. \nDissenting \nM. Justice Harlav \n \n15, 248. \nSupreme Court of the United States. \nNo. 210 \nOctober Term, 189. \nJudgement. \n \nFiled---------------------------------, 189"},{"id":"nara_supreme-court","title":"Records of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1772 – 2007","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["United States. 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Kennedy; the United States Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision declaring segregated schools unconstitutional; a 1960 New Orleans broadside promoting a boycott of Ford Motor Co. for its support of the Civil Rights Movement; Governor George C. Wallace's 1964 reply to a letter from Pamela Martin of Cedar Springs, Michigan, in which he defends the status quo of segregation in Alabama and blames \"outside agitators\" for unrest between black and white citizens; a 1919 Thanksgiving address by Reverend Francis J. Grimke examining unrest following World War I, discussing African Americans' lack of civil rights, and exploring the interaction between race issues and religion; a copy of an 1873 \"act to protect all persons in their civil rights, in the state of Arkansas, and to furnish means for their vindication\"; a copy of a 1968 poster in support of the sanitation workers' strike in Memphis, Tennessee, which states \"I am a man\"; and a pair of abolitionist movement slave tokens from the eighteenth or nineteenth century.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["United States--History--Sources","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","United States--Civil War, 1861-1865","United States--History--1815-1861","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","United States--History--1865-1898","United States--History, Military","United States--Social conditions","United States--Politics and government","United States--Civilization","United States. 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