{"response":{"document":{"person_slug":"king_martin_luther_jr_1929_1968","title":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","authorataive_name":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","biography":"\"Martin Luther King Jr., Baptist minister and president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), was the most prominent African American leader in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.\"--\"Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968)\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 11, 2008: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org.","alternate_names":null,"records":[{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1070","record_class":"Item","title":"Dorothy Cotton : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["In this conversation with Andrew Young, civil rights activist Dorothy Cotton recounts her experiences in the St. Augustine civil rights movement. Highlights include her description of marches and beach wade-ins turned violent.","St. Augustine Four -- Highlander Folk School -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Woolworth's -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Night March -- Picketing -- Use of Police Dogs -- Wade-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1072","record_class":"Item","title":"Robert Hayling : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Robert Hayling describes his experiences as one of the leaders of the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Florida Highway Patrol -- Ku Klux Klan -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- St. Augustine Four -- Daytona Beach, Fl. -- Florida Memorial College -- McCrory's -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Woolworth's -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Civil Rights March -- Civil Rights Rally -- Drive-by Shooting -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Klan Rally -- Night March -- Picketing -- Sit-in -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Visit of Jackie Robinson"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1081","record_class":"Item","title":"Barbara Allen : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Barbara Allen, St. Augustine native, describes her arrest in the Spring of 1964 as well as the legacy of the movement for the city.","ACCORD -- Souther Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Southern Assistance Volunteer Efforts (SAVE) -- St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Rememberance Project -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Amherst College -- Brown University -- Columbia University, Dartmouth College -- Flagler College -- Flagler Hospital -- Florida A \u0026 M University -- Jacksonville, Fl. -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Smith College -- Solomon Calhoun Community Center -- St. George Pharmacy -- St. Paul AME Church -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Yale University -- Easter Invasion -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC -- Easter Invasion -- Use of Cattle Prods -- Use of Police Dogs"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1087","record_class":"Item","title":"Errol Jones : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Errol Jones, civil rights activist and former city commissioner for St. Augustine.","Ku Klux Klan -- Manucy's Raiders -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine City Commission -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- St. Mary's Baptist Church -- St. Paul AME Church -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Civil Rights March -- Civil Rights Rally -- Night March -- Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1094","record_class":"Item","title":"JoeAnn Anderson Ulmer : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["JoeAnn Anderson Ulmer, one of the St. Augustine Four, speaks about her experiences as a participant in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","St. Augustine Four -- Florida School for Boys -- Lincolnville -- Little Links Park -- St. Johns County Jail -- West Augustine -- Woolworth's -- Y.M.C.A. -- Picketing -- Sit-in -- Visit of Jackie Robinson -- Visit of Martin Luther King"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1096","record_class":"Item","title":"Malcolm Peabody : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Malcolm Peabody, the son of Mary Peabody, speaks about his mother's famous arrest in St. Augustine during the spring of 1964. At the time, Mary Peabody's arrest drew national attention since she was the mother of Endicott Peabody, the governor of Massachusetts.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- St. Johns County Jail -- Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge -- Trinity Episcopal Church -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Easter Invasion -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC -- Easter Invasion -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Sit-in -- Use of Police Dogs -- Attempted Integration of Church"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1098","record_class":"Item","title":"Otis Mason : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Otis Mason, St. Augustine and former superintendent of the St. Johns County school system.","St. Augustine Record -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Freedom Riders -- Florida Normal and Industrial Institute -- Excelsior High School -- Lincolnville -- Fort Mose -- Flagler College -- Buckingham Hotel -- Matanzas Theater -- Excelsior Museum and Cultural Center -- Florida East Coast Railway Hospital -- Hastings, Fl. -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Florida Memorial College -- Home of Robert Hayling -- Murray High School"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1102","record_class":"Item","title":"Fred Martin : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Fred Martin, SCLC activist in St. Augustine in 1964.","St. Augustine Police Department -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Fairchild Aircraft Strato Corporation -- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- Old Slave Market -- St. Johns County Jail -- Night March -- Wade-in -- Use of Police Dogs -- Klan Rally"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10147","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10151","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A man in the foreground is seated on the stage, listening to King. A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10176","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A man in the foreground is seated on the stage, listening to King. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10179","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated and speaking to a young man during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is sitting beside King and holding a microphone. Hosea Williams is seated in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10180","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated and speaking to a young man during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is sitting beside King and holding a microphone. Hosea Williams is seated in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10423","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Richard Boone, and others entering Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, before a meeting.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A cameraman is filming the group from behind. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10425","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others entering Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, before a meeting.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10506","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., with L. L. Anderson in an anteroom at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Jim Peppler, the photographer, is visible in the mirror above the sink behind the men. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10512","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Cameramen in front of the podium are filming King. Audience members are seated in the balcony in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10532","record_class":"Item","title":"Cameraman filming Martin Luther King, Jr., speak at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10533","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10705","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Hosea Williams, and several other men are standing around him. One man is holding up a microphone. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10723","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is holding up a microphone in front of the podium. A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10851","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is holding up a microphone in front of the podium. A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10866","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_12793","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind King. This photograph was shot from above; it is slightly damaged. The image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington, \" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_13047","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Hosea Williams, and other men, walking through a parking lot toward Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington, \" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9051","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Ku Klux Klan rally was held in the city the same day. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article and photo spread that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 16-17, 1967. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No51_1967_12_16.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9056","record_class":"Item","title":"People holding hands and singing at an evening gathering in Canton, Mississippi, during the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A man and a woman are wearing pins that read, \"Meredith Mississippi March for Freedom / June 1966.\" The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9085","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith, walking down a shady dirt road.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["One of the men is wearing a \"CORE\" shirt. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9099","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith is seated beside the podium. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9130","record_class":"Item","title":"Man sitting on the roof of a truck during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He appears to be singing or shouting. A man leaning against the truck is wearing a button that reads, \"James Meredith March Through Mississippi 1966 / 'March Against Fear.'\" The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9135","record_class":"Item","title":"Two men talking at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["One of the men is wearing a sign for the Lowndes County Freedom Association, also known as the Black Panther Party; the sign reads, \"Move on Over or We'll Move on Over You\" (see Q9168). The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9247","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9248","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9256","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young, Martin Luther King, Jr., Stokely Carmichael, Floyd McKissick, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The men are in the second row and are partially blocked by other marchers. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9261","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith is seated beside the podium. He began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9281","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the Neshoba County Library in Philadelphia, Mississippi, during the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is speaking into a microphone attached to a bullhorn. Ralph Abernathy is standing on the left. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9348","record_class":"Item","title":"Young boy wearing a towel over his head during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9521","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King's face is almost blocked by the young man standing beside him. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9524","record_class":"Item","title":"People at a gathering under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9547","record_class":"Item","title":"Young man getting water from a faucet in the ground during the in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9548","record_class":"Item","title":"Man sitting on the grass outside a tent at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9549","record_class":"Item","title":"People getting water from a faucet in the ground during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Several people standing around them are holding American flags. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9550","record_class":"Item","title":"Man getting water from a faucet in the ground during the in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9581","record_class":"Item","title":"Group of young white men observing the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9587","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, walking along the edge of a field at a rest stop.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Tents are set up in the background. James Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9746","record_class":"Item","title":"American flag beneath the feet of a man on a platform in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A straw purse is sitting on top of the flag. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9748","record_class":"Item","title":"Whitney M. Young, Jr., speaking to Martin Luther King, Jr., while seated on a platform in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9918","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Hosea Williams, and several other men are standing around King. Two men are holding up microphones. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9920","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson is standing with King. Two men are holding up microphones. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"alm_wlohp_0000073","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with Rev C.C. Welch, 1984 August 7 and 1984 August 9","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","transcripts","sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Reverend C. C. Welch discusses his life's work as a pastor and his views on the Civil Rights movement. Welch compares city and country churches, saying the people in the country are \"more sincere and real\" and have quieter services, while in the city the services are more emotional. He discusses conducting revivals and talks about the \"joy and satisfaction\" he gets out of preaching. He discusses several well-known local pastors. He explains the work of the church. He says they didn't believe in interfering with labor disputes. He discusses burial societies:  a person paid a little money each month, and they received money if they went into the hospital and upon their death, for their burial expenses. He also describes how they kept a benevolent fund to aid victims of floods. However, he says the church couldn't do much to help during the Depression. Welch discusses Jim Crow laws and trying to register to vote. He was asked questions about the government. It took him a long time to finally get registered. He thinks finally got tired of dealing with him. He explains that he never participated in any marches, but his church held prayer meetings and \"institutes\" about how to act under pressure; they followed Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, practice of nonviolence. He says he knew King and once gave a revival for King's father when the man was too sick to do it himself. He also mentions Fred Shuttlesworth; he says he \"had a lot of iron in him,\" so whites were too intimidated to bother him too much. When speaking about the unfair laws of the time, Welch says, \"It was miserable if you thought it would last always.\"  But he always preached that they wouldn't last. He says he didn't try to break any unfair laws, just tried to get around them through boycotts. For example, many gas stations would refuse to check oil for black patrons, so the blacks learned who would and wouldn't, passed on that information to others, and succeeded in changing those gas stations' policies through not giving them their business.","Interviewed by Peggy Hamrick on August 7 and August 9, 1984."]},{"record_id":"cma_thap_5221","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., press conference at University of Pittsburgh, with Loren Mann in background","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., press conference at University of Pittsburgh, with Loren Mann in background.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"cma_thap_7119","record_class":"Item","title":"Four children gathered around memorial to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., surrounded by flowers","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Four children gathered around memorial to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., surrounded by flowers.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_am-612","record_class":"Item","title":"--No, it's still a dream, Martin! / Baldy, [1978 Jan. 15].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts Martin Luther King walking in heaven with his arm around Hubert Humphrey."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_am-616","record_class":"Item","title":"--I don't want'a catch him-- that's th' fun! / Baldy, 1958 [i.e., 1962]","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts Marvin Griffin chasing Martin Luther King in a wheel labeled \"Albany Movement\" along slats labeled \"Incident After Incident--\". A man holding a book titled \"1955-1958 Graftin' Years\" looks on."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_ph-830","record_class":"Item","title":"We're calling the signals now! / Baldy, [1972 Dec. 16].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford \"Baldy\" Baldowski cartoon depicts members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Ralph Abernathy, Julian Bond, Joseph E. Lowery, and an unidentified man holding an African American puppet on a stage next to a banner reading \"Racism Replay.\""]},{"record_id":"dla_wwc_ww09809","record_class":"Item","title":"Red scare, civil rights (talking)","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Guy Carawan talks to a group of high school students from Paideia school in Atlanta about his experiences with the civil rights movement. The group is led by John Sundale. Guy was an employee of Highlander school where this interview takes place.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"xhs_inrec_394","record_class":"Item","title":"Y's Man Martin Luther King with Trophy","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. appeared at an Indianapolis YMCA \"Monster Meeting\" in 1958, proclaiming, \"A new age of justice that is dawning for the Negro challenges him to love even his oppressors.\"  King is in the center of the picture. On his immediate left are Rev. Andrew J. Brown, and Rev. F. B. Davis. Third from King's left, wearing glasses and looking at the camera, is Dr. Lucian B. Meriwether. The last person standing on his farthest right is Joseph Stokes Stuart."]},{"record_id":"geh_wilson_ahc099235010a","record_class":"Item","title":"Vine City Civil Rights Demonstration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["View of the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (left) with an unidentified man and a journalist in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia while residents protested their living conditions.","In January of 1966, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., his wife Coretta Scott King, and the Reverend Ralph David Abernathy and his wife Juanita led a protest march in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia to call attention to substandard housing in that area."]},{"record_id":"geh_wilson_ahc099235012a","record_class":"Item","title":"Vine City Civil Rights Demonstration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["View of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. with a resident of the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia who was protesting the living conditions in the neighborhood.","stove pipe","In January of 1966, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., his wife Coretta Scott King, and the Reverend Ralph David Abernathy and his wife Juanita led a protest march in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia to call attention to substandard housing in that area."]},{"record_id":"geh_wilson_ahc099235013a","record_class":"Item","title":"Vine City Civil Rights Demonstration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["View of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. standing in the door of a substandard housing unit in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia where residents were protesting their living conditions.","In January of 1966, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., his wife Coretta Scott King, and the Reverend Ralph David Abernathy and his wife Juanita led a protest march in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia to call attention to substandard housing in that area."]},{"record_id":"gsu_lane_13552","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Nobel Peace Prize recognition dinner, National Conference of Christians and Jews, Dinkier Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia, January 27, 1965. King and Coretta Scott King on the right","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Envelope description: \"National Conference of Christians \u0026 Jews; Martin Luther King dinner, Jan. 27, 1965.\" 1965 Lane Brothers Assignment Book (p. 21) identifies the photographer, W. C. Lane, Jr.: \"Nat. Conferance [sic] of Christians \u0026 Jews; Photo, Martin Luther King's dinner; 81 duplicates; 17 4x5 duplicates; [commissioned] by Mr. McEvoy.\" \"LOOK - XX\"-- at top of entry. \"X Not Paid\"--at bottom of entry."]},{"record_id":"gsu_lane_13595","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King at his Nobel Peace Prize recognition dinner, National Conference of Christians and Jews, Dinkier Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia, January 27, 1965","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Envelope description: \"National Conference of Christians \u0026 Jews; Martin Luther King dinner, Jan. 27, 1965.\" 1965 Lane Brothers Assignment Book (p. 21) identifies the photographer, W. C. Lane, Jr.: \"Nat. Conferance [sic] of Christians \u0026 Jews; Photo, Martin Luther King's dinner; 81 duplicates; 17 4x5 duplicates; [commissioned] by Mr. McEvoy.\" \"LOOK - XX\"-- at top of entry. \"X Not Paid\"--at bottom of entry."]},{"record_id":"loc_voices_ppmsca04297","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights march on Washington, D.C.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Photograph showing civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King, Jr., surrounded by crowds carrying signs.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"loc_voices_ppmsca04301","record_class":"Item","title":"Washington D.C. riot. April 1968. Aftermath","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Photograph showing a soldier standing guard in a Washington, D.C., street with the ruins of buildings that were destroyed during the riots that followed the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mnhs_mncr_01070c-36","record_class":"Item","title":"People honoring Martin Luther King after his assassination","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["People honoring Martin Luther King after his assassination.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"geh_p17222coll4_2","record_class":"Item","title":"Southwind No. 151","mediums":["radio programs"],"dcterms_description":["This recording opens with an introduction of the program by Boyd Lewis. The entire program is a feature about Dr. Martin Luther King's birthday, which became a national holiday in 1986. The program features biographical information about King and background information about the Civil Rights Movement, as well as audio excerpts of King; former Morehouse College President Dr. Benjamin E. Mays; Benjamin Simms of the Montgomery Improvement Association; Coretta Scott King; Andrew Young Jr; Atlanta City Councilman John Lewis, and several unidentified African American children who offer their thoughts about King and his legacy. The program ends with a sign off by Boyd Lewis.","\"Southwind\" was a radio program about the issues, people, and culture of the South that aired on WABE-FM, Atlanta's public radio station. The series, which aired from 1980 to 1987, was conceived, produced, and reported by journalist Boyd Lewis."]},{"record_id":"aar_alabamaphoto_239","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others marching beside St. Margaret's Hospital on South Jackson Street in Montgomery, Alabama, headed to the county courthouse on Washington Avenue.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Marching beside him are Ralph Abernathy, James Forman, Jesse Douglas, Sr., and John Lewis. King led the marchers to protest the violent dispersal of a group of SNCC demonstrators on March 16; he met with officials at the courthouse to discuss the event."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_16241","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy holding a press conference at the Gaston Motel in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Wyatt Tee Walker is standing behind them. This photograph was taken from above."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_16313","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. with Freedom Riders as they prepare to leave Montgomery, Alabama, for Jackson, Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_16320","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr., Fred Shuttlesworth, and Ralph Abernathy holding a press conference at the Gaston Motel in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew Young is standing behind them, wearing overalls."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_16463","record_class":"Item","title":"Men on the steps of the African American First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, after a riot protesting the Freedom Riders' arrival in the city.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy, and Wyatt Tee Walker are standing in the doorway at the top of the steps. A mass meeting was held at the church that evening in honor of the Freedom Riders, but the mob that rioted held them prisoner within the building."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_16760","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a civil rights meeting at a church in Gadsden, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy is seated behind him."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_16909","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a civil rights meeting at a church in Gadsden, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36087","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma for 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36231","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and James Forman leaving the Montgomery County courthouse after a meeting with local officials in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting followed a march held to protest the violent dispersal of a group of SNCC demonstrators on March 16. Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders met with local officials at the courthouse to discuss the event."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36260","record_class":"Item","title":"James Bevel speaking at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. who also spoke, is seated behind him. The meeting was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma for 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36288","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma for 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36294","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy speaking at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["James Bevel and Martin Luther King Jr. are seated and talking together behind Abernathy. The meeting was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma for 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36299","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking to a journalist after arriving at the Montgomery airport during the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Coretta Scott King is walking beside her husband, wearing sunglasses."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_37012","record_class":"Item","title":"Stokely Carmichael addressing the crowd in front of the capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Carmichael is surrounded by other civil rights leaders, including Lawrence T. Guyot, James Meredith, Martin Luther King Jr., and Coretta Scott King. The March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_37023","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers in Jackson, Mississippi, near the end of the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King Jr., and Floyd McKissick are at the front. The March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_37090","record_class":"Item","title":"Whitney M. Young Jr., Walter Reuther, Juanita Abernathy, Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., Floyd McKissick, and other marchers in Jackson, Mississippi, near the end of the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40649","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers leaving the City of St. Jude in Montgomery, Alabama, on the final day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Bunche, Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King, James Bevel, F. D. Reese, and Hosea Williams are visible among the marchers."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40655","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers leaving the City of St. Jude in Montgomery, Alabama, on the final day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew Young, Ralph Abernathy, Juanita Abernathy, Ralph Bunche, Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King, James Bevel, F. D. Reese, and Hosea Williams are visible among the marchers."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40671","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers leaving the City of St. Jude in Montgomery, Alabama, on the final day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy, Juanita Abernathy, Ralph Bunche, Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King, James Bevel, F. D. Reese, and Hosea Williams are visible among the marchers."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40826","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers on Dexter Avenue in Montgomery, Alabama, approaching the Capitol at the conclusion of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. Coretta Scott King, and other civil rights leaders are visible after the first break in marchers (left of center)."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40979","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Coretta Scott King, Ralph Bunche, and Ralph Abernathy at the \"Stars for Freedom\" rally at the City of St. Jude in Montgomery, Alabama, the night before the end of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40995","record_class":"Item","title":"Floyd McKissick, Martin Luther King Jr., and Stokely Carmichael near Hernando, Mississippi, at the site where James Meredith was shot during the March Against Fear.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["A reporter is holding an ABC microphone in the foreground. Meredith began the March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. He was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_41105","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers leaving the City of St. Jude in Montgomery, Alabama, on the final day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Bunche, Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King, James Bevel, F. D. Reese, and Hosea Williams are visible among the marchers."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_60949","record_class":"Item","title":"Sullivan and Jean Jackson in the living room of their home on Lapsley Street in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders stayed at the Jacksons' home during the Selma voting rights campaign."]},{"record_id":"wsu_cdbmp_c304b147a-1-7","record_class":"Item","title":"Correspondence between Catherine May and Olga Johnson regarding Foreign Aid, Segregation, and the Johnson Administration, 1965","mediums":["correspondence"],"dcterms_description":["Constituent Olga Johnson writes a racially charged letter to Catherine May in which she laments foreign aid, espouses having \"...negroes confined on a reservation like the Indians,\" and \"...Martin Luther King and his followers and President Johnson and his, could all be taken out to a uninhabited island...\" She includes several political cartoons which criticize the Johnson administration and other \"liberal\" policies. May writes a restrained letter in response in which she thanks Johnson for the cartoons.","Original photographic prints were scanned as 300 dpi TIFF files on an OpticBook 3600 Plus scanner. 72 dpi JPEG files were then added to the CONTENTdm database at the WSU Libraries.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"wsu_croh_pitmon","record_class":"Item","title":"Alvin Pitmon talks about his experiences with prejudice in Arkansas and his feelings towards Dr. Martin Luther King","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Alvin Pitmon talks about his experiences with prejudice in Arkansas during the forced integration of schools in the 1960s. He discusses his feelings towards Dr. Martin Luther King and the effects Dr. King had on him.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"fra_flamemprojcr_253194","record_class":"Item","title":"Gov. LeRoy Collins on Civil Rights","mediums":["moving images"],"dcterms_description":["Gov. LeRoy Collins reflects on the civil rights movement in an interview with a WFSU-TV reporter. He states that during his tenure as governor he felt that change had to come peacefully in order to be effective. He comments that his experiences with civil rights leaders and as Commissioner of the Community Relations Service convinced him that integration would have a positive impact on society. The segment ends with the former Governor commenting that his religious beliefs made him sympathetic with the civil rights movement and additional commentary on his friendship with Dr. Martin Luther King. Produced by WFSU-TV."]},{"record_id":"gych_rogp_125","record_class":"Item","title":"Nan Orrock, 15 December 2010.","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Senator Nan Orrock was elected by Atlanta voters to the Georgia Senate in 2006, after serving ten terms in the House of Representatives, where she was the first woman elected as House majority Whip. She also served as the Governor's Floor Leader, a committee chair, and a member of the Speaker's Policy Committee. Her Senate District 36 encompasses downtown Atlanta, stretching north to Lenox Square, south to the city limits and west to the MARTA north-south line. Orrock's Senate committee appointments include Higher Education, Urban Affairs, Health and Human Services, Science and Technology, and Agriculture and Consumer Affairs. Her legislative expertise encompasses health policy, women's issues, civil rights and civil liberties, workforce issues, and the environment. She is a founder of both the Georgia Legislative Women's Caucus and the Working Families Caucus, and former chair of the Labor Workforce Standing Committee of the National Caucus of State Legislatures. Her leadership has been recognized by a wide array of organizations. Orrock's engagement on public policy issues dates back to her participation in the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, an experience that has led to a lifetime of activism and shaped her strong commitment to bringing the voices of women and other disenfranchised groups into the public arena. Orrock is the president of Women Legislators' Lobby, a national women legislator network that advocates for federal policies to reduce wasteful military spending and to improve the underfunded services to families, children, the disabled and the elderly. In recognition of her advocacy for the disabled, she received the 2008 Legislative Leadership Award by the Georgia Council on Developmental Disabilities. Her recent board service includes the Sapelo Foundation, the Center for Policy Alternatives, WAND, the YWCA, and the Institute of Energy and Environmental Research. She is an advisory council member of SCLC/W.O.M.E.N, former executive director of the Fund for Southern Communities and a member of the Bakery Confectionery and Tobacco Workers International Union. Orrock received the 2010 State Leader Award from the Progressive States Network and was featured in Governing magazine. She was selected by Creative Loafing readers as \"most effective local elected official\" and received their 2010 ARNIE \"loyal opposition\" award. The daughter of a Georgia native son and an East Tennessee mother, Orrock has lived in Atlanta since 1968 and has two grown sons. She received her B.A. in English from Mary Washington College of the University of Virginia and is a member of the Unitarian-Universalist Congregation of Atlanta.","Nan Orrock recalls visiting Washington, D.C. as an adolescent and being inspired to enter politics. She recalls meeting liberals in her office job and her decision to attend Martin Luther King's March on Washington. Orrock discusses her introduction to the Civil Rights Movement and the Student Nonviolence Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Orrock comments on her additional activism in textile labor strikes, helping both whites and African Americans earn a living wage, and in women's rights. She also discusses the founding of the newspaper the Great Speckled Bird. Orrock discusses her successful campaign for General Assembly in 1986 and reflects on life as a freshman legislator, interactions with Speaker Murphy, Paul Coverdell, and Denmark Groover, and her influence in the formation of the Women's Caucus. She discusses her work in legislature regarding men and women's health. Orrock recalls serving as a floor leader for Governor Miller and discusses the legislation regarding the state flag, family leave, and the first bill regarding hate crimes. She discusses gender policy as it relates to child support. Orrock comments on her interactions with Cathy Cox and Ralph David Abernathy. Orrock discusses being elected as the first female majority whip and serving as an associate member in the Black Caucus. Orrock discusses a particularly contentious abortion bill and the South's concern with keeping conservative votes. Orrock also reflects on running for State Senate and how the senate runs differently from the house. She discusses her experience serving as a rural senator versus as an urban senator. Orrock weighs in on redistricting and apportionment in addition to the Georgia Budget and Policy institute.","Finding aid available in repository.","Interviewed by Bob Short."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-10021","record_class":"Item","title":"Albany Movement","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. (second from right) and Ralph David Abernathy (third from right) pray during their arrest in Albany on July 27, 1962. William G. Anderson, the president of the Albany Movement, asked King and Abernathy to help with efforts to desegregate the city.","Image of Martin Luther King Jr. (second from right) and Ralph Abernathy (third from right) praying during their arrest in Albany, Georgia on July 27, 1962, during the Albany Movement. Several unidentified demonstrators stand next to King and Abernathy. Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett is seen on the far left. Pritchett led the arrest of demonstrators holding a kneel-in outside the Albany City Hall protesting segregation. The Albany Movement was a collaborative effort by such civil rights groups as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to desegregate the city of Albany during 1961 and 1962."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-4141","record_class":"Item","title":"Joseph Lowery","mediums":["color photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Joseph Lowery stands before the SCLC headquarters in Atlanta. In 1977 Lowery succeeded Ralph David Abernathy as president of the SCLC, which has been based in Atlanta since its inception in 1957.","Photograph of Joseph Lowery standing before a window at the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. The arch over the window is painted with the face of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and it reads \"Southern Christian Leadership Conference. SCLC founder Martin Luther King Jr. Joseph E. Lowery President.\" In 1977 Lowery succeeded Ralph Abernathy as president of the SCLC, which has been based in Atlanta since its inception in 1957."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-9696","record_class":"Item","title":"King's Crypt","mediums":["color photographs"],"dcterms_description":["In 1970, during the dedication ceremony for the King Center complex in Atlanta, the remains of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. were relocated to a crypt at the center. The reflecting pool surrounding the crypt was completed in 1977. King's wife, Coretta Scott King, was interred beside him in 2006.","Photograph of the crypt containing the body of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King. In 1970, during the dedication ceremony for the King Center complex in Atlanta, the remains of the civil rights leader were relocated to a crypt at the center. The reflecting pool surrounding the crypt was completed in 1977. King's wife, Coretta Scott King, was interred beside him in 2006."]},{"record_id":"noa_sohpcr_a-0077","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Rita Jackson Samuels, April 30, 1974","mediums":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Rita Jackson Samuels, coordinator of the Governor's Council on Human Relations in Atlanta, Georgia, offers her thoughts on the changing racial dynamics of her home state. She gives the most attention to measuring the progress of African Americans in Georgia during her tenure and that of Governor Jimmy Carter. She also discusses at length the installation of a portrait of Martin Luther King in the state capitol, a move which she initiated, and describes its symbolic importance.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"noa_sohpcr_a-0331-2","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Herman Talmadge, July 29 and August 1, 1975","mediums":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["This is the second interview in a three-part series with Senator Herman Talmadge of Georgia. In the first interview, Talmadge focused primarily on his early career in politics and his tenure as governor of Georgia from 1948 to 1955. In this interview, Talmadge shifts his focus to his years in the United States Senate. First elected in 1956, Talmadge had just entered his fourth term at the time the interview was conducted in 1975. Talmadge begins by describing the 1964 schism in the Democratic Party. In explaining his belief that there was room for variation and diversity along the conservative-liberal spectrum in both major political parties, Talmadge contends that he never seriously considered leaving the Democratic Party during those years. In addition, Talmadge offers his assessment of key political figures. He compares the leadership styles and accomplishments of presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford, and he offers his perception of leaders such as George Wallace, Ralph Nader, George McGovern, and Eugene McCarthy. Throughout the interview, Talmadge pays particular attention to issues of civil rights, the environment, consumerism, and the growing relationship between television and politics. In addition, Talmadge offers his views on the role of federal government, the changing social problems facing Americans during the mid-1970s, and his reaction to the Watergate scandal and its impact on politics.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"noa_sohpcr_g-0017","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Septima Poinsette Clark, July 30, 1976","mediums":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Septima Clark was hired by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to continue the voter registration and community education classes she had taught through the Highlander Folk School. She recalls some of the successes of her work with the SCLC, especially the passing of the Voting Rights Act. The challenges of the work included prejudice against the female leaders in the organization, violent reactions by local police and Ku Klux Klan, and occasional class prejudice amongst SCLC leaders. Clark notes how several leaders needed to learn techniques for serving poor rural people, and she often corrected their misunderstandings. She compares the leadership strategies of Andrew Young, Wyatt T. Walker, and Ralph Abernathy and explains why the organization flourished under the influence of certain civil rights workers like Young and Jesse Jackson.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"shelbycotenn_mlkinv_audio","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio files : Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination investigation","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Web site presenting over one hundred audio files relating to the court proceedings from the trial of James Earl Ray who pled guilty to assassinating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Files include dispatch tapes, court proceedings, and arraignment proceedings.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_mmugwork1","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., #7089","mediums":["government records","identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Scanned image from one of the Montgomery County, Alabama Sheriff's Department's mug shot volumes showing Martin Luther King, Jr. and other African American men arrested on February 21, 1956 for their leadership during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The books of mug shots were divided by race and gender.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"suc_idn_idn1887","record_class":"Item","title":"Sermon, c. 1983, based on Luke 16:5","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["4 pages","Four page handwritten sermon that refers to Luke 16:5 and emphasizes that personal gains are built upon the service and sacrifice of others.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"suc_jad_jad731","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter, 1971 Dec. 5, (Ridgefield, C.T.), Richard Kluger, to Joseph A. DeLaine, Sr., (Charlotte, N.C.)","mediums":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_description":["Letter from Richard Kluger, author of Simple Justice, in Ridgefield, Connecticut, in response to Joseph A. DeLaine, Sr., of Charlotte, North Carolina, informing DeLaine that the Briggs family believes DeLaine has not gotten proper recognition for his role in the Civil Rights movement as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., has. Kruger explains that he hopes his book will rectify that omission.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_14","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Mary Little-Vance, 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including Mary Little-Vance, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_18","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Sandra Nixon, 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including Sandra Nixon, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_20","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Helen O'Neal McCray (1), 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including Helen O'Neal McCray, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm653","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm654","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm657","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm658","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm659","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm671","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm673","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm676","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm678","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm684","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm687","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm689","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm691","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"tnmpl_memphiscrp_000208","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mrs. Daisy Bates address Freedom Rally","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Black-and-white photograph from July 31, 1959 of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Daisy Bates at a Freedom Rally in Memphis, Tennessee. King and Bates are standing in front of a microphone and podium. In the background is a banner with photographs of African American candidates in the city election. From left to right, Russell Sugarmon running for public works commissioner; Benjamin Hooks for a juvenile court judgeship; and Roy Love and Henry C. Bunton for school board. The men made up the \"Volunteer Ticket\" and the meeting was a rally that drew 5,000 African Americans to hear King, Bates, and others. Mrs. Bates was leader of the Little Rock, Arkansas National Association for the Advancement of Colored People movement to integrate Central High School in 1957.","The University of Tennessee Libraries (Knoxville, Tennessee) is the digital publisher.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"tnn_npldl_bn_1960-1169-n10","record_class":"Item","title":"Photograph of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Reverend Kelly Miller Smith, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee, 1960 April 21","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["A photograph of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Reverend Kelly Miller Smith at Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee, April 21, 1960, preparing to speak to an audience of over 4000 following the bombing of the home of prominent civil rights attorney, Z. Alexander Looby.  While urging the audience to continue with the sit-in demonstrations, Dr. King gave an interpretation of nonviolence by saying: \"We will say, do what you will to us, but we will wear you down by our capacity to suffer.\""]},{"record_id":"kdl_abrad_19970914bond","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with Julian Bond, September 14, 1997","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","sound recordings","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Julian Bond, September 14, 1997 conducted by Catherine Fosl.","Julian Bond is an African American politician, a leading social activist in the Civil Rights Movement, a professor, a writer, an original founder of SNCC, the first president of the Southern Poverty Law Center, and the current chairman of the NAACP. In this interview, Bond begins by discussing his initial impressions of both Bradens and their brainchild SCEF, perceptions that were often laced with the \"taint\" of Communism. He also outlines the evolution of Anne's relationship with SNCC both as an individual and through SCEF. Perhaps more particularly, Bond highlights Anne's role as a vital source of media connections for SNCC, and the ways in which these connections helped establish its political presence."]},{"record_id":"ket_civilrights_gallery","record_class":"Item","title":"Image gallery","mediums":["web sites","black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Web page forming part of the companion to a Kentucky Educational Television documentary of the same title presenting twenty black-and-white photographs documenting the Civil Rights movement in Kentucky.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"kylouu_afamoh_oh635","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Goldie Beckett","mediums":["sound recordings","transcripts","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Goldie Winstead Beckett, conducted on September 12, 1978 by Ken Chumbley. In this interview, Mrs. Beckett discusses her life as well as her husband's experiences as alderman in the city of Louisville in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Mrs. Beckett briefly describes her early life and education, including her graduation from Kentucky State College. Mrs. Beckett had a career in education, but also worked with her husband, and for her brother, in the undertaking business in Louisville. She speaks of the Walnut Street area before Urban Renewal. Mrs. Beckett's husband, William Washington Beckett, was elected alderman in 1951 and served until 1961. In this time, he played a role in the integration of the fire and police departments, the parks, and public accommodations, and in developing a Human Relations Commission. Mrs. Beckett discusses her husband's contributions and the civil rights movement in general (both in Louisville and more generally) and gives her opinion on the roles of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the African American church.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1469","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Rev. William J. Miles, March 18, 1994, part II","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["William J. Miles was born 13 August 1926, in Ambridge, Pennsylvania. He served as a priest in the Episcopal Church from 1951 until his retirement in 2004. He was active in the Milwaukee Congress of Racial Equality, and helped to organize the Milwaukee United Schools Integration Committee.","Interviewed by Marc S. Rodriguez on 18 March 1994 in Glendale, Wisconsin.","Tape-recorded interview of Rev. William Miles, providing information on his experiences during the civil rights movement in Milwaukee circa 1964-1969. In this oral history, Miles discusses his role in the Milwaukee United School Integration Committee (MUSIC) of which he was a founder. Topics include the Freedom Schools in Milwaukee; Fr. James Groppi; Lloyd Barbee; and MUSIC's relationships with UW-Milwaukee and Marquette University. Miles also discusses the reaction of his parish, the Anglican Church, and the broader community to his actions. He also provides some information on his experiences with retail (Porters of Racine).","St. Mark's Episcopal Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee"]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1528","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Mary Arms, July 29, 2007, part I","mediums":["sound recordings","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["This is an oral history interview with Mary Arms conducted by Amanda Winn on Sunday July 29, 2007 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Tape 1, Side 1.","Eagles Club--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; St. Boniface Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; 16th Street Bridge--Wisconsin--Milwaukee"]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_571","record_class":"Item","title":"3 Welcome flier, circa January 1964","mediums":["documents","fliers (printed matter)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"gzn_march_674","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Juanita Adams and Arlene Johnson, June 15, 1995, Part II","mediums":["sound recordings","transcripts","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Juanita Adams and Arlene Johnson conducted by Jack Dougherty, June 15, 1995 (at Ms. Johnson's home, 7225 N. 86th Street, Milwaukee).","St. Boniface Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee"]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_721","record_class":"Item","title":"News film clip of Father Groppi at the Unitarian Church West summarizing the struggle for open housing in Milwaukee, September 20, 1967 (with sound)","mediums":["moving images","film"],"dcterms_description":["Footage of Father Groppi at the Unitarian Church West in Brookfield. He shares his perspective on the struggle for open housing legislation and open housing marches in Milwaukee. He places the conflict in the context of local black people's needs and points to 1,000 black families losing their homes due to the Kilbourntown redevelopment project.","Daily footage extra, segment 1. September 20, 1967."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_722","record_class":"Item","title":"News film clip of Father Groppi at the Unitarian Church West continuing his talk on civil rights in Milwaukee, September 20, 1967 (with sound)","mediums":["moving images","film"],"dcterms_description":["Footage of Father Groppi at the Unitarian Church West in Brookfield. He speaks about his participation in demonstrations in the South, and among other things, the effect of the local civil rights movement on identity of black youth.","Daily footage extra, segment 6. September 20, 1967."]},{"record_id":"gsu_ggdp_5157","record_class":"Item","title":"Carl Sanders oral history interviews, 1986 August 5 and 12","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"gsu_ggdp_5163","record_class":"Item","title":"Lester Maddox oral history interviews, 1988 November 22 and 1989 July 26","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"gsu_ggdp_5227","record_class":"Item","title":"Bill Shipp oral history interview, 1987 April 22","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"loc_crhp_crhp0057","record_class":"Item","title":"Elmer Dixon oral history interview conducted by David P. Cline in Seattle, Washington, 2013-02-28","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews","transcripts","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["Elmer Dixon discusses his childhood in Chicago, Illinois and Seattle, Washington, where he marched with Martin Luther King, Jr., and heard Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) leader Stokely Carmichael speak. At 17 he met Black Panthers Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in Oakland and established, with his brother Aaron Dixon as Defense Captain, the Seattle chapter of the Black Panther Party. Dixon discusses his work with the Panthers, the survival of several of the programs he started, including a health clinic, his work after the Panther chapter closed down in 1978, and his current position as director of an executive consulting firm specializing in diversity issues."]},{"record_id":"loc_crhp_crhp0084","record_class":"Item","title":"Clarence B. Jones oral history interview conducted by David P. Cline in Palo Alto, California, 2013-04-15","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews","transcripts","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Clarence B. Jones shares memories from his work as a legal advisor and speechwriter for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. In particular, he describes his significant contributions to the \"I Have a Dream\" speech, which King delivered at the March on Washington in 1963. Jones also describes his early life living in a Philadelphia home for indigent black orphans and foster children, because his parents, who were both domestic workers, could not afford to provide for him. Jones talks about his education at Columbia University, his training as a classical clarinetist, and some of his early encounters with leftist politics while in New York. Jones discusses the death of his mother and the profound effect it had on him. He describes his time spent in the military during the Korean War. Other topics discussed in the interview include Jones's marriage to Anne Norton, his studies at Boston University Law School, and his move to California to become an entertainment lawyer."]},{"record_id":"loc_crhp_crhp0107","record_class":"Item","title":"Harry Blake oral history interview conducted by David P. Cline in Shreveport, Louisiana, 2013-10-03","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews","transcripts","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["The Reverend Doctor Harry Blake discusses his childhood on a plantation in Louisiana in the 1930s and 1940s and how he became a leader in the Civil Rights Movement in Shreveport, Louisiana. Blake joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1960 after he heard Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., give a speech at Bishop College in Texas, where he was a student. Blake discusses his pastorate at Mount Canaan Baptist Church in Shreveport, how he came to develop a good relationship with local politicians, and the work he continues to do within the context of the civil rights struggle."]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_55","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Luker interview","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Ralph Luker discusses his involvement in civil rights protests and demonstrations in Raleigh, North Carolina while attending Duke University. During this period, Duke Divinity School revoked his admission due to his involvement in civil rights activities. Luker became involved in the movement in Georgia while teaching in Macon. He ends the interview by describing how he played an active role in the youth branches of the NAACP.","Ralph Luker was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky at the beginning of World War II. He attended Duke University in Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina and Purdue Seminary."]},{"record_id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1426","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Martin Luther King, Jr., a significant civil rights leader of the 1950s and 1960s. He achieved his most renown and greatest successes in advancing the cause of civil rights while leading a series of highly publicized campaigns in Alabama between 1955 and 1965. During this decade of mass protests against racial injustices, King's words and deeds inspired millions of people throughout the world. In 1964, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his leadership in the struggle for racial equality. In contrast, others saw King as a polarizing figure whose actions elicited violent reactions. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968. Fifteen years later, in November 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a bill establishing the third Monday of every January as the Martin Luther King Jr. National Holiday.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1567","record_class":"Item","title":"Montgomery Bus Boycott","mediums":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, which began with Rosa Parks's refusal to give her seat to a white man. Beginning in 1955, the 13-month nonviolent protest by the black citizens of Montgomery aimed to desegregate the city's public bus system, Montgomery City Lines. Its success led to a November 1956 Supreme Court decision overturning segregated transportation that was legalized by the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, an area left untouched by the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas decision to desegregate public schools.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"fra_flamemprojcr_vid23","record_class":"Item","title":"St. Augustine Race Riots","mediums":["moving images"],"dcterms_description":["This film provides extensive footage of the St. Augustine race riots. It shows demonstrations by blacks on Butler Beach in St. Augustine, counter demonstrations by whites, speeches made by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Governor Farris Bryant, and speeches by segregationists such as Reverend Connie Lynch, Richard 'Hoss' Manucy, and Klansman J.B. Stoner. It also includes scenes of the highway patrol sent in to assist local law enforcement officials."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4707xs68","record_class":"Item","title":"Duke Vigil, Tape 1","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["One of five audiotapes made by a Duke student during the Vigil. The student took a tape recorder with him to all of the events of the Vigil and recorded what was said. He then re-recorded the tapes, adding his own comments to them in order to more fully describe the Vigil demonstrations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r47p8vj15","record_class":"Item","title":"April 5, 1968-04 8, 1968","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Pres. Knight at home Friday night, answering questions from the group concerning non-academic employees, their wages, and his membership in the Hope Valley Country Club. Press conference, Monday, 12:30pm in the Varsity 'D' room: John Strange, Bunny Small, John Kinney. [In spots, the tape is difficult to understand because of a faulty microphone connection.]"]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4m04021j","record_class":"Item","title":"April 8, 1968-04 10, 1968","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Press conference, continued: John Strange, Bunny Small, John Kinney. Dr. Martin Luther King's \"I have a dream\" speech played several times to the assembled vigil on the quad. Wednesday, April 10, 1968, main quad: John Strange and Wright Tisdale addresses, singing of \"We shall overcome.\""]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4st7g187","record_class":"Item","title":"April 5, 1968: the beginning","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Speeches by John Strange and others in the Alumni Lounge as the march to President Knight's home begins. Statements by Dean William Griffith, Tupp Blackwell, Ted Minah, Dave Birkhead, Chris Jossi, Douglas Knight, Jack Boger, and others."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4p26r75w","record_class":"Item","title":"April 6, 1968 at Pres. Knight's house","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Huck Gutman on Local 77 strike. Questions on the 4 demands. WDBS: Ted Minah and Bindewald statements on strike, Ted Minah appeal for workers. Jack Boger, John Strange, Dave Hunt statements."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4377702x","record_class":"Item","title":"Duke Vigil, Tape 2","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["One of five audiotapes made by a Duke student during the Vigil. The student took a tape recorder with him to all of the events of the Vigil and recorded what was said. He then re-recorded the tapes, adding his own comments to them in order to more fully describe the Vigil demonstrations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r49020k83","record_class":"Item","title":"Vigil #10","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Rally on the Main Quad, cont.; Questions and answers from the assembled Duke Vigil to and from: Mr. Ira Sanford Miss Joan Baez Mr. David Harris"]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r43x84q5t","record_class":"Item","title":"April 7, 1968 rally on the main quad, continued","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Singing led by Nick Atkins, announcements by Food Committee Chairman Lucy Brady, Recording of Dr. King's \"I have a dream\" speech (1963)."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4dn4048h","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4pv6bg6g","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4g15tm0n","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4pz51v9s","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r40k26m3p","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r40863f3m","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"utkn_volvoices_volvoices-8444","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter on Death of Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_description":["This letter is a response from Senator Albert Gore to a citizen who sent him a telegram discussing the President`s order to fly to United States flag at half-staff in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.`s death. The citizen opposed this measure, and Gore reassures him that the President has the authority to order such actions. Identifying information has been removed to protect the identities of private citizens.","The University of Tennessee Libraries (Knoxville, Tennessee) is the digital publisher."]},{"record_id":"kdl_abrad_19891108","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with Anne Braden, November 8, 1989","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","sound recordings","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Anne Braden, November 8, 1989 conducted by Catherine Fosl.","Anne Braden was a white southern anti-racist activist, organizer and journalist from Louisville, Kentucky. In this interview, Braden discusses the Gandhi Corps, an interracial group of local teens who held demonstrations against segregation. She speaks about the early 1950s and she and Carl Braden's political life shifting more to the left as they began to work with other organizations besides unions and support the Progressive Party. Braden also talks about the factors that led her to protest against the Korean War."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36031","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking with a reporter at the Montgomery County courthouse after a meeting with local officials in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Kiyoshi Kuromiya and Ralph Abernathy are standing behind King, and James Forman is beside him. The meeting followed a march held to protest the violent dispersal of a group of SNCC demonstrators on March 16. Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders met with local officials at the courthouse to discuss the event."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_200919","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy at a press conference at the Gaston Motel in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Wyatt Tee Walker is standing behind them."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_200783","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy at a press conference at the Gaston Motel in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Wyatt Tee Walker is standing behind them."]},{"record_id":"apm_sayitplain_sayitplaincr","record_class":"Item","title":"Say It Plain: A Century of Great African American Speeches","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Web site companion to a radio documentary of the same name produced by American Radio Works. The site looks at significant speeches of Booker T. Washington, Marcus Garvey, Mary McLeod Bethune, Dick Gregory, Fannie Lou Hamer, Stokely Carmichael, Martin Luther King, Jr., Shirley Chisholm, Barbara Jordan, Jesse Jackson, Clarence Thomas, and Barack Obama. It also links to an audio file and transcript of the documentary as well as other links and related resources.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1071","record_class":"Item","title":"J.T. Johnson : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["J.T. Johnson describes his experiences in the civil rights movement in St. Augustine, as well as Albany, Georgia, including details on his involvement in the swim-in at the Monson Motor Lodge pool.","Ku Klux Klan -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Albany, Ga. -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Selma, Al. -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Integration of Monson Pool -- March on Washington -- Nashville Sit-ins -- Night March -- Poor People's Campaign -- Wade-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1058","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-07-17","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["SCLC tests integration of restaurants around town with varying levels of success. One attempt at Pappy's Seafood turned violent. MLK returns to St. Augustine and announces at press conference that marches may need to resume because the KKK can not run St. Augustine.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- Florida Highway Patrol -- First Baptist Church -- Pappy's Seafood -- Rusty's -- Santa Maria Restaurant -- Kayo Gas Station -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Civil Rights Rally -- Picketing"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1205","record_class":"Item","title":"Racial and Civil Disorders in St. Augustine : Report of the Legistlative Investigation Committee : Appendix 22","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Order setting aside certain estreatures and reinstating bonds, and for preliminary injunction, in the case of Martin Luther King, Jr. vs. Judge Charles Mathis. Order signed by Judge Bryan Simpson.","St. Johns County Sheriff's Office"]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_54","record_class":"Item","title":"Catherine Burks Brooks","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Catherine Burks Brooks discusses getting involved with Movement after attending Tennessee State University. She participated in the Freedom Rides and spent almost 30 days in Parchman Farm (Mississippi State Penitentiary). She received recognition from Dr. King for her activism."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_98","record_class":"Item","title":"Emma Smith Young","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Emma Smith Young discusses participating in the Selma to Montgomery March after being very involved in the Movement in Birmingham. She was arrested during a Birmingham demonstration and attended Dr. King's funeral in D.C."]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11176","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and SCLC director Andrew Young during a press conference, 1967","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"King, Martin Luther. April 25, 1967. 30258. Dendy.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11179","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and SCLC director Andrew Young during a press conference, 1967","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"King, Martin Luther. April 25, 1967. 30258. Dendy.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11180","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and SCLC director Andrew Young during a press conference, 1967","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"King, Martin Luther. April 25, 1967. 30258. Dendy.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11326","record_class":"Item","title":"Police escort the funeral procession of Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession. State Capitol in background. 4/9/1968. J. C. Lee\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11327","record_class":"Item","title":"Mourners watch the casket of Martin Luther King Jr. being pulled through downtown Atlanta, 1968","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession. State Capitol in background. 4/9/1968. J. C. Lee\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11329","record_class":"Item","title":"Mourners of Martin Luther King Jr. during the funeral procession, 1968","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession. State Capitol in background. 4/9/1968. J. C. Lee\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11330","record_class":"Item","title":"Crowds walk through downtown Atlanta in the Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession, 1968","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession. State Capitol in background. 4/9/1968. J. C. Lee\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11336","record_class":"Item","title":"Funeral procession for Martin Luther King Jr. outside the State Capitol, 1968","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession. State Capitol in background. 4/9/1968. J. C. Lee\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11338","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr.'s casket being pulled by horse in the funeral procession, 1968","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession. State Capitol in background. 4/9/1968. J. C. Lee\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11343","record_class":"Item","title":"Funeral procession of Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession. State Capitol in background. 4/9/1968. J. C. Lee\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11344","record_class":"Item","title":"Horse and buggy carrying the casket of Martin Luther King Jr. during the funeral procession, 1968","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession. State Capitol in background. 4/9/1968. J. C. Lee\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13385","record_class":"Item","title":"Former first lady Jackie Kennedy makes her way through the crowd at the funeral of Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination. MLK Death. Jackie Kennedy. Photog: Noel Davis\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13392","record_class":"Item","title":"Crowds waiting on Morehouse College's campus during memorial services for Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination. Campus at Morehouse. Photog: Charles Pugh\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13454","record_class":"Item","title":"Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen puts an honorary wreath on the grave of Martin Luther King Jr. one year after his death, 1969","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination\" Caption: \"Mayor Allen places wreath on grave. Ceremony honors memory of Dr. King. Staff Photo- Marion Crowe. April 4, 1969\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13458","record_class":"Item","title":"Crowds gather on rooftops near Ebenezer Church during the funeral service of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"Martin Luther King- funeral. Photographer: Robert Connell\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13461","record_class":"Item","title":"Mourners navigate through downtown Atlanta during the funeral procession of Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination. MLK Death\" Caption: \"Viaduct over railroad tracks filled. Staff Photo- Marion Crowe. April 10, 1968\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13462","record_class":"Item","title":"Mourners line up to pay their respects at a memorial service for Martin Luther King Jr. on Spelman campus, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination. Photog: Noel Davis. Mourners at Spelman College.\" Caption: \". . . line up outside Sisters Chapel at Spelman College. April 8, 1968\""]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1632","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Reuben Harpole Jr., June 6, 1995","mediums":["spoken word","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview of Reuben Harpole Jr., conducted byJack Dougherty, June 6, 1995 (at his office, University of Wisconsin Extension, Division of Outreach and Community Education, 929 N. 6th Street, Milwaukee).","Reuben Harpole Jr, helped develop many Milwaukee institutions such as the Black Holocaust Museum, UWM's Center for Urban Community Development and the Harambee Community Development Corporation. His interview topics include a personal account of white flight in the Harambee neighborhood, boycotts of Boston Store and Gimbles, Milwaukee Star's role in disseminating information to the African American community, Concerned Citizens for Quality Education, and key community leaders in the fight for equality in education."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1635","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Rev. B.S. Gregg, May 30, 1995","mediums":["spoken word","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview of Rev. B.S. Gregg, conducted by Jack Dougherty, May 30, 1995 (at the Wyndham Hotel, 139 E Kilbourn Avenue, Milwaukee).","Reverend B.S. Gregg was pastor of St. Matthew CME church for several years, and served as treasurer of Milwaukee United School Integration Committee (MUSIC) in 1964. Interview topics include his relationship with Mayor Maier, the Freedom Schools and St. Matthew's role in the school boycott in 1964, and his work with Lloyd Barbee on education reform."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1671","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Carl Diederichs, November 13, 2007","mediums":["spoken word","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Father Carl Diederichs conducted by Jason Boucher on November 13, 2007 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin for the March on Milwaukee Oral History Project.","Diederichs, a Franciscan priest from Appleton, Wisconsin, speaks of discrimination and changes in Milwaukee Catholic parishes due to white flight and African-American migration, participating with Father Groppi and open housing marches, and black leadership in the Catholic Church."]},{"record_id":"suc_mblogan_397","record_class":"Item","title":"Lecture, 1964, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["manuscripts (documents)","correspondence"],"dcterms_description":["This is the lecture Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave in Oslo, Norway upon his reception of the Nobel Peace Prize. In this copy of his lecture there are hand-written grammatical corrections."]},{"record_id":"suc_mblogan_544","record_class":"Item","title":"Photograph, 1964, Martin Luther King, Jr. with others 3","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["This is a photograph of Martin Luther King, Jr. with unidentified other people."]},{"record_id":"suc_mblogan_546","record_class":"Item","title":"Photograph, no date, Martin Luther King, Jr. with others 8","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["This is a photograph of Martin Luther King, Jr. with unidentified other people."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_549","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. leading a procession of people past the Alabama State Capitol to demonstrate against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_581","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration lead by Martin Ruther King Jr. in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. in a crowd during a demonstration against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_582","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration lead by Martin Ruther King Jr. in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. leading a procession of people to demonstrate against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_1039","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. in the midst of a crowd at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in Washington, D.C., August 28, 1963."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_1260","record_class":"Item","title":"View of crumbling building and debris after 1968 Chicago riots","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["View of a crumbling building and debris, including four men in hard hats in the foreground, in the wake of the riots that erupted in South and West Side neighborhoods following news of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, in Chicago, Illinois, 1968."]},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33838","record_class":"Item","title":"Walter Lee Bailey, Lawyer for Martin Luther King, June 26th 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33929","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. James Lawson, Civil Rights Activist, September 1969","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33827","record_class":"Item","title":"P.J. Ciampa, Dir. of AFSCME Field Staff, 1972","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33899","record_class":"Item","title":"William B. Ingram, Memphis Mayor, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33844","record_class":"Item","title":"Taylor Blair, Rep. for the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33928","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. James Lawson, SCLC and COME, January 1969","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33851","record_class":"Item","title":"Jesse Neely, Tennessee Commission for Human Development, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33839","record_class":"Item","title":"Walter Lee Bailey, owner of the Lorraine Motel, July 10th 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33894","record_class":"Item","title":"Phillip Perel, Memphis City Council, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33815","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Samuel \"Billy\" Kyles, Eye Witness to MLK Assassination, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33828","record_class":"Item","title":"James Reynolds, U.S. Secretary of Labor, 1972","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33813","record_class":"Item","title":"Sam Weintraub Part 2, Head of Memphis NLRB, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33829","record_class":"Item","title":"Frank Gianotti, Memphis City Attorney, 1972","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33775","record_class":"Item","title":"Lucius Burch, Lawyer for Martin Luther King, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33845","record_class":"Item","title":"Jacques Wilmore, Field Dir. U.S. Civil Rights Commission, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33831","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. James Lawson, SCLC and COME, May 25th 1972","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33842","record_class":"Item","title":"Frank Miles, Mediator for Memphis Sanitation Strike, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33853","record_class":"Item","title":"Lewis Donelson, Memphis City Council, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33822","record_class":"Item","title":"WDIA Radio Memorial Service at the Lorraine Motel, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33816","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Braxton Bryant, Dir. Tenn. Council on Human Relations, August 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33550","record_class":"Item","title":"Lynne Turley, 2006","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33527","record_class":"Item","title":"Cleophus Dowdy, 2009","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33501","record_class":"Item","title":"John T. Fisher, 2007","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33523","record_class":"Item","title":"Janie R. Whinfrey, 2009","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"mus_sovcom_99-93-0-15-1-1-1","record_class":"Item","title":"Memorandum: to Howard Melish, 1963 January 18","mediums":["correspondence","memorandums","texts (document genres)"],"dcterms_description":["Image of a memorandum addressed to Howard Melish from Carl Braden regarding Martin Luther King, Jr. and his tendency to arrive late to meetings. Braden encourages Melish to write King at his home to invite him to dinner.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_sovcom_99-93-0-3-2-1-1","record_class":"Item","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of the backside of a check deposited for Southern Christian Leadership Conference and endorsed by Martin Luther King, Jr., Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 March 7","mediums":["records (documents)","financial records","negotiable instruments","checks (bank checks)"],"dcterms_description":["SCLC check's verso showing endorsing signature of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.","Individual(s) identified in the photograph include King, Dr. Martin Luther, Jr.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_sovcom_99-93-0-69-1-1-1","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter: Atlanta, Georgia, to James Dombrowski, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 August 16","mediums":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_description":["Correspondence","Individual(s) identified in the photograph include King, Martin Luther, Jr.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"abj_p15099coll2_57","record_class":"Item","title":"Reverend John Thomas Porter interview","mediums":["PDF"],"dcterms_description":["Reverend Porter discusses his experiences with Reverend Shuttlesworth during the time he served as Assistant Pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama."]},{"record_id":"abj_p15099coll2_1233","record_class":"Item","title":"Dallas County Sheriff's Department Civil Rights Surveillance Recording. Tapes 6-7.","mediums":["open reel audiotapes","MP3"],"dcterms_description":["Tapes #6 and #7, location unknown, undated (31 minutes). Recording begins with King speaking. He references charges that he and other are outside agitators and compares his travels with those of the Apostle Paul","references the “festering sore of segregation” and tells the crowd that the next Monday will be “Freedom Monday,” a “day of massive testing and challenge.” References testing public accommodations at “every restaurant, every theater, every hotel on the highway and every motel in the community.” Talks of the need to “desegregate our minds and “remove the shackles of fear.” Addresses the charge that a goal of civil rights activity is inter-racial marriage. Recording ends."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_37","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. addresses a crowd in Kingstree","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers an address at the Tomlinson High School athletic field to encourage voter participation in upcoming elections. King calls for a \"march on the ballot boxes\" by South Carolina voters to protect and expand civil rights.","415 Lexington Avenue, Kingstree, S.C."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_6243","record_class":"Item","title":"Curfew over Columbia following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["South Carolina National Guard officers enforce a curfew in downtown Columbia following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee.","Main Street, Columbia, S.C."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_5778","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. commemoration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["A group of supporters of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. march south on Main Street to the State House to commemorate the second anniversary of the civil rights worker's assassination in Memphis, Tennessee."]},{"record_id":"aru_unequal_201","record_class":"Item","title":"Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller at Martin Luther King Memorial Service","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller on the steps of the state Capitol after the assassination of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.","Little Rock -- Pulaski"]},{"record_id":"aru_unequal_206","record_class":"Item","title":"Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller Memorializes Martin Luther King","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller speaks on the steps of the state Capitol at a ceremony marking the assassination of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.","Violence -- Little Rock -- Pulaski"]},{"record_id":"aru_unequal_1708","record_class":"Item","title":"Speech by Daisy Bates \"What Price Freedom?\"","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Speech titled \"What Price Freedom?\" referencing the physical travails of the fight for Civil Rights in the South.","Racism -- Segregation -- Desegregation -- Civil Rights -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Jr. -- Little Rock -- Pulaski"]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_103008","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. addressing an audience at a voter rally in a wooded area in Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is standing to the left, and King's children, Yolanda and Martin, are behind him on the right. King traveled around Alabama the week before the 1966 May primaries to encourage voter participation in the upcoming election. His tour was mentioned in an article (\"King Criticizes Panthers\") on page 67 of the Birmingham News on April 27, 1966."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_103777","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. getting off a plane at the airport in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["On October 30, 1967, King, Ralph Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King flew to Birmingham from Atlanta to serve a five-day prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights protests in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.)"]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108559","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking with journalists at the first rest stop on the Selma to Montgomery March, two miles outside of Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Hugh Merrill, reporter for the Huntsville Times, is seated on the left."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108564","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers on Sylvan Street in downtown Selma, Alabama, at the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["They are passing the intersection with Selma Avenue. The following leaders are on the front row, wearing leis: John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, Rabbi Abraham Heschel, and F. D. Reese. Sylvan Street was later renamed Martin Luther King Street."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108565","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers preparing to line up on Sylvan Street in downtown Selma, Alabama, before the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The following leaders are visible on the front row, wearing leis: John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Ralph Bunche. Brown Chapel AME Church and the George Washington Carver Homes are behind them. Sylvan Street was later renamed Martin Luther King Street."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108579","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers preparing to line up on Sylvan Street in downtown Selma, Alabama, before the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The following leaders are visible on the front row, wearing leis: John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Ralph Bunche. Brown Chapel AME Church and the George Washington Carver Homes are behind them. Sylvan Street was later renamed Martin Luther King Street."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108586","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers on Sylvan Street in downtown Selma, Alabama, at the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The following leaders are on the front row, wearing leis: John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, Rabbi Abraham Heschel, and F. D. Reese. Sylvan Street was later renamed Martin Luther King Street."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108619","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge in downtown Selma, Alabama, on the first day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The following leaders are on the front row, wearing leis: John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, Rabbi Abraham Heschel, and F. D. Reese."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108654","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers preparing to line up on Sylvan Street in downtown Selma, Alabama, before the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The following leaders are visible on the front row, wearing leis: Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, Rabbi Abraham Heschel, and F. D. Reese. They are passing the George Washington Carver Homes. Sylvan Street was later renamed Martin Luther King Street."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108689","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. with Sheyann Webb and Rachel West at the first rest stop on the Selma to Montgomery March, two miles outside of Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108695","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers at the start of the Selma to Montgomery March in downtown Selma, Alabama, probably on Sylvan Street.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["They are passing a church building. The following leaders are on the front row, wearing leis: John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, and Rabbi Abraham Heschel. Sylvan Street was later renamed Martin Luther King Street."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_118494","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Fred Shuttlesworth, and others marching to the Dallas County courthouse in Selma, Alabama, during a civil rights demonstration.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Brown Chapel AME Church is visible behind them."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_118859","record_class":"Item","title":"Fred Shuttlesworth, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy and others marching to the Dallas County courthouse in Selma, Alabama, during a civil rights demonstration.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson is visible behind them, and the young man walking on the right is wearing a button for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), that reads, \"We Shall Overcome.\""]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_530","record_class":"Item","title":"L. L. Anderson standing at the podium during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Anderson's back is to the camera; Martin Luther King, Jr., is seated behind him. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_1611","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young and Martin Luther King, Jr., looking over notes while sitting behind the podium during a meeting at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_1617","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young and Martin Luther King, Jr., looking over notes while sitting behind the podium during a meeting at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_1779","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young, Martin Luther King, Jr., and others sitting behind the podium during a meeting at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4502","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy getting off a plane at the airport in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A crowd, including journalists, is waiting at the bottom of the stairs; several people are holding umbrellas. King, Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King flew to Birmingham from Atlanta to serve a five-day prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights protests in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4503","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., arriving at the airport in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is surrounded by a crowd, and several people are holding umbrellas. King, Ralph Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King flew to Birmingham from Atlanta to serve a five-day prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights protests in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4516","record_class":"Item","title":"Bernard Lee, Ralph Abernathy, and Martin Luther King, Jr., arriving for a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held after King, Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4530","record_class":"Item","title":"James Meredith, Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4531","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held after King, Wyatt Tee Walker, Ralph Abernathy, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4535","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4737","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held after King, Wyatt Tee Walker, Ralph Abernathy, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6477","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a man during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6486","record_class":"Item","title":"L. L. Anderson greeting Martin Luther King, Jr., as he enters Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is standing outside the door. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6487","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., with L. L. Anderson in an anteroom at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Jim Peppler, the photographer, is visible in the mirror above the sink behind the men. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6506","record_class":"Item","title":"Hosea Williams, Richard Boone, Martin Luther King, Jr., and other men, in the parking lot outside Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King has just gotten out of a car. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6507","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is slightly damaged. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6520","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., shaking hands with a man in the parking lot outside Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is standing beside King. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6521","record_class":"Item","title":"Hosea Williams, Martin Luther King, Jr., and other men, standing in the parking lot outside Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Two men in the group are shaking hands. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6523","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and other men, standing in the parking lot outside Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6530","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson and Albert Turner are seated on the stage at the far left. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6534","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6537","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind King. Stage lights are set up around the podium, and a motion picture camera is filming at the right. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6538","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind King. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6539","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind King. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6541","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind King. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6545","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind King. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6549","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A journalist is holding a microphone. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6558","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Albert Turner, and other men are seated on the stage behind him. The photograph is taken from above. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6562","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Hosea Williams, Ben \"Sunshine\" Owens, and several other men are standing around King. Two men are holding up microphones. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6563","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Hosea Williams, Ben \"Sunshine\" Owens, and several other men are standing around King. Two men are holding up microphones. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6566","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson is standing with King. Two men are holding up microphones. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6570","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6574","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6589","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is holding a handkerchief to his mouth. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6590","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is holding a handkerchief to his mouth. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6594","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6597","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6598","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is holding up a microphone in front of the podium. Albert Turner is seated against the wall on the right. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6604","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated and shaking hands with a man during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6606","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated and speaking with a woman during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The woman is holding a cane. R. D. Nesbitt, Sr., is seated beside King. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6609","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a young man and woman beside a car outside a house in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The day this photograph was taken, King spoke at Maggie Street Baptist Church. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6614","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a young man and woman beside a car outside a house in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Cars are parked around them, and a house is visible in the background. The day this photograph was taken, King spoke at Maggie Street Baptist Church. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6615","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A man in the foreground is seated on the stage, listening to King. A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6618","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6619","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A man in the foreground is seated on the stage, listening to King. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. 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This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6681","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. 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This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6715","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. 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This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6854","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated during a meeting at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. 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This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for the Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6884","record_class":"Item","title":"Richard Boone holding a paper cup outside the open door of a plane at the airport in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King, Jr., is seated on the plane, looking back at the door. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for the Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. 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The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6891","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated on a plane at the airport in Montgomery, Alabama, looking out the window.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for the Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for Feburary 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7096","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7097","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7099","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7111","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7117","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young, Martin Luther King, Jr., and others sitting behind the podium during a meeting at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7134","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["People outside the building are watching and listening at the open windows. The image is dark, so King's profile is a silhouette. This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7136","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., entering a building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A crowd of people is visible in the yard and parking lot behind him. This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7139","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7144","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7151","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["People outside the building are watching and listening at the open windows. The image is dark, so King's profile is a silhouette. This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7158","record_class":"Item","title":"Fred Gray speaking to Martin Luther King, Jr., while seated on the stage behind a speaker during a meeting in a church building.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Albert Turner is also seated on the stage. Two people on the side are holding signs, one of which seems to read, \"MDA Welcomes Dr. King.\" Other images taken this day were later used in the photo spread \"The Men Meet Their People,\" which appeared on pages 2 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 18-19, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No23_1965_12_18.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7322","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Ku Klux Klan rally was held in the city the same day. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article and photo spread that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 16-17, 1967. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No51_1967_12_16.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7324","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to people as they leave Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Ku Klux Klan rally was held in the city the same day. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article and photo spread that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 16-17, 1967. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No51_1967_12_16.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7413","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["F. D. Reese, Andrew Young, and Sheyann Webb are seated beside the podium; another little girl is sitting in front of the podium, looking at the camera. A cross is hanging behind the podium, surrounded by the pipes of an organ. The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7418","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["F. D. Reese, Andrew Young, Sheyann Webb, and Rachel West are seated beside the podium; another little girl is sitting in front of the podium, looking at the camera. A cross is hanging behind the podium, surrounded by the pipes of an organ. The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8566","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a large, modern church building, probably in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The audience members and the men on the stage behind King are applauding. Edward Gardner, of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, is standing beside the podium; Hosea Williams and Ralph Abernathy are standing behind it."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8804","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., Floyd McKissick, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8809","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A microphone is visible in the bottom left corner of the shot. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8818","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and James Meredith, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8821","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., and James Meredith, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8827","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking at a gathering under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8833","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing a crowd in front of the Neshoba County Library in Philadelphia, Mississippi, during the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is speaking into a microphone attached to a bullhorn. Floyd McKissick is standing on the left. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8835","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking at a gathering under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8866","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is being interviewed by the man beside him. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8927","record_class":"Item","title":"Whitney M. Young, Juanita Abernathy, Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, Stokely Carmichael, Floyd McKissick, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8931","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8935","record_class":"Item","title":"Robert L. Green and Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to Mississippi Highway Patrol officers during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8937","record_class":"Item","title":"Robert L. Green and Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to Mississippi Highway Patrol officers during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8939","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8943","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Andrew Young, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8948","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Andrew Young, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9291","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9621","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is very dark. James Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9657","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young addressing an audience in front of the Neshoba County Library in Philadelphia, Mississippi, during the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is speaking into a microphone attached to a bullhorn, and Floyd McKissick, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy are standing around him. A Mississippi Highway Patrol officer is standing in the foreground. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9735","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and another man, standing at a fence at the bottom of a hill during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["They are looking over the fence into a recess with concrete walls. The march began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9865","record_class":"Item","title":"Billboards on the side of the road during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The first reads, \"Martin Luther King at Communist Training School,\" and includes a picture of King seated in an audience. The second reads, \"Save Our Republic! Impeach Earl Warren / For Information Contact John Birch Society.\" The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_12602","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson is seated to the left of King and Hosea Williams is seated to the right. Albert Turner is seated on the floor beside King. This image was taken for the article and photospread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_14039","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Albert Turner, Hosea Williams, and other men are seated on the stage behind him. The photograph is taken from above and is very dark. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_14077","record_class":"Item","title":"Audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama, probably listening to Martin Luther King, Jr., speak.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is very dark. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_41071","record_class":"Item","title":"Entertainers performing in front of the Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama, at the conclusion of the Selma to Montgomery March in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Left to right: Mary Travers, Harry Belafonte, Leon Bibb, Joan Baez, Noel Paul Stookey, and Peter Yarrow. James Forman, Coretta Scott King, and Martin Luther King Jr. are seated behind them on the left."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_86778","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. at the podium with another man, possibly Reverend Nelson H. Smith Jr., at the annual Men's Day celebration at New Pilgrim Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_86793","record_class":"Item","title":"Audience listening to Martin Luther King Jr. speak at the annual Men's Day celebration at New Pilgrim Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_86818","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at the annual Men's Day celebration at New Pilgrim Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_99234","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights marchers on the south side of the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, on Turnaround Tuesday.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, and Martin Luther King Jr. are visible in the group."]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11172","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and SCLC director Andrew Young during a press conference, 1967","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"King, Martin Luther. April 25, 1967. 30258. Dendy.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_260","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. in Mississippi, August 1966.","mediums":["photographic prints"],"dcterms_description":["Various marks and scratches on print. Verso of print has newspaper caption attached: \"Martin Luther King (C) Prays in Mississippi. Moderate Negro leadership may lose out to radicals.\" Caprion date-stamped: \"Aug 21 1966 Sun. JNL-CONSTI.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_261","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. (center, facing camera), his father Martin Luther King, Sr. (to left of King), and his brother Alfred Daniel Williams King (second from left), leaving Fulton County Courthouse, Atlanta, Georgia, February 17, 1960. On the right of the photo are two Fulton County law enforcement officers, Leroy N. Stynchcombe and T. Ralph Grimes.","mediums":["photographic prints"],"dcterms_description":["Text inscribed at top of photo reads \"All laughed when King, Jr. told photographers 'If I had known you would be here, I would have worn my Sunday suit.'\" Old typed label on print verso is torn and parts of it are illegible: King Le[aves] [ch]ambers: [...]sd court official; Rev. A.D. Williams King; Rev. [Mart]in Luther King Sr.; Synchcombe and Grimes.\" Label covers most of photographer's stamp (Charles Pugh). Newspaper caption taped to verso: \"Father: The Rev. Martin Luther King Sr., son leave Fulton County Courthouse.\" Caption date stamped \"Mon Nov 12 1984 J.\" Verso stamped again \"Thu Jan 15 1987 D E.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_262","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ralph David Abernathy (left) touring an Atlanta, Georgia, slum, January 1966.","mediums":["photographic prints"],"dcterms_description":["Caption attached to mount recto: \"April 17, 1990--In this late-January 1966 photo Reverend Ralph David Abernathy, left, is shown touring an Atlanta slum area with Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Photo by Billy Downs / Atlanta Journal-Constitution.\""]},{"record_id":"geh_vhpohr_746","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview of Sidney Adkins Jr.","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-395","record_class":"Item","title":"Economic Blackmail by Martin Luther King","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Opinion piece of unknown origin slandering Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) for their activities in St. Augustine, Fl. Asserts that King has no local support and that his efforts will fail.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-411","record_class":"Item","title":"Brock Says He’s Broke","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Motel owner James Brock, a key figure in the St. Augustine civil rights movement, is broke and is being forced to give up ownership of the Monson Motor Lodge.","St. Augustine, Fl. -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Attempted Integration of the Monson Pool -- Bombing -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-135","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from Martin Luther King to Stetson Kennedy","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King thanks writer and activist Stetson Kennedy for supporting the civil rights movement.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-184","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from Just a Rebel to Judge Bryan Simpson","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Critical letter sent from pseudonymous writer to Judge Bryan Simpson. Letters such as this one were sent in response to Simpson's court rulings that favored the civil rights movement.","Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-205","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from T.K. to Judge Bryan Simpson","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Critical letter sent from local citizen to Judge Bryan Simpson. Letters such as this one were sent in response to Simpson's court rulings that favored the civil rights movement. Because this letter was written by a private citizen and never intended for public view, Flagler College has decided to withhold the name of the author.","Elk's Club -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll5-38","record_class":"Item","title":"Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Russell : Audio Recording : Part 02","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["This is a recording of a conversation between President Lyndon B. Johnson and Senator Richard Russell in which they discuss Florida Governor Farris Bryant's reaction to the racial situation in St. Augustine. They also joke that Martin Luther King is trying to \"get himself shot\" in St. Augustine."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll5-103","record_class":"Item","title":"Paul Good Recordings : Tape 1 : Audio","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["This is the first in the series of journalist Paul Good's tape recordings in St. Augustine during the summer of 1964. This tape consists of three parts: 1. Press conference with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (starting at 0:00). 2. A segregation rally at the Old Slave Market consisting of several unknown speakers, plus local KKK leader Halstead \"Hoss\" Manucy (starting at 00:06:11). 3. Press conference with local citizen Verle Pope (starting at 00:20:48).","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Johns County Grand Jury -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Old Slave Market -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Klan Rally -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll5-114","record_class":"Item","title":"Paul Good Recordings : Tape 6 : Transcript","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["This is a transcript of the sixth of journalist Paul Good's tape recordings in St. Augustine in the summer of 1964. This tape consists of one or more short speeches by Martin Luther King, Jr.","Paul Good Recordings : Transcript for Tape 6 Speech by Martin Luther King Jr.: [Unintelligible] has forgotten that I know he's a businessman in the world, he's the biggest man in the world. He leads the greatest nation in the world and he can’t remember all these small things. So if you don't mind, if you will leave it to me, I'll remind him of it. [Applause] Now we have in this community right now some of the finest, most competent, most dedicated leaders to be found anywhere. And I want to say to you as Dr. Abernathy and I go out Thursday and be out a few days, please follow as you did so beautifully tonight this marvelous leadership, because I know that these persons will lead you in the right direction. So when Hosea Williams says \"We must go down for sit-ins or wade-ins or jump-ins or kneel-ins or jail-ins, or any kind of in,” be on hand and be ready to go. Now I think our strategy has to be a kind of diversified strategy. We’ll use various methods, but I think we ought to march as much as possible to keep things alive. And then I think we will in the day have some demonstrations as the leadership will guide us and I think this is all important. Well they want me to repeat a statement I made for the press, so I'll have to repeat it and say to you that several months ago, the now great President of our nation came to this community as Vice-President, and you remember that when he came to this community, he made a promise. He promised that if demonstrations were held up that he would work passionately to make communication possible between the leaders of the community, between the white and Negro leaders in order to bring about a just resolution of this problem. Now many things have happened since that time and since that time he has become President of the United States, a head of the most powerful nation in the world. Now I know that President Johnson cannot remember everything. He has stood up on civil rights in a significant way and this is not at all criticizing him because he's demonstrating that one who hails from the South does not have to be backward in civil rights. I know he can't remember everything, and certainly with a busy schedule, the busiest man in the world, the leader of a great nation the most powerful leader in the world. He just can't remember everything, even things that he promised some months ago. So if you don't mind it and if you will leave it to me, I will take the responsibility of reminding him of it. [Applause] [Unintelligible] that we love them and we love them so much that we are willing to suffer and sacrifice in order to free them, because you know segregation hurts the white man as much as it hurts the Negro, he isn’t free either. So it’s love that motivates us and I think it’s so important for us to realize this, because if we don't realize this, our struggle can degenerate into a violent struggle. We’ve got to get the movement spirit and arouse this so eloquently. We’ve got to be with it by coming to these meetings. Now we want to see all of you back here tomorrow night. Are we going to be in the same churches tomorrow night?","Civil Rights Rally"]},{"record_id":"suc_idn_5395","record_class":"Item","title":"\"Victims of 'White Supremacy': Civil Rights Martyrs, NAACP, May 1968","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["4 pages"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1041","record_class":"Item","title":"Dan Warren : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Dan Warren, State Attorney from Daytona Beach, Fl., who was deeply involved in the St. Augustine civil rights movement. A recount of the major incidents that he presided over. Also goes into detail about the use of the first amendment by MLK and Andrew Young. Talks about the night marches and protection issued to the demonstrators.","CRSTA SA CTM Subject: Don Warren Interviewer: David Colburn S: I became an Assistant State Attorney on August of 1961 and I would have become the State Attorney, the following July of 1962. I: And that was an elected position, is that correct? S: I was elected to the unexpired term in September of 1962 and then-was­U-.' 06 subsequently;1reelected in, let's see now, I had two elections, right, OK, I was subsequently reelected as, I think our primaries at that time \\h were conductec» the Democratic primaries were conducted in May. I: Right. 'Jo S:~\\lhoever won that one in May of '64 would have had four additional years. \"1 het\u0026 to So, I had two elections. I had toy/run for the unexpired term in September of '62 which I won. Then I had to run again in 1964 which I won again. Then I resigned in '68. I think that was the sequence,of terms. I: What areas of the state did you have? S: It was called the 7th Judicial Circuit. It comprised four counties, Volusia, Flagler, Putnam, and St. Johns. I: What were the duties? S: The duties of the State Attorney at that time was t:rrprosecute felony cases and to assist the Grand Jury's presentation of matters for the Grand Jury. We also had duties of prescribed by the Statutes, which included such things as enforcement of the ~~~~~~~~~~~~~- felony and capital cases. We did not were to prosecute all felony cases, ~; ~ cle'(•X:C1.\\ae. have _1'17()..,_.. 4 jurisdiction at that time. We had, they had a county prosecutor in St. John's county. r-- o·\\· I: When did you first become involved in the events \"'hl St. Augustine? S: Well, I first became involved with the Grand Jury in November of the preceeding year. This is before Dr. King, the SCLC came into St. CRSTA 5A CTM Page 2 I: S: Augustine. And we called the Grand Jury for the purpose of trying to get some dialogue between the black community and the white community . ...--.... for the purpose of establishing a b~acial commission. . ie.6 testimonx from approximately 26 witnesses as I recall and We took In o.n dfo~ W; that w~s u.hi the to get a biracial commission standing. This seemed to be the/lcontro-lool'n t\\.e a.~d fu,d:\\\") versy. The lack of participation by~blacks 9eroFe theacoming quadri-centennial that St. Augustine was going to be celebrating in 1964 for the four hundredth founding of the city. And a biracial commission, I mean a quadricentennial commission, had been established, I believe by the legislature and I think it was funded by the legislature. O.ncl d1J l \\ - '\\ 1\\\\ '1:11€..~0(,'\\\\\"l\\l.,..t,\\''\\\\\\;;,:J\u003e S.everal of the blacksA primarily Dr. Haste, had requested that there Av0..v.\\,\\ be a black on the'Sl\u0026. commission~ I) '$,his led to CJ)JJ,~,C1.[JJJ:l,Wt~J,? and t,~tt- \u003c that he would suggest this. From there on out, things went downhill. We realized that this was a potentially explosive situation. In order to hit it off, we utilized the Grand Jury. And they did come out with , Lr t,\\1c.t L~'\"\u003e you..'r!J. \\\\OJJC i.o \\cc¥-. o..\\;tr-.e p~.e\u003c;ef'lbnent 1 l-:;errJ a report and suggeste4f. as I recall, A-4-\"\"c/v\u003c\"Vo/)c\\,.../lc;\u003ct.. but as I recall it requested both sides to exercise calm and also t~ as I recall, request the city commission to set up a biracial committee. Yeah, right. As I ~\\'C::..O\\.\\W:J ~of ~-.._o.t.16 Yes, that~)probably remember to~ the \\'~~~;-;\\~,...,.,;~t~\\(,~ was11'\\.ather critical ; c: ~ ~~ some of his statements. so. I: Did you get much cooperation from the white leadership in testifying before the Grand Jury? S: We had, let's see, as I recall, I can't recall exactly who it was that testified before the Grand Jury. But whoever did~come before the Grand did. ~o l-b Jury,~voluntarily,~was ')Lt b~oc:,\\10..'.) c:;;,:;1\\cSl. 1;:;cqt~i\"'.\u003c'~ sulip·~Ra- /\\ ~ Cl ·\"\"\" ./\\ - Fr v \"\" ~~:::::\u003e , ~ I: I ~ee , 5 : 1, ' 0. ~O'fnCJI ,\\'_,1 l,~.c_. not 6 • 4~ typ. e thingAwhere we would issue ' \u003ch\u003et (.i.JOLk:\\\u003c__ \\')~) to come in.(\\ \"le would request, you know, the leaders of both sides to come in and sit down and talk about it. CRSTA SA CTM Page 3 \\\\o..u Try to get a dialogue going.A~u understand that I cannot discuss what went on in the Grand Jury. I: Right. Exactly. OK. How about HJling. You had some meetings with Haling in both '63 and 64. How would you discribe •••• S: No, not with Haling. I: Oh, you didn't. S: No. I: Oh, I see. S: No, not with Haling. I may have had one meeting with him after this incident occured where he and several of his black friends had gone down to a Ku Klux Klan meeting, I believe that they had been severly beaten. I think maybe at that time, he came in and made an complaint at that time. I: Right. OK. How about Mayor Joseph Shelley? S: Well, the mayor and I just don't see eye to eye on this \"'.J-t , \\\\ uei u!__i b \u003e\\.:.: thing at ali, 't::b:is situation. Here's where I feel a real lack of leadership 9e:ict~ \"t. \\:, I.A\"\" ) it took place. St. Augustine never should have happened./\\'Fhe request of blacks was of course entirely proper. And in keeping with their desire to r.articipate in an event of great importance in their lives ~'\\cl ~·1'11 ,, too. /1Also, of course, Haling was an activist. And the only thing ~ he was asking for.was the natural rights that belong to every human being. And so the criticism would have to lie with the white leadership, its' failure to recognize, to take action. \\fJ\\,'C.. 0 .'..\u003e '-'J l I: What about '64? When did you firsw, did you have any dealings with I i' (I 0'·t~ SCLC;jin '64? S: Yes. As I recall, I, let me see, I have a chronological ~~1t~ \u003c from \u003e here on out, OK. My first involvement would be probably Thursday, June the 11th with the then current crisis. King had been into CRSTA 5A CTM Page 4 St. Augustine, I think, in May for the first time and had called for they il~nj again, for a biracial commission to be created. He then,)this was ignored, began to set up demonstrations, day-time demonstrations. Then the city commission of St. Augustine passed an ordinance which required a permit to march. Then King went into the Federal district court to enjoin the city of St. Augustine from interferring with the 11.\\)fL First Ammendment rights. And .:Fetr\"Simpson issued an order enjoining the city from interferring with peaceful demonstrations. I: OK. How about the one with Governor Bryant? Were you involved in that at all where Governor Bryant put a curfew on night marches? S: Yes, in fact I suppose I was the one that was instrumental in that. I: In what way would that be? of~ovr:).:;;:__ S: Well, her():~orcthe marches had been in the daytime and we~were charged with the responsibility of protecting the rights of the marchers and also their constitutional rights to :~acefully assemble and petition the government f?'\"'.1 1 \\c~f r5z;;;~ a di;. grievances as required by the first ammendment. And the route that they were going to take, we ~OU. \\,'·\\\\OvJ) had asked that they let us have the route,~an hour or two ahead of time so that we could have sufficient troops on hand to protect their first ammendment rights. When they switched to the night marching, the routes that they gave us disturbed us because it encompassed marching through the old city. And there was just no way in the world that we could protect the marchers and there were young children in the group ~JJ\\'\\Q • from anyone hiding in ambush~ wanted to inflict bodily harm on them. (, \\ \\\\'.'\\[!\\ ,_,\\~1) There was just no way without~~· 'ku8W martial law being imposed. A 'Niat decision, I consulted with the governor on that decision and explained it to him. He issued his order and I was the one that implemented the CRSTA SA CTM Page 5 order that night, which led to the contempt citation. And I testified before Judge Simpson in the Federal district court to just what I told you. And after that was over with, I remember meeting Andy Young in the \\le hall, and he came over and talked to me for just a moment and,,~ said you D?-jC\"'(~. \\\\e .. :~o;,01. know, that testimony won the case for Governor ~~That was the very thing that we were concerned about, how could we justify the death of c.;.,o:;c.:.., any of the marchers. If we -e~ the route, which could not be fully 7 Ta~e 6lO.:td .• :; ·t:a l I: protected for ___._ ___ Did the marchers on any occasion sort of try to ---- the lines, the \\ \\' l f(\"\\C,., \\ vccc.·L\\,tn1 police lines? S: No, no. They were extremely orderly. I: I was wondering though, when they gave you the route they were going to take, did they anytime deviate? S: No. They followed the route except on this occasion when we wouldn't let them. I: How about your workings with the FBI ? Did you have much connection with the FBI during this period ? S: No, we were there mostly as ~b~lf((V We had, I had -------- with the FBI. Most of mine was when they made their charges who was the Florida Highway Patrol. We had ---------~ sort of a ______ head quarters. And I was there under------ State Attorney a special appointment. And --------- actually implemented his t!C1ta..ck executive under a -------- which granted the governor almost total legislative powers to handle the situation. I issued the first order. (The tape is malfunctioning at this point) CRSTA 5A ctm Page 6 and to permit error----------- the rights of another ___ _ to use such force as is necessary to __ come this ------ proper. And -------------- all those that walked away. waded out into the ocean and lost their tubes and some of them drown. was alive a survey ----------------~ ---------- of law enforcement officers. Some of them ---- with them. It kind of worried me that because I think that the -----------~ -------- actually will talk to the state superintendent- ----- with the activities and the plan -------------------- I: Was there a good deal of coordination between the state police and the sheriff and city police chief's office? ;;~:i:r, ; S: Ah, it was more,fiI would have to say that the city police, you've got to understand that they were just absolutely ill-equipped ------- situation such as this, ------ mentally or physically. And so the type of cooperation really would not be that much ------------ -------- your manpower all comes from the state. And that virtually stripped the Florida Highway Patrol and the Florida Fresh Water Commission and all other regulatory agencies The troops in St. Augustine had about ----------- They had had no training either. It was ----------------~ I: Were the local officials ----- Sheriff Davis, were they more than willing to work with them? S: They were pretty----------~ They did work, I don't know of any incidents in which they entered the state agencies. The fact is, I know several instances which L,o.~'~ accept personally. I really went out on the line to accept them. We had a real, real touchl'. C\\.\"~90 CRSTA SA CTM Page 7 o. 12,10L situation that almost had u.aI~ieElea the night before. When we had the --------- no backup, when we had the night marches, we came out and asked everyone to stop talking now about -------- the night before. And they were asking everyone to refrain from acts that could be construed as violence. A friend of mine who I had borrowed from --------- to assist me in this thing, George He now works for Senator Jackson in Washington, suggested that perhaps we could get the whites to call off their demonstration. See they, the whites were marching and the blacks were marching and they were marching side by side, only going in opposite directions. So we had a secret meeting with ------- George ------- and myself, -~~-- and investigated ~ ------------ a holiday and I had just met with K~nYat about six thirty in the evening. ------------ So we knew that the whites were going to march that night so we asked ----------- call the march off. We expressed surprise over the fact _____ this is a democratic organization and we will take a vote on it. And so _________ we agreed to do it. We have written out the ------- ---- and held on to all law abiding citizens call off the ---------------~ ------- and shouted I'll tell you one thing, --------------~ it didn't take as much -'---------- The thing that really amazes me is ______ citizens of St. Augustine did connnit _________ _ I: How did they allow as they did? ~ S: This was I had n~nowledge of how it permits I: What's his name, Shelley claims that he asked you if you knew anything CRSTA SA CTM Page 8 it and you said ~-------- S: Was ---------·, I don't recall Shelley ever saying that to me. I never asked him whether or not he could do anything about it. He may have I don't know. We did do this, we --------- at all of these --------- whether or not we had permission to ------- Now r .1E''-~ .) (' -~ ·,-.,' , ('\" ·. ,. ' ( r.··'t,,'··,'c(/ , I was the one that VJ '''· \\ .. .J · •• • • ·· ·\" 'J' .~' '\\;\u003e \"c;::::\u003e e ''\"' \"'c;;;::-\u003e \"\"c: , , . . on private property blacks to have them arrested. So I don't ~------ --------- think the facts ------ his position. NBC set up a showing ----------- we could use They were very gracious. They put up a little, 1'\"0 \\\"'\\'.:! \\\\vyf. theatre where I could sit theU with.11 a couple of;lboys. (\\ 'w.e sat through almost two days, maybe three days, nothing but this harrang .to see if we could I: (~\\\\L '- f'f'.\\ \" Now Hamilton Up~~ was your assistant, wasn't he? S: No. I: He was not. S: He was not at that time. I: I see. When was he your assistant? Was it '63? S: Let's see. Hamilton quit almost immediately after I became, well I won't say immediately, within the matter of a year anyway, 7 --- as I recall at that time. I: Why did Upchurch quit? He didn't agree with you on this •••• S: No, that wasn't it at all. We were and still are close friends. He o' \\\\'\\\\\\ ? supported me in bothAbampaigns although after I made my famous ___ _ speech, he wrote me a letter and said he didn't think he could support me any longer which was perfectly alright. 7 J I liked Hamilton very much, in fact, I helped him as best as I could in lj-{)~ his race forfiiegislature. CRSTA SA CTM Page 9 I: How about Simpson? How would you describe Simpson as a Judge? He sort of switched around here somewhat in '64. Initially, he, over the Easter demonstrations, he ruled against the demonstrators and then later on, when they had the mass demonstrations which you witnesse~ he changed ground and supported the demonstrators. t\\1.o.. \\JtA.\\) S: Well, I thin~ the fault, I don't know about the Easter demonstrations, ';)00. lJ',\\ \\ 0-\\f\\ J but I would say that if ~ presented Judge Simpson with aAissue, supported by evidence of a violation of any constitutional right, Simpson, without \\ -' 1,.\\ ~'\u003e; ' \" ('t (' ~\\0..1\\ lJ,''' '\"} any lms:i ta' l'A'fi\"' at all, would guarantee those rights. He would do absolutely nothing to interfere with constitutional rights. In that regard, I consider him to be one of the great judges of all time in the Federal district. I: Did you have much working with him before '64? S: No, I had known Judge Simpson prior to this time, primarily through my later law partner but a good friend to the judge, he and the judge. And I had known Judge Simpson but you see I had no practice in the e.t.- ~M.IJ federal district court because being stationaryl I had given up my private practice. 'L i · ... 1' I had devoted full time to •\u003e \u003c.:U:t~- \\i1)m~:'I':). I: Right. There was a, Shelley said something about the children. I was wondering if you could validate this at all. He said that the black children of the demonstrations had come there from out of, been brought in by King and alot of them without their parents' consent. ' \\b S: No, I don't think that was true. IA !,actA there was a charge made by the probation officer against King alleging this. I don't think it was ever proven and I don't believe it is the truth. I: OK. How about Governor Bryant during all of this. Was he, now he had \\\\\\ spokea~ 1 63 to the House Committee that was considering the Civil Rights Bill, that was ultimately adopted in '64, he spoke against it. What CRSTA SA CTM Page 10 sort of position did he take in '64? t-he. S: Bryant was extremely concerned about maintainingApeace aftd erder in St. Augustine, even though he was a states rights and believed in state's rights which had been the populists' concept from before the War between the States until and in some sections of the south He had felt that interposition was still a valid defense. However, he did not do anything in my opinion to, let's put it this way, he did everything and that he could under the power that was vested in him by being governor to protect the first ammendment rights of marchers even though he may not have been accepted. I: How did he and you respond to Simpson's decision to permit the night marches? S: Well, I was requested to fly to Tallahassee that night A '\"\" 6 / /\\7,.........,., /\\ L\\ Jor that afternoon and I\\)' \"\" and Joe Jacobs and I I did and we met there with Jimmy KY/-nes r; can't recall who else was present, I think~~~ Harrison, one of the governor's personal attorneys from Jacksonville was present at that time. In 1963, I had done an exhaustive research on this subject, the first annnendment rights and when they may be suspended and when they may not be suspended and I took the position that there was no way that we could justify the suspension of these rights unless we could show that there was irrep~rable, you know, injury and arm that was going to resolve that right to go there. You can't suspend a person of their rights. Your job is to protect those rights. You are the one to, you can't say look though, we don't have enough men. You have the whole state of Florida. You know, you have to do everything you can to, but if you are confronted with an emergency CRSTA SA CTM Page 11 situation, that's the only way it can be done. And then you must be in the position to show to the court that there were no other alterna-tives. And of course that was my margin that at this particular moment, we could not guarantee the safety of the marchers. And we had to divert, we didn't divert their, we only diverted their route through the old section of the city. We permitted them to follow their route right through the predominately white neighborhood in the night time. We made no changes in that route at all with the exception that we would not let them go to the old portion of the city. And I feel that that was a wise decision. I had no, and the proof of it is that Judge Simpson never did issue the order of ~~~~~?~~~~~~~~- I: But the night marches continued even though they didn't go through the old section. S: Right, sure. I think Andy Young expressed it to me, you know, his concern, was the same concern that I had. And he told me about it. He said that they were concerned about it but didn't know how they could justify it. that I: What about this biracial commission ~ Governor Bryant appointed that never met? S: Never got off the ground. Well, if I could tell you what happened ~1\\11 the Grand Jury, I could tell you how that thing came about. But I really can't. During the iro\u0026 governor;} asked me to give him a call after I testified because contempt citation hearing in Jacksonville, I had, the \\\\o.\u0026 we~agreed after our meeting in Tallahassee that I wouldl1tt carry the burden of testifying on behalf of the governor as to what e·\\f(yr~l:J. \" t: D j;; \\;- 0 ':::··* ?C·* \\, ,.. we had taken to protect these rights. Why we had momentarily suspended that right ,iY).v~~t'~ ~ the route that they wanted to take. And I F\\l\u003et\u003e \u003c:::;\u003e-\"'-\u003e~ did testify to that fact before Judge Simpson. I told him, I said, CRSTA SA ctm Page 12 A1J \\;'-'-\") I'll never forget it. It was late at night.~'W;hen ~~~?- finally finished his cross examination of me, Judge Simpson said I could step down and I said, well your honor, I feel that I haven't been L1J,,;c_\\'. t\\\"1\\\\f, permitted to testify to certain facts that~ I .f.eel are material. Simpson just rared back in his chair and he looked at me and said alright Mr. Warren, go right ahead. And I said your nonor I don't care if you utilize the entire power of the United States government and call out the .JP:(; 5l:.. Airborne and get all the marchers you \\\"Y'\\OXc~ \\'\\'Gt.1.1\u003c~c.., wanted to but ~ martial law; you can't -~ue for the safety of those chiloren marching through danger in parts of the city at night-time. And I said I've got six children myself and I don't want the blood of any one of those children on my hands. And old Simpson rared back in his ~e he.. chair anc:V1looked at me andfisaid thanks Mr. Warren. That's what's been bothering me. ,He said that. \\ \\ .fl/ J\\-p We.Ji V:•'1 \\J-'-'-Jui- I: ~1'las thefibiracial committee, I know you can't again go into this grand jury testimony but was it a serious thing or was it just sort of a Bryant's way of getting King out of there and ••• S: Well, it was compromise. It wasn't Bryant's way ,ff get~ King out ') t, fH.lg Uo tJ' l\"l·~'.:.. of there. It was King's way to get out. King wanted out of~he main- ~. We had this meeting with King. I met with him and I'm trying to see the date, I think it was the 18th, I'm not sure, I'm almost \t v..,c,'.J sure,Aeither the 18th or the 19th. It would have been the 19th because he rejected the Grand Jury proposal. And I was sitting in the ~~1oloQ having a cup of coffee with George Allan. And a UPI reporter approached me and said Mr. Warren, I'm an envoy from l.r. King ~ ~e would like to meet with you privately off the record, if you would agree. And I told him that I would agree to meet with him any place, CRSTA SA CTM Page 13 any time, he said on the record. And it was agreed that we would meet at D\u003c('Q ~v(1f.i~ office. You see, before this there had been no meeting of what we would call ---1 --- up until this time because of the pressure that was put on the connnunity. And George Allan and I went out and we met with Doctor King and Reverend Abernathy was there, and Dr. \\] I '(\\_\\ was there, I think Rev. d \\J6 '..:' , was there, but j 4C=\" l -ii. w1\\E.CU\\ee I'm not sure and I'm not sure about Andy Young. I don' t know ~ he was there or not. I just can't recall. But in any event, Dr. King wil\\.,_o.::;~'n 'hf· star~ed off the meetin\u00261more or less. He said Warren, you don't realize; u..\\\\ 1 \\ \\C ~)L'l' ch,~ :~~-~~~~~tion at hand. I'm not here to destroy America; I'm here to keep America from being destroyed. He said there are those in the w'1o Civil Rights Movement -t:b::tt: want to burn America down. (Tape Side 2) ,.~marching, demonstrating for thirty days. And he said what assurances and he said after thirty days of peace and quiet, on the biracial connnission, what assurances do I have that there isn't going to be ~\u0026+ some other group like the Black Panthers, some other group that wants to burn America down, from coming in, seizing the situation and then we have lost everything that we hoped to achieve and I said to him as I recall, that he didn't need to preach in a sarcastic way but in an understanding to ine. And 1;:Y.,a:\\, way7 fl I had I didn't do it been, I had ~~.l--.\\11 gone to a Quaker College @ff'd' I had been involved in the first attempt \\'n to integrate the social services ff#. Greensboro, North Carolina back in 1947. I was a history major and also had a minor in sociology and this was a project of the Quakers, to integrate the social services. The only reason that they weren't integrated is becau~ they had largely dinner meetings and they said there was no place for blacks and whites could eat together in Greensboro. And I told him this. I said that I CRSTA SA CTM Page 14 am in sympathy with what you are doing. And I said that I cannot, you cov.\\c( \\\"\\Ct \\°\\O.\u003ef-.., y:/;/;\\Q\\j 0'2_(:~1';..\"h\"\\(:lf\t ...,,__ ....-1 ' .k. have _ out-o.f;zpo.cke.t:, rejected the grand jury's A-'\\ ..., 4 \"'V· '= 1 ··rue\" ' ''' -,.; 1 L\\v;_ 7 ~~~'~- foreman had already made the statement that they would not. You've got to just visually put yourself in that grand jury to understand the situation that I was in and even attempt to beget a biracial connnission. I cannot go into it and I won't go into what happened in the grand jury. You've got to understand ~what the situation must have been and even to get this far, I felt was a major, you know, a major effort. I had not considered what he had told me although I readily realized that that was the situation. So ultimately, I told Bryant ;t~ that when we were in contempt hearings that this was the issue 'l'lov-i -th:t\"t and I told him the situation. /\\I did not tell him about -:toRe meeting with King or what King said but I did tell him that there were emissaries here from Boston University speaking for King, Dr. De Wolf, Harold came to me and wanted me to \"\"'-~~ at Boston University, --1\"~ 1f.lc IJ...7 help him hand.re · · how I got to DeWolf, who had been King's Boston. He wanted me to help see if we could get the governor on this biracial connnission. 7 I ~~~~-but King told me in Pur¥~r's office that I want out of °' \\o7e~) a.vi\u0026 . St. Augustine but I cannot go out of her~ will not go out of here. I: Was he, was the president putting much pressure on Governor Bryant? S: Pur~~r? Oh, you mean I: President Johnson. S: Johnson? I'm really not in the position to say. I wouldn't be a bit surprised because there was a moritorium as you remember, 4- t\\1e\\~(;;., \\.•_;Cl~ C\\ great debate among the black community after the passing of the civil rights act whether or not there would be a moritorium on these marches. And Johnson as I recall, called for a moritorium. And CRSTA 5A CTM Page 15 King agreed and did have a moritorium. And there was dissent among the black community that know they shouldn't do that. I: Was there a feeling by you that King was trying to use St. Augustine to insure passage of the civil rights bill? S: Oh, sure. In retrospect, there is no question that that was the purpose. The weapon he used was not the marches. The weapon he used was the first ammendment. I: Right. What about after the demonstrations were over and the civil rights act had been passed, did conditions return to normal in St. Augustine? S: Not innnediately. In fact there was of course, efforts to make sure that the law was being complied with the sporatic demonstrations, \\\t_)\\\\1 t~\u0026 O.\\i\u0026. \\'\\\\~ 5j \\?'.OU\\( primarily by 'J f\\ · and his group, marching up and down in - Y\\Qd.. 0-p.i::.P-6. lo) fuo..t front of the restaurants thatAdid~ serve blacks. And then, when the pressure was put on Hof fstead and Lynch and the rest of them, it pretty well folded. You can't believe today what it was then. I: How about in the white connnunity? Did you receive any particular S: support from anybody specifically in the white community? f viDvv\\ . • Yes, I did; 'Fhe'!!e were two individuals, three individuals which I will be eternally grateful to. The first of course is Judge Harold Melton. He, LA.hi This man is a tremendous individual.fiWhen I called him and asked him if we could immediately reconvene the grand jury and would he make the order broad enough to, so that we could have some leeway, he readily f-1.:v\u003cl agreed to it. He assisted in every way he possibly could.A\"Wb.en it got to the point when I was trying to find five whites that would serve -L~~~ with five blacks and ~was acceptable to both those sides, he set up an appointment for me to talk to Mr. Wolf, a very fine gentleman that I feel did his utmost. The fact is, I went to see him and I never will CRSTA SA CTM Page 16 I: S: forget, he sat down and he offered me a glass of tea and I told him . . . o\\~,·~~ whatrmy ~roblem was. He readily agreed to assist by having five, \\\")G. ..\\ •\\(':5 O\"\"I ~\\\\re., opmi:Ans. '!!ta:Ele t!hat :invcslved- whites who would agree to serve. And of course, we had difficulty over the blacks, agreement as to which five would serve. I can't go into that wish I could. 0..\\\\ th;'8' It was~interestin\u00264 The grand jury thing because, I story will never be told unless \u003cYlt.\\\\\u0026 'cc. that grand jury silence of the grand jury ~opened up. I am committed to silence. Who was the• fh ird __?_ , ___? It would be~tf\"Jl,Pope. I: ~4cL Pope. Right. S: ~6.r](;Pope was one of the spokesmen for the business community who issued a very mild statement to the effect that if the civil rights \\? act~passed that we as law4 abiding citizens will abide by the civil rights act. And the next day, he had all of his, the windows in his office broken out. And anybody that expressed, we had a death threat against f~\"'.$.., A ,. ..... and myself as wildlife officer that he had in-filtrated the Klan meeting ~ retaliation against both -~------ our families. We, I live in Daytona and we had guards posted on the roof of our house. I live right on the ocean, you know. We had police cars for quite a while. ~ \\,A\"'jl::, the~'?.. Q. I: Judge Melton;\\for a secon4f What •••• He. WC(; O.~ S: (I G,ircuit Judge. I: Circuit Judge. s: . Resident of St. Augustine. 1lf'.\\N\ti\\ I: OK. And he was the one who helped you handle the grand jury. S: Right. And also to, when I went to him to explain my problem, he immediately set up an appointment with Mr. Wolf ••• CRSTA SA CTM Page 17 I: Yes S: And Mr. Wolf readily agreed that he would be happy to do it. He was ? . highly chagrinned over St. Augustine getting the reputation ---- ( spokesman for the community ' to work for an . '/ov.. k\\\"ot,).!) ----- old man at thattime. ~Bpt he did everything that he could to ••• I: Well, I thank you. It's been really helpful. S: Well, I wish we could talk further, I have written about (buzz) ------- Jordon acted directly under the orders of Governor Bryant. He said well you are the man I want to see. And he said no, you don't understand. I said you are properly attired, there is nothing stopping you. He said well, there is something stopping me. I said, what's that. He said there are hoodlums out on the beach that won't let us go swimming. And I kind of smiled and I said, ~I VJ5:;'f\"i ~ you and I speak the same \" \"' \"\"\"' '\"'\"\" w1{h u.-51 language. And let me ask you this, will you cooperatefiby giving us a time to post troops out here and I assure you that you will go swimming all you want to. He said and kind of laughed, he said how much time do you want? Will you give us an hour, I believe I said. He said yes. Alright, we will have troops out there and that's when Joe Jacobs and I dictated that first order 7 -------------- I saw Vivian later on in Washington, oh let me tell you one other interesting thing. I saw Vivian later on at some other hearing on the Ku Klux Klan taking place in ------------------- 7 ' in fact that was the night that we had dinner with Governor Bryant ( I But in any event, there was one other incident after this was over. Andy Young came by to see me ~--------- and I had just finished a book called, entitled CRSTA SA CTM Page 18 7 Of Warriors, written by James Murphy. It was about two ~~~~~~~-~~~~· Russians. And so I said Mr. Young, I want to give you a book but before I do, I want to put an inscription in it. And I wrote in it ----- to Andy Young. When the history of the civil rights movement has been concluded, the name Andrew Young will be listed as an ambassador to peace and I signed it. I: By the way, did you find Simpson at all biased? Biased toward Kunstler and Simon? S: Biased toward them? I: Yes. S: No, no. I felt that Simpson, the fact is that hadn't been for Toby Simon, ----'--- would have been in jail for contempt. We had a situation arose during the hearing in which law enforcement officers said that he had been attacked by one of the demonstrators at the beaches at St. Augustine and his shirt had been torn. And Judge Simpson stopped him and said do you still have that shirt. And he said, where is it. And he said, it is in my home. Where is your home? He said it's in Tampa. And he said where do you live in Tampa? He said I'll call my wife and Judge Simpson said no. Get Mr. Marshall to take this man not into custody, but I don't want him using the telephone. Send two marshalls to Tampa to pick up that shirt. Well, then the young officer came to us and said he had lied. Of course, we had to immediately advise Judge Simpson at that time. We all went into Judge Simpson~chamber an ~~~~~~~~~-~- officer would lie about a fact like that. Then Toby spoke up. I CRSTA SA CTM Page 19 never will forget. on these officers. He said, Judge, you must understand the pressure 7 • Florida Highway Patrol. And he more or less implored Simpson not to you know, hold him in contempt. So, question1 no 1I did not find that he was biased I think that he was, Simpson was a strict disciplinarian in that court. He ~. \\ w~ I l.J- '\\) ------- the truth. The motto over his}~, CJP· quote,~ a Latin ( phrase which was ---------~ or something like that. And it was fiat is a writ that the Romans, the Roman emperors would issue' to dispense justice throughout \"? ' And he did just that. He dispensed justice 1, I: I suppose it was rather unusual to encounter a judge who actually questioned, began questioning people on the stand? S: No, that's not unusual in the-federal courts. No, that's not unusual at all. They have the power to do that. The state judges have that power. You have to exercise it very carefully when you are before a jury because the jury may get the implication that the judge is leaning -t\"'e.. one way or 911.other and he must remain impartial. But you see, here \\Y\\ this is not a jury decision but a~direct criminal contempt proceeding. It would have been a jury trial now but at that time, the law was to the effect that the judge had that power. Now, it is changed ---- for more than six months. He must get a jury trial. I: Well, is there anything that has been said that you wouldn't want me to quote you on? S: No, I don't think so. V.JC\\\\ I: OK. OK,;1 I am!'e appreciate •••• S: What I said, I have said befofe. (end of tape) c .. ~~--------------------------------------------------__)","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Civil Rights March -- Civil Rights Rally -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Night March -- Police Brutality"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1049","record_class":"Item","title":"L.O. Davis : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with L.O. Davis, St. Johns County Sheriff during the height of the racial crisis in St. Augustine in 1964. Davis recounts his family history and his life prior to joining the Sheriff's Department. Davis explains the state of race relations prior to 1963-1964 and details many events that occurred during the Movement in St. Augustine. Davis describes many well known events associated with the St. Augustine Movement and gives great detail in explaining police procedures that were in place at the time. Davis gives numerous opinions on the Movement and the people involved.","Saint John lAB Bridges Page 1 This is an interview between Sheriff L. O. Davis and Edward Kallal, Jr., the inte.rviewer. There was no introduction. K: ... ?fuY:-r1!::.\\~. . \":.~,clr;t/,_......, t; tJJ..;,--( c-P0.1'1 I 'co. . f-­' bA~k+o~. OM I think thi\"is the governor a f1,.\\J .,,. Governor U rl\\! ) 7 D: K: D: Yeah. Uh huh. There's some things here you cttn take with you if you'd $end them back to m.o. K: All right. Yeah, I thi.nk that we'll get to al1 this in due t i me. D: Yeah. K: But I just want to make sure we cover most of the things we should. And I want to--you know I want to emphasi.ie before we begin that this~ I'm very new at thμ and I have to keep most of my questions on what I have read so far. And so I-- in order to ascertain whether what I've read in the newspapers and stuff a.re true, I going to have to, you know, ask a somewhat pointed question every now and then. And so, you know, if l offend you 1n any way, uh, you know, please just let me know. D: Yeah . IC: I ~11 back off and uh, but you koow, this is the only vay I know how to try to net down to the bottom line of this thing. That's all right with you~ You say your parents are froo St. Augustine. D: Yeah. K: Is th\u0026t correct? D: Ye:ih, both my parents, V1'J 8t\"3Ildfather and g.randmotber settled here. way back 1n the 1800's. K: Uh huh. D: The grandfather on my side of the fatsily~my father's side, uh, in our • .. SJ lAB Pa.ge 2 Bridges D: faaily history hODt•t•ad is the present site of Titu.\u0026vil.lc. K: Oh yeah. D: And he traded the ho.._.tead vitb Hr . Titus for a yoke of ozen. K: A yoke of oxen. D: Yeah , 3nd he came to St. Augustine end oettled out at Pt. Peyton . K: Uh huh. D: And Ft. Peyton i .1 tho aite where the Indian, Oaceola, vu captured under a flag of tnic•. K: Oh. D: And 1!!'J grandfather vu prucnt when the.y capturtd him. K: Really. D: And he used to gripe and raise the dev:f:l all t'ht time because they took Osceola under a flag of truce. Of cour••• he was t he kind of historian in the roat: of tbe !CUllily. K: YC4h. Th.ot'a int.oroating. Re didn't like t.hat vhen they, uh- 0: No, he- K: That 's a little bit cheating there. D: Well , thot wtt!I true in hietory. K: Uh huh. D: You know, they did captur·e Osceola under A flag of tru.ee. K: Uh, so you grev up in the St. Al!gustine are.a? D: Oh yeah. K: What's it--what va1 it like graving up tbcrc? D: Well, uh, of couna, uh, t came 31.on,s at o kind of a boad #ge , you see. I was in the clnaa or '31 at the University of Florida. K: Oh yeah. D: It was during tho deprueion days, and uh, 1 loft the.re with and worked for the COache.a people out at~in lola Junior College in Iola, SJ IAB Bri.dges Page 3 D: Kansas, and I stayed there two years and went to j unior college. K: Uh huh. D: Then I managed some coaching stuff in Okl ahoma and every place going down to the Univers ity of New Mexico. So I went do~ to Albuquequc , New Mexico . K: Huh. D: I went to the univem;,ty for t\\lO ycor\u0026 down there. K: It'•s hotte'C down there than i t is here, i sn't i t? D: Yeah. l t 's--vell, i t's right t here ~t the foot of the mountains; you know. X: Yeah. D: And real nice, but-- K: Wel l, then out of coaching, how did you get star ted in law enforcement ? D: Wel l , when I came home from New Mexico, I uh , coached a little team K: D: here f ree of charge-- St. Joseph ' s Academy. Yeah. ~.J Along with just that was--but uh, and ve ~ a pries t down t her e that uh , wanted me to get a just kept PI(\u003c cl\u003c; 1~d I job so bad he could tas te it. And fina11y he the StlnlO ~enator. uh, Fr azier, that I vas talking about was mayor of the city at the tiJl'le. K: Yeah . D: And they gave me a job on the~go t me a job on the city police department vorking nights so that I could coach during the day. And then I stayed down there a couple of years and I got $ln5.00 a month which was top pay for a full patrolman then. And uh, but before ~hat, you k.nov \\I'd been to three state universities and I was working in a clothing s tore one day a week for $2. 00. K: Hmmm. •., SJ IAB Br1.dges Pago 4 D: I cean tll:ie.a vere tough. When I ea:.e ho•, I rode the freight fro• Albuqueque. When l ca• home, I stopped at, uh, San Antonio ~ Texas. K: Uh huh. D: ~here the original march on Washington started. Ki Yeah. D: And there were at l e:ut, they said, 1200 people ther·c . And they'd built ehackl out of tin cut and stuff and lived out in the:-veU the jungle t .he.y called it. But. they had a regular little city outside the tovn. All the aerch.ants·, every day, vben they t.hrev out their beet• ind, you knov , the incdib1e•. Woll , when they bring it out, they bring it out in garbage trucks. You'd see at least half of those 1,200 people in there picking up old b~eto and lettuce heads, anything that thay could. I mean, uh, thing• verc reall.y tough. then uh , I caught a freight out of there and cue on into Nev Orleans, and then caught a ferry aero•• New Orleans. And then caught a freight on ioto Tall3hasse.e end Quincy. And thea. vhen I •, got t here, I hitchhiked on into St. Augustine. ·~ X: Ummm. Was it very toug.h hitchhiking'? D: No, people wer~--~' but the only bad part vas, of course, I K: D: l had-I was dirty--l'd be~ on tbe road about nine or ten days and I ne-ede:d a shave and a bath real bad. from riding th•t darn freight for so long. 4\"'-d a lot of UMs these big truck.I or aoae.thing vould pick me up and ay lut pick. up in Jack.S:onville. I got acros.a the o ld bridge there , and uh, f2:r:wt0 -J'l\\4/\\(_ vas a guy from St. Augustine rccogntzed me. Picked i::ae up and brou8ht me ri$ht to tho houoc. \\ nutt nust have felt good. Oooh aan, I uaa really J,.ec..J-, SJ !AB p3ge 5 Bridges K: Uh, when you got on the force, uh , dur '11'8 the night shift, what vould you do? D: l worked from 7:00 3t night '~il 5:30 in the morning. K: ~- D: Six days a week. K: Uh huh. D: And theo , of course, I had plent y of time to sleep before coach'ing th3t aft ernoon o.t 3:00. Theo uh, I got a job tdtlt' the Florida East Coast Railroed. K: Yeah. D: As a special agen.t- k1,nd of detective work, you know. The uh-that. job paid $200.00. It started off at $250.00 a month which was $30.00 a month more t han the mayor of-the city manager of our city was o.aldng. K: Well , that wasn ' t too bad. D: You don't know--1 i::ic\u0026\\ thirtgs were picking up for me then. K: Yeah. It sounds like it . D: I stayed down there~let 1 s see~abo u t five years and then I went in the Army. I was in the European theatre. 1 was wounded and then I got commissioned. K: When did you go into the 4tmy? D: Uh, a year--two months after Pearl Harbor__.,2. K: ~42! __ ·•-.. D: Yeah. 'cause he sent me in '41; K: Yeah , during '41 . That's right. So when you came back from the 3Xll'/, is that when you got into the sheriff's department? \\ D: Yeah. l ~rked for the recreation council before l was sent overseas, and then , uh, when election time e\u003c\u003e.me around,.·I ran for sheriff and ... ·. SJ lAB Bridges Pago 6 D: waa elect ed. K: That was in '46-- ' 47? D: Let'\u0026 see, uh, forty--1 was sheriff for tventy-one years- '48 I guess . K: '48? D: And then I took office in '49 and served front--twenty would be '69, yenh-'40-- K: How many men did you have under you then? D: I had one fellow . I had ono outside deputy ~nd tny$ol£ . K: Uh huh. D: And uh, one jailer who worked--lived at the j all and worked t here . K: Oh. D: And then uh. I had five deputies t h3t worked the outskirts of the count\u003e:;\u003e 2'.I 0 P•Y· You f:now we were •on the fee system then, K: Uh huh. ~ D: And the shed ff got $7. 00)/A. half on the rest. K: Oh really? D: Yeah . So uh. we uh- - thc outlying, whan the outside deputies--outlying K: D: districts made a chase, they got , uh, I t hink $4.00 and a half on D c/ase. And, of course, the fee system was a horrible thing because l.'.; here's a guy that aays well , 1111 work this week and pick me up five or s1x.f:/u//.€;'fou know. 1..\"·~ Kind of l ike a 'llil 31'1!er sys tem. / J1 .Jq.B1Ct1 Yeah, 1 t pick up five or six '1. and I'd make myself $25 . 00- $30. 00 each weekend; which i a bad, you knO\\i'. K: Yeah. When did chey SYitch over to , \\Jh ... - D: Well, uh-- K: Salary? o.l,o.._f\"\" D: About tuo years later, and uh--well. no it was ~a t erm-- \u003c1bout f i ve SJ JAB Bridges Page 1 D: years later, ' c~u$e , uh, we got on the t~l~-.:y . K: Uh huh. D: And the salary was $7 , 500.00 a year. The- and when I was uh, the first year I was elected, rcy total i ncome for the yaar was $3,680.00. K: Yeah ~~,. ?, D: Yeah, because it was f rom the sheriff's office. That was my income • . K: • lh:tn. D: But uh , my tot{Ll income was--out ·of th\u003clt I had to pay my-a office helper and 3 jailer. K: Those~they didn ' t · get paid except when you had to pay those out of your own pocket? D: Yeah. K: Hmmm. That's sooe.thing. D: That ' s with one--we got on that bud,get-$7,500.00 a. year. K: 'I1lat was a bad city. D: And then I hired all five of my outside deputies. I think I gave thee $225.00 a month--something like that. Which wasn't bad, you knO\\rl compared t o what they W6tC eetti08 before, especially. K: Sure. D: Well, most of the= actual ly wer e--w0rc uh, I guess~l bad one up there, Roy Landry and uh, he would actually, uh, hire people' to help catch thieves. He had a mania--he hated a car thief worse th~ anything in the world. ~ K: Y•ah. D: And uh, he would actually hire peopl e in their automobilea 4tld pu~ out.-0£-state stickert;, uh, things on t hem--tegs on them. K: Yeah. ·, SJ JAB Br!:dges Page 8 D: And order the~ to co.tch them. I w.i.s often wondering how in the. devil he have a--he spent $200.00 a month to catch one thief. Ue just, you know, he just hated then . K: Yeah. D: Ue had another job--he has a+ 41./--11. VLJr~ thing up there. He' s a head custodian and all that. K: Uh huh. D: But uh, and I had another deputy. He's still with. the sheriff's department. Hi.s nama is Moody. Uc lives out on the St. ·John' s River. K: Uh huh. D: And uh, he uh, lifted•cke whites on the river every day. You know, the buoys uaed to have be lifted by hand. K: Oh yeah . What were they gas or- D: No, I think they were kerosene. K: Kerosene?- D: Uh huh. K: Uh huh. D: And uh, he would, uh, fill the things and light these, uh, lights . K: Yeah. D: So uh , he's an old ti=er around here. K: Right. Well, what kind of--what kind of crimes did, generally speaking, did you have to deal with when, uh-- D: Well, uh, of course, we. h~d our ring of thieves then, but I think we had a lot better sources of information than ve have today. K: More people were more open about talking to you nbout vhat they'd oecn \\ and things. D: Yeah. Well, for one thing, they knew 1 wasn't going to ~ver mention t heir names . •.,. SJ !AB Bridges Pnge 9 K: llh huh. D: Then uh, they'd uh, --\"\"\"'\"\"\"'\"'-'-''-----\"espe.cially / ~ 1 we had a lot of bootlegging the fi'tst two yenrs I \"'\u003cUs here--:naking whiskey. K: Yeah. D: And uh, of course, uh, a hunter ~-ould never turn in a bootlcgg6r 1 cause they're hunting in the woods. And uh, if they accidentally rtln upon one or stumbled over one, you'd never hear about it. But uh, they would go to the man that owned the property and tell him th3t there wa;t'till ~ and then this guy would go tell the boot­legger he'd better· get it out of there by Thursday 'c3u.se l'm going to call the sheriff. K: llh huh. you D: And it might be Monday. And the.n Thursday he'd call/,_'\"ld say-tell you right vhere that still was . Some.times we'd -/(Ar --one day 'we tore up five stills in one day. K: That right? D: You know, just a--on--just on an ole flimsy piece of information and another thing they weren't, uh, so uh, they didn~t try to hide their stills so well. They, you know , now it's pretty terrific, but then son-of-a-guns, they didn't think a thing of setting up 4 great big still out in the woods And having 3 nice big road running tight through i t ond everything. K: Sounds like they were trying to do it big time , huh? D: Oh yeah, they had, uh, hod a ball vi th it. And we hnd several. murderers but we were lucky in ., aolving every one of them. \\ K: Solved them. D: We dt d real well with them. SJ lAB Bridges Page 10 K: Did the railro•d have. DUch of a problem with, uh, people st.ealing froD tbe=t? D: The railroad had quite a problem of stealins out of the-- 1\u003c: Depot? D:. The ca rs where they hDve t he meat s and stuff like thot in particular. At that time the railroad put in at Tupelo. They hod a train ferry running fro• Port Bverglade. K: Yeah. D: You re:me::iber? K: Way ia;.·.the eouth. D: And they'd run all thoe4 cars loaded out thero ond thtlll they'd--when K: D: they ' d come bock they' d bring them sugar--sugar and bananas and stuff like t hat-right bock to the eame landing. And uh, that vu a big focal point for tht6voa 'cause if they get in that car and uh, that t .rai.n 1.s runn.lng-vell. they wou1d throw that-they'd throw it off tha ei.dc-•throw it ~.ff th6 side until th•y'd thTow a half a carload of stuff off. And th~n they'd have these truck.I aAd other guy and th•t was our biggcat nteol, Uh huh. We never, uh, vo had one train that vent that wo figured ·va.s our bi,ggeat ,P~ -f o-r aod that vu a freight tt'\u0026in that had .stole. a delivery in lil=l. at 7:00 in the 110ming ) off ff,, s ief.1~, and uh, 7:30, and uh, that train--w didn't let the poor boy• ride. •ca.use that waa C{ Ii II our train, but uh . I 'd .So out in the lunglaf 1J4\"£1at 'tt: . Pierce. I I ther e ' d be two or three hundred of them out thora nnd I ' d tell them, \\ t'd say, now look, this train here goes stroight through Miami a~d stops at Palm Beach ond Port Everglade. But uh, 1 don't want you on this train. If you catch tb.U train, you' ro got.ag to jail. \"· SJ lAB Bridges Page 11 Uh huh . That kept them off. O: Then uh, they' d say, okay boss, okay captain. And the train'd So on. Now I 'm going to catch it. They 'd catch the next one. K: Yeah. D: That stopped there , you know. 'Cause you knOW', a real good hobo, uh, like uh, ve had--several times we had a train with maybe forty or fifty hobos going down to work in the muck over around the l ake, you know. K: Yeah. D: And uh, they would , uh, want to get off. They didn' t think a thing of throwing the brakes, you know , on that freight . Well, you know, and t hey'd get 104 or 105 cars on there . It held a lot of weight. they'd bust our t r ain in half just to stop it . And of course, they'd all t ake you know. Imagine in 150 or 160 miles trying to fig~rc out where they're going to decide to get off that damn train. K: ;/JI Pg fo .rfre 1 I- μ,'\"\"' . j v D: We didn't mind. We'd stop it any place t hey wanted us~you know, just s low down enough to let them unload. Of course, you always got a bunch if~~ k nt.ef of cause you a lot of troubles. K: Well, uh, say prior to 1960 , wha t would you say the race relation$ were l ike here in St. John's? D: Well, uh, I guess I w~s the--one of the first sheriff's in the state had a black deputy . K.: Yeah? D: And uh, he uh, was very efficient, and at his request, he never arres ted a whi te man. K: Uh huh. n: In other words, he didn't want a w~ite warrant, but until you got there, you know , ~r'-a_J_:~_~he'd hold he would hold them SJ lAJl Bridges Page. 12 K: Then you would roake the ac tua.l a.rres t. D: Yeah . K: Was he afraid of stirring up the ire of uh-- D: ,No, he just uh, he said he knew t.hc black people o.nd they were checking hiD, but um, but uh , of couraa I had the best source~ 4 lot better sources of information than he had . K: Uh huh. D: And uh, among the blacks, because, the uh, every one of these little ole jock joints and stuff, you know. And they played cards and they gamblod. And uh, we never clamped down on then. ~I'\\ ({ 111.Ji U -'just like t hey olways have. They had~they'd sneak their But they would, uh, I would \" II get informtion of a bot man was in town through Slim or so1tte.body. They call me and tell me say he's red hot, and we know he's wanted some where . K: Yeah . D: I'd get that information a lot quicker than a lot of 'tl1'J black deputies. He used to get mad, he say, I don't know where .ftV\\.f ,br.'(1 .... that man didn't tell me. But I soid who told mo. Well, the vords around . Yeah, be didn't tell me. I got the word from down io Daytona Beach area~ ~ , , In other words, they wasn't going to let anybody move in, you know, on thco . K: Yeah, that's good. l\u003e: They'd get that sra.vy tr~ic . K: Well. •on the other harld, you had this deputy--but were there any people that you knew over on your--as your dep6tie\u0026 that were, say, members of the Ku Klux Klan? D: Well, I don't think that the possibility that one of them 111isht. have bee.n\u003e but uh, he was from Hastings, and they were very- ... ·, SJ JAB Br~dges Page 13 K: Hastings? Where 1s Hastings? D: Eighteen miles out of here. K: South? D: Wcst--vhen 1t co=e through on 207. K: ]\u003e;,f ;f ? D: Yeah. K: Oh, it's near there. D: Yeah. I\u003c.: Yeah, I know. I\u003e: Uh, be could have been beC3use Uh, they were-they vorked black.a, you +1«t1•; °\"'r- knoW' .,ma. .tabor, potato c\u0026mps and everything. K: Uh hub. D: And uh, of course, at that time they were very op.posed • to them K: D: K: D: K: h ... v\u003c.. although they started a black high school out there-~USi two high schools out there )'\\.ArvJ YcM. And L./~ 7J.w~:ry --just about e.ll- in other words, we had-when ve had trouble with our local. black.S, there wasn' t any committee. They. didn't-­or whoever fe1t that be was damaged, ~entally /physically or anything else. he came and talked to us. Yeah. or You know /one of the mini\u0026ters . uh, (!(,;~fe{:ioe Gr~h..,. Okay. I ,. All right. D: He was the mayor. K: Well then, uh, generally spe3king, about 1 63 or '64, as a sort of a general overview, do you have any special impressions or cocce.nts that you'd like to make? · .•. .,, SJ !AB Bri.dges \" Pago 14 D: We had, uh, acw\u0026Uy, ve:-I guess we. had the be.It orde.r of any pl.ace that they ever de.ouatrated. Ve actually had no one killed except one vhite person. K: That was in the, uh, fall of 1 63 , wasn't it? D: Yeah, yeah. And uh, .or '64-yeah '63 or 1 6l1, nnyway that wa\u0026 the only death that ve had. K: Yeah, yeah. D: And uh, the uh, vhen tb.U thing started. ther• vu no one objected to the dei=o'llStrated or marching or \u0026Aytbing. but all of a sudden there vaa a big influx of whit• people. The.re vas one. from up in New Raven, Connecticut. He was the chnplain at llGrvard. Re came down. And then a bunch of white boys-young men nnd young women came down, e.nd uh, then what would happen when they would-thay lived down in the colored tOW\"O--black town. When they vou1d coae. to town with their little de.aot'lBtt:\u0026tion , they uh, would uh, have th:f.a, uh, id.ea of 3 colored girl vould a.arch vi th a white boy and Vice ver1a. K: Yeah. D: And then when atop and kiss K: Uh huh. they would set up i n tho bu.ainoau ecction, andf\"~~(';;ch other , you know ... • they loved to D: ,.~ For the sole pu:rpoae.1 of gcttlttgthese old redneck crack.era~ K: Boys. D: •• \u0026led up. Oh, and goe they'd-sooe of them get eo mad . I see the• ju.at sit down on the sidewalk and stut crying. K: Uh huh. D: And I don't think thoy ncver-311 this time-·thoy never looked around if they saw over two vhite people together. Ev~ if they were all the vay across that part, they'd Dake a beeline for those: three or more SJ lAB .Bridges hge 15 D: vhite people. K: Uh huh. D: To force us to move those vhite people so they could march there. K: D: K: Well, you know tho do111n thing kept getting hottor nnd hotter and people kept getting, uh, sorer and sorar until 1t really got bad. Then when I-thoy elapped an injunction on 'Oe. Tho uh , governor called ma. 11 1 s\u0026id ehe And vhen l got over there, ho said, \"What do you th.i.a,.,k 'l'' only euggution 1 h.ave is to re-.ve .. fro• aut.hor.ity. You're going to have to put somebody el1e over there-the highvay patrol. Wellt vo hod twenty-six highway petrol hero. 'leah. All of them in thot t·ow.. 11\\ey acted as--thoy know c~rybody here. ntey kne.w the people in the area. They were from PalAa and Gainesville-­around, but they bev vho to talk vith and who to, acd the guys had a lot of re.spect for the•, you know. But they 1tnt all t .bes.e total st-range.rs in h•r•, which uh-they moved out ,ou.r twenty-six highway uh- - 1/{ t\\ S j{: twenty-six-some of them that v ero. here ~lready out? D: Yeah, vh.ich voe a horrible thing to do becaueo not only do you got all these new onee in and the1c guys s t•rt ueing profanity ot them and cal.led \" ,, thc=i nigger- lover• and stuff and they hod.ft't been trained in riot control at that t1De. K: Uh huh. D: So, of course. uh, they deepised the n4tne coll-1ng ond o lot of t ime tl\\ey took i t out on tho pareon thot was do:lng it. uh1ch wos, in TAY opin\\ion, was wrons because you have t o put up wi.th that stuff if you're going SJ l AB Bridgea Page 16 D: to expect to handle t ,be ezploaive situ.atton. Well. you're going to be called namea. K: Yeah. D: I waa cal l ed thou11ando of them and ao was evel')'body clae. we had a t errific influx , o terrific group here t hat m.arched, and uh, marched vit.h the blacltl . K: Yeah. D: And they vere eia,.hc,\"•five peroeot vere businu•MA. K: llh huh. D: Here in St. Auguatino. K: And would t hey--they would just march along ~ -frq 'i?\u003e ... ? D: Mar ch along on the aide of the blacks and t ry to keep the--t z:y to prot e ct them. K: We.ll, why do you think t.hc, uh, the blacka atarted n.arching in the first plecet Why did things break down? D: K: D: and h e s tar ted the lllOV~lll\\~n t, I gur:Jo , b ut at tha.t time, I think the JflOVeme'n t consisted of Dr. U•ling, O•rber, and ul1-- k: Who 1s barber, t don't- D: that's not bis n-=e. K: ob, be was tt bhr bet? 0: Ycoah. K: Oh. D: Down on Central Avonue, and uh nar ber up on Wa•h1ngton Str eet. K: Uh huh. Dt They w r e th\u0026, uh. tha only three people t.hat t could find that vas, \" SJ JAB Br1.dges Page 17 D: you\"\"°\"• vu doing any f'll~ft-\u003criAJ and fuuiog around. K: You don ' t think, originally, th•y had very ouch widespread support in the block conu:m.tnity? D: No , bccl\\uae the bla.ck community dldn1 c es pecially like any one of the three. K: Uh huh. D: And uh, they didn't build up au.ch of a following. K: I kn01ot 1tnliug was a newcomer in the area. D: Yeah. K: But I don't knov a.bout the barber. Were they- D: Well, the.y were lcnovo. u kiad of rabbits end the local.a ;aaid no atten.tion to them. K: Uh huh. D: And it actually didn • t gain any ao·DK!ntuo until King nnd them came in. But uh, t'he uh , they h:td one guy. Hts na'Qle vaa, uh , I can't· thing of b.18 neme rlght Know. He' a froo out of Savannah, Georgia. tte' a still with the NAACP. He ran for office up in Atlanta recently , and 1 vould attend tha.ir meetings in the chuTchea. K: Yeah. D: And uh , l'd alvays go look. And be would alvay1 atart out his, you knov, they had little pep songs aod aang and danced and ovorythiog and ho (( would alvnyl start out by •ingling me out. And ho a aid , vben ve bury this m.an eix feet deep in we want. But we' Te going tha streets of St. Augustine , we'll get what .)) to have to bury him before we eon get v~at. K: Mna!ll. D: You lcnov, and vhich is actually thrcateaing \"I life. K: Dlat\"o \u003c1g!tC: hf .r \"-\" ~, 1JC..S • D: And uh, but uh , then the next ID.41' would speak one.I he'd get them a littlo \" ·. SJ IAB .. llr~.dges Page 18 D: tn0re upset and then Martin Luther-- ;~s K: Well, in 1 63. then, when uh, it was mostly just Haley and the two barbers. D: Yeah. And uh, they had no actual demonstration. K: ~ey had a fev ·sit-ins and stuff. D: Yeah. K: What kind of oeasures did you take to deal with those • .5~ • -~ } D: Well, it was a~it's a state law, in the first pl3ce, especially in restaurants or you know, where they serve food. K: Yeah. At D: /that time it was a direct violation of the l aw. K: Uh huh. D: And uh, we'd ask them to move on. Sometimes they'd move and som~tlmes they wouldn 1 t. K: Yeah. D: And uh, so we'd throw them in jail. D: The ones that uh, were in viola.tion of the lav. The owners \"WOuld sign affidavits. The owners would tn\u0026ke the complaint. fv . .,( K: Yeah. They would call you up and get yo/\to coim doun, huh? D: Yeah. K: l see. Well, in concerning this stu~f from '63, you know, I've r ead.) /t'k:tt. J:.t \u0026t ,-~,I a fev newspape·rs and you don't know--you don't ever know what you read in the newspaper or no~so i f you don' t mind, rou know, I'll ask you a few more little specific questions '63 and then 4 you know, see if you care to out if what I read is true. D: 'Yeah. 1Jb huh. Sure. about this $tuff in I ' ll ju$t answer....J.try to find ·. SJ IAB Page 19 K: All right. ----- -''fl_,. ;{-_~----- in one paper I forget_ which paper it was~le t 's see, uh, Jul y 1, 1963, uh, \u00266veral white youth\u0026 followed a car of blacks back t o Raling 's house, and uh, apparently they threw so~ bricks at them. nae whites threw a brick or something at the blacks and then somebody fired at the vhites. The whites wont away and they eamc back with their shotguns, and four blacks who were guarding Raling1s house were wounded. I belieVe that 's is that the way that happen~d? D: No. K: Do you rec.411 that incident? D: No, that's uh, that WASn't true . Haling's house was right down the street here..-two blocks from me. K: Oh ~e lived on the then D: He lived on the. corner of Whitney and uh,/Second Street over. K: Uh hub. D: And uh, he called me and I vent down ther e , and uh, they had a regular barricade.in there. ·. K: Ha1ing d1d1 D: Yeah, he had, oh, eight or ten bl acks in there, and they had all kinds of veapons. K: Ye\u003cll1, were they young blacks or? D: Mostl y. And uh, eo I asked Hal ing if he'd gotten hiG vife out of there. I think he had one kid, I 'm not sure. He said no so I aaid I'll get-- take he~ and get one of the deputies to com.a Pick her up and get her avay from here in case there is some shooting. K: Yeah. D: And uh , I caid would you mind tell ing me what happened? So he told ce that uh, these boys had come by and they'd shot the house up~;md l SJ lAB Bridges Page 20 D: said veil, if they ahot the bouae up, there aruat be so::ie aarks--soae 1tind of bullet aorka. K: Uh huh. D: ~e was talking 4Uout they went til rough the wlndows nnd everything and act ually, there wau o windm1 pane broken out, but it--3 rock fell insido so that killed that l .lttle story, but I stayed there until 3:00 in the morning and there YU no one came by there. No one shot at the house or anythillg. It: I thought that four black-four blacks, uh, the people who were guard.tog this house--were wounded. D: No, no one vao wounded. K: No one was Y\u003c\u003eundod? D: Dr. Haling and tha tvo barbers one tiu were having a Ku Klux Klan rally out here. \\itheR th• bovlln.g alley is. K: Oh yeah. n:tat'a Sept~er 18th, I believe. D: Yeah, and uh- K: That's the time when they got caught out there. D: Yeah, they drove uh, a mile and five eights or eomcthing around the edge of the aarah to get to the back end ovar a ro.al bad road·. It 1189 real hard to get in there) J1A /,\"-\u003c--/./.• r\u003c\u003e\u003c\u003elf\" Btld everything, .r.. r ,,, ($1\u003e that they could •ne.ak up to the Ku Klux Klan rally-of all· the da= pla«.S anybody'd vane ~ go. K: Bapeeial.ly if you're black. It 11 D: And uh, of course, they \u0026av thm and they et.artcd hollering nigger ond they grabbed cho tht'ao of them and uh, they bent tho tar out of t~em. K: Yeah . D: Uel1, they got the• up on top of t his hi11--about uh, t•d $\u0026y a good · .. SJ JAB Bri.dges Page 21 D: quarter of a mile from the highway . Well, I can't get an ambulance to come up there to pick th\u0026m up . K: Uh huh. D: And uh, l arrested two people. One \u0026an that said he had o mask on, and the other one, I thought was a· C\u003cU) tho.t had a mask on. And uh, but I bad no way to g~t them to the jail. K: Uh huh. D: And uh, so I sent uord down by one clansman who wa,s-he had on a whi te outfit, but he didn't have on a mask. So I wasn't--! was just arresting the ones that, you kno~, that had their masks 9n. K: Because of the anti-mask /q v...J ' D: Yeah, and uh, well, they uh, anyway, the t~'\u003c\u003e I arrested--1 sent word down for the deputy to COC'lte up and pick Or . Haling up . K: Pick him up . Oh y~ah . D: And these tv\u003c\u003e. So--bccause we couldn't get an ambul ance to COl'lle up there--black or white. Yeah. D: So 1 ookcd him if he could, uh, how fa~ thay could mo.ko t• It '• ., said sure. All three of them sot up but they were beaten. I 'm telling you. K' D: Very bodly , huh? You could lay two fingers in thc--whcre they were beaten in the head and stuff , but mostly it was , uh, I think they seid they hit them with chains--bicycle chains or motorcycle ch3ins because they vere rea l bad cuts, Gnd uh, the d~uty that caJ!le up to pick th~~ up tho eor on\u003cl drov~fXd now l don't have any Wly to get --he put them in to dte hospital. \\ K: Uh huh. D: So I got a guy in a pickup truck to give me a r ide down to the hospital. f( Jj In the meantime, l said damn I lost my tvo prisoners. .. S.J lAB Bridges Pogc 22 D: W'he.n l tot to the ho1pital, I asked tbm about--aatd both::the can and this other one vaa a VOD\u0026n. K: Uh huh. D: they both turned th~maelvea in here. )(; Yeah. D: And uh, posted $2S.OO bonds. K: Wel.1, v.as uh, Ha.ling a.nd the other tvo geotlcmn arrested during that aa::e incident? D: No. t\\o. X: I read that , you knov, ofter- D: When ve got them to tho hoapitnl--our hospital-- IC.: Yeah. D: Well, the doctor• refused to let the press in, and uh, so the uh, they said wel.l, t hey ~rcn't doing any good laying in the hospital if they couldn't give, uh, public stateaeota out. So, during the night, and t.he second night t .hey were there . well, we eneakcd theta out, and uh, got them to Jockaonvllte ot another hospital. K: Yeah. Yeah. D: And uh, s.o they were actually goi ng into tho hoep1tal here one or two nights at the llllOat. C.: Uh huh. D: But uh . they \"ere all Nck in to-.--n in e.i\u0026ht or tm days- K: But they weren't arrc1ted i ntb:tt incident? I reod vhere, uh, they'd uh, you knov, after errivin,g on the. sce.ne, they-a g:un had been found in t heir g l ove com~artment box\u003e I believe it WAO. And so they were subsequent1y arrcated for uh--- D: No, they-none of the three vere ever arrested that 1 know of. K.: H::amm. All rtght. uh , another inc.1.dient happened in July, uh when llaUng .' SJ lAB Bridges Pago 23 K: vas org~nizing these s it- i ns, which you say didn't have too much support but uh . 3nyway. Uh, l et 's see. Oh yes, it vas reported and again, l don't knov if it's true or not, but they r eported that uh , the police . and the sheriff ' s deputies were forced to use cattle prods. D: Yes. K: And dogs to- -on the re\u0026isters--vas this true! D: Yes, we used them on the whites espec ially . K : Uh huh. D: To keep them from croahing the lines in the marches . K: Uh huh. Vell , this is in '63. This is in sit-ins. D: Yeah. But we--we bad~ve did use the cattle prods on several sit - ins . K: Uh huh. D: Because they refused to W3lk and, you know, go to the car, and we also had the standing order that uh, you don't pick up the prisoners. K: Yell, why is that? Is there a security r eason-they mi \u0026ht try to grab the gun? 0 : Yeah, not only that but they can kick you. K: Uh huh. D: And they C\u003cln actual ly hurt you if you try to drag them or pick them up. K: Yeob. D: So uh, the f ederal court judge~ev e ry time this cattle prod came up-­at no t ime did the federal j udge ever rule against t heir use. K: He didn ' t? D: He said t hat they were a measure of protection for the officer and he saw no reason to reprimand this form-- \\ K: Btmmn. Well. that ' s i nteresting. I didn't know that. D: But we used t he dogs on the people that were molesting the ao.rchers. K: Oh yeah. Well. wh~t~I- -1--~\u0026ll , would you keep them on lea$hes~long •, SJ lAll Page 24 K: leashes ot--how did thot votk? D: Well, the:Y,~the dog$ verc trained. K: Uh bub. Brid,gea D: I oean excellent trained dogs. We had, uh , 1 think I Md nine :.ln rtiy aher1ff'• office. K: Were they b'lg doberm.ana or-- D: No they vcre gel\"!IMln shepherd$. K: Gere.an shepherds, uh huh-o: And the. polic• departmtnt hod scvt.n or elght - K: Uh huh. 0: 'Cause tho ones you can't control, you c.l'ln't use. But I 've seen one­ve asked then not to t ake, uh, you know, flash11ght pictures in the dog's face. you know. K: Uh huh. D: And I h3d, uh, this one deputy walking along with hie dog. And, of course, they always walk on the lelthanded side to the owner or the trainer. X: Yeah. D: And the dog ie here at your left leg, and the bl#cke vere o~ tho ina.ide of h1\". K: Well it--were on their right? D: Wa$ on--on his left. It: On the left elso-oo. tho •ane side of the dogs. D: Yeah. Uh huh. K: Oh. D: And thi\u0026 un ume up vi.th a flashlight camera, and fla•hed it right in. the do\u0026'• face. K: Dog's face. ·. ., SJ lAB Bridges Page 2~ D: It'• a \"WOnder he hadn't bittea. aoaae of the people , you know. Bec•use he vaa blinded for a SKond, but when he j•ped this nan, che dog--vtll ho knockL'd hi.a down. X: Yuh. D: And he vas standing right over him. Now if-when the--of course it-it knocked--it jerked the troiner down , too. K: Yeah. ,, \" 0: And uh, he said hold it, hold it, hold it, and thftt dog stood right there over that man with his mouth wide: open-- K: !lmmm. 0: K: 0: K: 0: k1 :J\u003e: l~ ~ on his face right there. (~./k right side, huh? 11 And uh, he says , uh, give bia a licked tbat guy across the face. I/ ki••· And the old dog \"te.ached out aod Really? ) AMlthft eui dl.dn',t,f••ch up to~ipo it off either. Q,~A.A/ ..f I ~ f.l\u003c ,e., ~ ( ( .. .;rt.~.; ~o stayed right there. And then when they--1 got him up and l said I don't want to see you around her~ anymore. K: Uh huh. D: I eaid , you know you could have caused yourself a lot of damage and you could have got soce people excited out there . too. Bet:ause these guys v\u0026re a.ctua.lly harassing them--vere •o•tly young people. I'd say frOG fifteen to tile.'nty-tvo or three year• old---cventy-four. K: Teenagorat .,...__ I): And uh. they would be in eana• of tve.nty-fiv• or thirty ~.lking along cuealn.g you and cussing the blacks--cua•tng you for protecting them and just n continuous stream of harassment. And one night when we had a ~ .A 1/ui .J\u003c- real big showdown, nw:iM e devils got hold of some fit\"ecr.:ackcrs. \" '• SJ lAB P•so 26 K: Yeah. 0: And they threw those firecraclc.ere in the.re, and those dogs- K: vent vi1d- D: lo the meantime. they sent us so-e doge c.hat vertn•t ve11 ttained over here f roa Raiford that- K: Prison? 0: Yeah. They weren't trained as well 08 our dogs. They hadn't li:id enough time. K: Yeah. 0: But uh, it was just a continuo\\1.8, uh, talking 'cause our dogs ~you'd go by--you could . uh. do anything you. wnted to them. and he'd just be vatcbing his master. You could kick him. out of the v.ay or ;iny·tbing elae. But when you started by ooe of theae guye vith theit' dogs. he'd tell you, \"Don't cot0e too cl ose to oy dog-don't coee too\" And it was, you know, it was uh, because they didn't have that good of control over their dogs. K: They vere worried about lt.) 4'.l,A h ? 0: And uh, they were worried about-·ond I don't know whether--if anybody vae bitten by any of t he dogs, it was by one of the.ire because they didn't hAvc the control over it . When our dog\u0026 went down thnt street, it was n-- it voe a terr1fic thing to vatch. K: HnDa. They had cooplete control ovor thecuo.lvea. D: Oh yeah . It vas - it vas--of course, there vaa a horrible tra~ning period. lt vaa the worst cistreataent of ao.taale I 'd e-.er seen 1o ay life. but boy vhen they got- K: They had to beat them pretty hard to gee th~ to do that. D: Oh, I've seen them down a trainer and break hia orm, b~te hiG hand, . crush ., hio finger\u0026 and everything else, but, you know, wh~lc they're training thnm. ., SJ lAS Bridges P•ee 27 D: 'Cau.se if, you know, the an.il:ulls will just t.ake 10 ouch. It: Uh huh. D: \u0026ut they'd get them so well trained th,t , uh, you could uh . he'd be . standing by thnt trainer nnd you could take a long bmaboo pole, and you could hit that dog. You could hit the mooter. You could hit all around him. And that dog just sit right there wotching, and of course-- K: As long as the ci.aater didn't tell him to do anything. D: You'd have all thla stuff vrapped on you, you know, .and {1nally he'd aay get·- and ma.a, that aon .. of .. a-gun va$ dovn on you before you. c.ould say \" J,... ,, SCA.-.. K: llm!mmn. 0: But it was a horrible treatment they give them. K: 1 imagine. D: It vas beautiful to watch them in action, though. It: I'• not in your way? CM\"\"\"\"' be..clc~ COVI v~ s .. .-fie,., ~ .... i\"d' \"- I e\"' v e - !/---. k. • ':::! :J D: No, uh huh. Re wa1 juat playing vi.th me. K: \\lell, I think I hovu one last--oh yeah. \"'e vore discussing Mr.lier that one fellow did got killed . Uh, he W30 riding through the bl~ck section of to•.m with n ahotgun on his 141p or S()fl)Qthina like thl'.lt. D: Yeah, he had--they'd uh, come back from huntiog and he had the shotgun behiee.n his fe.et, 11Uz1.l~ down. k: lbey had been hunting? D: Yeah. K: They had grune in the car? 0: No, they had no gaac. There was f our of them in the car. K: Uh huh. D: And they \"ent by £ubanke, who wa$ 4-- K: Coldie Eubank.I? '·· SJ 1AB Bridges P33e 23 D: Goldie, yeah . K: Oh. D: They '~ent by his house to, uh, cuss him. K: Uh huh. D: And they vent by the house and this guy wns on guard and h~ shot him across the--when he made the turn sotns back u p~ K: Wa$ he-a g1.1y .:it Coldbttnk.s hou Gc? D: No , this was a full block away, but he--t he black. w.-s just shooting anyway. One of Goldie ' s nephews. K: Uh huh. D: And uh , he'd uh, he shot and killed the boy on the outside of the car. It went r ight by t he driver, and went by this guy, and hit this guy, and it killed him. Well he tightened up on the gun ~\"hen he shot hi m, and the got went off in t he-- K: Went through the floor . him D: It went through the floor , and these t uys just drove/right strai$bt to the-- right to t he hospit~l. But then wa had a--•C worked and vork~ on the case 4nd had g,uys cOminS from cver~hcre , 3nd f1nally we found a black th~t lived next door to Goldie Euban\\s who had given Richard Eub$nks his-- K: That's his nephew. D: This gun. K: Uh huh. What was it--i t vns a rifle? D: No, a pistol. K: A p1~tol~ .and he hit him froo a block a\":.•ay? D: Juct cbot--he w.:)s juct shooting .it htm. K: Uh huh. D: Because they'd come by there and cuss~ him out, .ind uh, but hc~it -- actually it was a -- End of Side 1-Tape A SJ lAB !ridges Page 29 Beginning of Side 2-Tape A K: Well, anyvay, what were ve-- D: Actually it was n phyaica l impossibity for him to shoot. uh, to kill somebody that for, It's purely accidental. K: Trying to--yeah. II II 1 woe going to say nnd that vae o pistol. D: Especially with o handgun. 1C: Yeah- that'\u0026 a-I couldn't h.it that vall with a piatol, you know. D: Anyvay, ve- got tho--vcll, they gave 11e. the weapon. K: Uh huh. D: And we got his girlfriend. K: Yeah. D: And the--she dieoppearcd the day after she govc ue the information. And uh, she gave it to ua tn the presence of her bo1a, and uh- K: The lady th.at lived at the beach'? D: Yeah, Kiss Calhoun. K: Miss Calhoun. yeah, that's right. D: And uh, she was very, uh, proud--the girl v~• • very proud person. K: Uh huh. D: And uh, young lady, nnd she was also a good worker. K: Uh huh. D: And uh. in foct, ehe voe keeping a couple dollars a veek or so out of ho.r salary becau.se •ho •eked hta to. and she. had aaved quite a bit of aoney out of there--ot\u003eout $35.00 or $40.00 or somath1ng. But uh, the next aft ernoon after I hco\";d'f(.//i\"Ji h~hat ho l\\lld the venpon~af ter Eubanke had the wc3pon, ond uh. t h tt.t he had it that ntght. And t he other. man ooid tMt ho lookod out the window and e1n1 Eubank.\u0026 r unning af ter the s hootint. K: lccediately after the shooting. huh? ·. SJ l.llB :Bridges D: Who .1•-·wh.lch ie right--he lives about three blocks from there on Ceotral--the uh girl dieoppeercd. And uh. thc~our witness didn't CO!De to court the f irat day when he vaa supposed to testify aod ve ae:nt out ond got hla. A.nd he worked at one o( the local banks parking core and atuff like thot. And uh, so the judge put him in ja~l over night. And the next doy, the HMCP had an attorney here from Tal.lahassee who, uh, re.luaM to let hta telti!y vhe:n-vhac'\u0026 Ms naoe-the c.olored boy waa Cheater, and uh- K: Is t]\\at hla laat na11et 0: No, 1t'a his firat naae. I can't think of this last name, but be uh, when K: D: K: D: K: D: thia attornoy came in, said he vat--113nt1n8 to see his ellent-Chester. \\I II I said., vell he doesn't have an attorney. He doesn't need an attorney. He vasn' t accused of anythin,g. ,, He va1 teacify1ng for tho State. He said well I was hired to II So 1 went and I aaid, 1 asked Chester, I said, do you have an ,, repr·esent him. attorn~y? \"H e 11 ,, ,, said no. So 1 went back and told that attorney~ l said, you ' re not repre- acntin\u0026 him. '' I uoid,1 1 ho's o grown man, he 's married. I I And l told him that ,, ti he docen't want you to rcprcee1't hi•. with that , he aoeo upstoira and tolks h:$ or.I. trs dt.,..,,,, l just got through telling you. So .s-~s to the judge. And the judge odccsu'c anid hi.11 mother Rnd father hi?;ed hiat. Was thie judgo 1 ~ 80,Q/.#(,,_-ff.11 ?) ~ No, thia judge ia, uh. uh, ht UcibWtUC • Mel+~ let's 1ee L,/LJ wt.J 1Jv..tc1rcuit court judge ? I .. Mc'ho\"rn•? fl e..1 ~ . I I And uh, a.a.id you l'ULve to II let hi• talk to hill. Sol let hio talk ~to him, and he got up whcfn he CAM up to the trial •I testify because it vill incri•lnate ht.. ,, the attorney says be can't K: l!ooa. SJ lAB Bridges Page 31 gv.t- Vie ''1· ,, f\\e.'ef ~. you knov, ~ figured - :....,' fi--:S'-\"l- hav.ing the gun, .:i..:il:mmizc: ..,.,, 1.!U.t , D: as i t ~ incr ialin3te him. K: Yc:Ah. D: :Well, the judge ruled for him so we lost our case. But the Eubanks boy~ about three or four ui.onths later-- K: He was fishing on the bridge? D: No , he was shooting- -hc was out here at Florlda-at Normal College. K: Yeah . D: Re had it out here. And uh, he had a gun, 3nd he walkQd up to a car where there were five stude·nts. K: From the Normal College? D: Yeah. And he told the one in the middle in the back seac--he sat.cl you've been going around with my girl and uh, he said I'm sick and tired of it. And the other said I don ' t know who your girl is. You must me talking out of your hat. And with thot, Eubanks shot him and shot him in the it .. , jaw, and uh,/loft t he man paralyzed. He's from down in the state soc=eplnce-- Ft. Louderd4le ~ \\ e.;. . K: Yeah. D: So we got f inally got r id of Eubanks for-- K: For that. D: For five or ten yea.rs . K: Uh huh. D: We got for that K: Well after this name . D: Can~d. K: can.;(r\"d. ,; Canard. shooting. v/..ite. uh, theAman was killed, Glen Kenard, I believe, was his !--,apparently about four nights later or so the vhites retaliated and blew a few windows out of, uh . dancing placea or something. SJ lAB Bridge• Pogc 32 D: Yuh, tMt'a--uh huh. Yeah . they shot the jook jolots up. K: Yuh. D: They'd just ride by and shoot the vindows out. K: Now when you were investigating this--did you h3ve to orre$ t Haling? D: Did ~ling get in your way in that 1nvest1gntiont No, 1--uh, the only t1.e I evcr~ the only tlme I when he was sitting in the bar out at the .otel, arrested Ha.ling wa.s the foxakf.tfJfU.ounge. K: Yeah. D: Vith Mrs. Peabody and uh. the b1shopS~colored btthop's vife. K: Uh huh. D: From Ma.ssachusetts. And Haling, and a. white tirl thnt was wi th Mra. Peabody down here, and uh, she insi.eted thot I gee the Flor ida Statute•·•. K: Uh huh. D: .~.And read the full thing D: Because I talked to her a couple of times. and I begged her not to go out t o that jail. It wasn't a fit place for a vo11o1n her age. K: Uh huh. O: And uh. well, thi• day ehe--I said ~hy. vhy do you want to do thie? And K: she said, vell 1 have to because they told .._ they vanted me to go to jail s? I'a going to the jail U it'll help. Then when I got Mrs. Pt:Abody out .ic: jail, the--\u0026ll of the vh1t.c etl.la are fill.ed ao she and tMa girl-she wanted a bunk co alccp on, and I said vell you'll have to kick one of the old bate off o! it--'4111' old prostitutes nnd etuff we'd had in the jail ~ bt.-r~ ttnd uh, 80 \u0026ho was--and then ehc ooid Ghe wanted her friend, the bishop's wife in there with her. Yeah. D: And, of course, I told then, I s.aid do y'all aind il we bring the b~ahop'a \" SJ lAD Bri.clges \" I I ,, D: vife in here. and they ea.id yeah. bring her 1n here. We'll kill her . K: llmmo. D: ,. I/ And not only thot , ve'll kill this old battleaxe here , too. n ,. ve don't want no nlggera in here vi.th ua 1~1ch was a com:ion them to a.ay. They wore rough people. K: Yeah. They said thing for D: An.-yvay. th• uh, tho--ve bad Hartin Luther King out there in jail, and uh, he got a-it got kind of atlcky While he was out in jail. The blacks and vMt•I all c.,.. out thorc. And they were all r.a.islng hell . So I called the governor and 11ke.d hta to aend me an order tT~nsferring King to-- K: To Jackaonville , va1n't it? D: To Jacksonvill e, and uh, ' cauee that~all of them said thei veren't going to, uh , post bond . they were goin.g to stick it out. So I knev, uh, when 'Kin.g got up thcro. He couldn' t stand it 'cause he can't, uh, he's out-he' s up there bonded to my jail and they von't let him t.tllk to anyone. K: Ycoh. D: ' Cauue he' e ay pr:11oner. K: Yeoh. O: So he stoyed up there overnisht . end t hen he bonded him.self out tho next day , ond looves all of his buddies here, see. {(~s) K: Wasn't that ~hon he went up to Yale and got an hono,~ry degree? O: Yeah , uh huh. X: I believe that vtll the tiee wh~n he went up to get his honorary degree. Woll, uh, lot •a 1co. Uh, 1 believe during '63 again, uh, Judge Mathis, am I pronouncing itt \\ D: Kathie. \u0026: H.'lth1o. D: Ye.ah. · •. ,, SJ lAB Bridges Page 34 K: He uh, ruled that the juveniles couldn't picket. Uc oaid that, you kno'IJ, they couldn't participate in the ait-in. D: No, there vere--1 think there was tw girls that participated 1n o sit-in. K: Yeah. D: And uh, he brought them 1.n the.re--ve did. And they were-be vae juet as nice to them. He wa• also the juvenile judge and the COW1ty Judge, too. K: Yeah. 11 D: And he talb.d to them and ea.id, nov I'a goi1tg ,t,o turn you over to your parents provided that you don ' t do thl• •gaitl. K: Ye:lh. D: And they 10id they were going to do it anytime: they wanted _fo-'-''--\"\" ~ \" ,. ~ says oluly. So be a.cot thea ewer to the girl'• achool- cotte.c.t.lon school, and~~'hich caused 3 lot of stink 'cause the bl4cks would to and ~ayl4iy the deputy ond, you knO\\oi, that wos the vorkings . tc.: Yes. D: But I tell you the funay incident happened vhilc Mr•. Peabody was out there in jAil. Her son , vho is an ordoined £piscopolion =iniatcr-- K: WhO was alao the governor. D: And , well thia 1-s anothe.r eon. K: Oh a difforont one. D: And he'8 n boozer. And he'a got his collar on and he ' s going from bar II to bar.. Every tic:e he hits a bar, they tell hia, Kro. Peabody's eon is II on the way out to the county jail to aa.e bis 100thcr. So he get.a out there. nbout 11:30 or 12: 00 at night. So I 'm out tt there and I'm waiting Ond he II // c.occ\u0026 in and he \u0026ays, 1 wo.nt to talk to •Y mot her. And 1 said t 'm not going to wake your mother up at 11:30-12:00 at n.lght. II 4nd get in that cab and get yourself oway f rom here. You bet~~r go out I lle S3YS , l ' ll stay SJ lAB Page 35 D: K: D: , , right here 'til I see ay mother. l said, 111.is ten, drunk.a are not allowed ti in this jail unless they're behind the bats. Ho .... ~AA t'\u003c Ava-r\u003e f t1 rtM.s ~ .... 1.' (( ~4.f.) I aaid I can throw you in th.at cell in thftre and you' l.l sober up by morning and you c.o.n sec your mother. I said you ' re: going to lcava or you're going to j•ll. He says I-- When he .. td that, I said put h.ll:I in it. Boy, vhen l said that he was out the door. K: Uo was out the door. D: He told his mother the next aorni.a.g that her drunk aon cOQe staggering around. She didn' t like it much, but ho didn't come back out thore either. But you knOW', you'd be eurprised vhat a- how nuch t~ouble a bunch of teouge ldd1-'Young Ude can give you. K: Ycoh. D: 1 •an they can think up the darnedest thin\u0026•· They got socae-aoee uh, Highlight to nproy on~you know, it's a--rcal hot. I've forgot what the beck you call it. Anyway, they put it in these sp,r.a yguna and coae by and eprayed 1-t. And if 1-t got on your legs or something, it'd bli.etor you in '.just a fev minutes. lt vas tho darnedest-- K: Wa• it an acid type of thing? D: Yeoh. And uh, of coureo, in tha march , all the old bl~ck vomen all had baskets, and we'd stop them uptown. They'd ho.v• theee baskets fu.11 of half bricks and acid to throw- on you. K: You mruin the bldcks were corr y-ing \u0026.. t. ~ J i ti 1/-.¢.; r · ·' ? D: Yeah, QOt acid, the uh , potash. K: Oh, poteah. D: Yeah. And uh, t hey'd uh , have these da·rn, uh , bricka and we 'd dump t hem •, out t the atdevall:.s 1A little pUea~k.e Little p.1lea of the•. And then eo:A~tet S~J.oo~ome atons and pick them up and cake chem up chore. (!,,. ~~A' '- SJ lAB Pogc 36 ~ridges D: They had • big-he hod about t10-o or three bushels of rocks and stu(C they taken ovu-lce pick.1 . And always-it waa always the old old wocen that had tht•. X: That rigb t? D: But. you know, they--to shov you hov bad thAt things got-the city or the~l gave ordQre to my deputies that they vercn't to go over there and ju:sp in that ocean. K: Oh huh. D: Unless soc:.ebody vaa bein.g drovned or scve.rely but.en. Well, when they eaoe over to go evi .. ing, naturally, all thcee young men are over there in shor ts . bathin.s tninks. K: The young whitca? D: Yeah. K: Oh huh. D: Berc are the blacb in pants and sbirta and dr•••e.s and everyth:1n1!\u003e ao these guya are throvin.g sand at them, vh.ich b not a hottiblc thing. I mean a handful of sand is not goin\u0026 to kill a.nybody. K: It ain't going to hurt you, no. D: But there't alwnya D lot of , uh , and then vhan they'd get out in tho. voter, vell tho •t•te highway patrolman, inatead of stopping at the vater, and uying look we're not--doo't have, uh, bath.i.n.g suit.s. W• ean't go out thoro now to holp thca. They'd - you'd go out there. Veil, he.re's thie poor devil in full untfora, •ide.arm , billy. #ll that darn heavy unifona on. K: Uh huh. D: Out ther e tryin3 to compete vith:l.l bunch of kids that's been swimming all their live1.-A bunch of Mtnorc.;\u003ens and they' re dunking the devil out of this highvay p.atrol, and t:he bl.a.cit oou. \"· SJ 1AB Bridges tage 37 K: Oh yeah, the highway patrol vor,o getti.ng it D: Oh sure, Dan - -overseas and all, heck they can' t--What they going to do-­standing out there in the v'ltcr about seven or eigh t feet deep and thaeo I guys awtm•ing around, ond go underneath thee and jerk theQ under and ~ ~~~ K: They we.re that--they were out that far? t thought they ' d only get knee deep. D: No, they'd so out, tand then when they'd cOC1e in they'd go to, ~od they'd \u003c'Ill jump in the fresh wo.tcr pool. and they'd have to cle$n their weapon•·\\ and their unifores and cvoeyth.tng. K: Yeah . D: But uh, •ctually it was-th.Ina• like that, you ko.ov. you think back on them--werc really funny bec• uee no one was t rying to dr~ anyone. K: No? D: they'd--no one got even cl ose to being drowned over there. Of course. they tore 80Cle •utccobilee up over there. Ii:: Ye.ab. D: And uh , vhcn they'd 3ct, uh, one of the tvo black• , uh, boys separated-- K: D: They'd bop the tar out of tham. K: Yeah. D: You ltnov. K: Be.at on the• pretty good? D: Beat on them, and a lot of tirneo the blacks'd cOCllC out on top, too. There ' • eOflle pretty tough kids. They beat the tar out of some of the white boys. K: Uh huh. D: Wt had one g1rl vt called , uh, $111okey the ~.,r. She must b.:ave voighod 240 or SO pounds . SJ l.AB Bridges Pogo 38 X: Black girl? D: Yeah. She was cnoraou•, and l think she waa •bout seventeen or eighteen years old. And one day I was standing and all these \\ICre- -white boys were running around, you ·M·-lOW, «,,.,.;. n\\~\"\"·,~:.1:1J on one every time t hey sot n chance, and throwing ennd on them. And uho wau atend1ng up ther e . And some of thetll hod got them. some surveyor atoke1. K: Yeah. D: Actually they'to aot h~avy enough to hurt, but they're he.avy enough to bruise aod uh, bl-1.ster you U they hit you across the r~r end vith one. And she vs1 1tandins up cbi?:re and every time one of those white boys cace within rench of her , that big fat hand en.me out ond sh0 vould al#p the• on that hard beach and they'd roll just like.-j(/~~~) tin things, and boy, it wa,s the darnedest thing you 've ever seen/I flelI. natura1ly1 it vae funny. And l was up there laughing and tb~s old guy vas staoditlg and vatch.ia.g the.a and he said.\" b oy I'd give $50.00 if ti II I/ I could get her in the Xlan . And I said why? And he said , \"She could whi.P evet'y one of these niggers out here in no time . 11 lie said , \"LOok what •he' e doing to \"'Y boys.\" (7 ~'l-S') K: Who is th3t th~t iB tolking? D: An old Xlansman atonding up there . K: Yeah. t/ ,, D: He ~y$, uh, ••Y• bo1. t'd give $50. 00 to get her in that Xu JUux Kl4n . K: Were the boys on t .he b~ach harassing the bl•ckl--vere they mostly organized by the Klan or wre they just out by thcmiselves? O: No, no, li, ._K' . ., K: just olAt tpr.,. D: .,,T\\lo thirds of cha time, they, uh, vouldn't--anybody wouldn't even knov t .hat they went to the beach, except the: fact that thoy would ride around ·. ·~. . SJ lAB Br idges Page 39 D: the park three or four times to get a bunch of people int ereGted in them. So that--and then, by the ti=~ they got around the park 3 couple of t imes--we.11, by t hat time, the white boys wou.ld start organizing to follow them over there. K: Yeah. D: So ther e ' d be a motorcade of inaybc seven or eight loads of blacks and maybe t~'O or three loads of whitee. It didn ' t have to be too many whites to create a disturbance, you know. K : U?1 huh . D: Well , thcy'd- - boy they'd sand ball them and~ K: Would you--as a kind of a whole--wbat--do you th~nk the Klan ~~ D: No, none. They, uh, they were ninety-eight -fr.m. percen)\\out-of-t own. much influence in the white reaction or , uh-- K: Mostly from Jacksonville, weren' t they? D: Jacksonville ond Starke and Palatka and Bunnell. Anyway, they'd come II 11 over for a night of fun, you know, have fun. But they-- D: But like this stuff on the beach and stuff like that--what~you don't think th3t was o rganized by t hem. D: No , 'Cn\\D ...fi..·r ~ , 'it vas too s pont aneous. K: Spontaneous. That's kind of what I think. You read some~yo u read some people, and they get the idea thot\u003e you know\u003e the Klan had this whole think ...ar sballed and organized. D: No. K: Well, I only have one more question to ask-- I wante tt\u003e ask you about '63, and then we can move on to 164. Because I read at one place wher6~ uh, llaling made a comment that he had, you know, he complained-..I\" t2.~·f-'Jr:;,.,,.~ complained about police protection or socething 1 that he had formed himself his own little at111y. SJ lAB Br idges Pog• 40 D: Yeah, he had about eight or ten. I was down at his house the other ic.orning vhcn he coae-- K: Yeah, you were telling me about that one time. D: But uh, there were no--he had him about eight or t~ more ••• There was about three of them---three or four of them-- young men--that were on his littla GA _ _,,o2r-~j+·.:.·:.;·• c__ K: Were they mostl y under twenty-one or somevherc around thQre? D: I'd say they were between eighteen and twenty-four. K: Uh huh. D: Cood husky boys. They knew wh'1t they vere do·ing . K: Yeah. D: They took care of chc--of t bese~cause t he average white kids was a lot tnnal 1e r. K: Yeah. D: But these--these eight or ten he had , they took C4re of the i r end of it. They were pretty tough boys. K: Yeah. That ' s interesting. Wel l , just from the, you know, ~ct iv~tica that Haling could s t ir up and the two barber s, did you think that , uh, you know, all the marches and the wait- ins and wbnt not were going to come out of what you saw that happened in '63 or--? D: No, I didn't. 1 thousht th3t they wore losing ground, actually. K: Ub huh. D: Because uh , their spokesman wosn ' t, uh, he wasn ' t a person that they had a l ot of faith in, a,n, d uh, the kind that jus t says, well, K: Yea.h. he wasn't a man that could, uh, he was IP you're soing to do wb.3.t we tell you •••. II D: Or else ve going to make you crawl and stuff like that , you know, which d1dn 1 t sit good with the city commission at all. .. SJ l AB Bridges Page 41 K: Uh huh. D: And uh, 'cause everybody's doing all they can to help the\"m . K·: Oh, from ..,hat I r ead that, uh, sometimes Haling or Haling did have a pretty ha~d time. meeting ..,ith the commission to discuss the black griev.onces. D: Yeah , ..,ell, if he did, it was his own fault 'cause Joe Shelly was th'e K: D: K: aayor that year, and he was a--he always leaned over b3Ckwards trying to find out what they- '\"'What their a:Lms were and al.l the other city ~f$ com:missioty\\ were the same way, but uh, if uh, if t come before the city commission for a ~equest, t have to state what my request is. Uh huh. If \" 1 don't go up there and say, you white mothers going to do this or we going to tear this town down. We going to make you crawl on your hands It and knees and stuff. It was n direct threat all the t ime • . Yeah . And Haling .would, you kno.,, W~~COYN! i:r-::f\" (,\"./ce +f.. ;~ D: Yeah, he~-and uh, the uh , naturally, the city commission being human resented it. You don't like to be tol d in your 01.ll\\ city cooanlssion room ? that you're \u0026Oing to ~ithc~ do this or you're going to destroy your town. K: I 've never rc~d anything About this so Haling would actually go to the city commission me.eting\u0026 and say-- D: Yeah. K: t--you know- - if you don't meet this demand, you're all going to crawl or something to that effect? II N D: Yeah, he said we'll m.akQ you crawl on your hands and knees and be~ us. K: Ye.ah. D: They put on a--I 'm going to shO'W you how tough this town got . The biggest motel that we h3vc in St. Augustine at that titn.o w~s across the bridge on the lcf t-hand side and belonged to a tn.ln nam~d Earl Michaels. ·.•. .. ' •. SJ lAJI Bridges Page 42 K: Yeah. D: Earl Mich3cl went thirty- three days without one customer. The biggest mote1 we had in St. Augustine. K: This was during, uh , was '64? D: ' 63 or ·~. K: ~as it due to the black pickets or the whit~ counter-pickets? D: It wasn't due co any pickets. The K: Just a loss of business. D: The--they picketed up in Jacksonville at the airport and at the Mary-- St. Mary's River they said don't ·go near St. Augustine. Actually, the u.h .. -a lot of this was the s tate employees telling them what a tough time. ve's having down here. K: Uh huh. D: And uh, in St. Augustine. So they-- K: They just nvoidcd-- I\u003e: They bypassed us. I\u003c:: Yeah. D: But you k~ow, that's a horri ble thing when a man's got $150--$200,000 invested in a motel and he goes thirty- three days without one customer. K: That's\u003e tough { ~ ' t ''i;, to go that way. It i s. All right, well-well, since we're talking about Ualing, now we can get back to what we we-re discussing about earlier befor~ we had the tape on. What do you think were the, uh, affiliations between Haling and the NAACP and the NCLC and co~unis t organ~zat ions? D: We11 uh~ 1 don't know whether-don't know where llal:ln\u0026 came froc ~ , actually . K: Uh huh. D: We never investigated him because we didn't feel like he was too important, but he was a headline seeker, you know. ···~ SJ lAB Bridges 'Page 43 K: Woll--well J4f ~ irt f(J'V..tom what I recall I, you know, specifically ~~-f;-4~:_,R,~~~~~ that he woa a vetersn of the Korean W~r and he went to, uh, Florida State or--no, it must have been F. A \u0026 MU., uh, on a grant to, you know, to get his vet or--no--to get his dcncisc- -dentist license. And then, you know, some sort of contract ~so nt him over to St. Augustine. But anyw3y, now you can U:!:J. fin 1A.L • D: I just think he was a -- h «- - - Of course. he had the ... -had some good points. If he have--1 believe he would ~ve donti'a lot bet ter i f he would have had enough sense to realize that you ca1'l' t, uh, do this thing by force. K: Uh huh. D: You know. But uh, h~ felt that what he would do would antagonize tho white people so much that they would actually try to kill socebody, which they didn't do. All they wanted to do was have a good time, and b(Ul.t the tar out of people, that's all. But uh, he uh, the night I tried to talk to him down at the Flagler Hospital when he got beat so bad1 I a-sked him what the heck he was doing down there, and uh, be sa:id 11 II just riding around. We11, you don't take no Palmetto Route road and drive 3 mile ond ftve-oights just to ride around. K:: Yeah. D: 'Cause that's the only v3y they could have goti:there except right up through that mo.in alley. And uh, when I got out there, I left qy car down at the highway, ~nd uh, 1 left my gun in the car and took my--left my badge on. K: Yeah. D: And when 1 walked up that roadway- -that uh~th~t was the longest half nile I ever walked in my l ife. K: ~a.f ii ... 16'$. • SJ lA\u0026 Page 44 0: Because uh, all thoac. uh, Klansaen were thero, end I vas afraid. cocao K: D: of thCliOI vouldn't rocogaizo me. And uh, would they pass the •-or-d all t• I I the vay up--the ahariff's coming up--the sheriff's coming up. And a lot of them walked right by ma--never spoke or anything. Of cou~sc, they didn 1 t Mvc a IN16k on. 1lirew-I~,,. And vhen I got--vben I got up there, I didn't expect to see .anyone alive. K: Were most of the Klonaaen-uh--vere t:hey Ccoa Lhe local area or vere-did they come down from Jacksonville or-- D: They-- they came from--well, .far away as Lo.kc City, t )/\\1 t....5ine_ • Now I don't now how many would come from Jackaonville. Now I knew some cuie from La\" City and I b\\e1-1 soee C4IM froa Ocala. K: Yeah. D: And uh, because their, you know-, because of their car tags. K: Yeah. D: And uh, a lot of t1111C\u0026 they would have weapons in the trunks of their K: Yeah. 0: Jut by the aaiDC tok.C!n you can•t--you couldo't orrcet a man for having • veapoii in. hie car. J:: Would-did the u.n t-h.at you u\" from the St. Au;g areal D: Well, I guess there va1 isaybe forty or fifty out of the, uh, the big-- the' thtng--thc rC410n they caoe~-the Klan coac here, 1 think, vas becn.uae they figured it WOA 0 SOod place to get A lot of members. They-- ' ... K: __l- J\"\"-.'P-'S'---''f/-v-.;-f'·-_-____ with the:, uh, n.ltorcations a.nd stuff, uh huh. Di Yeah, they uh, ve.re charged $10.00 to join the Klan. K: Yeah. SJ 1A8 Bridges Page 45 D: And the flr~t night woa the night tlult the trouble started\u003e and then-- then tho judg• ordered me to, uh, go up there the n~xt night and have •ome deput101 pr•1ent. And uh. actually it was a~it got, uh-- it wasn't sticky at all. E'verybody ju,s, t gets up I 11eao. fo-r hour• ot a ti•. They just J urn4dMm and cusses th~ rdgg~s. II niggers~ nigger\u0026. It wa1 juat the aaa• thing being repeated a11 the time . K: Yeah. va.1 juat a for. of arou.seeent. They didn't: bother oe at all. nlaht \":.:':.:':.:'-- K: Uh huh. D: When tho judge ove.r-tMt SiJtp•on insisted that I belong to the taa.a. I finally told hiJD, I said judge, l VH\t out to a Klan rally at your orde.r. I said they wa.nted $10.00 to join. I said but I s:h1 Dr. Ra.ling and his t ·wo men ond the in1t1ot1on ia so horrible. that I don't believe I could atand it. K: Woll- \"'cll t.1hat do they do for the in1tl.ation? D: Nothing. t wao juat tDlking obout the three blaeks tha t got be3t. K: Oh-- oh, I sec. I see. D: So 1 caw the rosults of it. K: that was too much. huh. D: I said that's too tough for mo. 1 couldn't stand it. K: I eee. D: And he didn't llko it •uch. but I never sav people change s.o fast. The day we had, uh, Mrs. vhot you call it up here. K: Peabody? D: Peab,o, dy. Tbe judg.-ahc told the judge wby she cm::e down httc. and she said the, .• herlff told M two or three tiees that he was going t ·O put ae in Ja.11, •• K: Yeah. \" -. SJ ).All Bridges Page '6 II D: ,, ,And be8ged me not to do it--not to do what I was doing. And the judge II K: s31d to her~-and says--well. when yo,,u keep putting a rope around your neck you're bound to gee rope burns. ln other words. ever ything was fine the first day. The next day we so up there, we're all ~ bunch of no good so and suchcs. H=. D: And we had a--we have a guy that writes for the ~~right now. His name is Hank Draf\\4.\u003c K: Yo.ah. D: Hank Drain was here the whole timQ, He walked with me. a deputy. or somebody. And he often \u0026aid, \"The best thing in the wol'ld we could do is to put that guy underneath the jail--that Martin Luther King--\"\" · forever.\" He ha.ted him. He was the \\IQrst buzzard he'd ever seen- - a r at t lesnake in disguise and everything. K: Everything he could think, yeah. D: He despised him. The n1.ght that M.artin Luther King got killed, he called Chief Stt7'(art, .-i talked to St~art. He called ue and I said, '' II K: ''well I juet hc3rd about 1t. I said but Hank, by the sru:nc token, I I/ s~id you know what a buzzard he is and what we've put up with here . JI I I 11 II And uh, he sai yeah, I 'm going to burn him up. He said you watch . He a31d 1 l •m sick and tired of making a hero out of htm 1 • 1 The next day I don't sec anything of Hank Dra~ The following day here's this beautiful article how Hank--uh--W'I'itten .by lL\"lnk l\u003erain--just the opposite of what he told us for months and· months and ~onths here in St. Augustine. Uh huh . D: And vhat he told me. the night before. K: !.,,,,,,.. D: In. uh. on the phone. •., SJ lAB Bri_dge\u0026 Page 47 K: D: K: Well, :;; ~ .s \"\"a aaybe be figuTed bec•u•e he vaa dead he, you bov, he vasn't going to hurt the - --'e'-u_f_o,.z;..,g'I---- on ,.t-he way out. No. Mhat he figured Whon he--t think what happencd-- whcn he took h~s -- beautiful article in there and threw it on that editor's pape'llon. tho top of the d(!\u0026k--vhtn that-- He said thia is-- A c cu;h atscs• A t C•(l e { t't:. j C, e.t f' Cf~;) 0: Tb.is is the oppo•ite. He said you-Martin Luther Xing's a hero. Do you understand that? And changed hi.s whole line of thl.nklng. K: But do you think--6 you think that King !2!. affiliated vith coaauni•t help? D: Yes. I told you. 1 believe in ~Y OWn mind that, u~. when King attended that Communist ochool in, uh, Ten.nessce. I had picture\u0026 of it and I wa.s present on three different occassions vheo nevsmen asked ht.a if he attended the cocamuni•t school. K: Uh huh. D: And if that vae hie picture in there. And on every occassion, he 4aid it vas none of their bueineee. He cvadal tho question. He never denied attending the coanunist school. X: Uh huh. D: Another thing that up1et1 me about it. He violated a federal injunction Tbe federal eourt had an 1njunct1oo. ~ttJnst him, · '\"(kr~c.+s t.o •t•y out of Kcm:phis bceau.ae or the death -c:::p... by g.ol n3 to Keaph1o . . . C.f\\ J DI~ I 'lj hia X: Y .. b. D: He violated the federal laws and vent right on into Hcmphia and got killed . If you rcma=bor correctly, he hod just comb b~ck f rom a ' beautiful trip to Ru11ia . And he was in Russia for several veeks. And he ~e back from Russia and then I think he got the. uh, beautiful award for-a Nobel Peace Prize that year, whic.h he vas entitled to about •, SJ lAB Bridges Page 48 D: as much as any, uh, lawbreaker. TI1e--uh, you know, I hQar p~ople say why did you. do this? Why did you put him i n jail? \" Well, because you got 3 state law. A D\\3n calls you and says I vant this ~an in j~il. What arc you going to do . say no, I ain't going to put him in jail. I'm going to let him stay here. You can't do it. Not and keep your job. But uh, vc had real good luck with him. And uh . we--thosc .ire the only thl'ee blacks thilt I've heard of that were during that whole tioe that were really injured. And they got injuted because they went to a place they shouldn't have gone . Alri3kt. K: ~ Why do you think King chose St. Augustine to focus on during the sumt!'ler of • 64? D: Because of, uh, Dr. Haling's actions . .f.,.,- here/ispecific purpose of, uh, creating as much trouble as he could in 1 think Haling was brought down order to g~t this ball rolling. They had to start soaewher\u003c!, a.nd this was a real good place to start. K: Yeah. D: But uh-- K: Do you think it had something to do with the quadricentennial celebration and uh, possible uh, well, publicity therein or-- D: Lct'o see, our- - our uh, well, let's see--it was in uh '65. K: It was '65, yeah, when they had all t he preparations for it at1d stuff. D: Uh huh. But they did one thing they aaid they \"Was goi.ng to do. They made us crawl. They darn near broke St. Augustine. K: Uh huh. D: Which is sixty percent tourist town, and uh-- K: They dried it up. D: Boy, it was t(!trible . And you--you see, uh , big motels and not one car parked anywhere. SJ lAB Page 49 K: Hi:!mm. Bridges D: Out of thi rty-five or forty bit motels who've·1 got a lot of ooney involved. You knov things ore bad. K: People ore hurting, yeah. Well, how woul d you~how ~ould you asses1the way tho news media covered the--the uh, entire taffair. O: Well, actually the uh, the news media didn ' t do a bad job except th.:tt , u.h . they w3nted to cake pictures of t hese, uh:, white rabble rouser s which were strickly against it. K: v\\v;;f· .... D: They \\o'Ould take their cameras away from them and bust their cameras. Aad uh, they uh, it was just ti, .. - ·in other vords, they were acting against the'lll$elves. K: Uh huh. D: Because the more they've, uh, the more grounds they gave the,. uh, the K: s:~ j )\"LC , medta)for t1rit1ng against them. Well, the media vaul~ fe nat re 1ly golog to Write DOre obout them. D: Sure . K: Sure . Uh, well these--do you think the9e\" r abble ti tl.S rousers,,t:h:at. you call thcm--t hey wcre--t hay wer e pretty effective in sti rring thi~gs up or-- D: Oh yeah, but you know the uh, you would have been surprised at the people down io the park. In other wordS, the--we'd say we have, uh, thirty- five or forty people marchin\u0026 with the blacks around the park. Well, there might be, uh, seventy- five or eighty people, blacks and whites , in tha t march~-in that area. \\ K: Uh huh. D: And uh, there wouldn't be one-•wouldn't be over two out of every ten that ~'Ould ba f rom St. Augustine. K: Really? .•. SJ lAS Page 50 D: iccausc they wouldn't have enough to p~rticipate. K: Yeah. Bridges D: It ended up with old old people and kids under--around twelve or thirteen years old. K: Why? The other ones were in jail by then? D: No, they--they, uh, just uh, didn1 t participate in it. K: Hmm:i. D: Thcy--what they would do is uh, voul.d just create ·trouble. Like one day they decided to mrirch on the~out here at the bl.ack school. K: Yeah. D: And uh, we had a heck of a time because t hey were walking. And they were going to w3lk up to the park, valk around the pnrk, and valk back. Well, the farther they wo-lkcd they Ct\\'l'lle to colored town over ::here . The farther they walked up King Street. the bigger the group got. K: Was it marchers or the white group? D: The marchers. K: Oh, yeah. D: And uh, by the same token, the uh, the Florida Nocmol, they c:;.lled a.nd said they were going to mtlrch, but they didn ' t want these outsiders in their group. K: Uh hub. D: You uodersb'lnd what I mean? So it wa$ a lot of harassment between the Florida Norcal students and the blaCks thot wanted to get in the carch, too, so they can create a distubance. K: llmlml. D: And they call here and say 8Ct hitn out of here. We don't vane him in here. K: They ~\"Ould? D: Yeah. '•,, ··~ SJ lAB Bridges Page 51 K: How many stude~ts vere out there? D: Oh, I don ' t know. I gueS$, uh, 300 or 400. K: Uh huh. And they didn't-- they- -\\.lhcn th~y--when they would--well, they were m.:irching concurrently with, uh, King- -King's men? D: No, they weren ' t. They uh, they uh•-the president out there,(Penfe1:~~ K: Yeah. D: Uh, was strickly for the NAACP, of course. K: Yeah. D: But, by the same token, when he got ready to march, his girls and girl students and male students--thay w\u003c\u003euld tell him, and he would take~ it was all of the class. All of the teachers would march with them. You understand what I mean? K: It was the whole place. D: Oh yeah. They'd all come stand. And uh, they molested nobody. K: Uh huh. D: They didn' t have any arguments or any trouble. They would just go up to the, uh, the foot of the bridge, and uh, all of them would ., sing a few s~ngs, you know, school songs and sometimes rel1g1ous songs 'cause it was aM-I think it was a baptist- oriented school in the first place. K: Uh huh. D: And uh, then they 1d go on back. A lot of times they vould M.ve 4 bu.s come pick them ''P· 8ut they were the best behaved people you ever saw. K: And did th~ White hecklers ever give them any trouble? D: Never never bothered them in any way. K: Really? That's interesting. D: Never-- K: So the--so the white--the white counter-deconstrators would just key - orie tl+e,.e on the uh, SCLC., \"h; 'r a. \u0026lht g-roups. SJ lAB Bridge8 Pose 52 D: Yeah. local and- -uh . key on the locals and the out of tO\\olfl~ rs . K: Uh huh, bu t they'd leave the college students alone? D: Yeah . Never--never--1 don't think we ever had one incident out there. K: Mm:mn. So in t e rcs of, uh, in terms of, you know, wh3t kind of 1Z1easures you'd take, you've alteady said several times that you had--or you stated at least once that, you know, \"hon --when King was in jail you had to, you know, t ake him up to Jack$onv11lc becousc all t he riots and what not, but when he came into town, was it a different situation? Or did°you have to take extra precautions or did you have to, uh, how did his presence change things? D: Uh, well they--they uh became more vocal, and of course. when be travelled h~- l guess he had at least, uh, thirty people with him. K: Uh huh. D: Which is o big a.moun t for a little ole town like this, you know. And uh . ve uh, we didn't have to--hc--he uh, vas fairly abusive in his own way over the TV, you know, but he alvays struck me as being, uh, on some kind of, uh, dope vhen he vould speak on TV . I don't know whether you ever saw him or not. l\u003c: No, l 'm too ,Yc.:O\"u,,n,.s._ ____ _ 0: His--his eyes would just--boy, they would just glisten. Just l ike he-- but he knew what he was saying. And uh , the--and he had--he had some bully boys with hiei, \\1h , the, uh, like I was telling you , this uh thing after 11:00 at night, when Virsi.l and l were enjoined to--to leave him a lone, but we had to protect him. Tbey--one ntsht they almost got the whole hlnch \"'1.ped out . The blacks did. K: Ob yeoh. D: The--a11 of the mer chants in town were good friends of .Jimmy Brock who f'-~•\"5'\u003e~ r~n a motel--the ~. ···~ 1- ·-.. SJ lAB Bridges Page Sl K: Tho \"M'~ff Id\\.~n \"'!\" ' D: Right on Boy Street. K: Uh huh. D: And uh, they Dnrched up thero •bout 12:lO th~t night and uh . decided to go ~. Well, tbete p•ople arc 411 buaineRA people thst I'n c.alking about~ school teacher• and bu•ine•• people. K: More re1pectible. D: Te..s. They're in t:here and they have baseball bats. K: 1be ~•in••••en and aturft D: Tea. K: These voren ' t the young vhltc toughs or the JCXX or anyt~? D: No, that'• vhero t got ninety percent of 11lY narchers were froaii the bu.ainess people that protected the blacks. K: Uh huh. D: ~ben they were m.arch1ng--\"1ere businessmen f roc St. Augus tine t hat owned buainesacs all the woy around that pork--all t he vay up St. George Str eet- - Son Marco. They come every night just aa regular as a cl ock. K: to protect tho marchers? D: To protoct t ha marchore. K: But when-but when King o,nd h is group we.n t into t he ~n t hen they ver e holdin.g the baseball bncet D: Yeo sir. They aaid that if they-they ...,.rc.u ' t going to let them i n t her e . And l tried ond 1 told them. I D4id you guys are not going. I says you 're goint to get the whole bunch kill•d. K: Why did thoy aake a sudden reversal when one night prot ecting the'b1Bcks, then the next night ready to beat on thea? D: Wel-1, i.n t .he firat place , they--we arl'ested Hartin Lut he.r King at the M O. l\\S.,.., MnJsea place. --- --- --- -- SJ lAB Bridges Page S\u0026 K: Yeah. f'\\\u003e\u003c\"Sor\\ D: The next night there wan a fire bomb thrown in the M\u0026Oeon. K: Uh huh. D: Froa--lt dld quite cxtenaivc docwage. K: Yeah. D: Of cour•e, ve felt the blukl threv it in there because they arrested ling there. K: 1 thought-1 though that flre bomb hit a little later after the Civil Right• Act had paeted. D: No, thia vat be.for•. l'• eure it vas . Anyvay, tbc.s-e guys vere all. upset when they heard that they ~ere going, uh, the~tbe--vhat, uh , \\oil.at happened va.1 a black caoe-a vb.ice aan came in .end rented a room in the Hunson. K: Yeah. D: then he geta on the phone and call.1 the guys up and they com~ dovn, go 1n hia room, put on their bnthing auits, and go swimniing in the pool. Well, no--you c-0n't do that nt any QOtCl nnywhere, whether you're white or black. You can ' t, uh, h4vc visitors unless they tell you you ca.n. Tbit r•ieod A big otink thot a f ternoon. ln foct, they said they vere going to put an ellis,Ator in the pool. It JJ K: Is that when Brock octUlllly poured that ureatic acid i n there. (°(~../..~ J D: Ye.ah, yeah. And .uh , to keep them out. K: Yenh. D: And uh, now .\u0026rt:in Luther Hng was at.eying right across the bay on che K: Uh huh, D: Nov 1£ anybody vMted to. uh. beat Hartin Luther Ung up, he bad. four or five .. t\\ vith b.19 there. If anybody had vaoted to beat Kat\"tia Wt.her Ung • .. SJ lAB Bridges Posa SS D: up. or thrO\t hie in that place. all they bad to do i .• just t.:J!llk acroe.s Bay Street and puah hi• overboard off the st.a vall. K: Uh huh. D: No one molested hi111. K: l!mmm. D: tto one bothered hi• ot a.11. He l eft and th~n thcy--thc white can that rented the rooe aaid that they'd be back that night to see him. SO by that tiae people had-all the business people are getting pretty riled , md uh, th• y didn't i:arch 'til J..ote. And vhen they eau up, well these people vnrc all standing there. K: ~,~? D: Yeah, good bueinoe• people and-- X: That's intere.\u0026tin3. D: ~\"- / and they vere vaiting ao.d t be.gge.d thue people . I said you- I said 11t he bad part of i t is none of you guya that are leaders are going to go get hurt. You're not goin.g up there. You' re going to push these little kidS artd theae old men 4nd women up there.\" K: Uh huh. II D: That's what' you're going to do. You1 re aoJng to force them up there and these guy\u0026 aro going co knock the t ar out of them. And you ought, ,t o be ash.aced of your1elvea-taldng advantage of thee• poor old people. So l finally got tbea aoving and uh. they vent on down to uh-- K: That was t-hc block• thot you were telling that to? D: Ye4h. And so l.'O moved them on down to the slave mo.rket. K: Yedh. ~ovcd them on down the road . D: Which i s where thoy wanted to go anyway. but they just decided to walk on thic ci.on'• private propert y , and 1 tried to explain to t hem. that tlde i s not a street. 1hi• ia thisaan's prlvate property here. And. you've \" SJ !AB Bridges Page 56 D: got to honor it. You've got to have a little respect for it. K: D: Uh huh. 11 No, ~c'rc going to march on there. 1 sald, well it ' ~ up to you. 1 1111 don't have anythi ng elao II 11 tosi.y--just go right ohcad. You ain't goi ng to prot ect us? l ••id protect you against II protect you from--your ovn stupidity? whot. What am I going to K: Uh huh. D: I know if soael\u003eody co.ea to ay house ju.st like you, and you tell W.. to get out. l f he don't get out, you ' ro going to get •~thin.g to put him out. And th@t'• cX4ctly what they were going to do. 'Ibey were going to m.tke them volk--valk out of t here. K: Yeah. D: ____' i3=_i~.J-- ---- a lot of, uh, funny thin.gt happened , but uh, I st.ill uy that ub, l knov that uh, King went to that school. I know that Dr. Young vent to that school . And uh, uh, vhat is that guy's name from Savannah? There vas t r ouble every time I aav M.rt. K: Abernathy? D: No, , w11.s11 +-... Abernathy we~-----~ U: No. K: • U: K: D: Mo. No, uh-­H,,. S e\u003c; It wa s~ Willi .... f1\".SC R It was ~ Willia••· Ho.te\"- Ic was ~ Williama. those people left here And I'm going to tell you something else. When nnd they went to AJo.biuian, 1foJett Willi~u:ds v:.ts arrested in a 8tolcn car and he had car 's keye to eight other $tolen cars in h.is pocket. K: ll:m:D . '• SJ lAB Br:idges Page 57 D: And he was arrested between Savonnah and uh, Atlanta. And he told them that Mortin Luther King had the other eight sets of keys . K: 8-. End of Side 2-T•pe A On page 56 cwo c~ent• vtit• aade by •n unknovn speak.er. The \"U\" indicat.es this . •. SJ lAB Bridges Page S8 Sida 1-Tape B K: Where what wo missed on that tape was I believe you wera celliog me that Hoss--you didt\\'t think Uoo• w3s a Klansman. D: No, I don't think he vaa a ll.ansa.an bec•uae i t cost $10.00. And he-ub, another r eaeon I don't, uh, think he wa1, but I do believe this. 1 believe thot the, uh, group$ of Klan\u0026men or whether they were Klno\u0026men or not. came co Sc. Augu1tine they l ooked co Xenusto for. leadership and for locat i on. K: So when they came in thoy would kind of turn themselves over to Uoaa and Hoss \\.;ould then direct them. D: Yeah. K: They \"°uld~ 0: But by tho some token, I ncver--all the t ime, uh, that Hoss was in this thing , did I ever hear hia aoy anything that, uh, would 11ean the death ot somebOdy. K: Uh huh, O: Because ho--h,,1 aae.1£ :is not • violent por.on , yOUc know. And uh, ao he'd te.11 anybody I don't be.l1evc in killtna aDybod~ I think •e ought to I .\"J keep them here. We ought to beat the.tn up her~'jfd ha had everything lined up on the march and-- K: Ub hub. D: Of course, uh. anytime the blacks vould ace 3 group, that vas where t hey would go. They wouldn't, uh, they wouldn't bypass the group. Thciy wouldn't valk around thcc:a on the str eet or a nything . They'd valk over' then. K: Right. through them,· huh? SJ )A8 Page 59 Bridge.a Kt Well, again I, you know. l hovo to t r y to verify vhat l rMd in the paper. D: Yeah. K: I voo rcading--yCtlh , in fact that's the article I .vns ju$ t go1n.g toa a.sk about. The Alligator-ie that froo tM Alllsatort Is th.la the one from the Alligator? D: Yeah. K: And in hew:e I l\u003eolleve they ••id, uh. Yeah, in this article I. believe they eaid that, uh, you know, that you wcre--that II I/ you had-you hod to , uh, keep peopl e in what were called sv~ot boxes- - D: Yeah! X: Aod in the Outside pens. Cen you tell mo about that? D: Yeah, ve had the , uh, the~there were nine flights c~mc over with a prof easor f roa Cainesville. K: Y .. h. D: And uh, they were, naturall y they didn't belong to the colored , uh, the N~--they ~-ere ao.ething e.lee, they uid. lut they ca• ove.r for sympathy. And ul1, eo uh, tho professor had eight-aeven-- there were eight of them. Yeah. K: Uh huh. ;:;::t \\ D: And uh, they turnod themselveo in. They insist~d on going to jnil. And. 0.. ~ sympathy f\\\\Ol/4- Well, we got them out the.re, and ve, put theo up 1n the vhlte cell upstairs. K: Yeah. D: .Whero we had thrc6 or four other vhite prieoners and the colored vere next door. And uh, \u0026o-gee, about 3:00 in the t!)Oraiog they all 1tarted beatin3 on the valla nt one time and curolng and rateing devil. And so I v ent up ond there vere. two local boys that vas in jail up there. And \"· •, SJ lAB Bridges Page 60 D: they vere the one1 cccating the-- k: The altercation? D: The disturbance. K: Uh huh. D: They couldn't got to the blacks ~nd tho black• couldn't get to them, but they'd beat on the walls and cuss them for this and that. And the,n the blacks vould beat on the walls-ju.st keeping peopl.e avake, you know. K: Uh huh. D: And uh, so 1 ordordd them out. I said let'• go. I got a place for you two boys. I' 11 put y' oil in the sweat box. And At that time it vne n. legal deal. lt wo.1 t\\ cull box that I think thoy were made for four or five people at the most. K: Yeah. D: No beds id ther~juat bare floor. And uh, 10 they cam.e out and vh,e,n they did . vell the: profc•sor gets up and put• hie 1hlrt on. And he ~id okay 11 ti ii II boys let's go. l aaid where y'all going. Ue sald ve'rc gonna-if they're gonna b~ locked up, we're gonna be locked up. I/ K.: And the 9rofceoor and hio boys weren't t he onee that were raising tho liltink? D: No. 13: It vas ju.st the tvo locals:. II No. Buh uh. I aa ld vhy do you want to go over there to the sweat boxt ,, \" but Have you ever been in one? Re said no./ve'rc going. If they go, ve'll D: fl ,, II go. 1 said all right. Be oy guest. so I took them over there and put them in the sweat box and left them there 'til the ncl(.t morntrtg. They left town the next dny. K; Yeah. Did you--did you have to--d~d you use that event box much during these. uh-- D: No. I'd say thot vaa the only t:loe ve u.sed it. ,_ SJ lAB Pago 61 Br idges K: Yeah. What about--whnt about the, uh. pen outside the uh--1 read a report where, uh , you know, you vel'e-you had to , you know, put people out there during th• for 1 don't knOW\" vhat reason. J): Well, the---the--you take, uh, twenty-five or thirty people in one coll block-­K: Uh huh. D: And uh, that uh--·you have to clean that place out every day. Another thing, they vere cosplainiag abo1.1t not getting any exerc.is:e . Veil, the fence ie etW out th4tre. They atill use it for exercise, and uh_, so ve, uh, put tbea out there. And, of course, I was sorry a.s the devil. We'd leave the:a out there for, •ay, tvo or three hours, and then take another group out and le.ave thea in it. But uh, the uh, black vcmen and uh, black men was uh, kind of disgusting because I Md whit.e peopl.e working at tha ja1l--vh1te jailOr woman. And uh. they put on l ittle sex shove out there. So we finally had to quit. We couldn't put the acn out there ot tho aaoe ti.1ne vith the women. K: H::lmn. D: accnue• it wao, you know, it was filthy so ve \u0026topped 1t. The uh, and then , uh, they really raised a ruckuo . They vere--because they wasn't gcttin.g anough axcrciso, you know. So we'd send thc111 out in groups of fifteen or twenty and let them trot around the thing for fifteen or twenty cainutca and then co11W1; back in. K: llov 11.1ny cell blocka were in the jail? D: Oh . K: Arc in the ja11T D: Well, let'• aee. Ve had, ub. rooa for eighty. X: Eighty prieonore altogether? D: Yuh. ·.. SJ lAI Page 62 Bridge• K: And wa..~ thnt the iaaxiaum .:iaount you kept in you jail during these ti.es or vould you jutt ove.rflov1 D: No, uh, Some nights wc 1d. uh, before we could proceao them, we h4d one ving that we used for juvenilc1-vhite girl1 and vh.lte. boys. There weren't, uh, l think there's about six or eight bunk.a in t he big cell block. K: Uh huh. D: And then on the othBr aide, where we kept the juvc.nilco separated-- the girls from the boya--were two big cell• vitb four bunks in each one. K: Yooh. D: So when ve'd have an overflov, vc'd, uh, take the juveniles and t.ake them. to their parents and tell them to brlng them back. And then we'd move them up in the big area place, but th6y had no place to • l~ep except on the floor so-:- K: Uh huh . D: We didn't have bed facilities for chm. K: Did you h3v4 a p3ddod cell o~t there? D: Yeah, I hnd two of them. X: Yeah. D: Creach padded cells. They wera for t he, uh, insane-- IC: Uh huh. D: And uh- K: Oid•-would you use those for vhcn there vt11--vhen it overflowed? D: Uh, used theta the nt.gbt we had the \u0026\\\u003c:eat box inci.dcmt. X: Yeah. D: Couse the VOCLtn al.l 1t•rted raietng hell--they~ K: Put the \\IOCMln in the poddod cell.a'? D: 'l'enh. 'l'cah. Let those-- .. , SJ lAB Pogo 63 Bridge(l K: And that 's the only time you had to use those sweat boxes? D: Yeah. We left them, uh, we left them in there l'd say a ful.l hour. K: Uh huh. D: Because there' s no place to stand-- ! mean nothing you can do in a padded cell except walk around and around the loop, you know. K: M:!mun. D: Well, if, you t.ake, uh, ten or fifteen people jammed in one of those pl~ces and uh, it t akes just bbout an hour for everything to quiet right down. K: So you left them in about an hour and-­D: And brought them out . D: And brought them back out. Sounds like they-did all right. Uh, oh yenh, another newspaper, uh, they were talking about how several times, uh , the state police ~'\u003c\u003euld arrest somebody and turn them over to you on--whereupon you ~-ould, you know, release them for, uh, you know, as littl.e-- wit h, uh, you know, no bail or just, you know, let thezi go or something and, uh, it would--did this happen much? I don't know if this- D: Yes, it happened often. K: Uh huh. O: The uh, sometimes they would, uh , bring, uh, five or six blacks in. K: Uh huh. D: And uh, the uh, bondsman ~ould come, you knOw, write the bonds. If you couldn't get 1n touch with them, I'd always call up, uh, an influent13l bl-Ock and tell him I had five down there and 1 want, him to come to the court houGe the next QOrning and post bond. And finally they got a black bondsaan here . K: Uh huh. ·.., SJ lAU Bi-tdges Pogo 64 0: And I'd cal.l h.ia or the st•te wou1d cith• r call hiD and he'd say, p vell, if l can't cake it tonight, Y°\"' turn them loose and tell t,b, ea to aeet .e at t.be courthouse to.orrov and 1' ll post thctr bond.$. And-- vhich he vould . X: Yeah. D: So ~e've worked the $aoe process-- K: Wlth the whites? D: With the whitcc. K: Uh, ia uh-- 0: We never lost any of th~. X: Uh huh. D: And ju1t like l \"3$ telling you, the two Ku Jelux taanners that I arre1ted out at the: rally, they both vent to the county jail and turned t ,heuelvea 1.o :aod posted bond. K: Uh huh. Yeah. D: Both of the:n. I mean--vi.thout a deputy or anytbi:rg. had K: What About , uh, I re3d 3bout one fellow tha.c- -who/burned a stotc otficer with a:id? Uh, do you rccoll thnt incident? And appi:irencly found out)somebody got mad at you for apparently using this procedure. D: Uh uh. K: Do you recal 1 th.at or is it tt'uct D: l remember a st#te officer getting his finger bt'oXeo. t: Yeah. D: X: Up 1n the park, but uh-­That' a not the answer~ ' D: No, uh, thoy never bad acid. They called it Highlife. It's a--stuff you acooch on when a dog or something when he's molesting you. K: llighl1£c? Oh, kind of like tn..1CC7 D: Ye.oh. Similar. Only thing it vas .. -it would burn--oil of mustard, that 'e •., SJ lAB Pase 65 D: what it wat. K: 011 of mustotd? D: Oil of cu•tard, yeah. K: Oh. I •ce. What about one tioe that they aaid that a-- some vhite was drivina in and they had a--and the state police stopped him and they i)od 4 loaded ohotgun. five 104dcd pietols. and I think they a.aid they had five buahele of awnitlon or aooiething like t ,hat. Acd t ,bey turned the.a all over to you and the.y a.aid-the paper \"1d. that you released tbea and, you knov~ gave hill hie gun aod stuff back.- D: No, I-when thie--1 e\u00261:1e out there and the.y didn't Nve any charges against the people. K: Uh huh. D: And uh, none of the weapons were loaded and uh , they took them at the jail--the county jail--thcy took the five guns, I think i t va.s. And they ware all in the trunk. lC: Yeah. D: They took t ho vcapon1 from them. K: Yeah. D: And uh, told t hm t hot when they got r eady t o lt!Ave Sc. Augustine: t o come by and pick thei~ weapons up. K: Uh huh. D: And not to c0tne back to St. Auguetine again with weapons i n the car or oo thoir pereon. K: Yeah. And the anunition, y'all kept that, too? D: K: D: K: D: We didn't hnve Any asaunttion. Oh, they didn't h\u0026ve any amunition? Not vtMtn th•y got to ua. Oh. --- - --- ---- ·.. , i~~ SJ 1All 'Bridges Page 66 K: I see. .. D: There wasn't- K: So you just got the guns. D: Just got the weapons. No amuniti on. There va1n ' t any i n t he car. K: On May 29th then Moyor Shows--l\u003er. Shows. D: Yeah. K: Did the:y--did like he--he put you in charge or ail the police in the aru? The atote, local. and the. uh, acd the county? And thco,. I don't knov, thie 1a gettiog close to the heigth of the oa.rchee and so you called upon, uh. let's •ec, very speclfic sroups and local citizens and buainee~es for the special deputy, uh , forces? D: Ye:i.h, ve had Rotorinna, Kiwaniaos, J~ycecs, ve had--we vere desperate. K: Everybody. Did-..ould-- n: And you know, uh, the guys that were strictly e\u0026inst the earch that didn't vant to uk.e part in it,. they, you know. they we.re disgustin8 __. ..J~.1. .. )'OU up ?\"'~.S_ _- -th1:11y--every one of them vould call I a:o-d say look, don't count on me, J'D not goin\u0026 to protect those people. ,. K: Uh huh. D: I 'm not going to ptotect them . nod 1 don ' t intend to. I said okay. that's all right, but I've got to boave 1-0IM help somewhere. K: Yeah. D: And socetiaea th•y'd aay all right Elwood, just for you 1'11-\"\"Ve'll eo=e back and help you. 1(: What about , uh, vhnt About in r eports like, uh, what Sinpson brought out that they 'd .... aomo of t he boys from d1c ~ncient ¢.s.cy f\u0026unt1n3 ~lub tvrned up on thooo lioto--vas, uh--did you know that, uh, t hat they O: We1l,. uh,. l vu over there that day. Th4:y had• uh, Henusie give a liet. ·. SJ lAB Page 67 K: Uh huh. D: And uh, he didn't have list of those hunting club members so the judgu gave him a day to get it s\u003c\u003e_.,or an hour to set) so he got a St Augustine directory . K: Yeah. D: Telephone directory and he vent down nnd Wl;'Otc about 100 names. Well, the funny part of it \"'3S, t\\o'O of the U.S. M.arsha.lls--two of t he men '-'Orking in the U.S Marshall's office had been down to his place-- his \" hunting cam~ he called it. K: Yeah . D: Out w¢St and northwest of town and uh. had hunted deer there. So uh, I mean~and, and uh , of course. 1 didn ' t uh--he asked me if 1 belonged to it, and I told him no that I--that wa$ a deer hunting camp. K: Yeah. D: Aod t hunt bixds. I'm strictly a quail hunter . K: Yeah. D: Then uh, I said I know vhere the camp was . I could find it . I could go to it, but as far os ever belonging- - K: Belonging. D: l didn't belong. K: .Well, was--I wos talking in terms of your. uh, your special deputies . Uh, did- D: Well, a lot of them belong to that hunting camp. K: Ye.ah? D: Ye.ah, they, uh, sec. they get-- K: And they were willing to protect the blacks? D: Oh yeah . See, uh, the way these-- this hunting camp thing--like. they get one man who'll go--We've got several organizations here in St. · ... J SJ lAB Bridges P•gc 68 D: Augustine and I guess you have them in Cainesville, too , but this one m.an will go like to, uh, Cumber Lumber Company and say he had a tract of land out there so many miles long and so many miles vide. K: Uh huh. D: He'll go to him ilnd say I go t forty members that• uh, want to hunt this tract of land. And in retu.rn we will patrol it and keep people fro~ burning your titnbcr . K: Yeah. D: And uh-- K: So t hat's what Hoss and the boys did? D: Yeah. They--I think there vas about thirty-five or forty of them belong to it out there. K: Uh huh. And, well, I noticed that Simpson, uh, like, you know, literal ly accused, uh, the Ancient C1ty \\~nting 'lub of being, uh, you know. part of the Klan. D: Yeah. K: Do you think that was true? D: No. K: No? D: No. They ~as just a bunch of old cr\u003ctckers who lived out here in the woods. They banned thems\"elves and vhy they called it that--now that was another little five or ten dol1ar or maybe two dollar project of ) Hossos to get a few bucks in his pocket. You know--you know what I mean? K: Yeah. D: He'd just put out a little card and it was r~ally easy to do. But we must have at least fifteen of tho$e clubs right here in St. John' s County right today. K: Yeah. But old--but Hoss vas a--was a--vas one of your specia1 deputies ·. ., •., K: at one time, wasn't be.? Even though he w3s pretty much ngaillst the carch? D: l, uh, I never did, uh, deputize hill'.I. K: Uh huh. D: But I-I made a special deputy of h1m one night-one t i.me when- and I gave him a badge and told him to bring it back in. And we was having a little - too m.uch trouble with some whites .. K: Was it soce.-some of the wild young whit.a couote.rdea:onstrators? D: Yeah, and uh, I tol d him that, uh, 1f he couldn't stop them as the deputy sheriff, I was goin~ to hold him responsible for their actions. K: Oh yeah? D: And uh, be stopped them in about ten minutes. K: Rov much influence did, uh, he. \u003ci:xert over the young whites that were. caustng trouble? was he ·pretty influent:tal. with. them? D: Well, his, uh, kids we.re the ones th3t he 'WOrkcd through, see7 K: Yeah. D: Then he had a lot of relatives- their kids . And uh, of cour se they looked to Hoss for --wh.ateve.r he said ws gospel to th\u003cl:l:l. ... K: So he was their d1vtne l.1gbt so to speak. D; Ye.e.h, he did real well. He kept t he-the uh, thing do\\m to a minumum. l\u003c: Uh huh. And it's his boys that were involved 1.n thosa counter-demon.stra-tlona:? D: Oh ye.ah. Sure. Every one of thC!m. K: !!=, D: And they \"'ent-they went out and t hey got these kids 11rou-nd fUteen, sixteen, $eventee.n, ei,ghtee.n years old who'd go right along With them. K: Yeah. Uh, vhen goverament-vhat was it-about, uh, fifteen or twenty days after Mayor Sltelly made you, uh, put you in charge of all of them:-didn' t -- did, uh, that was when you asked Governor Bryant to reli~ve you of uh- SJ lAB rage. 70. D: I, uh, I asked Governor Bryant to relt-eve Pie and I knew what he was /\\e er. I trt{ f'C. . going to do before 1 got there becaus~and ha told me to eend the. out here and he W.$ going to take tae over . The hJ.ghway patrol pl ane--because, uh, there wasn't anyway I could, uh, do any good for it, you know? K: Yeah. D: The way thin.gs were set up and vi.th an injunction against me-. And when I/ . r valk.ed 1n, he uh, s:a.ys uh, do you know any other solut ion besides II I( putting someone. in charge over there? I said I don't know any other I I I/ Solution. 1 said 1 1 ,Stewar~-uh, Chief Stewat:,J' s hands arc tied- an·d II i mine are· tied . We can't do a thing, governor. He said well I just vontcd to te.11 you that I'm se.ndf:n.g, uh, Major somebody and- K: Jordan, I: believe it is. D: Yeah, and the highway patrol over. K: Yeah. D: !•ut the uh, the thing acted, uh, kind of bad be.cause if yo~ 'd-I bel.ieve ve.'d had bad a lot better luek. 1-f he.'d loft the tventy-six- K: Uh, those cwenty-stx troopers that M pulled do'\"\"°? D: That ~d been here, s:ec. They were here for four-at least fouJ:' months­caybe more. Consequently, they knew exactly what was going to happen because we'd hove our little briefing and uh., half the time. the uh-those guys-I mean they were businesslike but they \"·ere also firm tmd they weren't, uh, overbe\u0026ring and thcy--to ay knowl~dge I never say one of those tvcnty-s:ix men ever get in an argum\u003c!nt vith a white or a black. K: Uh huh. Hnmn. D: But uh, because if, £or instance, they'd cee an argument over here, and they'd S..'Ly okay Harry, straight~n thie guy out right o.way. You know, Crt\u003c.~v/ .::cMi on the civili.ans. ·., SJ Lill ]?age. 71 Bridges D: They'd been here long enough to know that who vas down there every night and ~ho's going to do this every·ntght. K: Yuh. D: And uh. K: So after they, uh, pulled those, uh, those twenty-six out, wre rcl4tiona sort of tense be.tween the local. policemen and the s t ate policemen? D: No, huh uh. t think ·.he sent­K: They got along pre.tty good? K; I think he sent sixty in here the firs t batch. K: Yuh. D: At-when he got the twenty-six out. And uh, there vere sixty in here, and uh, the major and I and Virgil didn' t heve, uh, too many meetings, but uh, I had a captain- he was a ca.pt.tin. and his name was Reddick. He came. over and be Md a- he came over 'be.cause we had a bombing of the far East Coast Railroad that same year, you know. K.: Yeah. D: llad a strike and stuff. And uh, there was another officer, Lieutenant somet hing--he '-'a8 from Palatka. And he kn.cw u.s. And we \\.lere all sitting up in a meet ing up at Virgil's. And uh. so the uh. the major hadn't been here very long. And uh, he was out a t the aTinory where al.l the pi:isoners were going through the annory. K: Yeah. D: Being processed through the. nrmory then. K:. Yeah. D And uh, eo that was his headquarters so someone calls the office and uh, said vell, the marches are on the. way. And, of course, I had been down there. that woul d tell me something 'cause tha newspapermen vere invaluable. They would be right down there in the meet :Lngs and they'd tell us when · .... SJ lAB Bri;dges J?age 72 D: they were. going to tlX'lrch and what time and so forth. And uh., so anyway,, the call came into the police station- said that uh, they were going to march-were marching;. So we stayed there And talked for a fev Jllinutes and I ea:id maybe we better go downtown, it's about time they we.re there. K: Yeah. D: And uh, the higbl.'ay patrol had come down, and rejected my, uh, special deputies- all my businessmen, ~ rotari4ns, Kiwani.ano, a1l those had just rejected them because thay cldn' t need them. So they'r~ all sitanding on the corner of Treaaury- K: Uh hub. D: And uh, Charlotte, down in that area. And \"'e cam.e down to t he park .. There vas fighting all over the park; K: Yeah. D: White,. blackt;, tiighway patrol- K: Was this the day when they had the--vhe:n that wb.1.te boy was-hod hi.s head cracked at the be.cb. by the, ub, state tr-ooper? D: No, that was a different time. K: Uh bub. D: But they were fighting all over that park. K.: Yeah. D: And uh, when I got there, wel.1, I'm trying to break up the f.1shts, and. uh, because bl acks and everybody else 1$ just raising some heck.. So I ran around to-and sent word around to bring lily special group and ul.1, they came around and said no, the b.1.ghvay pat'l'.ol.Den don't need us .. K: Yeah. D: About th.at time a big old tall boy mouths off and one of the highv.ay patrolmen wae vi th him--didn' t core for him.. And va threw him into the pa.trol car and ee.nt him on to the hospital . And uh, by that time •., SJ lAll Br~dges Paga ?l D: I. bad a guy, R.ay Roll.1D\u0026• .. vho 1\u0026· a busines811M1n and-from St .. Augustine-and he's over arguing an.d.......yi.th these whlt.e group' over in the other part of the park. and one of the h.i\u0026hW3.y patrolmen. co=ea up and throws a te.ar gas botnb a.nd hit Rol1ingo 1n the le,g with it. K: llml!lm. D: So be g-rabs it and throws it Mck at the. highway patrol. Here tb6y come aarching down-th.ar\u0026 are. four or fivo. abr.a•t, you know, ood just like it was a- It: A parade.. D: An. an=y deal, you la\\ow. He. th:cew that thing back. At them and be got mad. Be. got on the. other eidc. Here I u losing my best un because be got hit with the. teargas. K: Yeah. D: I tb\u003eugbt holy aack.e.rel, we'll never gee of thia one. So uh, the lieute.a.ant and the. capta.J.n and the. b1gbway patrol, tt\u003e.ey sa1d • uh., ve' ll va.it for you guys: up a.t t:be. offl.ce. And they turned around ud we.nt up back up to the police station. They v11n't about to get irtvolvcd in that. K: Thia vas- thie incident occui:-red after thc-thnt t11cy-tl\\B.t Btyant. put that major in charge? D: Ye.ah, 1-t smoothed dovn after tvo or three we.eke. It: Yeah. D: And see. tbey--.and th• ni.sht they had the bad t-roubl\u0026 th.ere, there. ve:ce. four of Uve highway potrolloen got into a bad spot. And 1:t was right on c.,,.-J.o ~e.. the. corner of Gt'tdoTa and King. And uh. so they yelled for me and t rushed down thcrQ and t: 'WCt\t 1n a_nd th.csa guys vere all standing back to Dack.. And uh, so- ~ Vere they surrounded by vUd vMtes? D: Yuh. all WJ.t ... .. SJ lAB Bridges !'age. 74 K: Un hull. n : Must have been twenty-fi.ve or thirty of them. K: 'R'ere they young toughs? D: Ye..\"th. tough as hell. And uh, one of the high\"1ay patri\u003elmen had come back with his stick to hit tllis guy and the guy behin$ him, a .-.h1.te boy, grabbe.d and jcrkod him flat on bis back. Then he turned him ro:ound and ,. ti he says here m.1.ster, you dropped your stick.. Well, that give them some.thing to, you know, a little relief--somebody-so they all started I• I I II laughing. gey, you dropped your stick. Hey copper, and stuff like that. \\I And uh, so I got there and r sai.d, 'uh, listen you guys. I s::iid I'm going 11 ,, to get you out of there. He S3.id no, w 're going t~ get out of the:ce. (I ,, l(e.'re going to shoot our way out. I' satd. it's no use shoot ing theae . \\1 (I •• II i:fds:;. r satd forget tt. Come on, let's go. I'll get you out of he.:re. So t tu.med at:ound and I said \"a ll right, I'• coming right through there and these guys nrc cominS through there. The first one raises a hand to any of the.= or throws a rock.. If 1 know who you are you 're going to 11 go out there and make some little ones out of big ones. And Wen I got them. out, this old big tall guy 00 looked .a.t mo and said 'i!ot damn I 'm ll If 11 one of the five and he sa.id t sure apprecicte it. I thank you. He said \\ f 11 l I 11 how in the world did we get in that spot? I said I don't know. They had just got ccparated from-in other \"WOrds, one of them had run at one of these. white kids, and- -which got him in the crowd. And then his buddies wanted to help him and the. first thing they know- K: They got surrounded. D: Yeah, they--there are. a vhole bunch of them, you know, just set a trap ' for them and they .fell .in. K: Thcs~ ~rtl mostly local white yo1.1ths? D: Yeah, uh huh. It was a-- K: Maybe Hosses sons and that kind of boys? •,, ' SJ l.All Bri.dges ~•sa. 75. D: Yeah. Now, Hoss, uh, most of these kids, of course, are just kids growing up around town. K: Yeah, right. D: You know. It wasn't a- K: Not tt l0.3:n conspiracy or- D: No, they weren't bad kids. rt vas just the idea that , ub, they'd found some.thing they could have a lot 0( fun in. K: Uh huh. D: And uh, not get hurt themselves. But uh, t he uh, highway patrol and I didn't-we didn't- that night, tho~h, 4.tter tMt, the uh-we got on pretty good terms 'cause that-1.t, the whole thtng: vas that , uh, that the.)\", ? don't knoW' vhy, but they thought they could co=c here. and uh, ·. just, uh, beat these kids down. lfell, we got-they-1\"'e didn't take our dogs out anymore. K: Wb.e:n di.d you stop doing that? D: We.J.l , they t ook cf\\Grge. K: Oh, vheo. the major took charge they quit using dog.s? D: Ye.ab. We didn't send any dogs down. lie didn't ecce.pt any Of our deputies or-for about throe or four-five nights. Then all of a sudden, be knows be needs us, you know. K: Yeah. D: He can' t --he can't-you can't do ~nythio.g with a bunch of kids. You can't K: D: shoot them. You can't hurt them. And those darn little devils are just like rubber balls. They'd-they'd bounce them a.round. They'd­All~'. o f sudden then your i:elntions rlth\",f:be state ve.re fairly ami.able­Oh ~ 1.1.e.J: . et'\" ic •. l:: la.. 0 • ' I K: J3:ut did this a...Dr-f' r\"\"i sr with he federal government, and uh, Judgo. .... Simpson, uh, how \\.'Ou.ld you a$sess his rolo ~he: whole m4tter? ·. ., ., SJ lAll Bridges ~.g .. 76 D: I think that Judge Simpson was promised a re..U. nice promotion which he got just a few months after that. He vent to the htth Gurt of .4,peals in New Orleans. K: Who do you think promised him? D: The federal gove.rnnent. Becau$e he couldn't possibly have changed that much in \u0026.ts attitude in tvo days. K: Uh huh. D: Re kne.v people in St. Augustine. He knew a lot of them that were sitting 1n the courtroom. And he allowed the blacks to do t\"tnythiog they wanted 1n that courtroom including put tbei:r feet on the desk and go sound asleep in that courtroom-the blacks could. And :the whites couldn't breathe. They couldn't do a thing. And if oae of them stood up or vent to the reetroOD\u003e there was always two or t hree b4cks to run there and get in t heir seats. And he upheld them each and every time. IC: Uh huh. D: He send the bailJ.ff dow, and he'd go down and he'd ball the Wile people out for-- Ji:: Trying to- D: And Judge Simpson knw all of those people. I mean. you knov. he comes-he use.cl to cooe to St. Augustine a lot. K: Wall, t.alking about. you Jal.ow, hj.s showing this favoritism, I read that, you know, in several newspaper articles where youJ~ Tr\\\"fa.c.-~ a favorite quote, and aloost anybody writing nbout it is where, ub, those two Klan rabblerous:ers, .J. B. Stoner and Conrad Lynch. D: Yeah. K: And when, uh, vhen Ro3s-- thcy 'd--vould always be seen b.anting a.round your office.. They, uh, you know,. they' d--is this true? Uh, you know, I read Lt in several pl-0ces. SJ l.AJl,. ~age 77 Bridges D: Well, I think, uh, Lynch and uh, both- I think both of them were in the office, uh, two ear nings in a row. K: Uh huh. D: 1 Uh, and i t vae about the Klan rally. They wanted to know if they could, uh, put out circul ars around tha park.. And uh- K: They advertised, ~uh, around th.at night. D: Advert i$e the rally. And uh, I called the uh, the city for them, and uh, the-they came back the next morning and, and uh, the. office was full of people. And they trust ha.ve. stayed ten or fi.ftcen minutes De.cause they wanted to sQe, uh, Judge Mathis and bis office was packed, too, of couYse. And uh, they uh, but uh, Hoss, that son, be~it didn't make any difference where. you were. K.: Be was around- D: Old Boes 'd sbw up all day--time. of the day or ~iglit. And the nt.ght that, ul\\, Marti.n Luther King was out there in jail, there mu.st ha'Vc been fifty whites and fifty blacks circulating around that jail. K: Uh hub. I\u003e: All night long. K: l!mD. ·D: Up and down c·bc streets nnd-- K: Those-I believe two nights, the uh, the Klan staged their counter--ca.rche.e 4.nd they- they m.'lrched inthe black section. Was it-was-? D: Oo.e ti=e. t. uh­K: One time.? D: Yeah. They, uh, came and asked me t.o march with them, ·and I told tQ,em I would. I'd been-they put it to me re.al strong. they said you' ve been marcb.tng with the blocks now you can march vith the whites. K: Uh huh. '·•. SJ 1J\\B Bridges l(aga 78 D: Th.at ' s perfectly okay. So I cal1ed down and I got five blacks that bad been march.il'lg continuously-all xoung blacks. They'd been marching continouSlly every night, and uh, 1 told them I wonted five of them to march vi.th us. K: Yeah. D: And I took those. five blacks and put them right at the head of the 11.st u:ith me. and we marched all the v~y through black. .COYn- 311 through the. bar ce.ctiono and down in Libcrio., and we c4.me back up to the park. K: So you were-you were pretty much. along that- tbose marches just for the secur·ity aspect or th4: whol e t hing? D: Well, uh, they uh, aee, you kcow, the blacks bad . a lot of confldcncc in J11.e-the local blacks. K: Uh bun. D: Th~y. bad as much confidence in me. as they did in anyone. K: Uli huh. D: 'cause t hey knev that t wa.an' t going to let t hem be in;jured if I could pooo:lbly help :Le. K: Yaoh. D: But uh, they, uh, gee I-i.t was touch and go sometimes 'cause, you know, some- one night there a taxi driver of all people-he almost tomed a war in up there. Re bails out and bails on- jucrps on a little fellow. and a black fe.llow that was walking right alongside of me. And uh, he was a little old skinny dried-up taxi driver. And uh, \\O\"hy he bailed on this bl ack, I don't know . I've forgotten his name.. Anyway, he uh, when he junped on him, we.ll I tried to push him avay. I said, Wil1y get avay from here now. When I. did, the black grabbed him, picked him up, and instead of staying in that line where we could pt:otect him, he gets him Ou the sidewalk where there's about fifteen or twanty whit~s . ···~ SJ lA.S Page 79 D: lfe started beating the. t4r out of this Utt.lo old vh.lte fellow. It: Yeah. D: And uh, of course, they ki.cked hilll around pretty bad. K: They all jumped him. Uh huh. »: · I sot him out of the tht.Dg-jam, and got h1D back in line, got hint down to the Lincolnvil.l• oroa. But uh, actu.a.lly, tho uh, the thing was so out of balance that., uh, 1t. was, uh, vasn't cvcm-l mean the way the thing was vr1tton up, you vould think that, uh, tho vh.ite people vero ju.st be.a.ting the.se people. to death. K: That's the •'BY it c01111 through-reading the a.cvepepera. D: And ye.ah. And uh, thoro wasn't anybody-I sue11 ae tDOny as the newspaper photographers. Ono time-one thing that made thtl'.l'I sore, they got tvo or three. l ocal guye and the:y go oa. the beach. they go ove.r there v::lth •beets - - JC,: t 88.V\" tbat picture.. D: And pose as the Ku IJ.ux Q.a:n. Well, boy the llatt, they bunting tbe guye that took the picturoo. K: loah. D: And uh, they alao hunting th.B guys that poeed for tho pictures. JC: those weren't really O.On•en? D: No. So, you knov, I au:n anything to crute a - JC: And ·so you would ••1 • generally, the vbitu wvo not as violut as they-- it #ppears to be or that- D: No, they wasn't . It.:wftan't that typ~ of violo.nco. It was a­K: More of a pueh- 0: Push and pull stuff, yeoh. K: Uh, so you would aay, in terms of your s~urity aeAsurea between, ··.uh, the black marches and the vh.ite marches you ~uld take pretty auch the same \"· SJ J.Aa Bri.dge..s Pag• 80 K: aort of security procoud.ons over any-thing :l1's..t\" you had to do for say t-he blacks. and th• vbite) 1C#U\u0026e appare.11t17 \\.then the vhites care:bed the blacks would aing to them o-r somethtn.g. D: Oh yeah. They did them the same vay that the whites did them. K: How do you me.a.a.? D: They sang to them, Md cura.ed them you vtdte ao and such, and curse the wb:.tte.s just lib tho vhitea cut:sed t 'bect--all the vay down .. r.: Really. D: And t .hen the blacb that. I had m.rching at the. head of the. line, they'd cal.l thell white mother AllA /\\Ny..M}. loveto •nd everything. They I cussed them for everything they could thi.nk of bccnuoe thCY. vere marching vith the vbitcs. So octually, it~bn-vc didn't Mve one bit of troufil.e. vi.th that whit• mArch until we got vay back down on Central AVenuo. and uh, a bunch of the buck.s bad gottet1 be!W\u003e! this old housa over thez1e and th•y hid a bunch of rocks. And tbe:y bt'ick.ed us pretty good. IC1 Uh bub.. D: And uh, the-one thing-the reason I think that it v ae k:Lnd of f;et up that way is because tho, uh, five guys I had marching with us, the. five blacks, when tboee. rocke started coaing, thay took off. IC: Yeah. D: I don't know wht.tb\u0026r they thoug~ that the vhitea were. throwing rocb at then or not, you 1c.:aov. 1(: Yeah. D: But uh, they took off, nnd the next time I talked to ft couple of the:n they oaid that tho rcoeoo thoy rnn, they thought it \\4118 vhi.te boys rock.ins-thro\" 1.ng rockG at them. 'They •aid but they found out it vas the blacks roc1d4g the vb.ice. line. ... SJ lAll Brf:dges Page. Sl. K: Oh yeah. Was-I-you know, what I read of those, uh, those white marches was that the blacks were real peaceful and stuff when the whites marched through and tho,y, you know, sans: songs. I, you know. we. lov~ e.verybody, and did- D: Well, we ooly ran into . Yeah, they loved to sing that to the Wite oarcl'tes. We love you and everything . Oh they'~ give them a fit. But one pl ace iet in the old bar down there, The Blue Coose Bar. And uh, there must have been thirty- five big old bucks down there. And they resented the fact of t hose guys marching down there. K: Yeah. ' D: And ot course, they l.\"l'tew a lot of the white men. IC: Tllat were actually marching? D: Yeah. K: Was tb.is- vere there a lot of lO.anS111en in this march per se or moatly the- D: TMs9- vel1 these, uh, if r remember correctly, I think they vc:re all locals except ma!fbe ten or fifteen or twenty. K: Yeah. D: They had a good peaceful group. They dd real well-just a- X: So anyvny the.cc black boys at the Blue Cooae Bar- D! Yeah t hey--they were kind of-- K: What? They'd razz: the-in or- ­D: No, they came out and said 'w' hy don't you come. on in and h.a:ve a drink, ,, \\\\ brother? And you won't drink. with us now, wi.11 you brother? I've had /)\u003c. many/\\ dr·i.nk. vi.th you o l d ti boy . And they'd rag the heck out of them, you know, all the way around. TheTe was three or four di:unks that got kind of abusi.ve and I told them-a coupl,e of blacks, I said take those guys in thei-e before we have so~e trouble. l said I got--I said there's too •., SJ l.A)I Page. B\u003cl D: many of them out here for you. I said go and get them back in there. But tbey--they give them A bo.d time in that one little spot. lkit the xest of the time they sang we love everybody and all kind of cute little them songs to. {. which burn thm up wrse than anything else. K: And so did they just Sot the~they just got the rocks thrown on them at the very end Of the march? D: Yeah. The darkee:t place they could find . Dog gone it. ( ( tf,,.((gkt) K: 011 yeah. I read another- I read in another a r ticle and again l don't kn0tot whether it's true: that, uh, you would actually let-allow Klansmen to use your--use Sheriff's Department cars. I .believe I read that in the, uh, Hous~ ((n•American's Activities Comittec. D: No, there's no- K: No substance to that? D: I never read that or heard it ' cause the, uh, Klansmen stayed strictly avay from me. But I h.ad to have a laison officer. K: Uh huh. \"t·\"•\\ D: And uh, I used Bellue!. and uh, I guess, uh, I did the poor devil an injusti.ce because he lost a lot of' friends, too, you kno-., •. K: Uh huh. D: ANd uh, but he- he- was pt:otty outspoken. H~'d $Cra1gh·un those th.inss up in a hurry for you. K: Yeah. Well, like what kind of problems would he straighten up? D: Well, when they got too rowdy or sc::cnething like that he'd- K: The whites? D: Yeah. Another t hing, they wae mostly a hi.t and run thi.ng, you kllow ~ K: Uh huh. D: You'd say, uh, there 'd be ten or twe.lve of these guys together stoinding up in the park in the dark, and they'd say when the Diddle of the line ., SJ lAR Page 83 D: bits St. George Street, we 'll go. Uh, before you know it, you knov, there'~. probably ba one man there. K: One policeman? D: And the whole ten or twelve. K: They rush a 11ttle spot, huh? D; They'd rush in there and force-say five or six blacks out through the other oi'de of the. line- K: And then they'd bMt on them? D: And bop them two or three times . K: And t hen keep on run.ning? D: And then keep on going. This, uh, h8d a - had one group ther e was funny o.s the devil. This, uh, kid about sixteen or seventeen year s ol d, and ub.1 this black-they'd singled each other out . And man they were battling. they,:wre having a real fight. Only trouble wa\u0026-i.a-they were about si:x fe.et apart, both of them got their eyes closed, but they were fighting real good for-I'm standing there and uh, laugM.ng a t t hem .and uh, but that-the white boy must Mvo thought he bit the black, but he hit me 1n the chest and about the same time, the bl.eek boy hi t me across the · back­Vbam. And boy when they di d, they opened t heir mouth- eyes- 'and s9w ) c (tl.\"t'\"' me. standing there. One of them vent one way and one thQ other!\\ Everybody in the 'Whole gang was just hooting and hollering. I said those arc· the two toughest fighters l ever sa•.1. The. only two people I ever saw that could stand six feet apart and fight five minutes and t hey were- (bo-f\\ (6.-\"'J,i) K: Wharm.tng at.-ay at each other. D; Ob, they just had a ball . \\ K.: that's intcrca:t1og . D: 'But there were some pretty tough boys on both sides. You knov, uh, t, like v a. had the Ford man here and he had a litt le short black who t(Orked for SJ l.AJl. Br~dges l?oga 84 D: hiJ!\\ out there, o..nd uh, he never had any trouble wt.th the man. Ue said the first thl~g he noticed one Sunday afternoon, uh, he G31d, uh, he'd go up to get some knock at the door 3nd h4.\\ra comes-h~ eoes to the front door'=\"-h.~t·and his wife, and he's from Georgia.. ~ opens the door a.nd II h ere's this darky 'W'ith. his wife all you need,\" f iguring he wanted to get dressed up. Re say hello, how much nn advance on his salaJ:y or something, If I/ you know. He said nothing. He said we just c\u003c1:1e. over to vi.sit. He aaid ?\"' H II I/ tiho do you want to vi.8it. He said you man. He \u0026aid QQ. You mean you II I/ vant to come in my house. as a guest? He said you better hit the road 11 ,, boy. I'll k.1ll you. He said man this is my home. I invite people to r• l?lY' house.. K: Uh huh. D; People don't come to my house without an invitation. He said don't you com~ back to work tomorrow. He said I don't plan on it. Re said I 'm working for the NAACP. I don't need you no more. IC: Yo.ah. D: Aod he bas never worked a day since. He's been back 1.n St. Augustine. I 've seen hi.Ill ten or fifteen times. He has a nice c.ar and-Ihunde.rbird-birk- Thunderb1rk, yeah. K: Mmmm. D: What' a his naoe. He never hit another liCk. R: Never worked 4g.iin, huh? D: No ~ he d idn't h~ve to work. K: Wha t, uh, what e ffect do you think, uh, the C.ivil Rights Act had on cooling things down? D; Wondel:'ful. K: Yeah . ... D: We got that Civil Rlgh~ I told Hrs. Peabody and Martin Luther King. We ·.. . .• SJ lA8. Bridges Png~ 85 D: va• going to Jo.cbonv'ill• in th• car vith oe. I told t.haa-1 said :i.f you peop1e v1ll \\o\"ait until-lt v•• July the- K: The second. , , D: July the \u0026~cond. I said if yl\u0026ll v1l1 wait 'til tho first day of July, you won't have nll this to contend with. 'Cnuae you knov t he act's ti ,, gotng to be passed. I 1aid all you got to do 11 ju8t wait a few mootha 'ttl July the. four-th\". then it was the se.cond or fourth. and uh, tb:1e thing v1l.l al1 be. finlahed.. And she. saidt id o you t .llink ao?' ' And 1 sai.d. ' 'y ea.H But they couldn't vait. They bad to force 1.t. But I- a lot of people have, uh. vrittcn ue lettet:s. aslc.ing mo to get in touch with Mrs. Peabody and tell hor they'll settle that thing up in Boston right away. All sha's got to do-ehe. going to get herself put in jail. A lot of them vr:ite-1, you know-- X.: I iu.81ne a l:ltt1e- End of Side 1-Tape B SJ L\\B.. rage 86 llt;idgea D: When. they got out there, , .,. ~n't make any qui.ck ?' enough to kn.OW\" all of his little t rtck.o and he hasn' t-- K: Qu:irks, huh? D: And uh, he said if you move too quickly, he's 11.able to gTab you. And uh, sbe said vhy he ' s been letting cie pet him all the way in-out here. He said \\re.ll , I l et you pet him. He didn' t let you pet him. He don':t like. it. He. don't like for anybody to , uh, touch h.iJ::I but , uh, his tra:tner. And uh, she S4id well. I di.dn ' t blO'\"' trult and h¢. o:.id th.a.t' ti ~tgn.t. And when he got out ha says watch IUJ:I. And man-I 'lllean they- :you don't have any trouble vith prisoners whe.n you have--when you got dogs. K: I 'd imagine. not . And so you think the, uh., Civil lights, uh, Act had a big effect on how the-on t'he ending of the violence? Or do you think Sitnpson bad a lot to do vl.th it? D: No, I don' t think Simpson had anyth.in,g to do with it. B'ver-ybody over here hated him. K: Yeah? D: Especially white people. And uh, but uh, that Civil Rt.shes thing-in about the 1!11.ddle of Ju.ly you \\ri'OUld never have known that there was one bit of ugliness in th.is town.. K: Yeab. ~ .. D: All of the. out-of-towner s left, Holing left. .ll\u003cJ\u003e(banks' left. They all went down in the state some.where down around Cococ:\\.. The vhole:-all of the Ting leaders left town . And when they-on both side.s-and when t hey le.ft town, cveTything went right back to nonnal. K: Wh.en- didn' t thty have a little problem integrating the motels there foT SJ lAB Paga 87 K: while after the, uh, aft er t 'he act pa.tuleJ, uh, there vars · a little problem with intilllidati on. D: Well, there were, uh, I don't think anyo.ne wa.s eve.r actually refused, I bu~ I d id hear that there vero quite a fw prices raised to $50. 00 a day and stuff like that. 'When the black.a caae in. K: Uh huh. D: But uh, the-I think the biggest thin\u0026 1n that whole. thinB was the, uh, the blacks and vhites- -white girl s-marching vith the bl.4.ck boys and the black boys marching with the white girls and that's w~ .... K.: That's vb.at really ril.00 thing's up', huh? D: And that kept this town so upset and oh, it was, uh, they just couldn't believe it. T?-ey couldn't believe any white person vould be that crum;my, you knov. K: Uh hub. D: And uh, of course, they would do anything to make them notice it. They'd hole! hands and they'd kiss and it was just-it was just pi\u003c:k pi.ck pick. They-and the-then when the highway pat.rol got- they would, uh, march all the cars for weapons- K: Yeah. D: And uh, one night thi~ guy--he must have \"''Cighed every bit of llS or 120 pounds-came to me and he said, uh, he had some-I had $1.00 And . sixty cents-worth of pennies in a roll. And he said that highway patrolma.n took it avay from him. K: Ye\u003clb. D: And uh, I said vel l did be-you give him your name and address? And he Mid ye.ah. t cai d wl.l . they-they'll get :it--you can get it back. And uh, fo.rther down thare was three l i ttle kids in the b~ck of :i station wagon and they vere all crying and t t:uik-. mother vbat' s happened to ·.,, SJ lAB Bridges rag\u003c' 88 D: them? And she ea id they had some. oarbl\u0026s back there. They ,;ere playing chinese checkers, and uh, th~y uh, h.a.d SOC'le marbles playing a ma:r:ble game o.nd the highway patro.bnan came alons and took their marbles away","St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Ancient City Gun Club -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Flagler Hospital -- Florida Highway Patrol -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Special Police Force -- St. Johns County School District -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Florida Times Union -- The Alligator -- Daytona Beach, Fl. -- Lake City, Fl. -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Ocala, Fl. -- Old Slave Market -- Ponce de Leon Hotel -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Starke, Fl. -- Bunnell, Fl. -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Bombing -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Civil Rights March -- Civil Rights Rally -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Klan March -- Klan Rally -- Murray High Walk Out -- Night March -- Picketing -- Police Brutality -- Shooting Death of William Kinard -- Sit-in -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Use of Cattle Prods -- Use of Police Dogs -- Wade-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1072","record_class":"Item","title":"Robert Hayling : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Robert Hayling describes his experiences as one of the leaders of the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Florida Highway Patrol -- Ku Klux Klan -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- St. Augustine Four -- Daytona Beach, Fl. -- Florida Memorial College -- McCrory's -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Woolworth's -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Civil Rights March -- Civil Rights Rally -- Drive-by Shooting -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Klan Rally -- Night March -- Picketing -- Sit-in -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Visit of Jackie Robinson"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1081","record_class":"Item","title":"Barbara Allen : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Barbara Allen, St. Augustine native, describes her arrest in the Spring of 1964 as well as the legacy of the movement for the city.","ACCORD -- Souther Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Southern Assistance Volunteer Efforts (SAVE) -- St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Rememberance Project -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Amherst College -- Brown University -- Columbia University, Dartmouth College -- Flagler College -- Flagler Hospital -- Florida A \u0026 M University -- Jacksonville, Fl. -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Smith College -- Solomon Calhoun Community Center -- St. George Pharmacy -- St. Paul AME Church -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Yale University -- Easter Invasion -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC -- Easter Invasion -- Use of Cattle Prods -- Use of Police Dogs"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1087","record_class":"Item","title":"Errol Jones : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Errol Jones, civil rights activist and former city commissioner for St. Augustine.","Ku Klux Klan -- Manucy's Raiders -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine City Commission -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- St. Mary's Baptist Church -- St. Paul AME Church -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Civil Rights March -- Civil Rights Rally -- Night March -- Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1088","record_class":"Item","title":"Gwen Duncan : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Gwen Duncan, St. Augustine native and President Emeritus of ACCORD.","ACCORD -- Northrop Grumman -- Fort Mose -- Galimore Center -- Ketterlinus Junior High School -- Lincolnville -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Northrop Grumman -- South Seas Restaurant -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Civil Rights March -- Desegregation of St. Johns County Schools"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1094","record_class":"Item","title":"JoeAnn Anderson Ulmer : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["JoeAnn Anderson Ulmer, one of the St. Augustine Four, speaks about her experiences as a participant in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","St. Augustine Four -- Florida School for Boys -- Lincolnville -- Little Links Park -- St. Johns County Jail -- West Augustine -- Woolworth's -- Y.M.C.A. -- Picketing -- Sit-in -- Visit of Jackie Robinson -- Visit of Martin Luther King"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1096","record_class":"Item","title":"Malcolm Peabody : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Malcolm Peabody, the son of Mary Peabody, speaks about his mother's famous arrest in St. Augustine during the spring of 1964. At the time, Mary Peabody's arrest drew national attention since she was the mother of Endicott Peabody, the governor of Massachusetts.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- St. Johns County Jail -- Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge -- Trinity Episcopal Church -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Easter Invasion -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC -- Easter Invasion -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Sit-in -- Use of Police Dogs -- Attempted Integration of Church"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1098","record_class":"Item","title":"Otis Mason : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Otis Mason, St. Augustine and former superintendent of the St. Johns County school system.","St. Augustine Record -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Freedom Riders -- Florida Normal and Industrial Institute -- Excelsior High School -- Lincolnville -- Fort Mose -- Flagler College -- Buckingham Hotel -- Matanzas Theater -- Excelsior Museum and Cultural Center -- Florida East Coast Railway Hospital -- Hastings, Fl. -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Florida Memorial College -- Home of Robert Hayling -- Murray High School"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1099","record_class":"Item","title":"Phillip Whitley : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Phillip Whitley, staff photographer for the St. Augustine Record during the civil rights movement.","St. Augustine Record -- United Press International (UPI) -- Ku Klux Klan -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Matanzas Theater -- West Augustine -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- Florida Memorial College -- Bombing -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Arrest of Martin Luther King"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1100","record_class":"Item","title":"Shed Dawson : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Shed Dawson, who shares memories of his involvement in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Ku Klux Klan -- Pappy's Seafood -- Elk's Rest -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Wade-in -- Police Brutality -- Use of Cattle Prods"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-15","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy and Martin Luther King, Jr. at Press Conference","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["St. Augustine, Fl."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-62","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Points to Bullet Hole in Window of Safe House","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Integration leader Dr. Martin Luther King looks at a glass door of his rented beach cottage in St. Augustine, Fla. that was shot into by someone unknown on June 5, 1964. King took time out from conferring with St. Augustine integration leaders to inspect the house, which no one was in at the time of the shooting","Attack on Beach Cottage Safe House -- Crescent Beach, Fl."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-63","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King with Young Demonstrators","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. gives a young picketer a pat on the back as a group of youngsters started to picket St. Augustine, Fla., June 10, 1964.","Picketing"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-67","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King in Car with Dog while Andrew Young Looks In","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. rides in the back seat of a police car with a police dog as he is returned to jail in St. Augustine, Fla., after testifying before a grand jury investigating racial unrest in the city, June 12, 1964. Andrew Young is seen outside the car.","Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Use of Police Dogs"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-69","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Speaks at Press Conference","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks during a news conference to announce \"the beginning of a massive assault on segregation\" in St. Augustine, Fla., June 10, 1964. At his left is Dr. Ralph Abernathy."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-82","record_class":"Item","title":"James Brock With Martin Luther King and Ralph Abernathy","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Motel manager James Brock, right, stops civil rights leaders Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., left, and Rev. Ralph Abernathy at the door of his motel restaurant when they tried to enter with a group to have lunch, June 12, 1964. The integrationists were arrested when they refused to leave the premises.","Sit-in -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Monson Motor Lodge"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1230","record_class":"Item","title":"Memo from Elmer Emrich to Governor Farris Bryant : 1964-06-05","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Augustine City Commission -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Old Slave Market -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Fairchild Aircraft Strato Corporation -- St. Johns County Jail -- Sit-in -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Drive-by Shooting -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1244","record_class":"Item","title":"United Florida Klans : 1964-06-09","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Ku Klux Klan -- Jacksonville, Fl. -- Old City Motors -- Klan Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1405","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-06-11","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Cover letters by J. Edgar Hoover asking for information and giving orders. A march of over 400 people escorted by over 200 law enforcement to the slave market. Violence began with rocks being thrown upon the marchers. Police dispersed attacks by firing gas shells into the crowd. Request for the purchase of radio transmitters in order to follow the demonstrations. Details the attempt by demonstrators to enter the Monson Motor Lodge for a sit-in.","Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- St. Augustine Police Department -- Old Slave Market -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Sit-in -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Civil Rights March -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1427","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-07-20","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["KKK rallies held in St. Augustine two consecutive nights. MLK threatens more demonstrations at press conference. Rehash of attempted integration of local restaurants.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Pappy's Seafood -- Rusty's -- Santa Maria Restaurant -- Kayo Gas Station -- St. Mary's Baptist Church -- Klan Rally -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Civil Rights Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-188","record_class":"Item","title":"King Says He'd Appear Before Grand Jurors","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["An imprisoned Martin Luther King expresses a willingness to appear before the Grand Jury of St. Johns County. King also states the county jail is one of the nicest he's ever stayed in.","St. Johns County Grand Jury -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Bi-Racial Committee -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- St. Johns County Jail -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Sit-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-190","record_class":"Item","title":"King Will Join Demonstrators","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King announces that he will attempt a sit-in at a segregated restaurant in St. Augustine.","St. Augustine, Fl. -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Night March -- Sit-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-196","record_class":"Item","title":"Motel Owner Just Can't Win - Now the Klan is Angry with James Brock","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Monson Motor Lodge owner James Brock is the subject of this article. Once considered a hero to the segregationist forces, Brock fell out of favor with the Klan after leading a good faith effort to integrate private businesses in St. Augustine.","Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Sit-in -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Mass Arrest of Rabbis -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Picketing -- Klan March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-222","record_class":"Item","title":"Segregationists, Rights Workers in New Clash in St. Augustine, Over Score Hurt","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Describes violent June 25, 1964 street clash between approximately 500 demonstrators and segregationists.","St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Civil Rights March -- Wade-in -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-232","record_class":"Item","title":"State Attorney Speaks at Boston U— Radical Control of St. Augustine Last","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["In a speech at Boston University, State Attorney Dan Warren provides his opinion about St. Augustine's failure of leadership during the racial crisis.","Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine Citizens' Council -- St. Johns County Grand Jury -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-286","record_class":"Item","title":"King Claims Victory for Civil Rights in Old City","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Based on a federal court order from Judge Bryan Simpson that St. Augustine's private businesses must integrate, Martin Luther King claims a victory for integration forces in the nation's Oldest City.","Ancient City Hunting Club -- Ancient City Gun Club -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-316","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. King Tells of Death Threat in St. Augustine","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King tells about a death threat received in St. Augustine. The article also has many excerpts of a speech Dr. King gave at a local church during a rally.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Civil Rights Rally -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration"]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_26283","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Social Change, correspondence and printed materials, 1976","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of correspondence and documents related to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Contents include planning materials for the 1976 and 1977 celebrations of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday, planning materials and programs for additional 1976 King Center programs on full employment and nonviolence, and promotional materials on King Center internships. Also includes position papers and promotional materials from the National Committee on Full Employment and the Full Employment Action Council.","The records, 1964-1979, of the Southern Office of the AFL-CIO Civil Rights Department consist primarily of correspondence and related reports, surveys, statements, and newspaper clippings. Much of the correspondence is between Director E.T. (Al) Kehrer and various AFL-CIO departments, notably his superiors Don Slaiman (1965-1974) and William Pollard (1974-1979). There is also substantial correspondence between Kehrer and the AFL-CIO state and city labor councils in the South; apprenticeship and training programs; a wide range of groups and persons concerned with community action and social reform issues, principally in the field of civil rights; and political figures."]},{"record_id":"fbi_foia_king","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["federal government records"],"dcterms_description":["Includes the Report of the Department of Justice Task Force to Review the FBI Martin Luther King, Jr., Security and Assassination Investigations, January 11, 1977 (201 pages including a number of appendices). The Task Force consisted of James F. Walker, William D. White, Joseph F. Gross, Jr., James R. Kieckhefer, and Fred G. Folsom, chair.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"pth_bcja_metapth595517","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King: Jobs and Freedom in 1975","mediums":["speeches (documents)"],"dcterms_description":["Text of speech delivered by Barbara Jordan regarding Martin Luther King's legacy and the ongoing difficulties facing civil rights in the United States. Handwritten edits can be found among the typed text."]},{"record_id":"loc_afamodyssey_0913001r","record_class":"Item","title":"March on Washington, August 28, 1963","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Black-and-white photograph showing a large crowd of both white and African American demonstrators gathered on and around the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the August 28, 1963 March on Washington. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. stands at a podium near the top of the stairs.","Exhibited: African-American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship, Library of Congress, 1998.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1489","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King","mediums":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Coretta Scott King, most widely known as the wife and widow of slain civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., who carried on his vision of nonviolent protest to effect social change after his death in 1968. She founded the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change that year and later opposed apartheid in South Africa and participated in other human rights struggles.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-2788","record_class":"Item","title":"March on Washington","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. (bottom left) led the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 1963. King's \"I Have a Dream\" speech was the most memorable event of the day and confirmed him as Black America's most prominent spokesperson.","Photograph of Martin Luther King Jr. (bottom left) leading the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 1963. A large group of marchers stands before King. Many hold signs decrying segregation and lack of jobs. King's \"I Have a Dream\" speech was the most memorable event of the day and confirmed him as Black America's most prominent spokesperson."]},{"record_id":"pth_bcja_metapth595472","record_class":"Item","title":"Eulogy of the Late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["speeches (documents)"],"dcterms_description":["Text of speech wherein Barbara Jordan eulogizes Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking of his accomplishments, his effect on the politics of the United States, and his death."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_135810","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1964-1974","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of Southern Christian Leadership Conference letters, memos, and other documents regarding awards dinners, labor disputes, interviews with civil rights leaders, etc."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_100464","record_class":"Item","title":"Voter Registration Speech, Martin Luther King, Jr., Savannah, Georgia (c. 1963)","mediums":["audiocassettes"],"dcterms_description":["Recording of an excerpt from a speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. on voter registration. In this recording, Martin Luther King, Jr. promotes the cause of voter registration and encourages his audience to vote in a speech."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_101090","record_class":"Item","title":"King birthday celebration","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of planning correspondence, documents, and promotional materials for the 1981 celebration of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday organized by the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Includes correspondence of Coretta Scott King and E. T. Kehrer and a manuscript draft of a speech delivered by Kehrer during the event."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_101541","record_class":"Item","title":"King Center for Non-Violent Social Change","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of correspondence and documents of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Includes planning correspondence and publicity materials for the King Center's 1981, 1982, and 1983 celebrations of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday, a 1981 King Center annual report, and a 1982 King Center funding proposal for a labor institute program."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_101602","record_class":"Item","title":"King Center for Non-Violent Social Change","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of planning correspondence, publicity materials, agendas, and documents related to the 1979 and 1980 celebrations of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday organized by the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_101668","record_class":"Item","title":"King Center for Non-Violent Social Change","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of correspondence and documents of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Includes a complete program for the for the King Center's 1984 celebration of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday."]},{"record_id":"aar_wsfa_1248","record_class":"Item","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D047.0010","mediums":["16mm (photographic film size)"],"dcterms_description":["Footage of two antithetical events both held on Sunday, December 10, 1967, in downtown Montgomery, Alabama: Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church and a Ku Klux Klan parade and rally in front of the Capitol. King spoke against the Vietnam War, while the Klan was represented by Grand Dragon James Spears, who spoke against various representatives of the political left, from Communists to hippies. The film switches back and forth between the two events throughout its duration."]},{"record_id":"bcas_p15728coll1_9298","record_class":"Item","title":"Jim Guy Tucker at event for Martin Luther King, Jr. memorial","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Project was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission"]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn32757","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking to reporters following the court-ordered reinstatement of over one thousand students suspended from school for participating in civil rights demonstrations, Birmingham, Alabama, 1963 May 23","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Birmingham, Alabama on May 23, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to reporters following the federal court order reinstating 1100 students suspended from Birmingham schools for civil rights demonstrations.","King asserts that the Birmingham Board of Education's act of suspending or expelling students arrested in civil rights demonstrations is \"an undemocratic and unconstitutional act.\" He cites that the decision by federal judge Elbert P. Tuttle of the fifth circuit court of appeals to readmit the students as a confirmation of the \"justice and morality of this movement.\"","While the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) led civil rights efforts in Birmingham for several years, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) began assisting with concentrated actions against segregation on April 3, 1963. During the first weeks of May, over one thousand student demonstrators, some as young as six-years-old, participated in mass marches labeled the Children's Crusade and were arrested. On May 20 the Birmingham Board of Education ordered that arrested students sixteen-years-old and under be suspended from school and those over sixteen be expelled. Civil rights lawyers appealed the decision and judge Tuttle's federal restraining order on May 22 ordered the school board to readmit the students.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn48203","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about the Summer Community Organization and Political Education (SCOPE) project, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 June","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from June 1965, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to an audience about the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's (SCLC) Summer Community Organization and Political Education (SCOPE) project. The clip's audio and video is inconsistent; comments and visuals may not be completely recorded. Dr. King emphasizes the connection between political and economic power and indicates the significance of SCOPE's plans to assist African Americans with voter registration.","Following a break in the clip, there is audio of King commenting on his experience traveling in Africa, but the visual is missing. An unidentified man leads the audience in singing \"We shall not be moved\" while King sits on the dais. King cites SCOPE's potential influence by pointing out the number of African Americans elected to serve in the 1966 Georgia General Assembly--two State Senators and at least seven members of the House of Representatives. King specifically commends Georgia State Senators Leroy Johnson and Horace T. Ward. In January, 1966 when the newly elected legislators were to begin their terms of service, one of the African Americans elected to the House of Representatives, Julian Bond, was prevented by the legislature from taking his seat for statements he made supporting a Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee statement against the Vietnam War. The Untied States Supreme Court in December 1966 ruled that the legislature's actions were unconstitutional and Bond was sworn in to office in January, 1967, serving in the House of Representatives until 1974.","King urges his audience to support the over one-thousand SCOPE volunteers coming to the South during the summer. He explains SCOPE volunteers will \"engage in community organization and political education and increase the number of Negro registered voters.\"  King asserts that with hard work, guidance, and cooperation, it will be possible to double the number of registered African American voters. He asks the audience to \"go back to your counties with a commitment and a determination where the SCOPE project is concerned\"; he also entreats the audience to accept the white volunteers as they would African American volunteers.","King provides a brief overview of the progress African Americans have made towards achieving an end to legal segregation but points out there are still economic and social barriers to overcome. Emphasizing the need to improve African American economic status, King rhetorically asks a list of questions about the benefit of legally being permitted to do something that is not economically feasible. King pledges that through voting African Americans will be able to overcome economic and social barriers.","At a Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) board meeting held in Baltimore, Maryland March 30 through April 1 leaders agreed to support the Summer Community Organization and Political Education (SCOPE) project which was headed by SCLC member Hosea Williams. Described as an expansion of the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer, SCOPE planned to send northern volunteers to communities in several southern states, including Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Alabama, and Florida to work with local leaders in voter registration, community organization, and political organization. Civil rights leaders, anticipating the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, hoped community volunteers would assist federal voting registrars to increase the number of African Americans registered to vote. SCOPE volunteers were recruited primarily from northern colleges and universities and were screened in part based on dress and appearance in an attempt to counter the \"hippy\" perceptions attributed to Mississippi Freedom Summer volunteers. Volunteers gathered for training in Atlanta the third week in June before being assigned to various southern counties for the ten-week program.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34580","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of leaders of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom meeting with president John F. Kennedy at the White House, Washington, D.C., 1963 August 28","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of silent WSB-TV newsfilm clips from August 28, 1963, leaders of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom meet with president John F. Kennedy at the White House following the demonstration at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. As the clip begins, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and Walter P. Reuther of the United Automobile Workers of America (UAWA) walk along a tree-lined path, followed by other event organizers. They and the other men in the clip wear buttons on their jackets. The camera briefly focuses on the White House and then on camera men waiting outside the building. Next, the demonstration leaders walk past a building. First, King and Reuther walk together with John Lewis, head of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); they are followed by Whitney M. Young, Jr. of the National Urban League and Rabbi Joachim Prinz of the American Jewish Congregation; finally Roy Wilkins of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Floyd McKissick of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and Mathew Ahmann of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice pass the camera.","Inside the White House, photographers stand together and take pictures of the gathering. The camera focuses on several of the men standing together with the president; Young stands on the right of the group and A. Philip Randolph, organizer of the day's demonstrations and representative of the Negro American Labor Council, stands between the president with Dr. Eugene Carson Blake of the United Presbyterian Church. Rabbi Prinz and John Lewis are also seen next to Blake. The camera focuses on Kennedy, Reuther, and Young before panning to the left to also show Randolph and Reuther. At the far left of the group stand Ahmann and Labor Secretary W. Willard Wirtz. The camera pans to the right to also focus on King, Lewis, Prinz, Randolph, and Kennedy. As the camera focuses on Reuther, vice president Lyndon B. Johnson is seen standing behind him. The camera pans left to show Kennedy, and then focuses on King and Lewis, although Lewis is obscured in the shadow. After focusing again on Kennedy and Randolph, the clip ends with another image of the group, this time with Young standing on the right of the men.","The August 28, 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was organized by civil rights and labor leaders to show support for civil rights legislation under consideration by the United States Congress. During the afternoon program many of the leaders seen in the clip spoke, including King who gave the \"I have a dream\" speech that day. After the afternoon ceremony ten leaders of the sponsoring organization met for an hour with president John F. Kennedy and some of his cabinet including vice president Johnson, Labor Secretary Wirtz, and Civil Rights Division head Burke Marshall. The proposed civil rights legislation was finally passed the next summer as the Civil Rights Act of 1964.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35199","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a mass meeting held at First Baptist Church where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encourages nonviolence during a riot outside, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama on May 21, 1961, participants at a mass meeting sing a hymn, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encourages nonviolence while a riot goes on outside.","The clip begins with the audience singing \"Leaning on the Everlasting Arms.\" As Dr. King stands at the podium, a man takes his picture. King informs the audience that members of the National Guard are on their way to Montgomery to protect the church from the mob outside and asks people to stay inside the church. He also encourages the audience to remain nonviolent to achieve \"the moral victory.\"","On May 4, 1961, two groups of students trained in nonviolence left Washington D.C. bound for New Orleans on a \"Freedom Ride,\" an attempt to test the 1960 United States Supreme Court ruling outlawing segregation in travel between states. The groups were ambushed in Anniston, Alabama on May 14; one of the groups was attacked again in Birmingham. Alabama state troopers, sent after negotiations between state leaders and officials at the Department of Justice, and student reinforcements from Nashville protected the Freedom Riders on their journey from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. However, local police who were supposed to protect the riders in Montgomery were not at the bus station when the travelers arrived, and rioting white crowds beat the riders, newsmen, and federal officials at the scene. King flew to Montgomery May 21 for a mass meeting held in Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy's First Baptist Church. Rioting white crowds outside kept the congregation in the church until four-thirty the next morning when Alabama National Guard trucks transported the African Americans home. Further negotiations between state and federal officials moved the Freedom Riders from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi where the original group of Freedom Riders and their reinforcements were arrested and jailed in Parchman Penitentiary, ending the Freedom Ride before it reached New Orleans.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43085","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of mayor William B. Hartsfield speaking to reporters about recent civil rights demonstrations and the arrest of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 October 24","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia on October 24, 1960, mayor William B. Hartsfield speaks to reporters about recent civil rights demonstrations and the October 19 arrest of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The clip begins with mayor William B. Hartsfield explaining to reporters that he anticipates the city will receive only a few critical responses to its handling of civil rights demonstrators' arrests. Critical responses, mayor Hartsfield continues, most often come from people unaware of the potential national and international impact of sit-ins and arrests. Mayor Hartsfield's response to a question about interaction with the governor about the situation is not recorded. He explains that officials at Rich's Department store, where King was arrested, told county prosecuting officials they did not want to prosecute King. The answer to another reporter's question is not recorded, and mayor Hartsfield is next seen in a silent portion of the clip, sitting at his desk. After the silent portion, mayor Hartsfield reports that he has begun working with downtown merchants to resolve the racial conflict, alluding to a thirty-day truce. Civil rights leaders agreed to stop demonstrations and community leaders agreed to release the twenty-three demonstrators who had been arrested on city-owned land. The truce did not cover thirty-nine demonstrators who were arrested on county-owned land, including King. Hartsfield indicates that while he has not communicated with Dr. King's brother, A.D. King, about Dr. King's release from jail and the demonstrations, he still hopes for a friendly settlement. The clip records a portion of a reporter's question about inquiries about King and the demonstrations made by individuals such as Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy to the governor and others. Hartsfield indicates Kennedy is interested in a \"friendly solution to the matter,\" an interest he views \"in perfectly good taste and good order\"; Hartsfield does not say who from Kennedy's national headquarters spoke with him. When asked to expand on negotiations with white business leaders, Hartsfield reports that he has started conferences with individual leaders and so far is pleased with preliminary negotiations. However he also recognizes the challenges of working with chain stores with \"out-of-town connections.\"\u003cp\u003eStudent-led civil rights demonstrations in Atlanta began in March 1960, inspired by the Greensboro sit-ins the month before. The Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR), an organization of students from the historically African American Atlanta University Center, began their \"fall campaign\" against segregation on October 19 by targeting several downtown stores, including Rich's. Members of the Atlanta-based Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) were also involved in planning and demonstrating. Protests continued until Saturday, October 22 when mayor Hartsfield announced the month-long truce mentioned above. While Hartsfield and others worked to reach a desegregation agreement, talks broke down and civil rights workers began demonstrations again the day after Thanksgiving, November 25.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn31986","record_class":"Item","title":"MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. IN COURT AND AFTERWARDS; PERJURY TRIAL (NO DATE)","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn32724","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. responding to a question regarding the African American use of the principle of nonviolence, 1963 June","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip possibly from June 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. apparently responds to a question regarding the African American use of the principle of nonviolence. King asserts that African Americans in the South believe in nonviolence as a way to achieve new freedoms. Continuing, King suggests that while African Americans may not adhere to the principles of nonviolence in daily living, they recognize the victories civil rights has achieved through nonviolence. King emphasizes that while some African Americans may resort to violence, the majority of the population does not support such action. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. studied the example of Mahatma Gandhi using nonviolent, direct action protests in achieving Indian independence and believed nonviolence was the only way for African Americans to achieve political and economic freedom.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41630","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights leaders promoting nonviolence in a poolroom in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 25","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Reverend Ralph Abernathy and an unidentified civil rights worker visit Dick's Cue Room, Dick Gay's poolroom in Albany's Harlem neighborhood, on Wednesday, July 25, 1962, to explain the role of nonviolence in the movement, and to solicit support from members of Albany's African American community.  On the night before, a crowd of African American onlookers, angry at the arrest of protesters, had thrown rocks and bottles at city police officers.  Albany Movement leaders, working to encourage nonviolence and combat the damage that this violent outburst caused in the media, declared Wednesday a \"day of penance\" and cancelled all demonstrations.  In speaking to the audience in the pool hall of young men and children, King says that in order for the civil rights movement to continue to be great, it needs to be nonviolent and peaceful.  Violence will only bring shame on African Americans and will allow the city and state to dismiss the movement as violent.  King asks for the support of his listeners and for their help to spread the word of nonviolence to their friends and family members, inviting them to the mass meeting that evening.   Next, an unidentified speaker intimates that violence plays into the hands of Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett and the segregationists.  Finally, Abernathy tells the audience that the movement is not asking them to stop resisting segregation but to fight it nonviolently because \"nonviolence is the way of the strong.\"","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44816","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a civil rights march and resulting arrest; civil rights preachers and local officials speaking at mass meetings; groups of Albany city officials as well as civil rights leaders entering the federal courthouse; and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy at a press conference in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of mostly silent WSB newsfilm clips from July 1962, demonstrators leave Shiloh Baptist Church, march through Albany's Harlem neighborhood, and are arrested when they reach downtown; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Dr. William G. Anderson, Rev. Ralph Abernathy, and Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett speak at mass meetings at Mt. Zion and Shiloh Baptist Churches; and King and Abernathy speak at a press conference after their July 12 release from jail.","The clip is divided into two segments. The first segment, which lasts about nine minutes, begins with silent images of mass meetings at Shiloh Baptist Church led by Wyatt Walker, then the executive director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), interspersed with footage of a march through Harlem led by Albany minister Reverend Robert Alford and SCLC minister Reverend C. K. Steele of Florida. Andrew Young is among the marchers. Some of the demonstrators wear black armbands to protest King's and Abernathy's July 10th conviction for \"parading without a permit.\" The protesters are flanked by Albany police as they march through downtown and are eventually arrested. They are led into Freedom Alley, where they sing while they wait.","The series of images from the march is followed by silent footage of King speaking at a mass meeting at Shiloh Baptist Church. During the meeting, the Freedom Singers sing. King's remarks are followed by speeches by Dr. William G. Anderson and Rev. Ralph Abernathy. Slater King and an unidentified African American man briefly converse with police chief Laurie Pritchett before he addresses the congregation about the rock-throwing incident the previous evening, July 10. Pritchett's remarks are followed by an additional silent segment of King speaking. Among the men seated or standing on the dais are Charles Jones and Dr. William Anderson.","Next, at a July 12 press conference in Shiloh Baptist Church, King and Abernathy pledge to stay in Albany until charges are dropped against all who were arrested in December for civil rights protests. King expresses his frustration at his early release from jail. He states that he does not \"appreciate the subtle and conniving tactics used to get us [King and Abernathy] out of jail.\" On July 10, Albany Judge A. N. Durden had ordered King and Abernathy to spend forty-five days in prison or pay a $178 fine for parading without a permit on December 16, 1961; both chose to go to jail rather than pay the fine. King and Abernathy were released from prison July 12 when their fine was reportedly paid by an unidentified stranger. Wyatt Walker is seen sitting behind the two men. More scenes of the march in Albany and of Freedom Alley follow.","The second segment of the clip, which is about eight minutes long, returns to the press conference at Shiloh Baptist Church where King and Abernathy are again seen expressing their frustration at their early release from prison. There are also more scenes from the mass meeting where Slater King and Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett speak to the audience.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Optical sound.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer.","Condition notes: 2009-03-01, Leader Replaced (Yancey)"]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53570","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of leaders of the Summit Leadership Conference discussing the continuance of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s policy of Nonviolence, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 12","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Black leaders meet in Summit Conference to discuss continuance of Dr. King's policy of nonviolence","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55980","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a demonstration against the Vietnam War commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 April 6","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia, dated April 4, 1969, demonstrators protest the Vietnam War on the one-year anniversary of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination; King is also memorialized in a video montage.","The clip is divided into two segments, both containing audio. The first segment opens with a shot of a protest march; a group of mostly white demonstrators make their way down the street, some carry handmade or printed signs. Some of the signs read: \"War profit is blood money,\" \"Make his dream a reality end war poverty racism,\" \"Dr. King died April 4, 1968 for all mankind,\" \"Amnesty fOr all war protestors,\" \"Anti-war, pro GI,\" and \"End war now.\" Audio for the clip consists mostly of background noise until the camera pans left across the parade of demonstrators; the shot ends on a group stalled by a bottleneck in the procession route. At this point, an amplified voice sings \"We Shall Overcome,\" a group of demonstrators shout \"Peace now!\" and a reporter instructs the sound engineer to keep the microphone on the crowd noise. The next shot in the first segment includes a large gathering of African American and white demonstrators as they listen to a speaker calling for an end to the war in Vietnam. The camera pans across the crowd to the right; the shot then breaks and the camera pans in the opposite direction while the crowd sings \"We Shall Overcome.\" Throughout the crowd, demonstrators hold signs and banners; some raise their fists or make v-signs for peace.","The second segment of the clip is a b-roll montage memorializing King that begins with a shot of the facade of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, followed by several shots from the inside of the church that include a portrait of King, the church pulpit, and a close-up of a prayer book. The montage continues with a still photograph of King's funeral cortege amidst a crowd of mourners, then a motion shot of King's grave and the eternal flame that accompanies it. A second shot of King's grave zooms in on the inscription on King's tombstone, and closes in on the year 1968, the year King died. The last shot in this clip is of a cemetery, presumably Atlanta's South-View Cemetery, where King was originally buried (his remains were removed from South-View in 1970). The audio for this segment consists mostly of background noise and conversational fragments.","On Easter Sunday, April 6, 1969, a march dedicated to King was held in Atlanta on the one-year anniversary of his assassination. The march began at Ebenezer Baptist Church on Auburn Avenue, paused at the state Capitol to pick up vigil-keepers, proceeded through the Five Points business district, and ended at Hurt Park, where Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy and others addressed approximately four thousand participants at a rally. Some of the other speakers at the rally included Dave Dellinger, chairman of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam; Luis Melendez, an organizer for California grape pickers, and Jeannette Rankin, former Georgia congresswoman and anti-war activist.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Title originally read \"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a demonstration against the Vietnam War commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 April 4.\" Further research of events in the clip determine that the footage was recorded on April 6, 1969."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34564","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. presenting four demands of the civil rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963 May 5","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from May 5, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. presents the four demands of the Civil Rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama, which include desegregation, employment opportunities, and the creation of a biracial negotiating committee. King presents each of the demands in turn; he begins with the desegregation of downtown shopping facilities, including \"lunch counters, fitting rooms, the restrooms.\" He continues with the second proposal that the downtown stores improve employment opportunities for African Americans. Next, he requests that the merchants ask Birmingham officials to drop charges against arrested demonstrators. In his fourth and concluding point, King asks local businessmen to urge the city government to create a biracial committee that would address ongoing African American concerns, such as the integration of the public schools and library. While civil rights efforts in Birmingham led by the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) had already been taking place for several years, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) came to Birmingham and joined in even more concentrated efforts that began April 3, 1963. Local merchants, distressed by a longstanding economic boycott that had been targeted towards segregated downtown businesses, embarked on discussions with civil rights leaders at the end of April. Pressure on city officials to negotiate increased substantially after city commissioner Eugene \"Bull\" Connor directed law enforcement officers to disperse young demonstrators with high-pressure fire hoses and dogs. Connor, along with the other city commissioners, was also involved in a legal battle at the time to prohibit the city of Birmingham from changing the city government from a city commission to a mayor-council structure. White and black leaders reached a demonstration-ending compromise on May 10; Connor and city commissioners lost their lawsuit on May 23.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44819","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Albany Movement lawyers at the Federal Building in Atlanta, Georgia and of a mass meeting protesting the conviction of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy in Shiloh Baptist Church in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of silent WSB newsfilm clips from July 1962, attorneys working for the Albany Movement are seen entering and exiting the United States Federal Building in Atlanta, Georgia; the clips also show a daytime mass meeting at Shiloh Baptist Church in Albany where Reverend Wyatt T. Walker, Dr. William G. Anderson, and Coretta Scott King speak; individuals protest the conviction of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy by wearing black armbands.","In the clips, lawyers representing the Albany Movement are seen outside the federal courthouse in Atlanta, entering and leaving the building, reading a newspaper, and being interviewed on the street by reporters. They include C. B. King of Albany, one of three African American lawyers outside of Atlanta and principal lawyer for the Albany Movement; Donald Hollowell of Atlanta, prominent civil rights lawyer and frequent adviser to the Albany Movement; Horace T. Ward of Atlanta, attorney in Hollowell's law firm; Clarence B. Jones of New York, attorney and King's speech writer and adviser; and William Kunstler of New York, a lawyer for the Gandhi Society.","On July 20, 1962, Albany city officials obtained a federal injunction from Federal District Judge J. Robert Elliott against King, Abernathy, and Albany Movement leaders barring mass demonstrations. In response, lawyers representing the Albany Movement obtained a hearing with chief appellate court judge Elbert P. Tuttle on July 24 in Atlanta. Tuttle dissolved the restraining order until the time that Elliott could hold a hearing.","The clips also include a mass meeting held in Shiloh Baptist Church in Albany on July 10, 1962. During the mass meeting, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) executive secretary Reverend Wyatt T. Walker pins black arm bands on Coretta Scott King, Juanita Abernathy, and other participants.","African Americans wore black arm bands to protest the convictions of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy on July 10, 1962 for \"parading without a permit\" on December 16, 1961. King and Abernathy were sentenced to serve forty-five days in jail or pay a $178 fine; the men chose jail and their wives, Coretta and Juanita, came to Albany.","In the clip, two women are also seen entering the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Albany with attorneys Hollowell and C. B. King; they are Lucille Leslie Burton, and Carol King, wife of C. B. King. Coretta Scott King speaks at the mass meeting, as do Reverend Walker and Dr. William G. Anderson, president of the Albany Movement. Anderson is also seen speaking with Reverend C. K. Steele, SCLC minister from Tallahassee, Florida. In addition to the mass meeting seen in the clip, groups of African Americans stand outside city hall, gathering on the building steps before Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett clears the doorway and speaks to an older, unidentified white man who enters city hall.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Optical sound.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer.","Condition notes: 2009-03-01, Leader Replaced (Yancey)"]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn49968","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. condemning the Georgia state legislature for refusing to seat Julian Bond at a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia, 1966 January 13","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia on January 13, 1966, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. condemns the Georgia legislature for its refusal to seat Julian Bond for his support of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC) position against the Vietnam War. The clip's audio track is inconsistent; some comments may not be completely recorded.  Dr. King recognizes the constitutional right to dissent and cites the founding fathers as historical precedent. He \"finds it alarming and disturbing to find our nation moving on an obviously unalterable course when dissent is equated with disloyalty.\"  King proposes that America's greatness comes through the right to free speech. He criticizes the Georgian legislature for implying \"the people of Fulton County's 136th district cannot decide who is to represent them in this body.\"  Pointing out that over eighty-two percent of voters in the district voted for Julian Bond, King calls upon governor Carl Sanders to reschedule an election to fill the vacant legislative seat and upon people of good will--both white and black--to engage in \"creative protest.\"  King indicates some of his interest in the legislative situation comes from his work promoting voting among African Americans; also as a resident of the 136th district, he is concerned that the vacant seat be filled in a timely manner. Demonstrating his concern, he intends to update his voting registration that day. In addition to possible direct action protests, King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) support legal action to assist Julian Bond. An unidentified man off camera announces a fifteen minute break, and the clip pauses.  After the break, King presents direct action and legal action as a dual approach by the SCLC as a way to \"dramatize the issue,\" giving citizens a chance \"to participate and to express their outrage and their indignation.\"  A reporter begins to ask a question, but the sound stops; King mentions that the legislature does not have to be in session for protests to occur. Several unseen reporters try to ask questions before a break in the clip, after which discussion moves to the SNCC statement condemning the war in Vietnam. When asked if he endorses the SNCC statement, King, who repeatedly spoke out against the war, endorses the statement \"in principle.\"  Citing the multi-faceted drain on the country, King encourages the federal administration to support peace; noting President Johnson's engagement in peace moves. An unidentified reporter off-screen seeks to clarify King's reaction to the SNCC statement which labeled the United States as an \"aggressor.\" King declines to argue semantics with the reporter and refuses to take a position for the SCLC without consulting the executive board. Asked if Bond would have been elected if he had spoken out against the war before the election, King replies that he doesn't believe voters would have punished Bond for his position and outlines a possible timeline for a special election to replace Julian Bond. King discusses those who agree with Bond in protesting the war, including himself and \"many outstanding congressmen,\" although he says he does not know enough about the opinion of African Americans in Atlanta in relation to the war to anticipate their reaction. King also clarifies his position relative to the draft; while he has never advocated evading the draft, he does support the right of conscious objectors to have alternative service. Continuing, he proposes that the country should recognize the work of the Civil Rights movement as valuable enough to be an alternative to military service. Several reporters attempt to ask questions, and King stresses unity with other civil rights leaders in Atlanta on the issue of Julian Bond in the legislature. The clip ends with an unidentified man off-screen thanking the reporters for their time.  Julian Bond, SNCC communications director, was elected to the 136th district of the Georgia legislature in November 1965, one of ten African Americans elected to the legislature that year. After Bond publicly endorsed the SNCC anti-Vietnam statement and said he respected those who burned their draft cards, members of the House of Representatives voted 184 to twelve to not allow him to serve in the House on January 10, the first day of the legislative session. Later that year the United States Supreme Court ruled that Bond's statement was within his first amendment rights, and the Georgia legislature had to seat him. Bond served as a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1965 to 1975.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44762","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy praying in front of city hall and Georgia gubernatorial candidate Carl Sanders issuing a public press statement from Albany, Georgia, 1962 July","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB newsfilm clips, Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy prays in front of Albany City Hall and Georgia gubernatorial candidate Carl Sanders issues a public statement to the press from Albany in July 1962.  First, Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett gives instructions to the \"kneel-in\" demonstrators before Abernathy begins praying outside the city hall. He pleads that there be no hate or animosity in the hearts of the city officials or those of the demonstrators. Also seen at the kneel-in are Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Slater King, and Dr. William G. Anderson. Next, in a campaign statement from Albany, Carl Sanders describes how he would handle a racially tense situation like Albany's if he were to become governor.  He affirms his belief in law, order, and respect, and condemns those who excite public emotion in potentially violent situations.  He insists that all citizens are obliged to obey laws whether or not they agree with them.  Moreover, he asserts that the courts rather than the streets are the proper place to pursue such legal change.  Sanders accuses Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and others of using the situation in Albany to further their own personal goals; because of this, Sanders feels that King and others should leave Albany. Sanders avows that he will follow the law and will ensure that others do so as well; he closes by stating that he is unaware of any investigations launched by the Justice Department. A pragmatic segregationist, Sanders was elected governor on his \"New South\" platform and served from 1963-1967.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46951","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about race riots in Rochester and New York City, New York, 1964 July 27","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from July 27, 1964, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks about recent race riots in New York City and Rochester, New York and comments on the relationship between civil rights leaders and the riots and possible causes of the riots. Dr. King, sitting at a desk with microphones in front of him, acknowledges that some critics have implied that African American civil rights leaders bear some responsibility for the recent rioting, either by directly causing it or by failing to prevent it. King responds to the implications by highlighting his commitment to nonviolence. He stresses that violence \"creates many more social problems than it solves\" and calls it \"both impractical and immoral.\"  King urges that African Americans in New York City and Rochester end violence and embrace nonviolence.","King continues by emphasizing the need for \"an honest, soul-searching analysis and evaluation of the environmental causes which have spawned the riots.\" He asserts \"an ever-increasing measure of justice and dignity accorded to all persons\" will help achieve peace in New York, Rochester, or Mississippi. After a break in the clip, King suggests measures to help prevent riots including \"elimination of ghettoized housing, discriminatory barriers to jobs, inferior and segregated schools, and discriminatory barriers of the right to vote.\" He cites the results of a survey published in the \u003ci\u003eNew York Times\u003c/i\u003e which shows a majority of African Americans continue to believe nonviolence is more effective in promoting positive change than nonviolence is, but warns that without progress in \"housing, jobs, and schools\" that opinion may change. King believes African American leaders must strongly encourage nonviolence and also strongly encourage white leaders to make progress in \"getting rid of the environmental conditions that cause the riots.\" King invites African American and white \"people of goodwill\" to fight nonviolently against racial and economic oppression. Replying to a question by an unidentified off-screen reporter, King indicates New York mayor Robert F. Wagner, through one of his aides, has invited him to the city where he will speak with African American leaders in Harlem and Brooklyn, two locations of severe rioting. King announces he is willing to go on a \"peace mission\" to Harlem or Rochester in the future and would like to see the community deal with its problems in a nonviolent manner.","Rioting in New York City began on July 10 after an off-duty policeman shot and killed an African American young man the officer said was carrying a knife. One local African American newspaper editor blamed \"leftist civil rights agitators\" for the riots including King, James Farmer of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and James Forman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) among other civil rights leaders; many African Americans in New York discounted the alleged Communist role in the rioting. Rioting in Rochester broke out July 24 after police attempted to arrest several a young African Americans on charges of public intoxication. State leaders put a thousand National Guard troops on stand-by for anti-riot action in Rochester where four people were killed after several days of rioting. A report by the Federal Bureau of Investigation eventually indicated the riots were independent and not communist started or influenced.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn59177","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. returning to Atlanta after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 December 19, and 1965 January 7","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. returning to Atlanta after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 December 19, and 1965 January 7.\u003cp\u003eThe first 5 clips are silent. The opening clip shows African American women and children, probably inside the airport terminal, holding a series of signs that compose the message \"Happy Landing Nobel Peace Prize Winner\". Behind them a man and a woman are holding a sign reading in part \"We are proud of Ambassador\" [the whole sign is not visible]. The next clip is a close-up of the \"Happy Landing\" sign. The next clip is probably outside the airport; a close-up of Dr. King speaking before microphones. There is an unidentified white man (reporter?) next to him. These three clips are probably from his return to Atlanta on Dec. 19, 1964, following his meeting on December 18, 1964 with President Lyndon Johnson in Washington, DC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe next three clips are probably from the convocation held for Dr. King at the S.H. Archer Gymnasium of the Atlanta University Center, January 7, 1965. The two silent clips show an auditorium full of standing people, mostly African Americans, who are applauding. The sound begins in the clip with Dr. King at a podium. He discusses persecution for standing up to evil. This may come as lies or jail time, among other forms of persecution. He mentions Medgar Evers just before the clip ends. There is a brief black slug, then the clip ends with people walking toward the camera.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDr. King returned from Oslo to New York on December 16, 1964. He then met with President Johnson on December 18, 1964 in Washington DC before returning to Atlanta on December 19, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","Supporting information was taken from the following sources: Herbert, Dick. \"Rev. King Returns with Nobel After Meeting with President.\" \u003ci\u003eThe Atlanta Constitution\u003c/i\u003e, 19 Dec. 1964: 3. Web 9 Jan. 2015. \"Center to Honor King Tomorrow.\" \u003ci\u003eThe Atlanta Constitution\u003c/i\u003e, 6 Jan. 1965: 9. Web 9 Jan. 2015.","Cue sheet includes: \"F.M. #19.598\" and has date as 23 March 1970. It is unclear why the broadcast date does not correspond to the dates of the original footage.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Clip number: wsbn59177"]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39373","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of civil rights movement leaders speaking to a mass meeting as well as other scenes typical of the Albany Movement in Albany, Georgia, 1962","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB newsfilm clips, silent scenes show examples of Albany Movement programs in 1962 including marches, direct actions, mass meetings, and press conferences; sound scenes include crowds at a mass meeting singing and listening to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Albany attorney C. B. King, and Albany Movement president Dr. William G. Anderson.  Other civil rights leaders in the clip are Ralph D. Abernathy, Charles Jones, and Andrew Young.  During a night march, Albany police and state patrolmen surround demonstrators as they walk downtown.  Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett speaks to the press from his office.  C. B. King tells the crowd in Mt. Zion Baptist Church that movement leaders had submitted an appeal to the federal courts in which they complained about the mayor, city commission, and city manager, and asked that segregation be done away with in public facilities.  Also in Mt. Zion, Anderson comments on the events of July 24, 1962, when chief federal appellate court judge Elbert P. Tuttle reversed the temporary restraining order against demonstration.  Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. expresses his disappointment of the injunction blocking demonstrations issued by federal district judge J. Robert Elliott and his gratitude for the reversal of that injunction by Judge Tuttle.  He calls the audience to present their bodies as a significant witness by continuing to move and work for freedom and the crowd sings \"Everybody Wants Freedom.\"","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33754","record_class":"Item","title":"WMPS On-the-spot Newscasts, March 28th 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-goreau_12436725330006326","record_class":"Item","title":"LG037 Concert and Interview: Mahalia Jackson; John Hammond; Xernona Clayton","mediums":["interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Side 1: Recordings from Mahalia Jackson Japan/India Tour in May 1971, Mumbai, St. Thomas Cathedral. Side 2: Interview with John Hammond on 1973-08-10. Interview with Xernona Clayton from Atlanta, Georgia, conducted by telephone, continued from Tape ID: LG026. Abstract for India recording, Hammond, and Clayton: [00:00–55:14] LG037Goreau_Side1 contains a recording from Jackson's Japan/India Tour in May 1971, at Mumbai's St. Thomas's Cathedral. [00:00–02:37] LG037Goreau_Side2a begins mid-interview with record producer John Hammond speaking briefly about his time at Mercury, Vanguard, and Columbia records. [02:42–59:20] In this September 16, 1973 interview, Xernona Clayton, civil rights leader and broadcaster, shares various anecdotes about Jackson from different time periods, spanning their meetings in Chicago, Atlanta, and Los Angeles. She describes first meeting Jackson in 1956 in Chicago, at a dinner Jackson made for Clayton and her husband – 04:40. She goes on to discuss how Jackson was a \"quiet, undercover force\" between politicians and civil rights reforms, especially in regards to creating her temple to teach children – 14:45. Clayton also shares her experience of Jackson and Martin Luther King's appearance at the \"Freedom Rally\" in Los Angeles in 1961, an event she helped promote – 42:40. Interview continues on LG037Goreau_Side2b.","This recording was digitized in 2020 as part of a Recordings at Risk grant funded project administered by CLIR, \"Tell the real story of me\": Mahalia Jackson and Black Gospel Quartets in the South.","For further information, please contact Tulane University Special Collections at specialcollections@tulane.edu."]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-goreau_12436785060006326","record_class":"Item","title":"LG029 Interviews: Issac Hockenhull; Jean Childers; Jean and Ken Childers","mediums":["interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Side 1: Interview with Ike Hockenhull on 1972-11-05 in Chicago, Illinois. Interview with Jean Childers on 1972-11-05 in Chicago, Illinois, on Mahalia's almost being with Dr. Martin Luther King on the day he was killed. Side 2: Interview with Jean Childers continued with Ken Childers on 1972-11-05, continued from Tape ID: LG028. Abstract for Jean Childers and Ken Childers: [00:00–30:34] On LG029Goreau_Side1, Jean Childers, Jackson's secretary, interviewed in Chicago, Illinois, discusses how they nearly missed being with Dr. Martin Luther King in Memphis on the day he was assassinated, due to Jackson \"refusing to fly that day\" because of weather conditions in Nashville and plane engine concerns. On LG029Goreau_Side2, Childers explains how they got from Nashville to Atlanta for the memorial service and funeral. She shares interactions Jackson had with Bobby Kennedy - 5:00, and other celebrities – 7:00. [10:00 - 30:34] The interview continues with both Jean and Ken Childers, an architect and Jean's husband. Ken talks about his participation in productions of The Swing Mikado and The Hot Mikado - 10:00. Jean and Ken talk about other celebrities at the King funeral and memorial service - 12:40. Jean tells a story about Marlon Brando wanting to meet Mahalia on the plane returning to California after the funeral, and how Jean did not recognize him - 14:20. Others on the plane were Tony Franciosa and James Baldwin. They share anecdotes about Jackson's lack of attention to business transactions and some financial affairs - 17:45 and Jackson's interests in her own culinary skills - 21:00. They continue talking about a show where Mahalia performed with Minters Galloway backstage. The conversation finishes with Ken discussing how he advised Mahalia on real estate in Chicago.","This recording was digitized in 2017 by George Blood, LP.","For further information, please contact Tulane University Special Collections at specialcollections@tulane.edu."]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-goreau_12436779310006326","record_class":"Item","title":"LG017 Interviews: Reverend Ralph Abernathy; Juanita Abernathy","mediums":["interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Side 1: Interview with Reverend Ralph Abernathy at the SCLC Headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia on 1972-12-14. Side 2: Interview with Juanita Abernathy on 1972-12-18, conducted by telephone to Atlanta, Georgia. Abstract for Ralph Abernathy and Juanita Abernathy: [00:00–59:16] On LG017Goreau_Side1a, in this December 14, 1972 interview, activist Reverend Ralph Abernathy speaks about his first meeting with Jackson in Montgomery, Alabama in 1956, noting that she was the first artist to give a concert to raise funds for the Civil Rights Movement. He speaks about the founding and foreground of the SCLC, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and Jackson's role in it. Rev. Abernathy speaks about the beginnings of his relationship with Dr. King – 14:01 and goes on to describe the atmosphere of his neighborhood and home, providing context to the violence he faced and the bombing that occurred there in 1956 – 16:14. They speak about Jackson's contributions to the founding of SCLC and her ideas for organizing the Black community, especially in Chicago – 23:11, referencing the Rally for Civil Rights that she helped organize at Soldier Field – 31:36. He goes on to discuss the attack on the march in Gage Park, Chicago in 1966, recalling Jackson as both a comforting presence and a useful contact between SCLC and Chicago politicians – 35:31. Abernathy discusses their relationship after King's assassination – 43:01 and Jackson's thoughts on the Women's Liberation movement – 45:42, along with discussion about Jackson's relationships with Minters Galloway, Reverend Joe Mays, and Russell Roberts – 47:17. [00:00–02:08] LG017Goreau_Side1b continues from Reverend Abernathy's interview with a touching statement on his views of Jackson as a person and singer. [00:21–21:43] LG017Goreau_Side2 features a December 18, 1972 interview with Juanita Abernathy, who describes her first meeting with Jackson in Montgomery in 1956. They speak about the meals they ate and the people who congregated at the house as they held meetings and performances for the bus boycott. They discuss the SCLC board meeting in Charleston, where Jackson vouched for Reverend and Juanita Abernathy for SCLC leadership, which was in contention with Jesse Jackson – 09:20. She describes Jackson's commitment to the movement and her concern with the well being of others, which Abernathy attributes to her deep religious convictions – 15:35.","This recording was digitized in 2017 by George Blood, LP.","For further information, please contact Tulane University Special Collections at specialcollections@tulane.edu."]},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-855","record_class":"Item","title":"Video Recording of Andrew J. Young Promotes Muhammad Ali's Champ Shoe Polish, 1980s","mediums":["television programs"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew J. Young hosts a press conference with Hosea Williams to promote Muhammad Ali's shoe polish business."]},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0214","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio Recording of Radio Show Special Event \"King, from Atlanta to the Mountain Top\" a tribute to Martin Luther  King Jr., 1987  Part 1","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0215","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio Recording of Radio Show Special Event \"King, from Atlanta to the Mountain Top\" a tribute to Martin Luther  King Jr., 1987  Part 2","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0225","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio Recording of Radio Program on Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement, undated","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0989","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio Recording of A. Young Speaking at Dedication of Martin Luther King Jr. International Chapel at Morehouse College, ca.1978","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_wsfa_2823","record_class":"Item","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D130.0003","mediums":["film (material by form)"],"dcterms_description":["Report on the March Against Fear through Mississippi, which had been started by James Meredith in Memphis, Tennessee, on June 5. (Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out was unable to rejoin the march until June 25.) Included is footage of the participants at campsites and on rural roads; a joint interview with leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Stokely Carmichael, during which they discuss their opposing viewpoints of non-violence and the Black Power movement; and the arrival of the demonstrators in downtown Canton, Mississippi."]},{"record_id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol3no11","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern school news","mediums":["periodicals"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 3, Issue 11. May 1957. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."]},{"record_id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol4no5","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern school news","mediums":["periodicals"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 4, Issue 5. November 1957. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."]},{"record_id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol9no7","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern school news","mediums":["periodicals"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 9, Issue 7. January 1963. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_donald-hollowell-1917-2004","record_class":"Item","title":"Donald Hollowell (1917-2004)","mediums":["articles"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Donald Hollowell, one of a handful of black lawyers practicing civil rights law in the 1950s and 1960s, who was instrumental in the movement to desegregate public institutions throughout Georgia. Hollowell provided counsel to student activists during the Atlanta sit-ins, defended Martin Luther King Jr. and other demonstrators as part of the Albany Movement, and successfully litigated the landmark case integrating the University of Georgia. In 1966 he became the first African American regional director of a major federal agency when U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him to oversee the southeastern regional office of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Born in 1917 in Wichita, Kansas, Hollowell dropped out of high school to help support his family during the Great Depression.In 1935 he enlisted in the army, where he served in the segregated Tenth Cavalry Regiment, better known as the Buffalo Soldiers and reached the rank of Private First Class Specialist Five by 1938. He then withdrew from regular service to continue his education at Lane College, an all-black school in Jackson, Tennessee, where he excelled in the classroom and on the athletic field as a three-sport athlete. Hollowell was recalled to active service in 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor which resulted in the United States entering World War II. Hollowell was stationed at Fort Benning before deployment overseas and then transferred to the European theater, where he again served with distinction, rising to the rank of captain by war's end. After the war, he enrolled in law school at Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois, earning a law degree in 1951. He moved to Atlanta where he established a law practice and soon became active in the civil rights movement in Georgia. In 2000 the Donald L. Hollowell Foundation was established to assist with the educational and social needs of children and seniors in Georgia. Hollowell died in Atlanta on December 27, 2004.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"]},{"record_id":"ugabma_walb_walb00021","record_class":"Item","title":"WALB newsfilm clip of police chief Laurie Pritchett speaking about the arrest of kneel-in participants earlier in the day in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 27","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WALB newsfilm clip from July 27, 1962, Albany, Georgia, police chief Laurie Pritchett speaks to reporters in a press conference held in his office about the arrest of city hall kneel-in participants earlier that day. Chief Pritchett recounts that demonstrators announced that they came to city hall to speak with city commissioners; since the commission was not scheduled to meet again until August 7, Pritchett agreed to speak to the group on the commission's behalf.  Pritchett reports that the kneel-in participants refused his offer for discussion; they also declined to leave the sidewalk and began to pray, creating a \"general disturbance\" in the Albany uptown area.  Police arrested the demonstrators after asking them to either come inside or leave the property four times.  Pritchett asserts that he knew the time the group was scheduled to arrive, and views the demonstration as a \"prearranged affair.\"  Near the end of the clip, Albany mayor Asa D. Kelley is seen among the reporters.  The kneel-in was led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) as well as Dr. William G. Anderson and Slater King, president and vice president of the Albany Movement.  Rev. Abernathy prayed for the city and its leaders, as well as the civil rights movement and its leaders before the police arrested the group.  A second kneel-in at city hall, led by Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) member Charles Jones, took place later that day and led to more arrests.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WALB News Film collection.","Title provided by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_walb_walb00057","record_class":"Item","title":"WALB newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encouraging an audience in their pursuit of civil rights in Mt. Zion Baptist Church in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WALB newsfilm clip from July, 1962, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to a full house at a mass meeting held at Mt. Zion Baptist church in Albany, Georgia; he motivates the audience and encourages their pursuit of civil rights. King says \"Let us stick together. Let us stay together. When these mass meetings are called, let us be present. And when something else is called, let us be ready. And if necessary, we must be willing to fill up the jails all over the state of Georgia.\"  The audience responds to King's words with applause. King came to Albany at the request of the Albany Movement to lend support to local civil rights efforts. One strategy  employed during  the civil rights movement  was to overwhelm local officials by filling prisons with demonstrators from mass protests. In response, Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett arranged for the housing of protesters in jails in the surrounding Georgia counties.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WALB News Film collection.","Title provided by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_walb_walb00014","record_class":"Item","title":"WALB newsfilm clip of Martin Luther King, Jr. answering reporters' questions about a federal injunction barring civil rights protests in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 21","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WALB newsfilm clip from July 21, 1962, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. answers reporters' questions from the steps of Albany City Hall in Albany, Georgia, after being served with a federal injunction barring civil rights protests.  The clip begins with King leaving city hall after receiving the restraining order, accompanied by Dr. William G. Anderson, president of the Albany Movement, and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).  As the men exit the building, reporters waiting outside begin questioning King.  When asked if the restraining order means the end of mass demonstrations, King responds that a decision will be made after he, Anderson, and Abernathy review the papers and confer with movement lawyers. In response to another reporter's question, King mentions that Donald L. Hollowell, one of the Albany Movement lawyers, is back in Atlanta.  Hollowell had flown to New Orleans to request that the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals consider reversing the restraining order.  Another reporter asks King if he knew of the injunction prior to arriving at city hall at 2:00 pm.  King reveals that he had heard the previous night that there was an attempt to get an injunction, and that it had been discussed at a mass meeting held that evening. He expected a state court to issue an injunction, but was surprised that a federal court agreed to do so.  King explains that he and many of the other civil rights leaders in Albany were unavailable earlier in the day because they wanted to discuss issues as a group before the injunction was issued; he declines to reveal where they met.  He then informs the reporters that they may reach movement leadership with further questions through the law offices of C. B. King, or the office of Dr. Anderson; he  also notes that he anticipates a press conference will be held from Dr. Anderson's office later in the day.  Finally, King emphasizes that he considers the injunction unjust, and confirms that the leadership will appeal the decision to the Fifth Circuit Court.  Albany city officials obtained a temporary restraining order from federal judge J. Robert Elliott on July 21 prohibiting protests and other mass demonstrations led by those named in the injunction.  Movement lawyers C. B. King of Albany and Donald Hollowell of Atlanta, working with other regional and national civil rights lawyers, successfully convinced chief federal appellate court judge Elbert P. Tuttle to reverse the injunction on July 24.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WALB News Film collection.","Title provided by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"aar_wsfa_1316","record_class":"Item","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D073.0016","mediums":["color films (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["The following segments are included: 0:00:01: Silent footage of a meeting of the Macon County Abolition Committee, which was created by a constitutional amendment in December 1957 and met for the first time on January 6, 1958. Membership consisted of state representatives and senators from Bullock, Elmore, Lee, Macon, Montgomery, and Tallapoosa Counties; among those visible here are Senator Sam Engelhardt (chairman) and Senator Vaughan Hill Robison. This footage was likely shot in early August 1958, after the body recommended the creation of a permanent committee to monitor civil rights activity in the county. (For the text of the 1959 resolution establishing the Macon County Standby Committee, see Act No. 17 at https://archive.org/details/alabama-acts-1959_v1/page/n39.) 0:00:52: Senator Sam Engelhardt reporting on the final recommendation of the Macon County Abolition Committee on August 4, 1958: \"The committee finds that conditions in Macon County are very serious due to activities of certain elements at the Tuskegee Institute and the Tuskegee Veterans Hospital. We find that these conditions continue to exist, that serious trouble or, rather, dissolution of the county is imminent. The main part of our recommendations today is the establishment of a permanent Macon County committee to watch conditions in Macon County and contiguous counties very closely. As I said before, the, if this trend continues, the only answer is to dissolve Macon County.\" 0:01:42: Attorney General John Patterson with Grady Rogers, Macon County registrar, during a hearing of the United States Commission on Civil Rights at the Federal Building in Montgomery, Alabama, on December 8, 1958. Grady was one of several county officials who refused to be sworn in or testify during the two-day hearing, which was held to investigate voting rights violations in Alabama. The six commission members can also be seen a various points in the segment (left to right): Doyle E. Carlton, J. Ernest Wilkins, John A. Hannah (chairman), Robert G. Storey, John S. Battle, and Reverend Theodore M. Hesburgh. 0:02:28: Voting tallies for Autauga County, Alabama, during the Democratic primary election on May 6, 1958. The following candidates are listed along the top of the chalkboard: James A. Rice (incumbent) and W. B. Dominick for probate judge; Ellie Chambliss, Norris Champion, W. E. Evans, George Grant (incumbent), James Stanfield, and Obie C. Thompson for sheriff; Louis Coker, E. A. Grouby (incumbent), Leon Pearson, and Walter O. Summerville for state representative; Joe W. Graham and Alex Hayes for state senator; and James A. Golson and J. H. Bruce (incumbent) for county board of education. The footage is silent. 0:02:41: Montgomery attorney Frank Mizell, a proponent of states' rights, criticizing the ongoing use of oaths pledging loyalty to the national Democratic Party, a measure endorsed by Roy Mayhall, chairman of the State Democratic Executive Committee: \"As a member of the State Democratic Executive Committee, I believe the allegiance and duties of this party governing body are owed absolutely to the Democrats of our state and not to some in-state manipulators and out-of-state party dictators who, through the political device of the loyalty gag rule would pawn the ballot of every free Alabama Democrat to national candidates unnamed and unknown, delivering the Alabama Democratic electorate like cattle into a Chicago political stockyard.\" 0:03:20: Martin Luther King Jr. and his wife, Coretta, arriving at Dannelly Field in Montgomery, Alabama, on October 24, 1958. A large group of supporters from the Montgomery Improvement Association and Dexter Avenue Baptist Church were waiting at the airport to welcome the couple home. (King had been recuperating in New York, where he was stabbed by a woman in a store on September 27.) The footage is silent. 0:03:35: Statement by Senator John Sparkman defending states' rights in the wake of ongoing federal efforts to promote civil rights and integration, particularly through U.S. Supreme Court decisions. 0:04:36: Statement by Senator Lister Hill predicting Democratic victories in the upcoming election on November 4, 1958, as well as the presidential election of 1960. The segment begins with a silent clip of Hill addressing the Alabama Labor Council conference at Garrett Coliseum in Montgomery on October 28. 0:05:08: On-the-street interviews with voters about a statement made by a Democratic party official, possibly Roy Mayhall, who was head of the State Democratic Executive Committee in 1958. Each response is vague but negative, and the segment ends with the following comment: \"Oh, I don't think that's very brilliant for a man that's head of the party. That's about all I have to say about it. Maybe we should have a third party down here.\" 0:05:59: Footage of several wrecks and accidents, including a crushed automobile on a highway, a crashed plane in a wooded area, and a derailed train on a rural stretch of track. Also included is a shot of highway patrolman performing a \"courtesy check,\" which was a traffic safety program instituted by the Alabama Department of Public Safety in 1958. The footage is silent. 0:07:16: Installation of new equipment at the U.S. Weather Bureau station at Dannelly Field in Montgomery. The footage is silent. 0:07:28: Dogs from Kilby Prison being led by law enforcement officers and African American inmates, possibly in search of a suspect or an escaped inmate. The footage is silent. 0:07:48: Bill Lyerly, director of the Alabama Department of Public Safety, making a statement about the return of murder suspect Byron Scroggins on March 30, 1958. Scroggins, who was accused of killing pharmacist Jamie Long Meigs in Centreville on February 12, had been arrested by police in Columbus, Mississippi. 0:08:50: Footage of various satellite and Air Force missile launches in 1958. Also included are interviews with a brigadier general on the future of space flight: \"The next would be a man-carrying vehicle which would go around the moon and return to Earth without landing. And, of course, the important one that everybody hopes to see is the man lunar landing, stay a short while and return to Earth, and I emphasize, safely. . . . I expect to see it. I think ten years seems to be a conservative estimate of when this will be possible to put a man on the moon and get him back..\" 0:10:39: Silent footage of a groundbreaking ceremony, possibly for a church in Montgomery. 0:10:50: Exterior and interior shots of the new Montgomery County courthouse on Washington Avenue. Construction was completed in late 1957, and county officials and staff moved into the building on January 2, 1958. The footage is silent. 0:10:59: Opening of the East Montgomery YMCA on Pelzer Avenue on January 15, 1958. The footage is silent. 0:11:10: Governor James P. Coleman signing legislation authorizing Mississippi's participation in the Tombigbee-Tennessee Waterway Development Compact in a ceremony at the First Christian Church of Columbus on May 2, 1958. Seated with him are Lieutenant Governor Carroll Gartin of Mississippi and Governor Jim Folsom of Alabama. The compact, first approved by the Alabama Legislature in 1957, was established to promote the development of an interstate canal connecting the Tombigbee and Tennessee Rivers. This silent segment begins with a shot of Folsom arriving at an airport aboard an Air National Guard plane. (For the text of the compact, see Act No. 355 at https://archive.org/details/alabama-acts-1957_v1/page/n465.) 0:11:39: Lee High School band returning to Montgomery from Chicago on July 12, 1958. The students had led the Lions International parade on July 9, and they won fourth place in a band competition sponsored by the organization. 0:11:53: Silent footage of a high school ROTC team practicing outside, probably in Montgomery. 0:12:06: Judge Walter B. Jones receiving an award from the National Press Photographers Association at the Montgomery County courthouse on February 21, 1958. L. P. Patterson, managing editor of the Montgomery Advertiser, presented the citation on behalf of the organization because of Jones's willingness to allow photographers into his courtroom. Though the footage is silent, an account published in the Birmingham News on February 23 (\"Press photographers honor Jones, Wheeler\") quotes Jones as saying, \"When you deny the people of the press, you deny the people the right to know what is going on in their government.\" 0:12:42: Five-year-old Debbie Golden and her mother boarding at plane at Dannelly Field in Montgomery on March 11, 1958. They were headed to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, where Debbie was scheduled to have heart surgery on March 22. Citizens in Montgomery donated $4,000 to pay for the operation and travel, and Tine W. Davis (president of Kwik-Check grocery stores) lent his personal plane for the trip. The footage is silent. 0:13:12: Clips of various press conferences held by Governor John Patterson throughout 1959. Among the subjects discussed are the following: a legislative screening committee that reviewed all bills related to segregation (0:13:12); a request by the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights to see voting records in Dallas and Wilcox Counties (0:13:55); administrative problems at the Seafoods Division of the Department of Conservation in January 1959 (0:14:36); small-loan legislation, the possibility of a special legislative session, and continued industrial growth in Alabama despite the state's \"race problems\" (0:15:08); divorce laws, possibly in relation to a current legislative bill (0:16:59); intervention by federal civil rights agents and the commission hearings in December 1958 (0:17:37); his decision on October 29 to commute the death sentence of Frank Flowers, an African American man who had been convicted of murdering his wife (0:19:07); current conditions in Phenix City, \"a clean town\" with \"no organized vice or crime . . . of any consequence\" (0:20:08); the \"ample tools\" in place to enforce school segregation in the state, including \"the school placement law, the freedom of choice amendment, and the power in the local school board to close a school in the case of disorder or violence\" (0:20:50); his endorsement of John F. Kennedy as the presidential nominee in 1960 (0:22:16); the Patterson family cat's difficulty in adjusting to life at the Governor's Mansion (0:23:04); and his plans for Thanksgiving and a moose hunting trip in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, in November."]},{"record_id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol9no2","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern school news","mediums":["periodicals"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 9, Issue 2. August 1962. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."]},{"record_id":"suc_idn_idn2372","record_class":"Item","title":"Speech, January 15, 1981, Birthday Celebration, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Wofford College","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Four pages of a typewritten speech dated January 15, 1981 that commemorates the achievements of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on the anniversary of his birth. The speech emphasizes King's concern for the economically and socially disadvantaged, and warns against acting in self-centeredness. The speech refers to calls to service made by presidents John F. Kennedy and Jimmy Carter, and the importance of demonstrating love to others. The speech calls attention to the poverty rate in South Carolina, and emphasizes that the proper way to remember King is to dedicate oneself to the promotion of his ideals.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"suc_idn_idn2464","record_class":"Item","title":"Sermon on visions","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Five page handwritten sermon on visions and visionary leaders. The sermon defines both heavenly and earthly visions, and cites examples numerous secular visionaries and religious leaders that include Christopher Columbus, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Edison, the Wright brothers, Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, John Wycliffe, John Bunyan, John Knox, John Wesley, and Martin Luther King, Jr. The sermon also emphasizes that there is risk involved in the implementation of a leader's vision, and relates that a new church venture was inspired by a personal vision.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"dde_ddetimeline_545","record_class":"Item","title":"Photograph of Dwight D. Eisenhower at a White House meeting to discuss civil rights issues","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Black-and-white photograph from a June 23, 1958 meeting between President Dwight D. Eisenhower and members of his administration and African American civil rights leaders. African American civil rights leaders had sought the meeting with President Eisenhower and his administration in order to encourage support of the civil rights movement.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1605","record_class":"Item","title":"Freedom Rides","mediums":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the 1961 Freedom Rides, public bus trips undertaken by racially integrated groups through the Deep South to test the enforcement of a newly enacted court order prohibiting segregation in interstate bus terminals. The riders were met with hostility and violence in a number of states, but they encountered some of the worst violence in Alabama. Civil authorities at the state and local levels actively refrained from protecting the participants from violent mobs, forcing the federal government to intervene. The nonviolent protests played a key role in publicizing the hostility facing the civil rights movement.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"dde_eisenhowercivilrightsfiles_eisenhowercivilrightsfilescr","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights-- Eisenhower \u0026 the Eisenhower administration","mediums":["letters (correspondence)","memorandums","reports","photographs"],"dcterms_description":["This online collection includes Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr.'s cabinet paper summarizing the various steps taken by the Eisenhower administration to end racial segregation and discrimination in education, transportation, and hospitals; a press release praising the administration's contributions towards civil rights released by Val J. Washington, the Republican National Committee Director of Minorities; a memo from E. Frederic Morrow, Eisenhower's Administrative Officer for Special Projects and an African American, to Chief-of-Staff Sherman Adams regarding the repeated requests of African American leaders seeking to meet with President Eisenhower about race relations in the United States; a twenty-five page paper presenting contextual information about the origins of racial tension in the U.S.; correspondence between President Eisenhower and Rev. Billy Graham about methods by which ministers could promote progress and understanding of race relations; a letter from the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, J. Edgar Hoover to William H. Jackson, the Special Assistant to President Eisenhower about the monograph \"The Communist Party and the Negro from 1953-1956\"; a letter from Representative Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. urging President Eisenhower to make a statement in support of racial harmony in the South; a memo from Cabinet Secretary Maxwell Rabb to Sherman Adams regarding the proposed May 17, 1957 march at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.; a memo from E. Frederic Morrow to Sherman Adams addressing a meeting between African American leaders and President Eisenhower; a memo from Maxwell Rabb to Sherman Adams discussing the meeting of Dr. Martin Luther King and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy and Vice President Richard M. Nixon on June 13, 1957; a memo from Maxwell Rabb to Sherman Adams discussing when and which African American leaders would meet with President Eisenhower; a memo detailing the recommendations reached after the meeting with African American leaders on June 23, 1958; a letter from NAACP Executive Director Roy Wilkins to President Eisenhower expressing gratitude for holding meeting with leaders; a memo from Rocco Siciliano, the Special Assistant to President Eisenhower declaring the meeting \"an unqualified success;\" and a memo prepared by E. Frederic Morrow entitled \"Student Protest Movement in the South, March 7, 1960\" which discusses the sit-in protest of four freshman from North Carolina A\u0026T College on February 1, 1960 at a Woolworth store in Greensboro, N.C.","\"The 1950s were a significant time period in the history of civil rights in this country.  The Eisenhower Administration worked quietly on this front.  The following documents include official government reports on civil rights, as well as President Eisenhower's personal views on this issue.\"--Eisenhower Library Web site.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_35","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with John Washington, 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including John Washington, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn37463","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights leaders visiting with president Dwight D. Eisenhower and A. Philip Randolph, vice president of the AFL-CIO speaks to reporters about the visit, Washington D.C., 1958 June 23","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from the White House in Washington, D.C. on June 23, 1958, civil rights leaders visit with United States president Dwight D. Eisenhower, and A. Philip Randolph, vice president of the AFL-CIO and founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, speaks to reporters about the visit.","The clip begins with Randolph speaking to reporters as they stand outside. Randolph indicates the civil rights leaders were impressed with the president's attitude toward civil rights. He continues with his belief that the president is working towards \"achieving first-class citizenship for Negroes.\" Next in a silent portion, civil rights leaders meet with the president and other administration officials in the Oval Office in the White House. In addition to Randolph and Eisenhower, the men include Lester B. Granger, secretary of the National Urban League; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); E. Frederic Morrow, White House administrative officer; Attorney General William P. Rogers; Rocco Siciliano, assistant to the president; and Roy Wilkins, executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Cameramen and reporters wait for the men outside. African American civil rights leaders had sought the meeting with president Eisenhower and his administration in order to encourage support of the civil rights movement.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38953","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy, and Albany Movement president Dr. William G. Anderson speak after King and Abernathy were mysteriously released from jail in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 12","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy, and Albany Movement president Dr. William G. Anderson speak at a press conference on July 12, 1962 upon their release from jail.","Both King and Abernathy were released from serving a forty-five-day jail sentence when an unknown person purportedly paid their fines. King and Abernathy had been arrested in Albany, Georgia during a march in December 1961, and decided to serve time rather than pay a fine if they were found guilty. Albany city officials, aware of the media attention King received while in jail, arranged a plan and released the two leaders saying a \"well-dressed Negro\" had paid their fines. Although released from jail, Abernathy affirms that he and King will stay in Albany to continue working with the Albany Movement as private, concerned citizens interested in settlement and discussion of the dismissal of charges against seven hundred Albany citizens who had also been arrested. Anderson says that the Albany Movement is open to negotiations with the city of Albany. Behind King, Abernathy, and Anderson, Wyatt Walker, Executive Secretary for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and Slater King, vice-president for the Albany Movement, are seen. City leaders repeatedly refused to negotiate while demonstrations persisted, but during the press conference, King asserts that the movement will not be intimidated into inaction or retreat. The concerns of the Albany Movement, according to King, will be resolved when the city of Albany accepts integration as the law of the land. Accepting the \"Albany Manifesto\" with its five proposals of the Albany Movement regarding the desegregation of parks, train and bus stations, and release of citizens arrested in the protests would be a temporary solution that would clear the way for discussion. King was, in part, upset because his own jail release had been accelerated by city officials (who paid his bail) in an attempt to minimize his publicity; he had been counting on serving the jail time to offset the criticism of other activists who claimed he was unwilling to suffer the discomforts that he encouraged others to endure for the movement. The clip ends with King speaking at a mass meeting held at Mt. Zion Baptist Church.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"dlg_efhf_efhf2","record_class":"Item","title":"Ed Friend's Highlander Folk School film, 1957: Part 2","mediums":["unedited footage","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent film taken by Ed Friend for the Georgia Commission on Education at the Highlander Folk School in Monteagle, Tennessee in September 1957, groups of white and African American men and women leave the Highlander Folk School library; an interracial group swims in a pond; and still photos show more integration at the school's twenty-fifth anniversary celebration. The film is in two parts; the first section, shot in color, shows the swimmers and the library and the second section shows black-and-white still photos taken by Friend.","Part two of the film consists of about twenty black-and-white still photos taken during the weekend celebration; many of the pictures in the film correspond to pictures in the broadside published by the Georgia Commission on Education. The first two pictures, duplicated on the second page of the broadside, show an African American man and a white woman apparently dancing and reaching around each other to clap their hands. The next image is of an integrated group of dancers. One of the men identified in the image is Harry Schneiderman from Chicago whose wife was from Atlanta. The next two images show integrated groups of dancers, some holding hands. Another image duplicated on page two of the broadside shows an integrated audience, apparently listening to a speaker. Individuals identified in the image include Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Abner W. Berry, Aubrey Williams, Rosa Parks, and Myles Horton, founder of the Highlander Folk School. An image of Ralph Helstein and Abner W. Berry, from page three of the broadside, shows the two men as they speak to a few people gathered around them. Helstein, at the time of the Highlander anniversary, was president of the United Packing House Workers of America. The next two images show people standing behind a curtain and an African American man holding what seem to be note cards as he stands near the curtain. Next, an African American man who wears a uniform stands behind two white women. The following photograph depicts white women serving African American men who are seated at a table. A close-up of Myles Horton, director of Highlander Folk School, follows a picture of an interracial group. The Horton picture is also printed on the first page of the Georgia Commission on Education broadside. Pictures of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Aubrey Williams, included on the second page of the broadside, are also in the clip. An African American man, possibly Atlanta activist and lawyer A. T. Walden, and a white man sit on a stage together. Interspersed with repeating images of an audience and the dancers clapping from the beginning of the section is a picture of Dr. King speaking with an unidentified white man. The section ends with an image of books and papers sitting on a table; one advertises the causes of World War Three.","Myles Horton and Don West began the Highlander Folk School in 1932 as an adult education center to teach the principles of self-organization and governance. During the 1930s and through the first part of the 1950s, the school focused on helping labor unions organize; about the time of the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court decision, the school's focus turned toward civil rights and integration. The school developed programs to teach literacy and help citizens prepare to register to vote through its citizenship schools. It was influential in training volunteers for the 1964 Freedom Summer in Mississippi. Long accused of communist connections, Highlander was shut down by the Tennessee state government in 1961. The school then moved to its current location in Knoxville, Tennessee as the Highlander Research and Education Center.","Title provided by cataloger.","\"Integrated in All Respects\" is a project of the Digital Library of Georgia in association with the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies and the Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection."]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-ayoung_48322","record_class":"Item","title":"1980-08-20 and 1980-08-21, Andrew Young Interviewee: Atlanta, Georgia:","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew Young Interviewee: Atlanta, Georgia, 1980 August 20 - 21 [Box 138, Item 23, Side 1and 2]. Continuation of comments regarding the Vietnam Peace Movement, the Poor People's Campaign and Memphis, including events leading up to King's Assassination. Additional topics covered include Lyndon B. Johnson's attitude toward Martin Luther King, Jr. and the \"I've Been to the Mountaintop\" speech."]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-ayoung_48404","record_class":"Item","title":"1981-07-27, Dorothy Cotton Interviewee: Atlanta, Georgia:","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Dorothy Cotton Interviewee: Atlanta, Georgia, 1981 July 27 [Box 140, Item 14, Side 1 and 2]. Tom Dent interviews Dorothy Cotton. Discussion topics include the Dorchester Citizenship Education Program; working with Septima Clark, Bernice Robinson, Andrew Young, and Fannie Lou Hamer; their use of music; nonviolence; comments on Southern Movement with John Lewis, comments on a movie about Martin Luther King, Jr. and the movement in Selma, AL; Martin Luther King Jr. assassination; and assessment of Andrew Young."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39610","record_class":"Item","title":"KING ON THE FRUSTRATION OF ALLOWING THE LEGAL ACTIONS TO TAKE THEIR SLOW COURSE","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53565","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. escorting Coretta Scott King away from Hartsfield International Airport immediately after learning about the death of her husband, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 4","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip dated April 4, 1968, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s  personal secretary Dora McDonald accompany Coretta Scott King through an Atlanta airport terminal to an Atlanta city police escort vehicle just moments after Mrs. King has been notified of her husband 's assassination in Memphis, Tennessee; later in the clip, visitors walk up the front steps of the King residence in Atlanta, where the front door is guarded by police officers.","The clip, recorded with sound, begins with Coretta Scott King walking through an airport towards an airport terminal. She is accompanied by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s personal secretary Dora McDonald on her right, and Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. on her left. An African American police officer wearing a red cap follows behind Allen; the officer is carrying a raincoat. They walk past a sign that points toward the airplane terminal, then pass through a set of swinging doors.","The clip breaks; in the next shot, the group has moved outdoors where it is evening. There is a persistent loud noise, presumably the sound of airplane engines. McDonald assists Coretta Scott King into the rear passenger-side seat of a white police car, while Allen holds the door. The camera turns toward two unidentified young African American boys, who cry as they are held by an unidentified African American man. McDonald comforts one of the boys by gently cradling the sides of his head. A high-ranking white Atlanta police officer wearing a uniform closes the rear passenger-side door to the police car after Coretta Scott King has been seated. Allen opens the front passenger-side door and enters the vehicle. McDonald prepares to enter the vehicle after Allen. The clip breaks, then resumes on what appears to be the reflection of a car door taken at night; the background noise of airplane engines has ended, and is replaced by the sound of muffled voices. Next, in another evening shot, two unidentified men wearing overcoats and hats walk up the front steps of the King residence on 234 Sunset Avenue in Atlanta; they are filmed from the back. The two men are greeted by two African American officers guarding the doorway; the officers are wearing red raincoats and police caps.","Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee, where he had accompanied other leaders from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to support local sanitation workers in a labor strike. Upon notification that her husband had been wounded, Coretta Scott King was rushed to the Atlanta airport by a police escort arranged by Mayor Allen. The mayor had made arrangements to hold Eastern Airlines flight 399, headed for Memphis at 8:25 that evening for Coretta Scott King; the flight had already been delayed due to heavy rain. While Coretta Scott King waited at the airport to board the flight, Mayor Allen was notified by airline officials that King had died in Memphis; he in turn broke the news to Coretta Scott King. With the knowledge that her husband had died, Coretta Scott King returned back from the airport to the King family home. She flew to Memphis the next morning to retrieve King's body in a plane chartered for her by Senator Robert F. Kennedy.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Research determines that the portion of the clip that includes Ivan Allen, Dora McDonald, and Coretta Scott King took place on the evening of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, April 4, 1968. Events are described in Christine Farris King's 2009 book Through It All: Reflections On My Life, My Family, and My Faith. New York: Atria Books, pp. 128-130; and Gary Pomerantz's 1996 book Where Peachtree Meets Sweet Auburn: The Saga of Two Families and the Making of Atlanta. New York: Lisa Drew Books/Scribner, pp. 354-355."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42439","record_class":"Item","title":"Ann Steel hopes Coretta King will continue her husband's work.","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Reporter:  Gallman, Abe, 1942-.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn50205","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about \"black power\" and segregationist Lester Maddox's campaign for governor, Atlanta, Georgia, 1966 October 9","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Atlanta, Georgia, on October 9, 1966 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks about \"black power\" and segregationist Lester Maddox's campaign for governor of Georgia. The first three clips are silent shots of Dr. King sitting at a table at an outdoor press conference surrounded by reporters and photographers; the first clip is from the front while the next two are from the side. The sound section begins with King apparently responding to a question, clarifying that he believes in the idea of \"black power\" if it means \"amassing political and economic strength so that the Negro can achieve his legitimate goals.\"  He condemns the connotations of separatism and violence that surround the phrase declaring that \"there is no salvation of the Negro through isolation\" and that violence \"only serves to relieve the guilt of the white community while increasing their fears.\"  Another silent section focuses for a moment on a woman who is standing on a balcony and looking down on the press conference below. This is followed by a silent shot from the side showing King speaking and a tape machine recording; there are also silent shots of men taking notes. Next King asserts that gubernatorial candidate Lester Maddox cannot stop the civil rights movement; continuing King suggests that Maddox through his extremism unites African Americans and white moderates. He concludes that the civil rights movement will continue whether or not Maddox is elected. This is followed by several silent shots of the event and cameras filming. At 1:54 there is a close-up of the WSB News camera and an unidentified cameraman. The final clips are various angles showing King speaking. \u003cp\u003eThe philosophy of \"black power\" as embraced and endorsed by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) supported African American independence and even supremacy over white citizens and culture. The move by SNCC and CORE towards \"black power\" increased the tensions and division between these organizations and other civil rights groups including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which remained more concerned with obtaining legal rights and economic opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ere_c137_56998","record_class":"Item","title":"Ebony Herald: Happy Birthday, January 1984","mediums":["newspapers"],"dcterms_description":["The Ebony Herald, January 1984, Happy Birthday. The Ebony Herald was the first minority publication of East Carolina University. It was printed from 1975 through 1984."]},{"record_id":"geh_byd_5017","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Birth Home","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["View of the exterior of Martin Luther King Jr.'s birth home in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia.","In 1929, Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in the two-story, Queen Anne style house at 501 Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia. King lived there with his family until 1941. Restoration of the King birth home began in 1974 as part of the National Park Service’s plan to establish and administer the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, which includes the birth home, Ebenezer Baptist Church, and the civil rights leader’s gravesite."]},{"record_id":"geh_byd_5018","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Birth Home","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["View of the living room at Martin Luther King Jr.'s birth home in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia.","In 1929, Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in the two-story, Queen Anne style house at 501 Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia. King lived there with his family until 1941. Restoration of the King birth home began in 1974 as part of the National Park Service’s plan to establish and administer the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, which includes the birth home, Ebenezer Baptist Church, and the civil rights leader’s gravesite."]},{"record_id":"gych_rogp_088","record_class":"Item","title":"Wilie Bolden, 07 October 2009.","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Bolden discusses his early years and his work as a civil rights activist. He provides an overview of his activity with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the Poor People's Campaign, and the Summer Community Organization for Political Education (SCOPE). Specifically, he addresses his work with voter registration drives in Albany, Georgia, the efforts to integrate hotels and restaurants in St. Augustine, Florida, and his role as 'wagon master' for the Poor People's Campaign. Other topics include the events of Bloody Sunday and his relationship with civil rights leaders Martin Luther King, Jr., and Hosea Williams.","Willie Bolden was born in Sumter, South Carolina on December 7, 1938. He was raised in Savannah, Georgia. Bolden served in the U.S. Marines. Inspired by Hosea Williams and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., he joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). He was the \"Wagon Master\" for the Mule Train on the Poor People's Campaign, preparing cities for Dr. King's arrival. Bolden was also active in Williams' Summer Community Organization for Political Education (SCOPE), a program designed to recruit white students to help with the movement. In 1972, he earned a master's degree in education from Harvard University. He served with the labor movement from 1973 to 1979. He then worked as the director of personnel for the Atlanta Public Library until 1983. Afterwards, Bolden began serving as pastor of the Pilgrim Missionary Baptist Church in Atlanta.","Finding aid available in repository.","Interviewed by Bob Short."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_am-1178","record_class":"Item","title":"--Yes, it hurts-- especially this one! / Baldy, [1965 Aug. 21]","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts a man showing Martin Luther King, Jr. labeled \"Non-Violence,\" a Los Angeles newspaper. King has been stabbed by knives labeled \"Mayor Yorty,\" \"White House,\" and \"Gov. Brown.\" King is pointing to the switchblade labeled \"The Mob\" in his back."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_am-1752","record_class":"Item","title":"Trouble shooter / Baldy, [1966 June 30]","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts Martin Luther King atop a telephone pole trying to reconnect the \"lines of communication\" that have been cut. Members of SNCC are walking away carrying scissors."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_ph-335","record_class":"Item","title":"Anything you confuse, I confuse better-- / Baldy, [1967 Apr. 8].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford \"Baldy\" Baldowski cartoon depicts Stokely Carmichael and Martin Luther King, Jr. dressed in glittering cowboy costumes on a stage trying to outperform each other, while a chorus in the background holds signs reading \"dignity,\" \"self-respect,\" and \"opportunity.\""]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_ph-354","record_class":"Item","title":"--MLK-- ? / Baldy, [1968 Apr. 5].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford \"Baldy\" Baldowski cartoon depicts the Statue of Liberty with a tear running down her face."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_ph-433","record_class":"Item","title":"--Nonviolence!-- Nonviolence!-- Nonviolence!-- / Baldy, [1968].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford \"Baldy\" Baldowski cartoon depicts Martin Luther King under a shattered picture frame."]},{"record_id":"aar_alabamaphoto_5590","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. with his Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity brothers at Alabama State College in Montgomery, Alabama","mediums":["photographs","group portraits"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_alabamaphoto_5592","record_class":"Item","title":"Funeral procession for Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["color photographs"],"dcterms_description":["The casket is visible in the center of the photograph."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10177","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A man in the foreground is seated on the stage, listening to King. This image was used in the photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10181","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated and speaking to a young man during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is sitting beside King and holding a microphone. Hosea Williams is seated in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10421","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a young man and woman beside a car outside a house in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King was about to speak at Maggie Street Baptist Church. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10424","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others entering Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, before a meeting.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A cameraman is filming the group from behind. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10426","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being fitted with a microphone before speaking to a crowd at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10429","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Audience members are seated in a balcony in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10499","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A journalist is holding a microphone. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10500","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A journalist is holding a microphone. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10502","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., standing with L. L. Anderson and another man during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10503","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Hosea Williams, and other men, walking through a parking lot toward Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10507","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Audience members are standing and applauding in the balcony in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10511","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Cameramen in front of the podium are filming King. Audience members are seated in the balcony in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10528","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10531","record_class":"Item","title":"Cameraman filming Martin Luther King, Jr., speak at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10700","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Hosea Williams, and several other men are standing around King. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10704","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson and several other men are standing around King. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10854","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is holding a handkerchief to his mouth. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_11421","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_11422","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_12788","record_class":"Item","title":"Hosea Williams, Richard Boone, Martin Luther King, Jr., and other men, in the parking lot outside Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King has just gotten out of a car. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington, \" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_13044","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., shaking hands with a man in the parking lot outside Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is standing beside King. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington, \" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_13045","record_class":"Item","title":"Hosea Williams, Martin Luther King, Jr., and other men, standing in the parking lot outside Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Two men in the group are shaking hands. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington, \" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_13061","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and other men, standing in the parking lot outside Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington, \" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9058","record_class":"Item","title":"Group of white men drinking while standing by a road, observing the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9060","record_class":"Item","title":"Group of white men drinking while standing by a road, observing the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9062","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith, standing in line during a rest stop.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["One woman is wearing a pin that reads, \"Meredith Mississippi March for Freedom / June 1966.\" The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9063","record_class":"Item","title":"Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, holding a microphone while Martin Luther King, Jr., speaks to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is not visible in this photograph. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9083","record_class":"Item","title":"Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, holding a microphone while Martin Luther King, Jr., speaks to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is not visible in this photograph. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9093","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., William M. Branch, Ralph Abernathy and others, greeting people after getting out of a car, probably outside First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt, \" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9095","record_class":"Item","title":"Groups of white people on the side of a dirt road, observing the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["One man is holding a large Confederate flag. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9100","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith is seated beside the podium. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9103","record_class":"Item","title":"Two women and a man riding in a convertible during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9116","record_class":"Item","title":"Woman standing on a front porch, observing the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9139","record_class":"Item","title":"Man seated indoors at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9140","record_class":"Item","title":"Man at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["On his hat are pins that read, \"\"Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee / We Shall Overcome,\" \"I Am a Batman Fan,\" and \"I Believe in Human Dignity.\" The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"alm_wlohp_0000031","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with Evelyn Howard, 1984","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","transcripts","sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Evelyn Howard began teaching at Lincoln School in 1937, at the age of 18. In this interview, she recounts the challenges faced by black schools in the South and describes her teaching philosophy. Howard also discusses the Civil Rights Movement throughout the interview. Howard explains that schools were not involved in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s because they were afraid to be. They let the children know that the only way to get ahead was to learn and try to get better jobs for themselves. Howard recalls Martin Luther King, Jr., coming to Birmingham to march: \"The gates had been locked to keep children in. Someone with a truck broke [the] gate down and children went running out and joined the march to city hall. Some teachers tried to keep the students in but . . . others were happy to see them go. Stood at the window smiling, clapping and crying to see the children do what she hadn't had nerve to do years earlier.\" Of King, Jr., she says, \"if there is such a thing as a person being sent to deliver us or help us, I do believe he was our Moses . . . . I believe God sent him and God allowed him to be killed because that was just the way it has to be.\" Howard grew up in the Payne Chapel AME Church. She can remember looking forward to revivals and consider them a sort of a gala event. The revivals were highly emotional, a needed release for participants. She adds that her religious faith has been a stabilizing influence on her life, something to hold on to; she says that a person has to have something to believe in.","Interviewed by Peggy Hamrick in 1984."]},{"record_id":"alm_wlohp_0000045","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with Washington Marrisett, 1984 August 03; 1984 August 17","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","transcripts","sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Washington Marrisett discusses his life in Birmingham from the Depression through the Civil Rights Movement. Marrisett remembers the Depression and the things he did to get by. He discusses the soup wagons in Kelly Ingram Park; the lines were segregated, but everyone ate the same food. He says he sold junk and scrap he would find in the garbage, including aluminum, iron, copper, and rags. He also hoboed for a time, traveling from Detroit to Birmingham. He explains that hoboing was dangerous. He remembers seeing blacks and whites, men and women in the life. Marrisett explains that while he didn't take advantage of Red Cross aid, he did go on welfare. He remembers that the people in the welfare office--even the blacks--made it hard on blacks to their checks. Marrisett also worked on the WPA, cleaning up parks and cutting grass. He says they were paid in something like foodstamps rather than with money. Marrisett also talks about working for the railroad in the twenties and during World War II. He enjoyed the travel. He demonstrates some railroad working calls for the interviewer. Marrisett recalls the rallies that took place during the Civil Rights Movement and speaks kindly of Martin Luther King, Jr.","Interviewed by Peggy Hamrick on August 3 and 1984 August 17, 1984."]},{"record_id":"alm_wlohp_0000076","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with Leona Williams, 1984 July 30","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","transcripts","sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Leona Williams discusses her life in Birmingham, Alabama, during the Depression and the Civil Rights movement. Williams was a domestic on and off during her life. After she moved to Birmingham, she also worked at a funeral home. She recounts living through the Depression, how she was working as the cook and maid for a banker, so she had plenty to eat and could share her earnings with her family. She says her family had no garden, and they cut wood for fuel. She also recalls the Roosevelts coming to Birmingham for a visit. Williams talks about living in the country before her mother brought her to the city. She calls their home a \"little shack house,\" with four rooms and no electricity. She talks about schools in the country as well as how they handled medical problems with no doctors. She describes coming to Birmingham and says she doesn't think of herself as a country person anymore. Williams also describes her participation in the Civil Rights movement. She says she was involved with several marches and knew Martin Luther King, Jr. She cooked for the protesters and often put them up at her house. She remembers having dogs set loose on them, as well as being hit with a spray of water hard enough that she remembers seeing people cut and bleeding, just from the water. She also recalls seeing two men shot at a march. Williams also discusses an incident in which a man claiming to be a police officer caught her out late at night trying to get to her sister's house; he propositioned her, and when she refused, he took her to the police station. But her employers at the time were well known, and they got her released.","Interviewed by Peggy Hamrick on July 30, 1984."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9242","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Andrew Young, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9322","record_class":"Item","title":"Plane flying over a rest area during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9323","record_class":"Item","title":"Plane flying over a rest area during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9324","record_class":"Item","title":"Canvas bag belonging to a member of the Medical Committee for Human Rights, on the ground during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The member is from the Baton Rouge office of the committee. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9326","record_class":"Item","title":"Young girl at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9344","record_class":"Item","title":"Young boy wearing a towel over his head during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9353","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Andrew Young, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9468","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Fannie Lou Hamer, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9472","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young, Martin Luther King, Jr., Fannie Lou Hamer, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is being interviewed while marching. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9482","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Andrew Young, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9491","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9522","record_class":"Item","title":"People standing at a gathering under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The photograph was taken from behind, so no faces are visible. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9537","record_class":"Item","title":"Young boy and girl standing with a woman at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9540","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The photograph was taken from behind. A truck carrying photographers and cameramen is driving in front of the marchers. In the background, a group of white people is observing from the side of the road; one of the young men is waving a large Confederate flag. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9542","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The photograph was taken from behind. A truck carrying photographers and cameramen is driving in front of the marchers. In the background, a group of white people is observing from the side of the road; one of the young men is waving a large Confederate flag. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9544","record_class":"Item","title":"People seated in and standing around a station wagon parked at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The bottom of the license plate reads, \"America's Dairyland,\" so the vehicle is probably from Wisconsin. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9546","record_class":"Item","title":"Man asleep in the passenger's seat of a car at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9552","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A man in the center is playing a trumpet. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9556","record_class":"Item","title":"Man shaving while standing next to a car at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9557","record_class":"Item","title":"Women standing by the side of the road, observing the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["One of the men is wearing a sign for the Lowndes County Freedom Association, also known as the Black Panther Party; the sign reads, \"Move on Over or We'll Move on Over You\" (see Q9168). James Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9565","record_class":"Item","title":"Man reading the Bible at a Sunday morning prayer session led by Martin Luther King, Jr., during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9585","record_class":"Item","title":"People getting water from tanks on the back of a truck during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9588","record_class":"Item","title":"Man interviewing a participant in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, who is seated under a tent at a rest stop.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9744","record_class":"Item","title":"American flag beneath the feet of a man on a platform in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A straw purse is sitting on top of the flag. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9902","record_class":"Item","title":"Man addressing an audience in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9912","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Albert Turner, and other men are seated on the stage behind him. The photograph is taken from above. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9917","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Hosea Williams, and several other men are standing around King. Two men are holding up microphones. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9919","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Hosea Williams, and several other men are standing around King. Two men are holding up microphones. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9921","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson is standing with King. Two men are holding up microphones. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"cma_thap_13189","record_class":"Item","title":"Protesters outside [Quality] Shoes, with man holding sign reading \"Youth division NAACP Help Mr. K in Wash. DC, Hurt Mr. K in Moscow, Don't buy Jim Crow practices\"","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Protesters outside [Quality] Shoes, with man holding sign reading \"Youth division NAACP Help Mr. K in Wash. DC, Hurt Mr. K in Moscow, Don't buy Jim Crow practices.\"","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"cma_thap_7114","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., at a press conference at the University of Pittsburgh with Charles Harris seated to the left of Dr. King, and Matthew Moore and Byrd Brown on right","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., at a press conference at the University of Pittsburgh with Charles Harris seated to the left of Dr. King, and Matthew Moore and Byrd Brown on right.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1091","record_class":"Item","title":"Janie Price : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Janie Price, St. Augustine resident, who shares her memories of the civil rights movement and knowing Martin Luther King.","Florida Highway Patrol -- Ku Klux Klan -- Elk's Rest -- Flagler Hospital -- Gainesville, Fl. -- Lincolnville -- Morehouse College -- Old Slave Market -- St. Paul AME Church -- Bombing -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Night March -- Shooting Death of William Kinard"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1099","record_class":"Item","title":"Phillip Whitley : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Phillip Whitley, staff photographer for the St. Augustine Record during the civil rights movement.","St. Augustine Record -- United Press International (UPI) -- Ku Klux Klan -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Matanzas Theater -- West Augustine -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- Florida Memorial College -- Bombing -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Arrest of Martin Luther King"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1100","record_class":"Item","title":"Shed Dawson : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Shed Dawson, who shares memories of his involvement in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Ku Klux Klan -- Pappy's Seafood -- Elk's Rest -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Wade-in -- Police Brutality -- Use of Cattle Prods"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1056","record_class":"Item","title":"J.B. Stoner : Audio Interview","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with J.B. Stoner, a Klansman and racial agitator who led segregationist rallies in St. Augustine in 1964. Stoner recounts his time in St. Augustine and relates how he and other Klan members were treated well in the city. Stoner discribes the various groups that engaged in white supremacy and the good working relationship they had with the local police department. Stoner recalls the various marches and rallys the Klan organized, the problems caused by local news reporters and how the police protected them from violence. Stoner insists that he and his groups won the battle of St. Augustine.","Ku Klux Klan -- National States Rights Party -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine Police Department -- John Birch Society -- Chamber of Commerce -- Florida East Coast Railroad -- National Guard, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Ancient City Gun Club -- Ku Klux Klan -- Florida Highway Patrol -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Old Slave Market -- City Baking Company -- Bombing -- Civil Rights March -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Drive-by Shooting -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Klan March -- Klan Rally -- Picketing -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Visit of Jackie Robinson -- Wade-in"]},{"record_id":"geh_p17222coll4_11","record_class":"Item","title":"Southwind No. 176","mediums":["radio programs"],"dcterms_description":["This recording opens with an introduction of the program by Boyd Lewis. The entire program is focused on civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. on the anniversary of his birthday. Titled \"A King Portrait\" the program features biographical information about King as well as audio excerpts of Atlanta school children; J. D. Winston of the Butler Street YMCA; Dr. Benjamin E. Mays; Atlanta Mayor Andrew Young Jr.; Dr. Joseph Lowery; Montgomery Alabama civic leader Charles Pierce; Johnnie Carr of Montgomery, Alabama; Coretta Scott King; C. T. Vivian of the Center for Democratic Renewal, and of Dr. King himself. The program ends with a sign off by Boyd Lewis.","\"Southwind\" was a radio program about the issues, people, and culture of the South that aired on WABE-FM, Atlanta's public radio station. The series, which aired from 1980 to 1987, was conceived, produced, and reported by journalist Boyd Lewis."]},{"record_id":"geh_p17222coll4_26","record_class":"Item","title":"Southwind No. 66","mediums":["radio programs"],"dcterms_description":["This recording opens with an introduction of the program by Boyd Lewis. The first segment, which begins at 1:45, is a discussion of playwright Tennessee Williams between Alliance Theater director Fred Chapel and Atlanta playwright Beryl Boykin. The second feature, which begins at 6:59, is a feature on the Okefenokee Swamp narrated by unidentified residents of the area. The third segment, which begins at 13:01, is audio of a rally in Atlanta, Georgia, on April 4th, 1983 in memory of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The program features audio excerpts from Reverend Joseph Lowery; Reverend Ralph David Abernathy; Coretta Scott King; C.T. Vivian, and Walter Fauntroy of Washington, D.C. The program emphasizes the efforts being made for a march on Washington to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the original march led by Martin Luther King Jr. The program ends with a sign off by Boyd Lewis.","\"Southwind\" was a radio program about the issues, people, and culture of the South that aired on WABE-FM, Atlanta's public radio station. The series, which aired from 1980 to 1987, was conceived, produced, and reported by journalist Boyd Lewis."]},{"record_id":"loc_rosaparks_48828","record_class":"Item","title":"Birmingham Monument to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. [graphic].","mediums":["photographic postcards1980-2010.gmgpc","photomechanical printscolor1980-2010.gmgpc"],"dcterms_description":["Title from item.","Photographer credit: Photograph by Samuel F. Yette; (c) Cottage Books, P.O. Box 2071, Silver Spring, MD 20915 (301) 649-5123.","On postcard verso: This proud statue stands in a park across from the 16th Street Baptist Church where four little African American girls attending Sunday School were killed by a Ku Klux Klan-related bombing of the church in 1963. The bombing occurred within three weeks after Dr. King's passionate plea for interracial love and justice in his historic \"I Have a Dream\" speech at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington."]},{"record_id":"loc_voices_ppmsca08112","record_class":"Item","title":"Somebody paid the price for your right : register / vote","mediums":["posters"],"dcterms_description":["Poster showing Martin Luther King, Jr. at podium behind flag.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"luu_ibe_ibe33","record_class":"Item","title":"Leo Hamilton oral history interview, 1993","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","sound recordings","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Hamilton discusses his family, his segregated early education, his attendance at an integrated Robert E. Lee High School, race relations in Baton Rouge, the civil rights movement, activism among black students at LSU, the relationship between black students at LSU and Southern University, and his legal practice.","Interviewed by May Hebert, August 21, 1993, Hill Memorial Library, LSU Campus, Baton Rouge, La.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mnhs_mncr_01070a-8","record_class":"Item","title":"People honoring Martin Luther King after his assassination","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["People honoring Martin Luther King after his assassination.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mnhs_mncr_01070b-38","record_class":"Item","title":"People honoring Martin Luther King after his assassination","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["People honoring Martin Luther King after his assassination.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4sx65d9k","record_class":"Item","title":"April 6, 1968-04 7, 1968","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Dave Hunt, John Kinney, Jack Boger, Peter Brandon for Local 77, Paul Conroy, interview with Chris Dulaney, John Strange \"move to the quad.\" Sunday: Bunny Small on the quad, Bill Veatch interviews with Marc Kaplan, Peter Brandon, Griffith."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4k35nj28","record_class":"Item","title":"Vigil #11","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["a. Address by Dr. Samuel Dubois Cook to the assembled Vigil, Wednesday. April 10, 1968, time, ten minutes.b. Statement to the students of Duke University, read to the assembled Duke Vigil, by Wright Tisdale, Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Wednesday, April 10, 1968, Time: five minutes."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4348hm2n","record_class":"Item","title":"Vigil: Baez","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["1. Ira Santel? [Sanford] 2. Joan Baez 3. David Harris at the Duke Vigil on the Main Quad"]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4bk17t5g","record_class":"Item","title":"Vigil #4","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["John Strange (Alumni Lounge) as on tape no. 1Statements by: Dean William GriffithDr. James GrahamTupp Blackwell for the S.S.O.C.Mr. Ted MinahUniversity spokesman (Bindewald)Dave BirkheadChris Jossi The original tape no. 4 from the WDBS collection described above does not correspond to any of the dubbed tapes in the Duke Vigil collection. Tape no. 4 in the Duke Vigil collection is labeled: WDBS Tapes of the Duke Vigil, no. 4, April 8, 1968-04 10, 1968 Press conference, continued: John Strange, Bunny Small, John Kinney. Dr. Martin Luther King's \"I have a dream\" speech played several times to the assembled vigil on the quad. Wednesday, April 10, 1968, main quad: John Strange and Wright Tisdale addresses, singing of \"We shall overcome.\" This tape from the Duke Vigil Collection does not seem to directly correspond to any of the tapes in the WDBS Collection."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4bg2jf44","record_class":"Item","title":"Vigil #7","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Sunday, April 7, 1968, on the main quad: Dr. John Strange, reading from Dr. King Bunny Small recaps the past 43 hours Jon Kinney general announcements comments on the Black students Huck Gutman, reading Thoreau Algerian grad student"]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r42806327","record_class":"Item","title":"Duke Vigil, Tape 3","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["One of five audiotapes made by a Duke student during the Vigil. The student took a tape recorder with him to all of the events of the Vigil and recorded what was said. He then re-recorded the tapes, adding his own comments to them in order to more fully describe the Vigil demonstrations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4m902c0h","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4ks6jd4g","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4qj78693","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4k35mp2n","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4r785x9v","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40910","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers leaving the City of St. Jude in Montgomery, Alabama, on the final day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King, F. D. Reese, and Ralph Abernathy are visible among the marchers."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40948","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. shaking hands with a man, probably Father Paul J. Mullaney, at the \"Stars for Freedom\" rally at the City of St. Jude in Montgomery, Alabama, the night before the end of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Others on stage (left to right): Harry Belafonte, Coretta Scott King, and Ralph Bunche."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_41007","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. at a rest stop on the March Against Fear, possibly near Senatobia, Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith began the March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. He was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_41023","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and other Marchers in front of the Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama, on the last day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_41024","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers at Court Square in downtown Montgomery, Alabama, approaching the Capitol at the conclusion of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["James Orange is in the foreground, and Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King, and T. Y. Rogers are behind him. The Exchange Hotel is visible in the background."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_41048","record_class":"Item","title":"Harry Belafonte with other civil rights leaders at the \"Stars for Freedom\" rally at the City of St. Jude in Montgomery, Alabama, the night before the end of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Others on stage (left to right): Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King, probably Father Paul J. Mullaney (director of the City of St. Jude), Ralph Bunche, and Ralph Abernathy (with his daughter Donzaleigh)."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_16220","record_class":"Item","title":"Fred Shuttlesworth, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy and others, linking arms and singing during a civil rights demonstration in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_16768","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy and others, seated behind Martin Luther King Jr. during a civil rights meeting at a church in Gadsden, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36022","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy, James Forman, Martin Luther King Jr., and Jesse Douglas at a civil rights march in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The march was held to protest the violent dispersal of a group of SNCC demonstrators on March 16. Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders met with local officials at the courthouse to discuss the event."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36118","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. seated behind the pulpit as F. D. Reese speaks at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["King also spoke at the meeting, which was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma in 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36163","record_class":"Item","title":"James Bevel speaking at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. who also spoke, is seated behind him. The meeting was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma for 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36293","record_class":"Item","title":"James Bevel speaking at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. who also spoke, is seated behind him. The meeting was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma for 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_37109","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers in Jackson, Mississippi, near the end of the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King Jr., and Floyd McKissick are at the front. The March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_37148","record_class":"Item","title":"James Meredith addressing the crowd in front of the capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["A person in the audience is holding a sign that reads, \"Freedom Now MFDP.\" Meredith is surrounded by other civil rights leaders, including James Forman, Lawrence T. Guyot, Floyd McKissick, Martin Luther King Jr., and Whitney M. Young Jr. James Meredith began the March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. He was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_37164","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers in Jackson, Mississippi, near the end of the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King Jr., and Floyd McKissick are at the front. The March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_37220","record_class":"Item","title":"Whitney M. Young Jr., Walter Reuther, Juanita Abernathy, Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., Floyd McKissick, and other marchers in Jackson, Mississippi, near the end of the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40625","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking to reporters in Senatobia, Mississippi, during the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40630","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers leaving the City of St. Jude in Montgomery, Alabama, on the final day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy, Juanita Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King, James Bevel, F. D. Reese, and Hosea Williams are visible among the marchers."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40741","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking to reporters in Senatobia, Mississippi, during the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy is standing behind him. The March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40751","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Bunche, Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King at Court Square in downtown Montgomery, Alabama, approaching the Capitol at the conclusion of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The Exchange Hotel is visible in the background."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40813","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers at Court Square in downtown Montgomery, Alabama, approaching the Capitol at the conclusion of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["James Orange is in the foreground on the right, and Ralph Abernathy, Juanita Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Coretta Scott King are behind him."]},{"record_id":"int_jjhp_248554","record_class":"Item","title":"[Birthday card from Douglas M. Herrera to John J. Herrera - 1968-04-11]","mediums":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_19","record_class":"Item","title":"Mary Streeter Perry","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Mary E. Streeter Perry discusses growing up in Birmingham, including attending Booker T. Washington Business College, before getting involved with the Movement. She was a part of a sit-in at Woolworth's, voter registration efforts and SNCC. After her involvement in the Movement in Birmingham, she moved to Chicago and became politically active."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_26","record_class":"Item","title":"Alice Wright","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Alice Wright discusses her work with W. E. Shortridge and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights.She helped keeps the books and documentation for the Movement."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_29","record_class":"Item","title":"Lola Hendricks","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Lola Hendricks discusses her time serving as the Corresponding Secretary for the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights in Birmingham. She organized communication, meetings and funds. She demonstrated and worked closely with Rev. Fred L. Shuttlesworth."]},{"record_id":"aru_unequal_1709","record_class":"Item","title":"Speech by Daisy Bates \"What Price Freedom?\"","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Speech titled \"What Price Freedom?\" referencing the physical travails of the fight for Civil Rights in the South.","Racism -- Segregation -- Desegregation -- Civil Rights -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Jr. -- Little Rock -- Pulaski"]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1647","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Frank Aukofer, November 16, 2007","mediums":["spoken word","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Archives. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries","Aukofer, a Milwaukee native, began covering civil rights for the Milwaukee Journal in 1964, thus reporting most of the 1967 open housing marches. He discusses racism in past and present Milwaukee, his relationship with and impressions of Father Groppi, his experiences in reporting the marches, the Youth Council's use of the media during the protests, the roles of Mayor Meier and police chief Breier, the success of the marches, and current journalism."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1963","record_class":"Item","title":"Vel Phillips Papers, Correspondence, May 1966","mediums":["documents (object genre)","clippings (information artifacts)","correspondence"],"dcterms_description":["A collection of personal and professional letters from May 1966. The collection includes letters from Vel Phillips to her mother, a letter that mentions the dedication of Haylard Street, and letters regarding racial segregation."]},{"record_id":"mus_sovcom_2-79-1-2-1-1-1","record_class":"Item","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of Martin Luther King, Jr. after an arrest with a slate around his neck bearing the the booking number 7089, Montgomery, Alabama, 1956 February","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot","Individual(s) identified in the photograph include King, Martin Luther, Jr.","Classified by the Sovereignty Commission as Integration Organizations","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_sovcom_99-93-0-1-2-1-1","record_class":"Item","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at a conference for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference with Anne Braden, Carl Braden and James A. Dombrowski seated in the background, Birmingham, Alabama, 1962 September 27","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at SCLC 6th annual conference","Individual(s) identified in the photograph include King, Martin Luther, Jr.; Braden, Anne; Braden, Carl; Dombrowski, James A.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_sovcom_99-93-0-35-1-1-1","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter: Des Moines, Iowa, to Jim Dombrowski, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1963 October 1","mediums":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_description":["CORE correspondence","Individual(s) identified in the photograph include Griffin, Edna","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33841","record_class":"Item","title":"John Spence, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33814","record_class":"Item","title":"Rabbi James Wax, President of Memphis Ministers Association, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33820","record_class":"Item","title":"Home Recordings of TV Coverage, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33884","record_class":"Item","title":"Bill Ross, Memphis AFL-CIO Labor Council, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33900","record_class":"Item","title":"David Caywood, AFSCME Legal Consultant, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33835","record_class":"Item","title":"W.T. McAdams, Memphis City Council Member, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33889","record_class":"Item","title":"Arthur Crowns, Prof. of Sociology at Memphis State Univ., 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33926","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. James Lawson, SCLC and COME, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33834","record_class":"Item","title":"Joe Sweat, Commercial Appeal Reporter, 1970","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33891","record_class":"Item","title":"Russell and Gina Sugarmon, Tennessee State Senator, 1969","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33883","record_class":"Item","title":"Anthony Sabella, AFSCME Attorney, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33832","record_class":"Item","title":"Frank Ahlgren, Editor of the Commercial Appeal, 1972","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33895","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Henry Starks, COME Leader, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33849","record_class":"Item","title":"Ramsey Pollard, Bellevue Baptist Church, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33850","record_class":"Item","title":"Ben Branch, Eye Witness to MLK Assassination, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33886","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King and James Lawson at Mason Temple, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33548","record_class":"Item","title":"Eddie Mae Hawkins, 2006","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33553","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Billy Kyles, 2006","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33509","record_class":"Item","title":"Mark Stansbury, 2007","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33508","record_class":"Item","title":"Maxine Smith, 2007","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"usm_hmp_mus-m345-0037","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. King and SCLC : powerful action for change; March 31, 1968","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["From the Adams (Victoria Gray) Papers. \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;Article reprinted from Soul Force, the journal of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), dated March 31, 1968. Discusses the foundation of SCLC, led by Martin Luther King, Jr. The article includes a description of the history and staff of the SCLC, affiliated chapters, the Citizenship Education Program, Operation Breadbasket, voter registration, nonviolent education and urban leadership training.","Electronic version made available through a National Leadership Grant for Libraries from the Institute for Museum and Library Services.","This item is part of the Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive."]},{"record_id":"suc_mblogan_477","record_class":"Item","title":"Photograph, 1964, Martin Luther King, Jr. with others 4","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["This is a photograph of Martin Luther King, Jr. with unidentified other people."]},{"record_id":"suc_mblogan_495","record_class":"Item","title":"Photograph, 1965, Martin Luther King, Jr. with others 5","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["This is a photograph of Martin Luther King, Jr. with unidentified other people."]},{"record_id":"suc_mblogan_557","record_class":"Item","title":"Photograph, no date, Martin Luther King, Jr. with others 7","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["This is a photograph of Martin Luther King, Jr. with unidentified other people."]},{"record_id":"suc_mblogan_564","record_class":"Item","title":"Photograph, 1964, Martin Luther King, Jr. with others 1","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["This is a photograph of Martin Luther King, Jr. with unidentified other people."]},{"record_id":"suc_localtvnews_425","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King speech in Charleston, SC 1967--outtakes","mediums":["motion pictures (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["Exterior scenes of Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and others walking towards the Charleston airport terminal and of the party driving off in an automobile. Long shot of County Hall. Interior scenes show the audience and a group of dignitaries on the stage (including James E. Clyburn). Dr. King reaffirms his commitment to nonviolence. Initial moments of the speech are silent. Restored version includes content previously known as WIS 5020."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_519","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. leading a procession of people past the Alabama State Capitol to demonstrate against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_530","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. leading a procession of people to demonstrate against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_558","record_class":"Item","title":"Selma to Montgomery March, Montgomery, Alabama, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. leading a procession of people to demonstrate against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_580","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration lead by Martin Ruther King Jr. in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. leading a procession of people to demonstrate against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_1075","record_class":"Item","title":"Aerial view of funeral procession for Martin Luther King Jr.","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Aerial view of the funeral cortege for assassinated Civil Rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., in Atlanta, Georgia, April 9, 1968. The image shows a crowd of supporters and mourners following King's casket as it is processed through the streets."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_39","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. addresses a crowd in Kingstree","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers an address at the Tomlinson High School athletic field to encourage voter participation in upcoming elections. King calls for a \"march on the ballot boxes\" by South Carolina voters to protect and expand civil rights.","415 Lexington Avenue, Kingstree, S.C."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_36","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks in Kingstree","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers an address at the Tomlinson High School athletic field to encourage voter participation in upcoming elections. King calls for a \"march on the ballot boxes\" by South Carolina voters to protect and expand civil rights.","415 Lexington Avenue, Kingstree, S.C."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_6229","record_class":"Item","title":"Curfew headquarters in Columbia","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Officials plan the enforcement of a curfew imposed over the city following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. Unrest following the news of King's death has resulted in the imposed curfew. Pictured left to right are James W. DeLoach, director of the Richland County Civil Defense Unit; John Hamilton of the State Law Enforcement Division; and Col. Clifton B. Wingate of the S.C. National Guard. The group are examining a map of the city in the Civil Defense Headquarters in the Federal Land Bank Building.","1401 Hampton Street, Columbia, S.C."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_5826","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. commemoration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["A group of supporters of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. march south on Main Street to the State House to commemorate the second anniversary of the civil rights worker's assassination in Memphis, Tennessee."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_5874","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. commemoration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["A group of supporters of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. march south on Main Street to the State House to commemorate the second anniversary of the civil rights worker's assassination in Memphis, Tennessee. A sign carried by the group reads 'Yes Dr. King They Killed You but the Richland County Citizen Committee Will do Everything They Can to Carry Out Your Dream!!' John Roy Harper, II is visible in front on the left."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_6255","record_class":"Item","title":"Piggly Wiggly store closed following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["A Piggly Wiggly store is closed following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4 in Memphis Tennessee. Unrest following the news of King's death has resulted in damage to the store.","2300 Marshall Street, Columbia, S.C."]},{"record_id":"gych_rbrl529_0001","record_class":"Item","title":"Charcoal drawing of Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["Drawing includes a message, \"To Scott, thanx, Baldy\""]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_mlk-day-2","record_class":"Item","title":"Ebenezer Baptist Church","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["The Ebenezer Baptist Church in downtown Atlanta—in which King was ordained and from which he conducted many of his civil rights campaigns in the 1950s and 1960s—is now preserved as part of the Martin Luther King Jr. Historic Site.","This photograph shows the Ebenezer Baptist Church sign in downtown Atlanta. The church, in which King was ordained and from which he conducted many of his civil rights campaigns in the 1950s and 1960s, is now preserved as part of the Martin Luther King Jr. Historic Site."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40735","record_class":"Item","title":"Entertainers performing in front of the Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama, at the conclusion of the Selma to Montgomery March in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Left to right: Mary Travers, Harry Belafonte, Leon Bibb, Joan Baez, Noel Paul Stookey, and Peter Yarrow. James Forman is speaking to Martin Luther King Jr., who is seated on the left."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_98909","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights marchers on the south side of the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, on Turnaround Tuesday.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., A. D. King, James Forman, and James Orange are visible in the group."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_103012","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. addressing an audience at a voter rally in a wooded area in Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["King traveled around Alabama the week before the 1966 May primaries to encourage voter participation in the upcoming election. His tour was mentioned in an article (\"King Criticizes Panthers\") on page 67 of the Birmingham News on April 27, 1966."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108578","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking to a crowd gathered in front of Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama, before the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108600","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking with journalists at the first rest stop on the Selma to Montgomery March, two miles outside of Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Hugh Merrill, reporter for the Huntsville Times, is seated on the left, and Ben \"Sunshine\" Owens is kneeling behind him."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108616","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking with journalists at the first rest stop on the Selma to Montgomery March, two miles outside of Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108639","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers standing in lines on Sylvan Street before the start of the Selma to Montgomery March in downtown Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The following leaders are on the front row, wearing leis: John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, Rabbi Abraham Heschel, and F. D. Reese. A large banner behind them says, \"Hawaii Knows Integration Works.\" The George Washington Carver Homes and Brown Chapel AME Church are visible in the background. Sylvan Street was later renamed Martin Luther King Street."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108644","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers south of the Edmund Pettus Bridge after crossing it on the first day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["James Orange, John Lewis, Martin Luther King Jr., and Ralph Bunche are visible here."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108660","record_class":"Item","title":"John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, and others standing in a line on Sylvan Street in downtown Selma, Alabama, before the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Sylvan Street was later renamed Martin Luther King Street."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108686","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. with Sheyann Webb and Rachel West at the first rest stop on the Selma to Montgomery March, two miles outside of Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_1610","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young and Martin Luther King, Jr., sitting behind the podium during a meeting at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_1656","record_class":"Item","title":"Audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama, during an appearance by Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is seated behind the podium. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_2696","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_2698","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image is streaked. The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4521","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., getting off a plane at the airport in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A crowd, including journalists, is waiting at the bottom of the stairs; several people are holding umbrellas. King, Ralph Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King flew to Birmingham from Atlanta to serve a five-day prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights protests in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4526","record_class":"Item","title":"Edward Gardner speaking to an audience during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy are seated behind him. The meeting was held after King, Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4533","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4735","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., sitting behind the podium during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Edward Garner is speaking, but his head is not visible. The meeting was held after King, Ralph Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4736","record_class":"Item","title":"Edward Gardner standing at the podium before an audience during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He has turned around to face Martin Luther King, Jr., who is seated behind him and speaking. The meeting was held after King, Ralph Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4738","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held after King, Wyatt Tee Walker, Ralph Abernathy, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4769","record_class":"Item","title":"Edward Gardner speaking to an audience during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King, Jr., is seated behind him. The meeting was held after King, Ralph Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6470","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The photograph was taken from above. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6478","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., standing with L. L. Anderson and another man during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6483","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., standing with L. L. Anderson and another man during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6488","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["People are standing and applauding in the balcony in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6493","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Cameramen in front of the podium are filming King. People are seated in the balcony in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6510","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind King. This photograph was shot from above; it is slightly damaged. The image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6532","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson and Albert Turner are seated on the stage at the far left. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6546","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind King. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6550","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A journalist is holding a microphone. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6565","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6572","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6581","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated and speaking to a young man during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is sitting beside King and holding a microphone. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6592","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is holding up is arm, so his entire face is not visible. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6593","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6595","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6596","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6601","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., standing and speaking to a man during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King's back is to the camera. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6616","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A man in the foreground is seated on the stage, listening to King. A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6621","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A man in the foreground is seated on the stage, listening to King. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6622","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated and speaking to a young man during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is sitting beside King and holding a microphone. Hosea Williams is seated in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6624","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6627","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated and speaking to a young man during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is sitting beside King and holding a microphone. Hosea Williams is seated in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6634","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others entering Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, before a meeting.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6641","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A clock on the wall advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is seated in front of the podium, on the left. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6642","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6651","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is holding up a microphone in front of the podium. A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6655","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is holding a handkerchief to his mouth. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6656","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is holding up a microphone in front of the podium. A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6679","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is wiping his mouth with a handkerchief. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6692","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6697","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6698","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6712","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6713","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6714","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6717","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6719","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6721","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6725","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6732","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6733","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6737","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6744","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Joseph Lowery is standing behind him. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6746","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Joseph Lowery is standing behind him. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6752","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was used in the photo spread \"The Men Meet Their People,\" which appeared on pages 2 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 18-19, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No23_1965_12_18.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6763","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6768","record_class":"Item","title":"Joseph Lowery speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King, Jr., is seated behind him. The image is streaked and slightly damaged. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6819","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated behind a podium and listening to Hosea Williams speak at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King also spoke at the gathering. The image is dark and slightly damaged. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6840","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6850","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6855","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6870","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6877","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at the airport in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt, \" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6878","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at the airport in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A cameraman is filming the interview. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for the Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6885","record_class":"Item","title":"Richard Boone holding a paper cup outside the open door of a plane at the airport in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King, Jr., is seated on the plane, looking back at the door. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for the Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7095","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7100","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A picture of Jesus hangs on the wall behind him. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7114","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others arriving for a meeting at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7115","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young, Martin Luther King, Jr., and others sitting behind the podium during a meeting at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7121","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A picture of Jesus hangs on the wall behind him. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7129","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7137","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7140","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["People outside the building are watching and listening at the open windows. The image is dark, so King's profile is a silhouette. This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7157","record_class":"Item","title":"Albert Turner, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Fred Gray, seated on the stage behind a speaker during a meeting in a church building.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Two people on the side of the stage are holding signs, one of which seems to read, \"MDA Welcomes Dr. King.\" Other images taken this day were later used in the photo spread \"The Men Meet Their People,\" which appeared on pages 2 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 18-19, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No23_1965_12_18.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7161","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Stage lights and motion picture cameras are set up in front of the podium. Other images taken this day were later used in the photo spread \"The Men Meet Their People,\" which appeared on pages 2 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 18-19, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No23_1965_12_18.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7416","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7425","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["F. D. Reese and Sheyann Webb are seated beside the podium; another little girl is sitting in front of the podium, looking at the camera. A cross is hanging behind the podium, surrounded by the pipes of an organ. The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7426","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7429","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A cross is hanging behind the podium, surrounded by the pipes of an organ. The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8564","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., walking while a man holding a microphone interviews him.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King has probably just arrived for a meeting at a church building in Birmingham, Alabama."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8565","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy, shaking hands with men during a meeting at a large, modern church building, probably in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Edward Gardner, of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, is standing at the podium."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8567","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a large, modern church building, probably in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Edward Gardner, of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, is walking away from the podium."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8573","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a large, modern church building, probably in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy, Edward Gardner, Hosea Williams, and other men are seated behind him."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8797","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Andrew Young, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8812","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8824","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking at a gathering under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A man in the foreground on the left is holding up a microphone. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8826","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking at a gathering under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8858","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young, Martin Luther King, Jr., Stokely Carmichael, Floyd McKissick, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8865","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is being interviewed by the man beside him. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8867","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is being interviewed by the man beside him. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8920","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8921","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8922","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8929","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith is walking beside King and is not visible in this photograph. Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8932","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8933","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8936","record_class":"Item","title":"Robert L. Green and Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to Mississippi Highway Patrol officers during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8938","record_class":"Item","title":"Robert L. Green and Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to Mississippi Highway Patrol officers during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8991","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the Neshoba County Library in Philadelphia, Mississippi, during the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is shouting into a microphone attached to a bullhorn. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9292","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9358","record_class":"Item","title":"Robert L. Green and Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to Mississippi Highway Patrol officers during the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9607","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, Stokely Carmichael, Floyd McKissick, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9622","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9698","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy, Stokely Carmichael, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is extremely dark. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9736","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and Andrew Young, standing at a fence at the bottom of a hill during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["They are looking over the fence into a recess with concrete walls. The march began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9749","record_class":"Item","title":"Whitney M. Young, Jr., speaking to Martin Luther King, Jr., while seated on a platform in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is very dark. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_14070","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Albert Turner, Hosea Williams, and other men are seated on the stage behind him. The photograph is taken from above. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_14092","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Albert Turner, Hosea Williams, and other men are seated on the stage behind him. The photograph is taken from above and is very dark. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"abj_p4017coll6_2262","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. outside Gaston Motel","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Black and white photograph showing marchers gathering in the parking lot of the A.G. Gaston Motel on Fifth Avenue North. In the center is Martin Luther King, Jr., facing him appears to be Ralph Abernathy, and one of the men to the left appears to be Fred Shuttlesworth."]},{"record_id":"noa_sohp_a-0331-2","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Herman Talmadge, July 29 and August 1, 1975","mediums":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["This is the second interview in a three-part series with Senator Herman Talmadge of Georgia. In the first interview, Talmadge focused primarily on his early career in politics and his tenure as governor of Georgia from 1948 to 1955. In this interview, Talmadge shifts his focus to his years in the United States Senate. First elected in 1956, Talmadge had just entered his fourth term at the time the interview was conducted in 1975. Talmadge begins by describing the 1964 schism in the Democratic Party. In explaining his belief that there was room for variation and diversity along the conservative-liberal spectrum in both major political parties, Talmadge contends that he never seriously considered leaving the Democratic Party during those years. In addition, Talmadge offers his assessment of key political figures. He compares the leadership styles and accomplishments of presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford, and he offers his perception of leaders such as George Wallace, Ralph Nader, George McGovern, and Eugene McCarthy. Throughout the interview, Talmadge pays particular attention to issues of civil rights, the environment, consumerism, and the growing relationship between television and politics. In addition, Talmadge offers his views on the role of federal government, the changing social problems facing Americans during the mid-1970s, and his reaction to the Watergate scandal and its impact on politics.","Title from menu page (viewed on August 28, 2008).","Interview participants: Herman Talmadge, interviewee; Jack Nelson, interviewer.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"noa_sohpcr_a-0021","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Arthur Shores, July 17, 1974","mediums":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Birmingham politician Arthur Shores offers his thoughts on the intersection of race and politics in his home city. Shores sees significant progress in Birmingham since the violence of the 1960s, in part because of that violence, and sees Birmingham citizens increasingly voting based on their interests rather than their race. He also shares his opinion of George Wallace, whom he sees as a political opportunist.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"noa_sohpcr_b-0027","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Laurie Pritchett, April 23, 1976","mediums":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Laurie Pritchett describes his involvement with the civil rights movement in Albany, Georgia. In this interview, Pritchett attempts to alter his public image as a racist police chief, expressing his profound compassion for blacks. He explains his complicated friendship with Martin Luther King Jr. and discusses his efforts to place blacks on the police force in Albany in the mid-1960s. After he left the Albany force, Pritchett helped African American causes as police chief in High Point, North Carolina. Much of the interview, however, explores Pritchett's use of King's strategy of nonviolence. His innovative application of passive law enforcement allowed Albany to stand as a site where the national civil rights movement failed. In December 1961, Pritchett trained his police officers to resist civil rights demonstrators nonviolently. This training often frustrated King's passive resistance tactics in Albany by preventing the negative publicity brought about by brutal police reaction to marches in other towns in the Deep South. Refusing to use the violent tactics of Alabama law enforcement officials such as Jim Clark in Selma and T. Eugene \"Bull\" Connor in Birmingham, Pritchett discusses how his peaceful strategy effectively eliminated bargaining abilities for King and other civil rights activists. Unlike Pritchett, Clark and Connor frequently helped civil rights activists achieve their goals. Pritchett explains that his problem with the protesters was not their interest in integration, but with their massive public demonstrations. He remarks on the incredible power his role as police chief afforded him. He believes sheriffs should be politically elected, exposing tensions between sheriffs and police chiefs.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"shelbycotenn_mlkinv_crimescene","record_class":"Item","title":"Crime scene : Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination investigation","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Web site presenting seventy-one images from the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, including photographs of the Lorraine Motel and its guest registry, the rooming house from which James Earl Ray allegedly shot Martin Luther King, and other surrounding areas.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_freedom-rides","record_class":"Item","title":"Freedom Rides","mediums":["articles"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Freedom Rides organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in the spring and summer of 1961. CORE sponsored a series of integrated bus rides throughout the South to test compliance with recent court rulings banning segregation in interstate travel. Subsequently known as the Freedom Rides, the protests garnered national support for civil reforms and forced the federal government's involvement in African Americans' struggle for freedom. Although Freedom Riders traveled unmolested through Georgia and were served courteously at several lunch counters throughout the state, they met with violent resistance elsewhere in the region, especially in Alabama. In the aftermath of Montgomery's violence, media attention increased, forcing the Kennedy administration to take a definitive position in defense of civil rights.","The administration announced on May 29, 1961, that it had instructed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to ban segregation in all facilities under its jurisdiction. After months of delay, the ICC officially ruled segregation in interstate travel illegal on November 1, 1961.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"]},{"record_id":"mtsu_goresr_000214","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter on Death of Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Letter dated April 11, 1968 from United States senator Albert Gore in response to a telegraph from a doctor in Nashville, Tennessee. Gore acknowledges the doctor's objection to the presidential order to fly the flag at half-mast following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Gore explains that the president has the authority to issue such an order, and promises to keep the doctor's comments in mind if legislation is introduced to limit the president's authority. He ends by pledging to continue \"to work for appropriate solutions for the underlying causes of unrest and dissension.\" Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. Identifying information has been removed to protect the identities of private citizens.","The University of Tennessee Libraries (Knoxville, Tennessee) is the digital publisher.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_2","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Reverend Frances Geddes","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including Reverend Frances Geddes, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_24","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Ralph Roy, 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including Ralph Roy, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_25","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Helen O'Neal McCray (2), 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including Helen O'Neal McCray, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South. The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_8","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Robert Heller, 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including Robert Heller, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm650","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm651","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm656","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm660","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm662","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm664","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm666","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm670","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm672","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm680","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm683","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm685","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm686","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm688","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm692","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_682","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Rev. B.S. Gregg, May 30, 1995, part I","mediums":["sound recordings","transcripts","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Interview of Rev. B.S. Gregg, conducted by Jack Dougherty, May 30, 1995 (at the Wyndham Hotel, 139 E Kilbourn Avenue, Milwaukee).","St. Mathew Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; St. Boniface Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee"]},{"record_id":"tnmpl_memphiscrp_000200","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks at Freedom Rally, Memphis, TN","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Black-and-white photograph from July 31, 1959 of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at a Freedom Rally in Memphis, Tennessee. King stands in front of a microphone and podium. In the background is a banner with photographs of African American candidates in the city election. From left to right, Russell Sugarmon running for public works commissioner; Benjamin Hooks for a juvenile court judgeship; and Roy Love and Henry C. Banton for school board. The men made up the \"Volunteer Ticket\" and the meeting was a rally that drew 5,000 African Americans to hear King, Daisy Bates, and others. Mrs. Bates was leader of the Little Rock, Arkansas National Association for the Advancement of Colored People movement to integrate Central High School in 1957.","The University of Tennessee Libraries (Knoxville, Tennessee) is the digital publisher.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"tnmpl_memphiscrp_000203","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. shakes hands with Benjamin L. Hooks","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. shakes hands with Benjamin L. Hooks at the Freedom Rally in Memphis, Tennessee. July 31, 1959.","The University of Tennessee Libraries (Knoxville, Tennessee) is the digital publisher.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"tnum_sanistrike_000206","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at Mason Temple, Memphis, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Black-and-white photograph from March 1968 taken by the Memphis Press-Scimitar newspaper in Memphis, Tennessee. The photograph shows Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking to a mass meeting at the Mason Temple in support of striking sanitation workers.","The Memphis Sanitation Workers' strike began on February 11, 1968, following years of dangerous working conditions, discrimination, and the work-related deaths of two African American sanitation workers. Led by local clergy, community members engaged in boycotts, mass meetings, marches, and other civil disobedience in support of the strike. The strike ended April 12, 1968.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"gsu_ggdp_5481","record_class":"Item","title":"William Ide oral history interview, 2002 April 29","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"gsu_ggdp_5656","record_class":"Item","title":"Griffin Bell oral history interview, 1990 June 12","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"geh_wilson_ahc099235017a","record_class":"Item","title":"Vine City Civil Rights Demonstration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["View of (l-r) an unidentified man, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Reverend Ralph David Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, and Juanita Abernathy and unidentified residents of the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia who were protesting their living conditions.","Religious leaders;","In January of 1966, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., his wife Coretta Scott King, and the Reverend Ralph David Abernathy and his wife Juanita led a protest march in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia to call attention to substandard housing in that area."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-10019","record_class":"Item","title":"King in Albany","mediums":["news","video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. (second from left) stands in front of a burned church in Albany. In 1961 King arrived in Albany at the invitation of local Black leaders to participate in the Albany Movement, a campaign to integrate the city. The movement began in fall 1961 and ended in summer 1962.","Image from a 1962 WALB newsfilm clip in which Martin Luther King Jr., second from left, stands in front of the burned ruins of the Shady Grove Baptist Church near Leesburg, in Lee County, Georgia, along with Reverends Ralph D. Abernathy and Wyatt T. Walker and three unidentified men. This church was used for African American voter registration, leading many community members to suspect that the church was destroyed for intimidation purposes.","State officials who inspected the sites stated that the fires were caused by either lightning or faulty wiring. In response to the suspected arsons at these voter registration meeting sites, the United States Justice Department considered filing a federal suit alleging voter intimidation."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-2272","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. during Civil Rights Movement","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["King's interest in nonviolence became a central tenet of his leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and helped lead a young generation of African Americans to promote desegregation through peaceful sit-ins.","Photograph of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. walking down a street with two unidentified men. He wears a long dark coat and tie and looks left. King, a Baptist minister and president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), was the most prominent African American leader in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-3081","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph David Abernathy Lead Civil Rights March","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph David Abernathy (right) walks with Martin Luther King Jr. (left) as they lead civil rights marchers out of camp to resume their walk from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. The march took place March 21-25, 1965.","Photograph of civil rights leaders Ralph Abernathy (right) and Martin Luther King Jr. (left) as they lead civil rights marchers out of camp to resume their walk from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. Abernathy holds a newspaper in his hands. A long line of marchers follows them down a road. The march took place March 21-25, 1965."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-7774","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Birthplace","mediums":["color photographs"],"dcterms_description":["The birthplace of Martin Luther King Jr. in Atlanta is one of the many historic properties that J. W. Robinson has worked to restore.","Photograph of the birthplace of Martin Luther King Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther King Jr. was born in an upstairs room of this two-story Queen Anne-style house on January 15, 1929. He lived here, at 501 Auburn Avenue, until 1941."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-8070","record_class":"Item","title":"A History of Georgia","mediums":["covers (gathered matter components)"],"dcterms_description":["Kenneth Coleman served as general editor for A History of Georgia, which the University of Georgia Press published in 1977. A second edition was published in 1991.","Image of the cover of A History of Georgia, second edition, published in 1991 by the University of Georgia Press. The light blue cover features a images of (left to right) James Oglethorpe, Juliette Gordon Low, Martin Luther King Jr., Jimmy Carter, and the Atlanta, Georgia skyline. The identically-sized rectangular images are arranged in a line below the title. A curved line of white stars appears below the photographs.","Kenneth Coleman served as general editor for A History of Georgia, which was originally published in 1977 with the support of Governor Jimmy Carter."]},{"record_id":"gildlehr_glcollcr_glc06124","record_class":"Item","title":"I am a man","mediums":["broadsides (notices)","posters","visual works"],"dcterms_description":["\"Printed by Allied Printing in large black letters on white posterboard ... The phrase \"I am a man\" was used by Memphis sanitation workers and their supporters during their famous strike led by Martin Luther King, Jr. in April 1968. Most of the sanitation workers/strikers involved were African Americans who demanded suitable compensation and union recognition.\"","Gilder Lehrman Document No.: GLC06124.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"gych_rogp_139","record_class":"Item","title":"John Lewis, 30 May 2012.","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview John Lewis discusses his early years in rural Alabama and his work as a civil rights leader and U.S. Representative. He covers his early activism and education in non-violence in Nashville as a student of Fisk University's American Baptist Theological Seminary, his participitation in the Freedom Rides, and his work organizing demonstrations as chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). He discusses his relationships with other civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King, Jr., Hosea Williams, and James Lawson, and his involvment in sit-ins and marches, including his experiences being assaulted and jailed. He also gives details about his experience in the famous march from Selma to Montgomery in 1965.","Finding aid available in repository.","John Robert Lewis was born February 21, 1940 in Troy, Alabama. He graduated from Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, where he became a leader in the Nashville sit-ins. While a student he was invited to participate in non-violence workshops in the basement of Clark Memorial United Methodist Church, and he later participated in the Freedom Rides. From 1963 to 1966, Lewis served as chairmen of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Along with Martin Luther King, Jr., he spoke at the August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. In 1964 he helped coordinate the \"Freedom Summer\" in Mississippi, a campaign to register black voters across the South. Lewis was a leader in the 1965 march from Selma to Montgomery, where, in Selma, he and other marchers were beaten and dispersed with tear gas by state troopers and deputized white citizens. The event, which came to be known as \"Bloody Sunday,\" helped inspire the passage of the Voting Rights Act later that year. Lewis entered the political arena in 1981 when he earned a seat on the Atlanta City Council. In 1986 he successfully ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. He would go on to be relected many times and serve in various leadership roles in the House Democratic caucus.","Interviewed by Bob Short."]},{"record_id":"gych_rogp_086","record_class":"Item","title":"Lonnie King, 28 September 2009.","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Lonnie King discusses growing up in Arlington, Georgia. He recalls experiencing racism from a young age and his parents' secret participation in NAACP activities. King reflects on his time in the Navy and the racism he experienced there. King recalls his friendship with Julian Bond and participating in the Greensboro sit-ins. He explains how the idea to write \"An Appeal for Human Rights\" came up and the circumstances surrounding its publication. King discusses the difficulty of recruiting and training nonviolent students. King explains how the Appeal took a different approach to civil rights than the NAACP and describes how the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee was founded and organized. King explains his friendship with Martin Luther King, Jr., and SNCC's relationship with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. King reflects on a situation where he and Martin Luther King, Jr. were arrested for protesting at Rich's Department Store. He describes how the Kennedys' involvement in the arrest influenced African American voting nationwide. King also describes several class action lawsuits that were significant to the Civil Rights Movement. King discusses the crippled education system in some areas heavily populated by African Americans and explains the importance of programs such as Teach for America. He also recalls the circumstances surrounding Freedom Rides. King recalls several problems experienced within SNCC and the triumphs of the Civil Rights Movement.","Lonnie King was born in Arlington, Georgia. He was raised in Atlanta and served in the U.S. Navy. He left the Navy in 1957, returned to Atlanta, and earned his degree from Morehouse College. In 1960 he was present at the founding of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) at Shaw University. On March 9, 1960, King and SNCC published An Appeal for Human Rights as an advertisement in various Atlanta newspapers. A critical document of the Civil Rights Movement, the Appeal called for complete racial desegregation by peaceful and nonviolent means. King has taught at Georgia State University.","Finding aid available in repository.","Interviewed by Bob Short."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1036","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Carl Diederichs, November 13, 2007, part II","mediums":["sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Kosciuszko Park--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; 16th Street Bridge--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; Inner Core--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; St. Boniface Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; St. Elizabeth Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; South Side--Wisconsin--Milwaukee"]},{"record_id":"xhs_inrec_315","record_class":"Item","title":"President Reagan Signs Bill Establishing Martin Luther King Day","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["President Reagan is shown signing House Resolution 3706, which designates the third Monday in January as a national holiday honoring Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Behind the president, left to right: Coretta Scott King, president of the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change; Rep. Katie Hall of Indiana; Samuel Pierce, Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development; J. Steven Rhodes, the vice president's domestic policy assistant; and Senator Howard Baker of Tennessee."]},{"record_id":"xhs_inrec_392","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Views Poster","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["The poster promotes insurance through pride and progress with a \"Let's Go\" campaign for 1963 in cooperation with the Supreme Life Insurance Company of America."]},{"record_id":"xhs_inrec_391","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Greeted at the Airport","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["The back of the image states he is being greeted by Inspector Snidth and Reverend Brown."]},{"record_id":"xhs_inrec_179","record_class":"Item","title":"Services at School #36 for Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Children are seated in the school auditorium. More children are seated on the stage behind a table with posters showing King's image and listing quotes from some of his speeches."]},{"record_id":"kdl_rpwcr_xt722804xt2k","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with Milton A. Galamison, June 17, 1964","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Reverend Milton Galamison (1923-1988) was a clergyman and civil rights leader in New York City. Born in Philadelphia, Galamison later received his bachelors from Lincoln University in Montana and his masters in Theology from Princeton University. At the age of 25, Galamison became pastor of the Siloam Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn, New York from 1948 until his death in 1988. In 1955, Galamison was elected chair of the NAACP Schools Workshop. Later, after serving one term as President of the Brooklyn chapter of the NAACP, Galamison resigned in order to devote more time to addressing school integration. He founded the Parent's Workshop for Equality in New York City Schools and the Citywide Coalition for Community Control. In his work to integrate schools within the New York City system, Galamison organized boycotts of New York City Schools. In 1968, Galamison was appointed to the New York City Schools Board of Education. In this interview, Reverend Milton Galamison discusses the issues of integration and segregation of the New York City school system at length. Galamison describes his standards for integration and discusses what integration means to the larger community of African Americans. Galamison discusses the current state of the New York City school system, its progress toward desegregation, and his own participation working toward desegregation of these schools. In addition, Galamison discusses African American culture and describes what he calls an \"affinity\" toward African cultures."]},{"record_id":"kdl_rpwcr_xt7k3j390t8r","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with James M. Lawson, March 17, 1964","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["James M. Lawson (1928- ) was a longtime peace activist and served as a tutor on non-violence to civil rights leaders. Lawson began his work in Nashville, Tennessee where he trained citizens on non-violent tactics to use in sit-ins at downtown Nashville lunch counters. Lawson was one of the founders of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), he was an organizer of the Freedom Rides in 1961, and was chair of the Strategy Committee for the Memphis Sanitation Strike during which Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated. Lawson later protested the Cold War and the war in Vietnam. In this interview James M. Lawson describes his involvement with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and his organization of the sit-ins in Nashville. He discusses how his involvement with the sit-ins resulted in his expulsion from the Vanderbilt University Divinity School and the support he received from the Vanderbilt University faculty. Lawson describes the influence of the police on mob violence during civil rights demonstrations and how civil rights workers protect themselves against the threat of violence. Lawson discusses how his belief in nonviolence has been influenced by Gandhi's teachings and describes a connection between non-violence and Christianity."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_63","record_class":"Item","title":"Joel S. Boykin Jr.","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Joel S. Boykin Jr. discusses participating in the Movement after attending Morehouse and dental school. Dr. Boykin bailed demonstrators out of jail while his wife directed the Office of Economic Opportunity."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_91","record_class":"Item","title":"George Price","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["George Price discusses working closely with Dr. King and Reverend Shuttlesworth, including helping to found ACMHR. His work focused largely on labor unions and voter registration."]},{"record_id":"fra_flamemprojcr_128613","record_class":"Item","title":"Former Governor LeRoy Collins mediating during civil rights march - Selma, Alabama","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Note John Lewis (later U.S. Representative) in second row at far left.","Accompanying note: \"Collins' role as mediator in the Selma, Alabama march doomed his later political career. Conservative southerners roasted him as a turncoat when photographs showed him with civil rights leaders Andrew Young, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King, and Ralph Abernathy.\"","Photographed in March 1965."]},{"record_id":"fra_flamemprojcr_232485","record_class":"Item","title":"Selma, Alabama Demonstration","mediums":["moving images"],"dcterms_description":["This film contains footage of the March 1965 voter registration demonstrations in Selma, Alabama. There is sound at the beginning, but the majority of the film is raw footage with no sound. It first shows African American protesters, including students, marching and singing in front of a courthouse. There is footage with sound of Martin Luther King Jr. speaking, followed by scenes of Andrew Young, John L. Lewis and other black leaders. The film also includes scenes around the Edmund Pettus Bridge, including the violent police attack on the marchers shown from a distance. An injured protester is shown being lifted by other protesters and a police officer, and there are several scenes of armed police officers before and after the violence. The film also shows Governor LeRoy Collins arriving to view the march and going to speak with Martin Luther King Jr. President Lyndon Johnson appointed Collins head of the Community Relations Service (CRS) in 1964. At the request of President Johnson, Collins came to Selma on behalf of the CRS to help mediate a solution to the crisis. After the footage from 1965, there is also a fragment from a later piece, also without sound, that includes shots of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta and Martin Luther King Sr."]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11328","record_class":"Item","title":"Crowds march alongside the casket of Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession. State Capitol in background. 4/9/1968. J. C. Lee\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11332","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. with Rev. Roy Wilkins, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King. Hugh Stovall 1968\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11333","record_class":"Item","title":"Funeral procession of Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession. State Capitol in background. 4/9/1968. J. C. Lee\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13388","record_class":"Item","title":"Funeral service and casket viewing of Martin Luther King Jr. by his wife Coretta and family, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination. Dwight Ross Jr.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13395","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King sits veiled with family members during the funeral service of her husband, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination. Morehouse. Photog: Robert Connell\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13459","record_class":"Item","title":"Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen greets guests attending the funeral service of Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Funeral.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13463","record_class":"Item","title":"Police escort the body of Martin Luther King Jr. down Auburn Avenue during the funeral procession, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination. April 7, 1968\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_6001","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights leaders Martin Luther King, Jr. and Roy Wilkins, promoting voter registration, Atlanta, Georgia, 1959","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Negative envelope: \"Wilkins, Roy; King, Martin Luther; N.A.A.C.P. 1959. 27995.\" Posters on the table depict two African American children, and read, 'We're too young to register. What's your excuse?'\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_6017","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights leaders Martin Luther King, Jr. and Roy Wilkins, promoting voter registration, Atlanta, Georgia, 1959","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Negative envelope: \"Wilkins, Roy; King, Martin Luther; N.A.A.C.P. 1959. 27995.\" Posters on the table depict two African American children, and read, 'We're too young to register. What's your excuse?'\""]},{"record_id":"guan_1283a_080-007","record_class":"Item","title":"King, Dr. Martin Luther, Jr. - Civil rights leader, 1966","mediums":["correspondence"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"guan_1283a_098-009","record_class":"Item","title":"King, Rev. Martin Luther, Jr. - Civil rights leader, 1956-1989","mediums":["correspondence"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1047","record_class":"Item","title":"J.B. Stoner : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with J.B. Stoner, a Klansman and racial agitator who led segregationist rallies in St. Augustine in 1964. Stoner recounts his time in St. Augustine and relates how he and other Klan members were treated well in the city. Stoner discribes the various groups that engaged in white supremacy and the good working relationship they had with the local police department. Stoner recalls the various marches and rallys the Klan organized, the problems caused by local news reporters and how the police protected them from violence. Stoner insists that he and his groups won the battle of St. Augustine.","SJ JA Side One bd that-' s oue ~Y to travel. $ : t voul.dn' t \"3llt to travel on .this kind o~ .thl;ng· th~gll. )\\l.ght i:un into an ~ltme .. K'.: ~ li-.we- tli::LS~au· of ·. ~estion$ .. ttei·e • . ao.d .uh.; · • • $':: Okay·. \u0026OQ:e I; 'lOD. t t won.~t De. a.Iile. to imBlirer. K: ~. your ~iglit,'.tliat's. your .p~r~ect ~egitintate. ~i:gbt, ot course . . 1'nd uh. ~.sup-pose, .t tte. Best placa to 'h;eg1n. :ts .just kind of, .hOW\" di ·d .you firs t; .get involved .in, .un; St. Augu.sti'tle?' s~ Ull, I•ecmise.\"'l'· f-rtends .,..,.,e ao\"\" . there 1 such. as ConoJ.e·~, .Gene. ·Jlμssel.l. o:nd .Gene. Speltn aod otlie.rs·. · z:: Uh. !\\uh. And they inv1ted you? S: Ye~. K.: Did, did .•. s: t.ocal cJ.~:eAS· paid~· cx(\u003een8••\u003e do~· .. tlieke. · K\"! ·Did . .ency? $1 . To . stay .. do~. tl\\·e.te . Uh:, . I' .• nt , do\\'il '. ttte~e . to · Speak. i1 . f:~ tiJl)e4' and -th.er pai!i _,,y\u003cto,. st~X· ~·~ ·~•gUl.ar . le.\"3tli:s'.oi· U,\\lle• · · ·i...'1 • :J;~. see:.. · ·.Ji}io~ .ult, ·• ·o lil:OUld '«~s~·~:. tund.s'? s·: .we11, dt~~crent .oo.es:. . · ·ir: .11!i'. liuti; · . ..,,uld . it •Jl!O~J:lJk ~· B'W'f11' ,·: '•ll'l.trr...v::c:.,,~r: • ·:·: ·: ::·: ·: • ·:·:. S-f 3A Side One bd / !'.age 2 S: 1bey, they ~ic.k\u0026d, well uh, r can'.~ ·r~embe.r certain U he'd be. ooe of chem, as I \u003c•call. 10 Woul.d., ult, . you saJ.\"d, you sa.td tlie .cli•be.r 0£ COIQmorco \u003c:.~nged. . their ·. IC 1{0uld you el.a.Dorat• Oil thatt $\": After. the civil t.:J.gtitll oct QS passed the cbac.\u0026er of COJ1J11e.rce sw;itched oyer to tlte' ~gger 1ido, encl othebdse; .ltit)') I.\" bel.iev6 1110St .ot .the ~gge.rs . in, St. ~u.gust1ne vould 1ia;ve 111ovcd' out. Ki To!J . Cli.1.nL this iu duo priwa\u003cri1.y·. thcn: to t(olfs' inUuencot S1 , Ye~· sir. It: l()iy. do .JOu .tliinll..WbU clluged his \"'1ndt S: Vell, uh, s;ost 6.anUr• , uti, they're iM!ul.y iDtereated in • proit.t. rather tlion any\u003c~ else. IC: s ·o you .think M.r. W'c\u003elf t:hen 84V' a. greater pxoti't tu eupport~g the black.at $': l(.il be. . th~ught, thought he did. ~ll he: didn't wc.a.ct1y support the • . u11, ~igge\"ts . J9ja.t they, did w:as the'.ch~ber of COll:llnQr.c o clement , uh, .uh;.he used llis influeoce 10 that tliey 1(0Uldn't.cooperate. td:th , U$ PtL~O~e .. El t · see. $• _ Bu.t they: w.nted us there to scan. 1id:tb. until knlaa. 'f.olf ..... C: \\Ito's t.li.at ..t.he .chSAbel\" of c~rce? S': ... :~es, .ey~r:y6bdy wanted\"'*• :ov~y5;pdY· Wl¥lt•d all ..... t!; .Tliis·.'f.oilld... l)e in,' 63? S': ••• yes\u003e •ll .o1 .it 'WJll ato~tUig in t~. t•U. .o' ' ' 6:3 o•' +o·'.b'I( :·;··. · In fact all tlie. .W:ite, ju.st .•li'out all . tile\" Vtiite · people except a tew: ~gger lovers SJ 3A Side One I\u003e\u003c! / l'.•8• 3 wanted us there. 'But uh, uh, t· l.(as t£eated .'Very 'W'.\u0026ll \\ol;htt I. \\Cas there,~ I;;: enjayed mysel.f. K': /J.. v~ ·vacation? S; l'es s:r . • 1 ,, JC So in ·t.he:.fall of· '·63 tH:o1f.you starte.~ .goi:ilg down thet'e. \\{OJ\u0026 ¥Ou the·re cont.1:c:uous.ly. or '\\.ilS it 11\\orC Off and on? \u0026': No, I,~ go,\u0026d to Atla.Dta·. And.ttie.n. I'- had a case JD fede-J'al court .here in Jacksonville. But I : was down tRcre .q_ui-c:e a b.it of ttte time. I : vas also \u003cltl atto:rney in a court· t·ri:al d0'1:0 tl\\erc in the fall .o(, uh, r~ve for­.. gotten exactly..~en., uli: ldl.en .the tr~ was, but, uh, \"\"henever Bal.~\u0026 and \u0026o}l}e otHer ~1.Ssers tried to bre?k,. up a kl.an •et~g, .uh, fou r white ~ellow s v ere OrrM:ted. JO Oh yeah, Sept-or '18. S: I' vas their, I · was ttteiJ' attorney. x-. tlitnk.1-t vas .about, ~ . th.ink .that ~s still in .!·'6.3 .W:tien..it vas·· tr~cd~ JO . y~~f, . $:eptO!lll5:e~' ttu. ·s-: Uh'. . tlh~· trial pa~t ~,DJeaD .t!i~}J8h. '. .,Af.ld .un; · t~'t: .at: .that •J;eeti:ng ld.th, tlie:1i-lill~ l :•s an atto:r;lie;y ... ·. ~ey:· t,:1~d · one, ·.clfe . ,~;ry .. iound hiq not;; guilt~-­me · o.tliej:: ·.~ee .ddendantSl.\\(ere. Si~tf:ng . in . the'. C:Qul:t X'OOJ!} ·9' d +theiJ; l(ito.esses · no/re.--irtJs' (/.-11,,.; 14-. .. 'f\"L·H ·: .. :... u f couldn ''t . identJ.ty .. th--..i oo ·.i:Jiet-': .. .. .. · · A dism, sed. au· \"CI fV'\u003ek. \"':- j,';;;l.t ·r: . . uH-, ~ou.-en'·:C .at ~tHJ':t nQn-sfe\u003c:i~i«w•'.\\l.J!~· \" ) ~ /· L~\"'\"\"c/ ncl!e t,rQfl\u003c')t..iV Cf,\u003c--,~( a'/l.. S/' 2 ~ ] 1 $J 3!\u003e,. Side One Od l'.ago 4 S: N:o str. t''9e read about it 1n the. Mt:amt Dai1y News and the Long Island papers-, ~ wi.sli'. t ''d lieen . tlie-i:e. K::: Wits .tlia.c:,. ~G that, uh, \"Hr. Lynett tfult vas there? K: t:'\u003eve .. rcad·,several. .re~:cts aDout . that. Wh$ tho:tt, ~ that, .vov,ld you o;).y . th'at· lil;8s .t.Lfi:t.ut the -ooly ._..klAn mC~t1:~· or··th\u0026 itajor clan ineet~g that happened in \"63.. d~'.tb:ere, ·or ~ore .tlicre Otlie·r· ones?· $': 'lb.at. lZSS .tJie only. R:l.4n\"'~lli9-~.f#lB.f :~tfi4t ·was, ·. that llon t{a8 . the only klan tuncti.on.i;1lg iu St. ·~gustine.8.t ttte time, · in Jacksonville too • .. T?e,:e, tlier\" •s =re .tlian one kl.an organ~zatio'/l;J :::;';e:'; ~ht'.. ~a·').·;:;~· ·~~/ dit;f~ent, .uh, klan organt.z0:'tion5 •ct b, fu various.\"\"lt. T 1i\u003e'f'MS. ·- 10 _ 1rov;-.,.any,uh, hOW\"1Mny kl.on ~rgani-zations, uh, w.ould you say :we-re based tn; tih·, St. ·A:usustine. $:: Just one. IC Just one. HOw:- many, bolt' many ••• $.1 And it, it , and most of it'·e ..m;ee)Bers .w;ere Catholi~s. !\\'! Ulf liuli. $'o .you \u003e\u003c0uld ·say .. then. th'at . the./i:'J:#(f~.\u003cr-f/lli..f,J:/'~ur... could ~ • .._ kft\u003e.v~,...,,? · \":'\" _6e:. conS1d~ed· 11 ltla~ -m;a:i · o,:,.\\B$.l ·t;\\!li~, ,. S'! ~ lt:d ~a~ .... tl!\u0026Y·'.\"Ce . on·· ~·~i-endly. te1lfl\\S w;:f.:tlt, · v,lth:.the klan. K\"! lfell .ttiat, ·.tttat'·s .one Of.11l.Y· ~8· tiiSto;i;ic~ . questionS ~~·y~b.een : t~fpg to so1Ve; 1s .. £~e· At.ct~t ~t~·actuaμy.a..nan ·ot· ~~s; tn.s~;.~ .. o,(·; .~~xe .~b~~ ·, . . . : c,: ;i;~~r::.5:;::~~:·: · s-: us-,· tliQe~\u0026 . ~lla,til.~- ecqe;~ ~ g.u~siF-:-irerc · ~s· cop;C Oyi!J:l3e· ia 3A Side One w 1'.•88 5 ~= / ,. .. Rut thc,._5ut tRe ooo llan vtUch 1'\"0uld be diBtioct from the, it' a organi­zat:: lcD. say it \"\"\"*·s dtatinc:.t lroa ••• K(1\u003evd11S lj((-.yer11s,;~eeM-U 'Diet 1ilere. aoperate tlumtM\u0026 trout .JacbonY.tlle. tele:a:a:s JIS!lllt:;1;;tr that ws u... acJ.y.nan in St. Augustine. 0 /cfAV\u003cf\"'1S ·. IC: W'e:re ttie Jackloavillee klara1et s-\"'lfll'l\" active? S': YetJ air .they lielpe.d out.St • .Apgustine. \"IQ 1liey clid, .ye•, tl\\4t'• ·w,tlat, tcean. !(ere th.Y helping .the relliu ••• $': . l'~, and.the Qarcho•· C a.cd. 'tb.• aardtes? s·i We v ou.ld liiold, uh, rallies and , ult, ttie· ~i,sgers vould .c01le out and provoke .tlie peo{J.-e_in_ our rolly. ~ donl..\"t in.OW' 1\"hYJ cause t .bey.a.loys loat out. Jac21e ~oO'i.oson ·ws do\"'1 tffere one ~glit oncl would ellake Ju:i.ods, •o they Aid. SO a newsun want dow. there to sJiab ha.ode vitb ev•J'Y ~is n~sor little ~aer and all ttte n;tgset's o11oreh.ipg out ot the cl'N.rcb, come up to tlie 9C{U\u0026-re. Jut be wouldn't ut-cb up tbon himself. IC un bub. .At . these rallies would tho peOple that '\u003cere .attend~ considerocl ~stly, utt, n .anmaeo or · ~ra . tttey local 1(bitc.people. s; .rtiaro -~·e -'!Jti•e-eeople · f~.IJ .tile .... \u003c\u003eI. • • c-1·~· JCl 1lR. ... Ii'. and t !fey, '(OU I.cl : • • $': \\(ell tlie.!.idiol6 COlqllp.lui:cy; · th\"e J!tiol.9 celiAu~ty: tipa, uh; {\u003et'ACt1cally- $0lid iu tlfe1~ . suppo~t o,. o;;f-:~~'V; f\\e'\"!;\":· .. C Did you .np_tice i~, ao~-tlS::a,t yOU..:lm°\"'toncend;,oa; 90J¥! .de\u0026l of . .y1oleoce ..ttiat d~ .oceu-F, against .. . ch\"a:.,bl.\u0026clW.., ... :~ld .y.o u.· SP.f· f:t ·1{3o .iSIJO\u0026. i:J..y . . youtlis· SJ 3A Stde QM bd niatteJ:. of ~royoction . I'.•\u0026• 6 / S': tfell 'Wfien the Di88•1'• 1'{0uld come dO't(n .a,nd provokO trouble Wy .everybody' a got t.?:i.\u0026 opportu:n.ity, uh , toI Ig et .::A!-.ni3sere. II \u003c/ ._s'l'll~l\u003cef\"\"'.\".\".J' S:: tJb, ve.l.l. you ed.d the comwity was pretty, you k:n(X(\", eo11d in :it' a ••• S: Tes sir. :Kl .... i~\"'s solidaritr- eo to epe.ak.. S': \u0026'VeryDody ...,._, , t\"d wal.2. around .ct1e·'et reets at timu '(1th ~ acelve by ~gb'teen' in.ch contedcrato fl4g on a s t ic:K, evorybody wes . alw$lys.· greet~ns: 1¥! and .ch~er1:Jlg 418, even .wen:.w,e .1(eren•t hav~s o coeet~og • . W'e d.ioye, I·. \u0026.d a con,d4rtalile at that time 8.nd .ever)'l\u003eody· vaa '\"\"'~g .a.t u.s a safins tlfey. ~ for· 11s. t.t we fun. lei \\ltiat speci11.c stepa did you,ub, t.ak.e to, u.h, generate th1a solidarity, . /(. /C- ~ th.1lU'- our rallie.a nnd utches generated fiidaTity. c And in, in tba 11Wlrchot, uh, were the ilan, u ~ux@.on ma.in1y the peop1o tKa t would ~rgaoi:e thesn., or did t fie·.AcJ.eo.t t!1c~ haye a lot .to .d~ wi~h. tbom. ti -11 ilanSOlf:D -inly orgAndzed'.illet\u003e..f\u003eut .\u003cher• 'tll'\u003cI people othe.~ .tho,n lc1an J'1at\" v.::::1 uh, \"!U. Me wm,e: s-ai.cLh•._vauld, iu .t~ of~ you linO'I(\\ •~i:~g~og t\u003eG~.its aod .that kind o~ . :t:b.ose klnd ot 11)11tto~8 . 'C St\u003e VoUld · Y,OU' say. thougl'i that al.l in.all you'Y9 worked prettj' close vi.th SJ 3'1, ~de Ono IX! {11 e;. ~ u {. .::J ,A. Mr. !iewscc:a vh.ile }'OU ve:ce down tbere'l S: Yes sir. 1'.•s• 7 / C Acd ult', ve.''re. s2ippin3 arou.nd a li.ttle Mt, t: have lost the order of ey. no-ce:s. Hare • . And in tet'lll of eolidar i'~Y '. did you work with, uh, ·~•of tlie uh, a~e of the ao-called~ eow.er·. atructure . also? $': ~ powrf at:ruct~• aupported Ut; up until ae¥n Wolf put the preSIU't'e on~· t o .,P.tcti ' esa. 'that's w1iere the trouble••· 10 ftcd. .Ll:fey~ .lot's eay· part ot tl:iat ci:ty, u tt, Mayor Shelly· OJ' saa.eone like chat 'lf!Oul.d ••• S': V. bad, they d.l, eve.rytiody 1(88 very be.lpful. 'Ibero na, only• .1(0 bad ~c.e :lotcxfe.renc• troa Gov. Pm:ris Bryan~eent in tho soJMth~g like 25ll stat:• troopers io. Th.l.t didn't., uh, that didn' t atop us.. lt: vu _Beman W.Olfo that , uh, holped tlle n:t-ase.rs· out. E: ~ see vould .... S: Cause vet-d hava vhtpped the niggers at: tho t:IJao that, uh, .be put . tho pressure on, . vC •a already \\/hipped the uJ.aser• until WOU• put the pru.aure on the aatalllisJmiant to sw,f.tcli. IO To~ ~un .in btil).I . ot 1ntiJ:)idat~n8 1..tlfe119 out ,o,l .their ,.a.r;cbo1;.·9J: '1-h; •• iA teAs ,o( vinn.1;na f1Yer· co~an.1ty .. .supi;:or't? S» t1\u003ell it 1!.\u0026a cutd~8 off th~ .gmer\u0026l \"\"Pl\"''t. · x.~ '.DO you ·.t!i:1:nlC~ ·.you .th\"'iJ\\2.tO.te · ~·· a:. UJte ••• s~ ... ms told .tliQJ'.9, .. ltc. put the pi:e\u0026s.uKe On '..tli:aill. to:.ao .ahead aod .~tart, .uh , ·~reotipg ¥0Clla!• •to ~iaser• and lett~ng· ~gge~•· e~t in.tbel~ .~•stuaro.o.ts. · · SJ\u003c 3~ S.l.!I• One Id ;.: ~age 8 / r;: l)o you tliinlt tfiat if he bad not done that, the .federal, government ~ght liav\u0026- cca.e in and uh,. .. to.b.n eUps. S': No, ±t.. lre.m:an WC\u003elfo had otayed ou t o f it V:liy most of tho ~iggets in St. \"\"\"'5c:l.ne woul.d have \"°\"eel out. JC In ~ur wr~g .relation1hi'P \u003cltd you al.so~ .uJl. did you have ca\\lee to wo;rk 1111Jcli wit!i,. uli', Slieriff Davis.also? ' $': _ BL.•••· lie waa alway• frtendl.n be. ueve~ gave. a.e any trouble. I! So di.d you Rnov.· liim., uli, vory v.ell. Did.ne· ub ••• ~ \\fell ~ bt:V- JifJa, ye.I !' 8811' 6J.ID quJ:t e.. Often. r Sm(' Qyet'ybod).''.dOW:U .there ~ite often. K: ADd. uh, he never gave you nny· opeci'fic proDl.cns. ~ No sir, not, oot AtJ.1 that vie. tN.t I' c:ons:ldor serious • . Ue'-s a lm( en(orce­t' # D.t office;, 'Wbicli, uh,. he had hie profdem:s. So uh, but uh, that va.a aeant) n.eyer any. ·t'(!al -ei:obl·~· K: I: se:e. '9'hat .about , uh, Kr. I.yocb, of c:ouz;se you a.od. ltt. L~ch ¥.!I:~ the uh.. • • ~ ~ ....,ro . the pritlCi'{lle. ~tgures ~ r: \\\\\u0026at vu your, vb.at lr(aS your . ~tft¥a.8 rel~t1'9nah1p dth. h~? S: Ofi\".h•~ ond 0 l'vere c.lose.ly usocloted 1A -the ~o.t:ioD\u0026l ~tat.e .. 1(.igbts 'Varty .. i\nd ·.'Oil', '.v~ Al'!I'~• · ••\u003eried ,.L-tli'. averY-..,llUe: il\\'oui\u003e .thot \"'!!!'to. anr hel~. 0~ r: . Teall'. »v.l\u003em did. lie.. .. -~ ~ Dh ·:-~ .. gone, :. h\"e~ l(ent . to . beoyetlfl'qclt.in, ..un ,: tbe~ \u0026nd oi · ~o.pte:iafl.61:' 1972.. ~ iq67t - ------ --------- P•s• 9 / .... ~' 1!172... ·10 ai \":72..:' ~ate. UH~well in t~ of epe.ali,n.s .cbore.e\"vu it divided pretty .zJCli ~Ur:r or uh, did 'JOU ta£e turn. .., epeakiogf '~' \"'~ in. l~ , uh, · he spoke every night, utt. obout till the w;e'atbe.t: got too cold. 1n .ctse fall of :'63. And I'.\\otent \"9ld\" dcnm aod apok.e, uh, only a. coup.le. ~.thee . Then in the, uli, 1~1p1 of. 1964, r got there at le.ast · · fr'f\"l\u003cCficd/, II a-1-rk. • ·11C11l.di....-Blie.ad of Iii:=: a.od uh.. •o, \\lb, ·fur 'c· c{q 1·+ spealdog dutJ.c..s '; i\u0026J.I. on-me 'Wltil lie rewroe.d froi:. Californ:t\u0026. IC t;Jfen \u003cli:d..be get·aa.R..' : y;,·:\"{:'J~:\"f!.l'f'I\u003c.. 7 JO .m.n:.wen..b~. got 1n ••• tlten it\"\"\" pretty 111ucb split .ofO 'lli'en \"\" sharod the spealUng, yes. ;., f1-l s /1; ·~ \"'~ r/.-._ t-r aee, .uh, \"11.ere there, allde frOllt' the rellies 11!?C\"T'!!• · · . .J. · · · · , were;: tliere -QOte trad.1Uoo.\u0026l klm rail.le.~ got;ug on at . the. ••• t:lJte rlth tho fi:r•ty CToaa1 $'; \\(all once the uh, up i u July alter' tho e1t:.ah~11t otopP*d aup~r~ng ua, uti., .tliere 1{ere. i:.J.an ral.liu...held outetda ot tO'llD. JO On . tltat, .gentlemen. t.·s , -~uR, .che C1c~Hiid.'f!B G!,IJe'~~t · S': ,. Ye~. , 5-, N:J4 ~ waa· aJ;\"rt1ted on·accouat o~...tli~t Md so 't(U·.Conni•• and . so.w:e.re. three . o.th1!¢s.. .Uh' , one • . one tolloW.:, J)on' Cothr4n. Soll)Qbod~\" ttdyi.sed: HiJI) to ' eat•,,- a . ~ea o~ gutlcy. , 1111 ~eaded.' gu11cy • .,,d · ~aid a t:vo hund.;e\u003cl .dollar fiue • .. Dta.rcat of us told tlim ve we.re not ple.~. guilty· so .they dJ.c:aissed SJ 3A Side One bd Ol.lr cases. ,P,age ·10 , .. : r: i' see.. '!hat. tliat ' a,. tliat lirf:up up a. you kl'lov-,. a 'lueatioa. to sdu.d. t!?i.- it aee=s that the rallies- held oo tli~ lacnd1 al..l l(eelt. aad ~ then the ~ da;r ther dedded to arrest JOU all. llov did tile \"\"\"\"r ot tile la...S .. tia-ye_ a c\u0026nge: of be.art, or . . .. $': No tliat \\CU n ~t t lie profil.ea, uJi,.. uli, tllq tu\"rest:ed us hec-.sa• SOMl\u003eody,. uh, t:ossed a fire. tioa.6' into th\u0026: restaurmt at Cha t11tJl'tf°.:f\u003e7 Koan- ~e.. llarrU\\ fell.ow- 111 1 j ib.e~diatrtct state.a attorney fr\u003c!IJ ~lia t • •• C 111i.. lilB,. Dan \\{arren? S': Je•,. He C6mia Uf\u003e and t1ie 4-tcoraei-~a.l of Flortda c;:a• ove.'l 'Who vaas ~t-+t.l '\" f t I l)\the follo\"1oa elocUCXI . ADd than, ob, \u003cky dUo' t \"'-\u003c vbo did that but uh,. emce Conni'e And :r: vere _agl-utors for t 'he wh.1tc peopl e ~ t11ey arrested us and t.be others. $: :t dou't inov\u003e JC You don't l::n05() ir\"s uh ... . · $': /ID.ySody. cou.14.liavo done it, lO t- ~i\u003er ..tlleories,..Uacks' did 11: or th•:...i.'i.tes d~d i\u003e.-AOd· ~ '!O~ ·.1 \"'!~· .. .. Sl ... ~U .ld(ite.s·•Y· Have done it. t.'-a.12ot · ac:atsl_N: ....\u0026 :he ~gers ot dobag it\"., 1C llli::llblf.· t ·.su. \\all .j,u t°\"\" oj •.• SJ 3A ~e One bd · ~aga ll It! S: did!l.'.t 11.R.e birl ati}'Pl.Ol'e, SO :my6ody ••• ~be did :it, tie did it jut to o6ey tbo lav-doo.' t . you think.? Ve.12...fu! d.1.dn't have to go over'Board v:ith it. ·. lfqst; I • see.. tlh, \then he did S\\dtch OVOl\", as I:\" !='ecaJ.l , you aad .. ~'\nn:ca f\u0026i.=!.y aucce.aa:ful i:a organ.iz.~8 o •• • S': ~,\u003cIi• Ketinnal $tat•'• ~i:gbtil puty-•bed a pichtt line eut 1.n front 11 /I ot li1.s plac•, saying n i,ager.S w:elcom.e and all, ve. ~nted to help hill! got $'o tlios. were your picket ts~ aod S-: Ye_:s:·, well soae of the. •r have tieen, .uh, 111-tgl\t ba.ve .been a~e of ble celattye• on t De pickAl:tt line, I con't ttm:Q6er . But uh, the:o~ uh, no li.usio.u1 caa :in. Even th~gh. ve w:elccc.ed the niggers in on it to dine, DO Busiheas came. in·. r ~ag:ino the ewt0;_8ger VaB ...psct a.bout that. ~ ~ vu th.at the f'ir1t dot that the National State's Rlghta farty vas dow:n Sn St: ';f.-;#:ne? 'Well U nttt,t.. and J' 6otb. r e-pro1ont , tlie. National Stat e '•• and Gene \\Ills\"\" vu Katinoal .$to.ta\\s· (\\igbta PsJ:q\u003e JO .\"\"\"lilt I:J I ' neye~, · ~u know.\\ ·prior to J:titS·. inc1'deot .the~ va,s no indicatioo...-. a.(, .you· i»~ die. name neve1f.sliON\"id 'Up in . th• papers p.r.tor' to ~ thh. $'; lle ~pe.w •. ootIU:na. l?don .. t .thtnltaoything •\"°'tild up in the ea-ee,n. =~ t.licy.: lo(CoU .th~at lytna «~ort to .clie s 1 t3teS nilte . ..aboui: . St . /i;ug:ustino. · _ . · · '1/..t CDM(Vt.·1ffc-e • •'f ,I ' Lt, ·. 11ov\u003e l!J.ilia•I'\" fi·..aec1 ~·po~x 'lyiJ\u003eg .... poit • . · c: OK'; yvu 41oan .ttil! .floirt.t.. l_egiolatiye !.Dvesl;iaa~ •• · 13-. rek · · -j'k S': ~h·, .tile: tJxmEe: socict~~ 'Uk, l(aDtcd tt.· t:i'Pt) the' racc--,:nixf:n8 o;f:::dle- J oliD. SJ .3A ~de One bd c~rck JJ::=i:e Society. S; Yes. / '$;rc.C., John ~ Socioty is a raco-•ixing orge n..izat1.oo. ·. I:: Tlie, ult, the H.a~n tha.t w:era. that \\l;ere involved in tae rallies and .t.\u0026 des:oaatr•t:ioo• iD terJ:;S of eorce1a~ge, voUld ~ say-. there vere !Dlore local 2lan9111;en or '1110re fr011 say. J'acbonvWc, if ~u can '·t call that ••• '$: • vell a.a.•. general rule tlie'tle 'Weto, uli, plenty of, there t(ere pleoty of t~ Teal. St:. ~guatine tla.nsM.-a, Wt uh, at ti.mes for rallies and marches t...11'~ j c.. . ' 'a\"\" · f peo~e cocna down ftor!J .Jacisonvi:lla. IO ,\u0026id .Goat. ,ot ..ttte.Se 1Urcties. t(Ue going oa pretty regularly fo-r a .1(hile. S': ~· \u0026i.~ t ,tiey. were. Ki \\eiat juat .aliout every n;lght? S: ~ll • bad rallica every night, 1ilhe..tbe.r w •re.bed or not)at the alave ~net. JO Y~· S': And 50¥, sc:qe ~1J8•t lovers· once and .\\dlilt vould ·•ke a Jli,stak.e and COJ;Je up oo .u ;o \u003c:dge .oi .the cr\"\"'1, and \"11, diallud .w~t .I.rnch: Md· I · \"91'6 ~\u003cf' rJb~u ..t.lfe)'td 1llab 'J;'~Orb~ uli, JlJ:'O ~~ge11'.-x-esJlRJ:ks ,against ,uJ:\\ .. ~hy,~ usually, .reali'Zad .th\"eir 'Jld.-atoke. ll lo? ~eallze it $Uddcly. $.': 1\"-190an. noSQdY. .. told the 1(tli·teS to do .t\u0026.t, l \u003eJl}ean -~h:o .~1it~.t1'. ...t ge~o. atiKKed 'Up .. ~«Mil I:\" wouldn't. go . bl a n;i8.86J:0·\u003cJ'al.ly an~ get. on . tho . ~dge oi it and start · d.:tounc~ tKo ~gger: speab:r, and seqe ~f:gger l.ovor coJ:tea• up on th'e· f:!;d8e· of a .lflli1to crovd .wtien t ho.it: stir ~od up at a ti.Dao of· a crioit like SJ 3A, Stde. One bd / . 1'.•8• 1.3 that aud sun: de.nouncipg the w:hite racial speakers why you're just aaSd.:tg for tl'OUfil.e. C \u0026ov-do 1°\" tllini. a crisis ~,., PJ'OYO.ied in the first l'lacet ' 'I S: Well Dr .. m\"J:l.~g and the ~!BS~t's wanted tq go o.ht!ad · and toke over the tovn. 1l\u003eq ....,t\u003cd to have their wy evuythl)\u003e8 really. ~ \\.tlo.t do :rou meau when you say tlietr ~t ' $:\": ll;iltll :Dr-~' ub, intended to run All the white. race a out of tO\\l.l. it: ID t\"\"'!S .of Dr. TXaJlin\u0026 and uh, Md l!\u0026rtin Luther J:ing, do .i-ou thin!\u003c • tltcy we.re CoslP.ies? ~ W..11 ~.cm.U. tliat 1.4 liie secondary, tbeJ.r both, both ~ssere try~g to du troy: tho \u003cigbts .of .mite pco1.\u003ele; •• Kf/18 kn•~ c,,,_.nilts and had .!/. Cc:im-..nU.st: frJ.'ellds. l' don't 1mo1(\" t\u0026t 'lllUCh a\u0026:»ut Ha'J.1.-~. But ¥1.pg vas \"01 t1Je CJiyj.1 ~b.ts prograai tor ·;cace ·\"1x1;ng and tbat' s .aa btld. •• fOU cc get. K\": l;(\u0026ll I: tieliovo r•111 au:re \u0026j..lUlg w.a.s, t!or the. sn=o .p~posee. ~ I' know: of course th• Co!IJND..is.t Pot'ty 111 'o~ · race. ~~g, but as tor ll,*8 •s· to, •ll Ba Jiad ~aJ.st · ~io.ada i.ut Alt to .ld1e:the,r·.aa. COllJPJ.la1St I : don l:'t . i:DW, fiut it vouldn. '\"t 1n01Ce Qny. dtt.fenoc• . .tt o·.iii,o ~het.h cr. be w,s • C~ni'st· o17 not. he was 111gge.: f'.tglitiaa .•saJ.nat US:tiffdte eeopi,.. thatt'd .• B-e 11. · ~~c;t9,N~lil t not tlte'.· factoR~ · · IC , ljb'ot 11o ~- t lilllk. the ••• . ~ C.o.us:e. I'~ ·opposed . to rp.ca ~ixip.g .. oyen',i~ ~ conaerya.tiye. ~~ager 1(0.nts to force· ~tac• 11Jb~3 .. K; 1'11)' t!o 'fOU tlli-.1\u003c..tho l\u003chite (\u003eCO~le . ~uld \"•tch..ld.th · saY,• the. S.C.L.C. '~ lhc\u003ce-vuent\"t ~. t' don't rcaem'Ser bardl:r any \\dti~e people.11arching d~ere 1d\"th r.he S'.C.t.c. X:-'\"'e :Seen. 11l4rche8 all over t 'he south and ~·ye seen vlites )liRe fM· J.t'/tt\\~rnarcli. lid.th\" tliem.. But, uh. St. August1t1e, J • ...i... •• ) K'! £ov inst.aJlc.e the college .that cama down for spring, ove.r the spring break, 'IS· •• ... ~ · \"~ ,..t:q_ey'. didn '-\u003et, .tl\\'ey: veren 1:t. in-..tlic1 OOll'.le of Chem came . do.,μ. llll~ got in on tlie. act ,wfi'l!f'l;e?er tli~e -were, Ilna va•. got.a.a in ebe Maaing pool end all 6'ut not •fter the wfiites •tarted holding rallies .and counter urches. : JC: ~rafttt, ao 1t10\u003eofcer· a •hi·le that Che vbiue kind of diaappe.ared frcm tlfe 11.nea. S': Tirey S1U'e did. yu eiJ:, they ran out on the niggers . I don' t blaaa 'em;, .t119 dill a ..,.\u003ct thiug. K; \\Olat do YQu ••• S': TKere. Vill\u0026 a ei::ofile:a 'Cith..n.e-c:s p\u0026t;0grap6ere. for a .ldrl:le becaa.se thq-.ef\u0026. w.nt:l.p.S to cob p:tctures·_o,, -uh, di.to. ~ d0J90n8tx11,tors :that \u003c1f!i'gbc..\u0026n used it'\\ . u • ovidmce .\"\u0026~t t~..,... \"°\"\" IC1nd ot . .P.LI:. '\"\"\"'~ up •o .c.i..r. they d14n ''t talla tindly to ~ictw:ea. oeJ,ns· •~Teen. ~ v:a~ goin\u0026 to· say) ~ ~ goi:Da ~o \u0026ak.. 19l~ \\{0014 o( .Liie, o( .J:he • ••• ~~ Tlie~h~, .un·, ·..n~~rlt news coyet:,ASe, '.JJh~h.efore ~~ .. Sta.J;tod .out ,,;opllies; ev~jen4 .\"ucl!e$ . llfi\", . they ...s,· ~ !PJUS .tliat i.oei~ed .the n,iggei:a to i.eep on 1l)O ?IC ~113 • SJ 3\" Side One bd K'.! ltl'Cm•se of , taecttU1c the~ got publici.ty? / · ~: ~se of .i:ae. vv; covcroge. 1C: l.' see.. ~as,._ 1(3$ it, did .rou per~e.. aq ~e. in Attitude.., c .:Bllt d:td ...... 1'.•ge.15 uh, of S': lJUt ~a--111.os:t of c8c. .n~ got Wrt· \u0026.d.l .... ,,,..._, uh. and l~e_ D.eeu t here ht~ . \u003c ad seen i't: Sap~ l\u003eelore va. started liold~ aarch.t:a end rallies libencvtt ..tlitu ud \"'1aers get Into f~ and the-f ..-w to talut pii:ture.s of tJia. -.ilnes .\"\"1'1:6. could k used Ill court, and th\u0026 fti:tca didn't like that 21nd o·f one-ctded. f.iustneas. lC X: 8»ppose., ull., so tho. ftgl\\.cir would )'OU · •al'., uli, cha. Ugh.ta . chat happened say-, u~ the. e•-rly eal't of June. heforct .the Cll'C'chJ;n..8 got otortcd? St .: \u0026ltore. June., yes- a::tr. tie.fora. Juoe... C 1.'\u0026\u003ese; .u1f, . ..,.r~ oot so •utll, cl1cln,•t li;\\ye \"° ~ch.. to do v;lth; '!\":t' State•• 1\\i'81!U' fa.rtr or .tlia ra- otJ4111%\u003c1~? S': Ko t 8-t \\l:J,S'. jua.t local vftite ct:tJ,'zeD.9· .. t:lip.,t ~ .tl\\at ~B\u0026•X'S. · l!Pu1d .c~e. ue­t\"\" 1\u003e to · p)\"Oyi\u003eli'e. Nid they: dido. \"t . 1(;1.Cl: .~.1\" p:l'ctute co.ien:...,bilc.. they. -a\u003ere. ~igli.tll18 ni)!ge.ri. 'IO \"t.aiat .aD'out .clie .u\u0026',, .the action on.~~D:e4cliea.:,;so to speak.f · SJ 3~ Side One bd ... / S': Uh, I tmov- about the aet:toc on the. 6e.adlea lltd t .be:re ere SOllllt; good '-'itita WClltn ov~t' the.re doi ng 1n0• t ot that, I chin~ but uh, t: vent to tl:ie l\u003ee.ocliee at t i mes. '5ut uti. r was trying to keep up Yitb everyt~ ·. a:aba on weryvttere. and I·, an.d :t a.J.esed aoac of tl\\a.t. c I see. w . .. l(bat dtd you hear ea.y. •ec.Ond hao.d? \\Cas it. vu iJ; J110•tly ,•Sain just .tli't .WJd,te ccrmuni·tr re.act:f:u8· •• s-: '!'.°'!'· ab: • •• ._or vu 1t -AOX'e ~rgan~sS Oy. sar t:Jte Ancient '1ty• ·f/ir\"fl;l '2.w\u0026. +-.... A..t:i..J c;l..,HU-.n':JC!i•l., v ~ll.., · · • • · oJ · the t4An aod tlfe lfational State's R,tgh.ts Party· vet::e a.U involved 1n it. \u0026ut uh, f)ut tbe:r -•re onl~\" o p4rt ot.t\"t. ThCf· also. t1ie)\"'·1':1glit\" of, tlte.Y\"-\u003cAi\u0026H.t .of he.leed mcou~age . tlie loeal ci.tU:ena certa.tnly \u0026elptd. out ritb intbusiarisa)trCllll all the reports I heard obout . tire tiuclru _,lil\u003ce tliey- did d°\"\"t°\"\". C And do you .tltin.2 ttie loca.l police •leo fie.lped out by, uh. tut'n~8 thaf.l:' 5, \\\u003cell, uh, t· never did h\u0026v. any t ·rouElo \"hh. aor ot the lotal. police. lhey we~o clll nice to 11e. · ~ see: . · °P'UD.d61'$tond you ;.ll: had s(IJIJt.,..: baa p.r etty., good P.A O.t ecti.o1. 1 ~ .y.our 41Jardres. Oh- ~• did • . -~ s1T. wll tffa.t, I~ would'-:nt, I::- wouldll't . ~oy lg\u0026. had protect.ion? -..l!tt-.~~iC ..t:h~e poli-,:.e flado.'~bCen .. t.fi'~e .~'t'.:d ... lLCHln a a;l;U•r~ 11hen the. ~gge-rs ' •ta\u003cte4 Ull:O\u003ed.na .rocill and . th'ipgs . tl!\"\\', l\u003cl\u003ept .tb·e, . tljoy· . ..,.,ra..lwioi\u003eips .the · ~-S.ocs. ~~8 thei,.el. yea..1'oc'!ll•• . .the .i/ti1 te -.J!O~heo . i;ould · tioye cleAned out ~'88•t:-t.o161 onoe they. were pr,ovot(ed...liY fl:l:gg«s. I I I I I SJ 3A Slde One b.d .... · l'.•a• 17 / E.: Well vu, was thare crucb rock. throvi;D\u0026 and violence ,a.gd.:ut. your oer chcs? $': mt, ~ere was eOM Wt i f hoda.' t 6ean for , th\u0026 poli:c.e .why, it would have .~c. 1.t vou.ld have been a, i t would hove beeu a lot of dead ~gen, SCli:M Ciu ~oplo, tliey'd a hurt IOM white people, but they· said in .tba lo.as .. tlie .. y:-uul.c would.. Have. ll'een .that ~ the ~hi.te~ .1(0uld haye; .ub, cleaned C A\u0026n:zt. liov--a.anJ\" people would pattitit\u003e•te in thct arc.heat '-$': ~dao.\"c, I\" can't give you any numSer. llllt t here vere nice sets .of crOl{ds. ve aarc!fed at niallt ti:te and. dar t ill.• too: . W.•''d have • ~uare . tull , aa:rc'h. tl'iT~lr ~1:8ger town. ~ ... In ttte, pretty _.ch the v:hole t:ally would. go oa to the urchl Kl mat f:'• a pre:tcr good turn out~.b ~ Tes air, veil - bad a.. lot of~ {f ..... 'i;\"-U JO Uh'• do rou tbinJc. the uh, do you th11\tc.,,the ub, dilliturbanCf:_B 1n. $t. \"\\U8U.Gt :lDO. say 1.nt:r eased Mllherabi.p :ln the kl.an or tbe StClte' e. ~aht.e fa..rtTo •• -~ . yea otr. C , • .,tl1.oc..~d encour.aged th~? ' $': Te.a,' I\" ttii..ilk 1't di'd, t' thid. it did all ·nowMl ..the\".couatey. · C DJ#' ~t ,. was 1~ , .1(0Uld rou ••Y·-tlie incre-.sed ._i\u003eei;sb1p \"IO~ . cqn,~1no4 . to sar-.-St.,. Augustin• or· would otll\"er. people d.ts,aar•e Vi~. th\u0026tf --si Np-~~~;' ~.l:l!i'Qlt..tlillt .tlfo nationa.l pu~'q,~hel~ed -~• -'thif• i:ac.1ltto , . ·q~8~i~acionS. oyeTY'ttieJ::e ~- ge;in 490r4a ~-rs. SJ' 3A s:i~o Ono w ~·s• ts $: / .... lklt they· did. gaiD w uld you .. 1 oip11:1-caa.tl:r aore to tho S\u003c. Auguati\"-\" uea?- l{t:l.l ti'nd aliout all tlio, we had oll .aSout aU the young Wi te boys tbe\"t\"e ' Tlfere nan~t too ·~Of• 1S10rc, there wren' c many more. to ge.t out there. 'fl!\u003e a:f.T. \tlll•U:lke. \\(BS . ttlere 1-Ucli ot a. difference 6\"eb(eon .th6 youths attitudes Ko. ·no tlie atti\"blcle.e vere the aaae: witb . tlle .l(b1te .. the yout h .'(e.re •ore, Tliey. were -111ore prone to ·v1:olenco. ~ ..••• in pl!yaitally, phyoicoUr Sotter oliape. II U C M · Stiori:ff 'P\"- viS term.ed it, they•·re t'I\u0026 hard :ia . .rubb et' baUs. -. ' I I I I I I I I I I I . th\"'at save \"ua troulilo too. Uh, if w \u0026.dn'-t .n.atrained the vhy uh, they'd l l .\\lh1pp.ed .tha state patrol ~- suesa .. ttie~'d . scnd 111 the national:. guard • ... l} 'lq.. lio111,..; $0 roii would ~~· ttiat .tlnl·, ub-. .•• · ' $1 .1lfey~ tl!lt~· h'ad ..,. .P: B:.:c aaenta-..,...,¥18 ...... eacrol.lJl\\i~o1iJIS,· IQ . OH· yeati1 ' 1.¢ didn'·'t: b.o~ tHat .. l(•s• 19 / \". S; Well I dida.\"t l(ant the oot:lonal, guard to cocte- in. S: 'We. aidn't re.str•1n. nor wouldo.'t SAY' lit• exactly, we r utrained them s:c:qe. :~t ~.-an, uli\", enyt!=e o p\"a trol..un. uh, picked on acme 11hitc boy 4ld ~ on.. hi2'• .tlte p•tro1-an w:aa ..the one .t~t loat .out. ·K: Teali1 ~ 1{osc of the: p.iltrolmen l(ere frie.ndlr. .see tliat wa1 only· . few ea.tro~eo 'US\\ .,.aat of tlie at.ate·patrohien. IC B\\lt the, uh, local, tlie local police and the. uh, the sharitf*• departmeot \"ere pre.t:t:y ~ch friendly al.so? ·~ • Tes sit:. g:: Md so t~ only real pro1il.,.• · l\"\"-~ -•~• ldU. ~e state paqoi,,_a~ ... st WJ:ten'-mo1t of . th(.'fl\\ ~l'e tor'us e:xcep.t ,f:or ' eo•: of '.the 11411.,~anld:na ones' and ..t.be .P~I\". agf!nts 1n state pat.rol ' ua.i'(o~s. 10 It see:ai• .. cc»~e tli4t afto:r: .. sa:r .th·eon~6:18· ·uh , near- ;riot up, .... ~~li-.ye ft vas .tltC! 2Stli', tllat .they. did es:aclt.acncD • 1ittle..li,1.t. OU1i' ~~fl'IJR. r, \\ I~ ·4~-d.tl 'rt JC int liblr,....6\\at :uh..., h--W.: did, . lioit· did . tlt.ef)..·. ho°'(\\dO You .thtnJt.. l:hat ·-major; .whf' did s:r la Side One l\u003ed / l'.a\u0026• 20 that :..ajor outbreak bappen the, uh, 25tht Do you recall, :lt:'s, .it vu ult • •• ·:r: I .H'ftll!Tnber • I · .r emecbor t'he ~gges t l,.isht of all , uh, t vas speaking at tli6 ::tma- .tliat tliose oorry· ni\u003cggers diaturD~ 'ff:fY' sp~ech. Uh, I t hink. the police doas. concriliuted .a lot to that hc:euse t hey kept barki;ng all t ho t1Qe. ADd . t!iat cauaod, uh, tnat heleed a sort of a paodiaoo.iuci, built tcn1ion · and caused po.ndimoni'UJ!l t o Drenk. loose . r think, I think i f the fOl.J.ck- ~oaS •lia?'t. t\u003e'een there, .1.t d'gb.t not ti.ave taken place so el.Sf'-' It .,,igl!l:..llave, pro!iallly _,.l..d tiaV\u0026, li\\lt I:\",.eau tile .police dogs ceruiDly· -~r2::lna. ce,rtainly• aarfvated t he ai\"tUlttoo • . And then the ~ggera they vere oscortt;o.g vere tnunt~ng tlie vtU:tce, o.nd t he l(bitoe d1-dn'·t . l ii.c to - ti'e teunted Sf' the n13gers . And the n:t.a:gers, ~ iggere, they l(ere cUX')'1n8 ~ off tllat '\\4bt, it looted like a..Dattlefield. IC \\(hat uh, did you uh, did you' run acro11 any· evidence of B:lack.-violcnce .asaJ:o\u0026t, uh, w:fii'te. peo{\u003ele'? $\": 'f~ aiT, tliey $bot ono. and i±l.l ed one w.bito 'hQY. c . To.a, that vas m. uM', '63 I:.lie..lieve. In tema of tb• rallies.· and .the .,.arctru. was-.t.li\u0026re, utl ••• -..S'l .l'eo)l' • . t.here-.we-re wtlitc fi~s·..tl:ia.~ aot ott4chd:ti~- 'Di.:g9cu:o, j_h~t'-'G \"'\\dl\"t o~ tan' e-w~ked tlie aou61e. , JL . . C\"\"' w • 1 \" JC ~SO ~ • .'2Jlt;o- Iftbep rOCl ~'D8 - · que•tlODe ~e juat ~· d~Cll~f!l8• ,s; \"• need to.. l:iJ1?Y.:. li'ecauae:, -uli, · tte.'1e elrcad~- late. 10 ~~igtit~ oih\";'. I.~11 just oslZ: a cou~e 1J90;ta. . ~1cti.; .ul\\, q_u••~i~os .. · ~ell nt s.r 3A :,:!:de One lid / P.•B• 21 the- kl\u0026o. T\u0026lli'U ,them.selves, uh, .then. did Haus also help you erra;nge those, l*\u003ess f1a ,, '' c ::i •, I $li'ou.ldn \"t ••Y·.2tAii, Kr. 1ttm:nlt\": S': 1Jell. to ctte:·.l\u003eest of 1lJT10ell0q+ be .• arn;ogecl .thet. c - E?.C dJ.i!?: .s~ I could.a. 1:'t swa o.r to i t, true .un. ~•an thait. was t:wel.ve years .aso, and 1' ~ Ult..liDli\"'. · -.~U .. ~. did . tlief' ul:l, .\\lhy do you . think; uh, why did co11tent.1ooe die- 4cnm ilr-St. \"ugustine? .. ~ ..'..E l!c.ause..,. S\"ecause . tlte .C\u0026a6er ot '\"1.nerCe . establiebalent; undet;' the influence o( • llb1~e1swttctied lidco. C $\"o ycu \\IOttld aay tlieo., uh, that you all, .uh, wen the battles aod lost th• var? it T1i'e d:tiQQ-i; of cCQ21erce, yes: eirp..liecause. ot .that .. Uh, .tbe4hamhe.r .ot ao...orct :ID-st placeo. goes' alC\u003c18 'O;itb n_fJgen. Uh, .tbey:. tbfnk.1-t''• •=rt~ Out actually t: t!U.DR:..it'• dutt071;n8 the country and, go~g to deacroy d teir busta.uees tC? go along \"1th the lliggen like .they',ye SMU $1 . l'e.8 1111. -. l{ltll ;myt~· \"'~go to a c~~~·-ld:i:ero .thera.'a . .raci\u0026l ~leq:I th·· ~~ o~ :\"o\"°'erce. ie ,..,,,uauy. linecr--up«m ·. tb'e' .uaa•.-s ride . 1l\u003c\u003e '\"\"' • . .tlt!ni: t~ey'\u003el:e just . doing,~:\u003c . to 'Pl'Ot0Ct .tlfeir:..1'1JSin~ll or ••• \" l.fs kl£~ ·· ,_, ···· · .. tftll · ..... • • • .. r \"4. ~- fi'\"anbrS -up. . .th\"a· lin\u0026\u003e eut pre.ssur•.· Oo. ·• '•- • 3fiey: teel .tlt~~e ~ore sUSject to· p~cseu~e .. tltan o t liar .~eople. A lot · of·. tlifal don\"t -lib: D:i.886l'k..5'ut,, ,\"U!f • th'OY.~ gWe lraf' to Pl:\"'oaGuioe . too ·easn~ .be.couse 5.1 3A. Side\u003clne bd ,,. . P.age 22 / they're. tbey'ro too worried a5out tlie.iT bualneeaes. And their .busi.ne.as lit-ould 1ia.- Oette.r off t.f they \u0026uc.Red the ~g\u0026:Ot'S . X:. think. that all the d.a:louscrati.on i .o 19\"64 c:mJ;• t:l'tut:ed good adver:tisea.en.t for St. Auguetine • st:Dce ttteo. it tw slowed down a 1i'ttle a.t· the tia, liut. t a.ea.a, l' thluk tliat pul!UcitY· lias. ltelped in tlie long run. IC It could .well tie. Uh;; • • s ·: ~ v.tia ~vas down ttiero)unt11. WJ;\u003elfe put . the pJ,\"easure on-' ~••tuaX'anta woa.Lbl\"c: e\"Vb let ._ pay·•Y· 8U18,.; J:) i\\Oally? S': . .... tl:iq.- all iuiwtc4 on•• eat~\u0026 ttte. J:l llo you thini. there vas. ·$1 ~got, I' got royal ttcam.ent. F ca •:c co.plain at all about tbe. Wf r 'Oii treated in St. Augustine. 10 .Tliat\"s intorcst~ng fncct. Wpuld you ' MY.' there ven: any other contdbuti:q fact~• to the crisie, .ull, otliar tli4n tti:e nee rcliltioua? for instance, th\u003cr '\u003c'Ir• having that ~8 Y;E.C • . a tril(o, · tho Ylori da East COa\u0026t i\\411road. llo you t!i1nl(.th1t played any. eignitlcanc ~actor in h~ightened .uosioos tn IP ' ~ soe • . fl~I' .. ~ Of CO\\l'l8e~li2es tC!: 80 tO Coul't . ond, :W1, p uc do\\IJ\\ .vJiite peioplo vhere - -- - -·- -- --~ --·- __ , _ - - - s:t· 3A, · ~de, One .l\u003ed. J.'.age 23 as tbe SCLC ll;a~ gett~ng out on the streets and beattpg them down. ·JO . Gec--...i:lg out on the streets .. S': BU't' w . we~ the 6attle of St. A.u -g. ustine axcept .for lolhat, uh, WOlfe did co •i:e tlieCrtiamJ\u003eer ofao•erce, uli, wJ:thdr4lrl' their .support • . t:,; #J.d ~ . to t Hat, 'Up tO tliat point ••• ... ~ UR:e It said; .-.::iost of . tliet11. don\"t l12o ~t:ssors. ·r: Uh':..ituli_ Up to tliat .point the, uli, wft.tte coan.un:tty sbow:ed ,e ••• ' $'' ' ~Cl.1 -tlie cODllNI'li't~' was s t ill vitlt us, t lie Comsountty l48S .still with U$ as faJT a~..tHa~ goes. IC .;llUt tlie, -ub·, Qbsi:nessmen vCTcnt-e . S: Bue- ttte. \u0026usinesSJ11,en, 112otel and ·restaurant peoele '(ere pressured by l(Olfe: .to sv,i:tctt.s:bles. And of course tlie ~i.'gge-rs \u003cyere go1.ns in their businesses and all and of course, uli, they were c ~gbt in the cross fi\u003cre, afraid . the .iederal.. goyerm:Qent would prosecute them, and a11. But uh, tf they just, \"\\lb'; · if tliey\\'d just '6een pat:i'ent a little longer there l(O'Uldu' t have 'been any. n;:f.\u0026s:Ms living in St:. Augustine. Th.ey-' d all 'lllOVed out and then they no 1t0ul4n ':t b:avo ;Dc:l:t: prob le:=. Ki l;' tKink '*''Ve pretty 111,uctt.uli ••• K! ~'Oill. - :;-. . lo~lnlve\"'!f·ad,sr...,,.,~ V\"\"'? ''EN)J '0P·:TAPE.","Ku Klux Klan -- National States Rights Party -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine Police Department -- John Birch Society -- Chamber of Commerce -- Florida East Coast Railroad -- National Guard, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Ancient City Gun Club -- Ku Klux Klan -- Florida Highway Patrol -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Old Slave Market -- City Baking Company -- Bombing -- Civil Rights March -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Drive-by Shooting -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Klan March -- Klan Rally -- Picketing -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Visit of Jackie Robinson -- Wade-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1050","record_class":"Item","title":"Michael Gannon : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Michael Gannon, distinguished Florida historian. Gannon gives an in depth overview of the various groups that comprised St. Augustine and how each group felt about the civil rights movement in the city. Gannon discusses the role outsiders played during the Movement and the underlying factors that contributed to the violence during 1963-1964. Gannon discusses the roles various churches played in the Movement and the attitudes they held toward the Movement in general.","'· ----,- lA Interviewee: Michael Gannon Interviewer: 03vid Colburn ~~: - C: Mike, the last time we talked, I asked you the question about charac­terizing race relations tn St. Augustine prior to 1963. C: And I rememlSer saying t hat I thought on the whole, they were very good. Exceptionally good, except for what was the obvious prejudice of many wtti:t es toward blacks as being a minority race, and the fact t hat black.f.l for that reason, could not eat in the sam.e restaur ants. could not sleep in the same motels, could not use ~Y of the other public fac1l:ltles thot whites used. But in that, St. Augustine, as part of the South, was pa~ tfcipatin.g i n the general culture of tho South. But if you t~ko th4t general culture as a whole, I think that to the degree that it was poss·ible, the wfl~te people of St. Augustine had acheived a l!IOdus vivendi with black people that was exceptionally free of , of what, trouble, of abras ion and conflict. And as a matter of fac t, there was even a certain demonstrated affabil ity as, if you looked at the demography of the town, you could see that pr ior to 1963,blacks lived inter~per sed, intermingled among the white neishborhoods. While thei.r vere cert\u0026in obviously black qua.rters of the city. there were also many other quarters where black housing existed side by side with white housing, with neither group averting to i t in any public wAy, end without any downgrading of property values and so on. So, I think that, overall , St. Augustine had acheived about as good a vorking relat ion­ship and l iving relationship, blacks and whites, es was echeived in t he South. c: Okay, t remember you mentioni ng that the l ast ti.Cle. That's one of the things I f ound very interesting, and rather unique about a Southern town, lA Page 2 sjm to see that there was very l itt le racial segregation in houaing. We also talked briefly about Dr. Joseph Shelley, vho ... ·as head of c·he, mayor of the commission and you were characterizing him, you vere discussing hie, and the other members of the coanission. Would you care to go over that again briefly? C: Alri.Sht. ~ell, first, i f t recall, I said that there were a number of i dentifiable social groups or classes or sets within the community and that there was very little social mobility frOC\\ one t o the other. And i •f r could review those again, then I could place Joseph Shelley-. C: Fine, f ine. G: And t he general leadersht.p of the tovn within one of those groups. Now the first of those groups, I said, was the old, t · call them the old Engl±slt group, in that most of them have English names . are old ~irl'te An.glo~erJ:can fam.tlies dating b\u003clck to the territory and eD.rly statehood years. Many of them belong to the Trinity Episcopal Church in the city. Many of them lived on Water Street, directly north of the Castile de San Marcos along the bay. They were generally very well educated, Gnl1Shtenod, h~d no p~o­blems about racism . At least none that were public or ever came into view. H\u0026d, what would you s.ay, a liberal eophi.sticated approach to the world in general, and to St. Augustine in particular. That vas one group, and a very small group. C: Were they i nfluential? G: Not in city politics, no . They were not. they were influential culturall y, they supported the area, and they were generally well-to-do and so had the influence that ll'lOney always has. But apart f rom t hat, they vere not a Page 3 .sja signiftcant force in, in governnent or life 1n St. Augustine. They vere respected, looked up to. but they generally kopt co themselves, ond that 's one of the thins• I'm going to say about all of these indiv~dua.l sroups: that they generally kept to theasM.vea, eoc-1.\u0026li.zed am.on,g tne.- aelves, and had ve.ry little interaix vith the other eocial groops in the city. The second group 1 identified as the Min.orcan1, the meabers of the fa.1i.i'es, descendant• of the Hinorca.n fanilie• who elected to st.ay in St. Augustine: after the Amarlcon takeover of Florida. in 1821. And there are quite a few f\u00261tlies or MJ.norcan desc~nt. And they form a very distinct identlft•ble social or coaaunity group v.lthin tho city. They tend to be very self-centered, narrov 1n their unde.r\u0026tandiDg of thet1elve.s and their place 1n St. Au.guatine ' • htetory. SoeetJMa deftn1ive, but alvays proud and assertive, in th.at they are, gene.rally speaking, c·hc olde~t families in cite ctty-. As- fer .as their attitude toward cn.inority group1, and particularly che blacks i s concerned, they seem to have participated with t he old Eng­..._ lish fo.milies in cha genere.lly good relo.tione tlltltlivhite peopl e had to-vard the blacks in St. Ausuetine pr ior to 1963, but with the difference, vi.th this difference. That you have to look at the Kinorcens not as an absolutely, what' a the vord. that you can't look et c.hc Ktnorc.ans as a. monoli.th. Rather they ver·e a co:mnunicy that va1 hi\u0026hly stratUied accord-ing to education, weolth, opportunity to travel and so forth. Many of the Minorcan families perhnpa by dint. of the tradition or heritage that vaa inculcated in th~~ in their youth were very much St. Augustine centered. They had no gr eat intereet in travel, t o d~acover the virtues of other cul-tures. St. Augustine waa hoee . I always thhk of the Kinorcans when 1 lA Page ~ sjm think of that English lady who was once asked why fJhe didn't travel, a nd sfie said,\"Why should I travel when I 'm \u0026lt'eady hct'e?\" And l think that's the way t he Minorcans felt about , and $t ill feel about, about St. August.i ne. But t hat's again to make a generalization to which there are exceptions. The more enlightened, the more educ4t~ And the more wealthy of the Mtnorcan.s tended to travel and to do e.xcit~g and innovati'Ve things. But as you went down the line of education opportunity and affluence, and, ended at the 'Bottom., you had people who were ex.treacly narrow, e:x-tremely defensive and who's, not who's $Ole \u0026:i.t1sfaction, but vho'·s fre-. quent satisfaction was to find solace in that there were still other people Ueneath them. And those people vere the blacks. And thus there would be some Minorcans in this tragic episode who ~-ould appear publicly, and in a very devestating way for St. Augustine, as racists. And the class1-c J.l\u003c\u003eSs M~N'\u003c~Y example was the m.an known as ~ m .. 1use / • C: Ah, he was a Minorcan? C: Oh yes ~ very much so. - hl111v· .. e.. was a man who lived out in the country, outside, but near St. Aug/;:stine, who averred to a CBS t elevision intervim.rer in these days tho.t. there were children running around his house whose naraes he didn't even know . Who organized geons to beat up the a group of bullies who went into tovn armed with blud­-\u003c l,....v •a.,., niggers and so forth, and so to assert ·hi tiilf And you know this is part of the general Southern story, there have been lower classes of whites sometimes called in popular language \"poor white trash\", who h•ve got their kicks out of beat ing on the group who was below them . lA Pose s sjm And in that way giving th~mselves some kind of social respectnbility-f/ OS:S . , , ' tl\\4t there was somebody tha.t they were better than. And I think~ ~ and his ilk fell into that category. But I would hate for the ~t\u003eSS Minorcans all to be painted with the same brush as we must paint ~ \"*'~~=t There were other Minorcans, and are today whO are very enlighe-ened and vell- to-do, very successful fig:ur~6 . and they have done an inunense allOunt of good for St. Augustine. »ut that is a disttnct group. And by the way, talking about these groups, t his was such a tightly kni~ group of peopl e there was very little social intercourse between them and other groups. in the city. For exampl e, there was almost no sociol intercourse, not even social contact of any meaningful sort between tll.e Minorcans and the old Engli$h group . Now ~e come to the third group, and that is the professional and busin~sSlllan group. Nov here you have even a wider distribution of pc~ple, becauae the professional and businessm:en toget'her vit:h their famili.ea, were a very large. alaiost amorphous group, ~hich though\\ they participated in the general Southern culture of St. Augustine, were oever really part of the old history of St. Augustine in the way that the old English were, and the Minorcans we.re. They ~ere people whose homes were in St. Augustine, who loved St. Augustine for its atmos-phere, for its environment, for the, the beach and, and the company that they formed with other friends that they found there. 8ut they were not necessarily people whose l ong time roots were in the city, although mnny o f thom did h..~vo roots w~th~n the city. And of course you cannot. you cannot draw an absolute distinction between the Minorcans and the professional and lA Page 6 sjm Business l!len, because in point of fact, there were some M1norcans aa:ong the professionals 3nd among the businessmen . But the professional people And the tius±ness people were generally a separate caste or group in that they tended to Delong to tho s.ame groups such as Rotary and Kiwanis, and they tended to 3Ssoct3te socially between and among each other. And if you taRe tHat professional and businessman group, you find almost no Minorcans in it, and you ftnd no old English i n it. So, I would identify this as a special group. And it' s this group that gave the c:1:vic lea dership to tl1e ci·ty over the course of 1118ny years , in this present centucy·, and ~ can go To\u003c. B\"ack to t hem in a ltttle bi't to talk about ~ Shelley. The fourth group is the group that I called farmers And fisherman. Pardon me, loborers, farmers and fishermen. Now here, you're getting close to a group that, whi1e 1t never really ar t icul~tcd its' attitude toward the blacks in a ny overt or public way prior to 1963, was ready to do so ~f pr essed. Because these were white people who, who had goals, attitudes, philosophies of their own. They were people of the earth, people of the sea. They were people who worked hard, who scraped for a living. Who had very few of the creature comports and many that the professional ~ of t he HJ}prcans had. and business people had, and the old English, In some respects you can say, they were i n frequent , 1f not constant competi tion with the blacks for ~ployment, al-though there never was a racial con(rontation over cmploytnent between the t~\"O groups. This group became the most vociferous of the St. Augustiners in the black crisis of 1963-64. Still, it aiust be snid that this group was not the white group that fought in the streets. These were the people who criticized the blacks t'he loudest . These were the people who belonged I I lA Page 7 BjD to American Legion and the Oddf ellows and the Elks and groups such as tl\\at had occasion to come together and co discuss these issues and to speak about the blacks once black militancy came to the surface. And they did so very strident tones , but they did not participate themselves in any of the, or I won' t say 1n any, but in, in much of the. activity that followed. Althousn thero may have been e l ement s of this group in the, in the probleai . C: Tl\\ey we.ren't affil iated v:f:th Minuee's anctent ctty hunting club, then? C: Yes, SO'Ae of th~were, but most of the anctent c t ty hunting club C\u003c'IJn.e. f rol!l outstdc the ctty, outside the ciy. I'm talking \u0026bout the people within the city limi'.ts, now. The city of St . Augustine, because of the special point t hat r think needs to be made, namely that when St. August ine had tts violent confrontations, those confrontations occurred between groups, both of which came f r om. outside. But t here wer e people wit hin the city limits vho sympathized with some of the white actiViSl'll that took place, and this was the \u0026roup - l aborers, farmers and , and fishermen. Then you have, of course, the bl ack$ . And they, the bl-0.cks had a, I thi nk a l ong t :ll!l.e and generally honorable history in the city. They took pride in the work they did. They had a certain esprit and they lived in a community that they loved . They wouldn't go anywhere else. They thought St. Augus tine was about as close to heaven as, as a black person in America, could , could f ind. And so I think the blacks were generally a contented group, and prior to the arrival of the, I don ' t vane to c~ll th~ oglt~tors because that's a l oaded term, but i t's the term that w3s used by th~ white group, until the -1 Page 8 sjm arrival of those who would sensitize them to their legitimate gripes in k:!erican society, these blacks lived generAlly contented l ife with their lot, and participated freely with vhite people in various things that th\u0026y vere a1lowed to participate in • So those Are the five groups: old Engltsh, Minorcans, profQSSional and businessmen~ laborers, farmers and fishermen, and finally , blacks. NO\\.!, it \\r.lS that third group, the professional and businessmen who gave the city it$1 civic leadership. Not only because they were the members in the main of the city coantssion, And :oning board And other governing bodies, but they were the people of influence, who at the Kiwante Club and Rotary Club and various other gatheri~gs, social1 civic and fraternal, had the opportunity to say and do things thdt affected the direction of the city in total. It happened that in the early 1960' s. that St. Augustine, which has always been somewhat behind the times in just about everything, and by design, I might add, because there's consc.iously no' hurryin.g and scurrying in St. Aususttne. It happened that there was in the city a very active John Birch chapter, chapter of the John Birch Society. And this. you see, after the McCarthy era of the fifties, and whereas the ~ John Birch movement or the extreme conseNative or reactionary movement had been discredited 1n many quarters of Anerican life, it s till lived on with amazing strength Jn certain pockets of the South and the West , and St. Augustine vas certainly one of t hose pockets . The leaders of the J ohn Birch Society, ~nd therefore the leaders of the reactionary moveznent and therefore the people who were alwDys writing condemnatory l etters to the St. Augustine Record about the liberal or progressive direction th~ country was taking, the leaders were the physici.ans. They were the people like Hargrove Norris lA Page 9 ajm and Joseph ShQlley and Dr. caffaro, I forget his first nai:ie, but h01 s tn the directory, and others. That was a very vocal group. And the early 1960's vas a time of not very great political activity in St. Au-gustine, there were no special civic issues. The City was fairly much at peace, participating in general prosperity of the early sixties, tre-mendous tourist income, everybody was involved in m.ak:i:ng money. The only· people who ~ere t4lki113 ideology vere the people on the far ~ight: Hargrove Norris, Joseph Shelley and various others. C: If r can interrupt you for a second- G: Yeah, yeah. C: Do you have any idea why-there were three doctors-do you have anr idea why r tfiey were so con.seJyative? C: No, I don't and sometiody needs to do a study of that. Somel\u003eody needs to find that out . You're obviously the person, because I don't think anybody has really tried to determine. l us~ to ask, I was in school 1n those years, and, or I was over here at the, well, I was in school until '62, and then I was in St. Augustine my first in '63, and I used to ask r::ty mother; year back vhen I •·as: at the mission \"How come all the phj.icians are mouthing all these things? What's, what's the.tr probleni?11 and so forth. But I don't reme::i.ber my moci:'s answer. Maybe she knovs, or she can point you to some people who will know, because she does know the people who know the answers to these questions . And that would be a very interesting thing to know. Well, at that particular time, there were a number of businessmen who exercised leadership in the community: There were three 1n particular. And all of thea, t hough citizens of St. Augustine, exerci.sed their authority and lA Page 10 SjD influence in different dio1ensions or spheres. For \\l'e .... le.. example, t:a«'i- fope, vl'lo i·s a l ocal t ns-urance agent, was probably the most influential member of tlie Plortda Senate, beca·use not only of his natural talents as a leader '\\/e'l'lc..- ond an orator, suc because of his seniority. ~ Pope was not an inno- \" vativc l egi·slator. Shortly before his death, he ren\\inisced that he got .very few ?\u003ei·l ls pa.esed but he sure kil_led a hell of a lot of b8d bills. Tbat was tfie vay he put it. He wa.s known as the \"lion of St. John's\" 6ecause he came from St. John ' s county and he had a m.ane of white hair . And I knew him, I knew him well and honor and prize that friendship and lte, He was· a man who showed exceptional foresight, a progressive tccpcr of mind, and dtd a world of good not only for St. Augustine and St. John's County, Out for ttie st.ate of Flor1d4. The second person that t· would name wlto exerci sed exceptional leadership at thi.S time vas Herbert E. Wol fe. Herbert Wolfe was the chairmon of the Exchange Bank. He vas the president of the San M.arco Contracting Company, and also the owner of a large , sig-n. 1-ficant ranch. He h8.d immense political power, not only locally, but state-wide. He vas the treasurer for at least one governor ' s campaign fund, successful governor. He was successful in that the man ~-on the office. He contributed to the chests of a nwnber of other governors in their cmnpaigns. C: '/;:a'IR.;ope claims the Senate. in his memoir s that he helped sponsor Smathers campaign for G: That's right, I think he did. t think he did. I 'm quite sure that that ' s true. And so he, he held tremendous sway over local politics and local life. He ovncd a great amount of the city. As a matter of fact, a l ot of lA Page 11 sjm people feared Herbert WOlfe, and I think unreasonobly, because Herbert Wolfe ~s really very ethical, high-'mindcd and generous mtin with a s trong sense of community obligation. I think he 1 s been faulted unjus tly by many people for , for having intentions that I , I 1m not sure that Herbert E. Wolfe ever had, I always found him to be ~ gent.lemon, and a gentleman of htg\u0026 · ethical and tllOral standards . Well tn any event, he vas a man who pulled him.self up by his own bootstraps. He, I think I told you that story the l ast tine, which I c~r tainly wouldn't want to repeat for attribution, because it doesn ' t appear to do him any credit and it may not be altogether true, but he was plowing the far:m one day as a , as a young mAn and tfiere w.1.S a black sitting: on the fence watching hitn and Wolfe was having some dif ficulty turning the horse and the plow , or doing something, whatever , and the bl~ck was sitting on the fence and convincing a;nd telling him how to do it 6nd right then and there Herbert Wolfe quit plowing and walked away from the farm, and 84id, by God, he would never do anything else the rest of his life that a nigger could do better than him. So, he set out to do socne other things. And he was extremely successful at t hem. Toward the, he's still alive, as you know, and toward the end of his active public career , he was named the first c hairman of the Historic St. Augus tine Preservation Board. A Board which by strange irony, I'm chairman of , now. C: I didn't know that . G: And t his was reall y a very si3nificant work that he undertook. And he was sood at it. and he labored bard at it, and really did an except ional job at lA Page 12 sjm it. And St. Augustine ovee him the highest debt. As a matter of f3ct, j ust recently awarded hint the highest honor that the city can bestow, the · Order of La Florida. Only eight living peopl\u0026 can hold that award. They must be fifty-five y~rs of age and must have rendered truly distinguished sexvtce over the length of many years to the city ~nd only t~'O such people have 6een so honored, General Henry W'. McHi,llan, the recently· ·retiTed adjutant gener al and who's also a member of the Board noW', and Hertiert E. Wolfe, just two fllOnths ago. Well• those are two people who wielded pover. And then ve come dovn to the local level , strictly local level. And we find Joseph Shelley elected to the City Commission and then becoming mayor co~ mts\u0026toner. Now I don't remember the systefl\\ by which. the mayor commis\u0026ione.r vas named. C: He's elected by the other members of the commis\u0026sion. G: Re was? OkAy. I, I , I think that that's the way it was, that'·s i.y· re.col~ lect1on. And so Joe Shel1ey, either in turn, became mayor and unhappily was mayor dur~ng that time , or else he wos the first one of the new cOl!Uli\u0026- sioning, I, I just don 1 t recall. I 'D sure you know or will find out. In any event, he was mayor at th~ timo of St. Augustine's trial, and he va3 he wa\u0026, ha was the worst mayor that St. Augu3tine could httve had in that D:\u003eOment, because he was not a peacemaker, and be was not a mAn of vision, and he was not a man who, he was not a compassionate man. He was full of John Birch rhetoric and he was, his eyes were blinded by extreme right- wing ideo-logy. And he let things dissolve into chaos and violence and was not unduly perturbed when the violence happened. He was just the opposite of a civic leader. He was a c1v1cto1lower and of the worst order. I was, I vould always I lA Poge 13 SjQ felt fri endly with Joe Shelley and his wi fe, and I sympathized with them deeply wl\\e.n thei r son ,.•as fatal ly wounded in Vi:etnam and Joe f l ew out to the Phillipi nes to the hospital to which his son had been brought 4nd worked with the physicians day and night, you know, to save his boy , but he died . Later on, when l was in Vietnam, and l did a series of articles , one of which was on the field hosp·t ·tal , Da Nang, which was a, just tile most terrible thing I ever saw- in my life. And I·, I vrote 1~ up, and it was syndicated, and Hrs. Shelley happened to read it in the newspaper, and she said , that was the hospital that her boy had been brought to. They've always felt a certain bond w'ith me for that ~eason, and, you know it's hard t ·O say ho.rd things about, about a man wh9se b'een through tha t agony, and I think that's affected hiD. I thi.nk he's, t· think the death of his boy really took a lot out of Joe Shelley. And then the subsequent peace, if you want to put it in his terms, defeat t hat OC• curred in Vietnam was a1so, I think, d isabled him oentally or emotionally. I understand he's in a very bad way right now. You know, when you think that your boy gave his, gave up his life for no thing, it has a, a terrible effect. When I vas in Vietnam, all the guys up on the front l ines, the grunts, the marines and the army guys, they, they all said their private ir.oments that the war mC4nt n\u003c\u003ething to them at all. t hey saw no reason for it, it was senseless , it was use1ess, and I said,\"Well, why A~e you fighting?\", and they said ,\"To keep my buddy alive.\" that vns the only reason. They weren' t fighting for Amer ica, they weren't fight ing for-to keep their buddy alive, that was the one thing. And, and then, t he second t hing on their list vas, \"Because I'v\u0026 lost my best friend,\" or \"Because my buddy' s died lA Page lt. Sjot fiere somewhere and I don't want their, the loss of theiT lives to, to 11eon nothita,g. I've got to give 1t a titeaning,\" you know, and so they kept fi:gh ting. And I think Joe's been that way and I th.ink he's just gone i-nto a pit because of it. A lot of parents experienced thi:s. Well, c \"'-'fl'\"' ~-t ,D., that's wily, you know, I 've got to speak charitably · · · \u0026bout Joe Shelley. But how fte got i nto this, this bent of mind that he was in in the early sixties, I, I, I don't know. It was, i ·t wa.s the undoing of St. Augustine, that it did not have at the helm a man of insi\u0026ht, a ·man of compassion, a man of courage, a C'll1J\\ who would dare to go out and, you know, hol d back the cont\u003cmding forces and speak the language of reason. It didn' t have that ldnd of man. It had a very inadequate p\u003c\u003elice force, both c±ty force and county sheriff's force. Both were pitifull y undereducated, undertratned for what happened, and Joe Shelley failed . He vas not the only one who failed . the rest of the City Commission failed . Every civic leader failed . Unfortunately, as t said the last time, there had not yet 6 risen co the surface a civic leader such as John D. )laley proved to be in B the years immediatel y following this. Now John }laley was in the city at the time, but John was, he was young, he was a greenhorn in the city, he vas really just getting started. He had gotten his insurance company undet'V3.y. together with Peter Thompson, Tl.onrpson- Valey I nsurance Comp.any. And he was beginnin,s to test th~ ~aters of civic, you know, participation in civic affatrs. He was beginning to take an intere$t in politics and so for-th. After a these terrible years, '63-64, John f aley would thrust himself on the scene to try to 1,lave the city, which he did. And in 1965, h• was the mayor of the city and in the year afterwards, I think he wDs mayor, too. Page 15 sjm And ever si'llce then, he has been the conscience of the city, c1v1cally and polt ttcally. And if there's any one man I vould name as Mr. St. Augustine, it would be John D. !aley. It ' s, it's unfortunate for St. Augustine that he did not matur~~se events. there were some other people who, okay, I'm talking about that group of professiona1 and JSustnessmen. Tl\\ere were some, I'll talk about John ~oley and certain otHer$ wfio were up at the top of the list of peopl e who could have done somethiug. Unfortunately, the people who ho.d the influence and the power· and the momentUfl'I were the people at the lower rank of the professional and Busi~ess group. And Joseph Shelley was one, and another was NoDle Putt Calhoun, Noble Putnatn Calhoun. And if you want to know about wf\\J:te ractsm from t\u0026c professional and businessman's standpoint, in other ~ords, at the bottom of that stratum, talk to Noble J?utt Calhoun. ~ knev Putt very early on, because at the close, well i t's in the last year of the Second World War, I vas working at a radio station, I was a disc jockey and sports announcer and war analyst and everything else at WFOY, the only station in town. WFOY, wonderful fountain of youth, 1240 on your dial. And toward the end of my year there, a man came to work at the station, Putt Clahoun. Putt had just been discharged from the military, an early dis-charge. for what reason I don't remember, and Putt was a real southern guy, you know in those days, two hundred and fifty watt stations didn't Void have much pick on your announcers. The normativel\\in American radio was what was called the Chicago voice. And that was because radio ini-, originated in Chicago. And in the 1920's, early '30's, when the networks first started, the voices that the American population identified with big ttm0 lA Page 16 sjm rad.to were tlie people who hod the Chicago voice, and when the net\\.-ork headquarters tlloved to New York, the Chicago voice aovQd to New York. There was, in the early years. there was never a New York announcer on the air f ·t:'Qm New York, they were all Chicago net\"10rks . Md $0, in: al1, as a ·C'llltter of fact, that prevails even today. If you, i f you turn on a soutftern radio station i n any consnunity·of any· si~e, you'll never .he•r a southern voice, Very interesting. C: I've noticed that. G: Yeah. Southern peopl e always want to hear a Chicago voice . Fasc in at~g. Nobody's ever done a study -on this. I talked aDout it for years, but i t's tact that nobody really hat! studied. W'ell,Noble Putt C8-lhou.n, though, had a ~ery deep Southern drawl and it always l\u003eothe~ed me, Decause I could never understand how Alan Brown, the manager of the station would hire Putt Cal-houn. But Putt worked there as an announcer doing mostly cormnercials. I did all tfre DJ wor k, and I did Touchton's Telcqui:z and Today.'s War Cooun.entary. and all kinds of other nonsense. And Putt did most ly cotmtercials, and I· remember one day on this DJ show I had, the 12-40 club. It was the middl e of the m.ayora1ty race. This was in 1945, the spring of, about this time, 1945. There \\o'ilS a 11Utn running for tn'1yor, Wa1ter B. Frazier, who had been a pover in St. Augustine. He owned the Fountain of Youth, he owned the oldest tl\u003cse. schoolhouse, hi s son now owns ~ properties, And he'd tn(l.de 3 lot of money and injected himself into Florida politics and even ran for governor and was defeated. When he was mayor of St. Augustine, a number of til!les and he was running for re- election this particul4r year, spring, '45 lA P•ge 17 sjm and he dectded that he would not read hia own campaign speeche$. What tte would do, would be to ask me if I would read bis, his speeches for hiD on the air. And, about what a great guy, sort of thii;d person stuff, you see, wbat o great guy Walter B. Fr3tier was. And in return for that, he promised me a chicken dinner and three cartons of C4nel cigarettes. Well, the chi'cken dinner didn't appeal to me, but the three cartons of Cai:1els really dtd, because in those days . all the Camels were sent to the fi-gl'lting men, you know. And all we coul d get were Winga and fatimas and All Americans and things like this . So, I . t read his ca~patgn speeches for Him. He los t by the way. And I never got t he chicken dinner and l· never got 'the three cartons of Camels 1 whtch bothered -me no end . That was my ftrst taste of t he treachery of American pol i'ti'Cs. But I· did th.is. And t hen on the 12- 40, th.ts DJ' show t had in the afternoons, see. ,radio watt the only thing there wo.s in those day6. And al l the kido got out of school and I, theoret:l:cally, I was a senior in high school, but I dropped out because this was all ~ore important. Is chat stil l going? C: Yeah. C: And I ran for, I decided what the heck, here I am giving all these campaign speeches for Frazier, \"Why don't I r un for mayor myself?11 So, I, I publ icly announced my candidacy, and so on, and all the kids in town voted for me and i:torc. I rnean, they said they were goin.g to vote . They eouldn' t vote u:n-less they were twenty-one. Well, the vote came out and Frazier lost by a narrow margin. But I got t hirty- eight W1:'ite-in votes and they vere all from black people, in West Augustine ~nd Putt Calhoun found out about it and he c411e into the control r.\u003eom one day when I was working there and~said, be lA Page 18 safd, \"\"-'hat are you do1ng appealing to the niggers? What are you doing appealing to those n.1.ggers • those blick, stinking niggers?11 And that's the first time I've ever hc.nrd anyone in St. Augustine talk •bout blacks t~t way. Later on t found out that Putt had been in Australia the same time Steve O'Connell was in Australia and they knew each other. And Steve was teaching physical ed to a, to the troops, teaching them sports and keeping in condition. Putt Calhoun was a captain in charge of a company of Bl.a.ck soldiers. And it got to him, socehov. And Putt said a few things over the air, too, after this, which really gave me pause. I was \\o'Orried al\u003eout tl\\i-s. Well, when all of this came to the surface, Putt'·s racism came. to the surface, too. And I m~n in a big way. And Putt ~s a me:inber of the Trinity Episcopal Church and a member of the vestry, and that will give you a clue to a pri1D8ry force in the vest~y ' s decision to keep the niggers out. So tl\\at shows you a low point there, that professional and busineaSD.en. C: Well- G: I went o long vay. C: Right, well, we're about to leave '63 and go on into '64 and I think talk about the emergence, the ent(ance of King. Before we do, I wanted to ask you, the l.ast time we talked, you said that you didn't think anybody in St. Aug~stine thought anything serious ~'Ould happen in '64~ despite the events of '63. C: ~\"h hum, C: I was ~ond~ring if, in other words, I guess you're saying that they didn't take that Florida !dvisory fOmmission oQ Civil Rights vhich came to St. Au- \u003c - lA Page 19 sjm gustine in Augiust and made a number of recOllll:lendations to t he U.S. C.ivfl R±ghts Con:rntsston. I guess they didn't t .ake their observations seriously. Basically what they said vas to halt the spending of, ap-propri~ ting of federal funds for the 400th anniversary. They mentioned the dtscr1:mtnat1on out at Patrchild- St\"'i tis Corporation, they =entiooed di'scrimination wf'th±o St. Augustine. But apparentl y, most of St . Augustine di~n ' t pay much attention to that report. G: That's tnie, that's true. And they felt that these were the Same kinds of reports that vere being made about every city in the south. So St. Augustine dtd not, at that time, feel itself especially singled out. Al-tliou. gh i ·t, there were certain elements in the city that became very ner­ ·vous when the 400th annivers.oey was meii.tioned. C: Ul\\ fium. C: ! v3s one of those. C: Right. How about the, the flcrida East Coast Railroad strike, which started in February, actually $tarted, excuso oo, seartod in January of '63, and \"'\u003c\u003euld, would lost about two years. G: Maybe even more. C: Did that have any- yeah, right. Even \"longer. C: It took more, oh yeah, more than that, C: Right . C: I think it's the longest strike in American history. C: Right . Now, did that have any influence on people in St. Augustine? Were many eaployed by Florida \u0026\u003c1st Coast? C: Oh, yes, it had a lot of influence on the people. There were tremendous 1A Page 20 sjm numbers of people in St. Augustine wbo were, ~-ell, tremendous, I don't know. But a large number of people who were employed at the Florida East Coast Railway headquarters and that had always been a stable industry in the tovn. Th.at aad the Miller Shops of the Florida East Coast Rail way, the o4\u003e ~ Killer locomotive shops , you can still see the remains opposite the Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge across Route 1. They were primary source of jo\u0026s tn St. Augustine. And the headquarters still is. But I don't re~ ber that there was any connection between the strike and the civil rights pYoolem. s,+lr-n)'.\u003e C: Ok4y . Do you think, do you think it sitrred up feelings in St. Augustine, or it left a floating body of unemploye.d loose who could be mobilized in an anti-civil rights cause. C: I ~'Ould say yes, ±f r knc~ that those two event s ~ere conjoined, because t· don't know. C: Right. C: But I think your reasoning is very good ond l , I never thought of that before. C: Okay. The other, one of the other things tha.t happe.ned 1n '\u0026.-. (end of sideI_ SIDE 2 C: - drawing infere,nces, in that rr.ost of the. violence that occurred vas at night, when all working people were free. C: Right . Cood point, good point. Another event in '63 that might have gone unnoticed by most St. Augustinians but it didn' t go unnoticed by blacks in particular, I've found reference to in the, considerable reference to in the lA Page 21 sjm Florida Star News, the Jacksonville black newspaper and the Pittsburgh Courriet' , the national black newspaper. And that was the impr:l:sonmenc of four young black$ f rom St. Augustine, teen- agers, vho took, who vere invol\"\"!d i n the Ha.ling-led protests of '63. They were under;aged. They were taken from their parents by Judge. Mathis and put in jail, and then we.nt to t ile federal, ~cuse me, the s tate prison$ for teenagers. One at Marianna, l believe, and I'm not sure where the other ones were. Two girls and two Ooys . And this, was this, did this go unno tic ~d by· mostT\u003e? C: I don't, r remember that, but I guess it went generally unnoticed. ~obody ralli·ed to the side of those , those boys. And Raley him.self was some.- thing of a newcomer. Quite, quite a rcmark86le and C\u003cM.lrageous person, but he did and said thi ngs ultimately that got him int o b_ot water with the NAACP, whtch for a vhtle he represented in t fie ci~y. c: 'IJll. \"\"\"'. Rig lit. G: l ' think Haley was a sport. He was l ike Haley's comet. He, ha went through the sky, you knov, and then disappeared . C: Uh hum. Yeah, he doesn't even live there anymore. G: No . But, no I don ' t remember that, I don't remember that . C: You know, they, it became, once they , once they were put in jail, they s tayed in jail for several m.onths . It wasn't a 1113tter of just being in there d3y, doys . And the judge put them in prison because their folks wouldn't promise to keep them out of further demonstrations . Well, anyway let's go on and jump into ' 64. figures. lA Page 22 sjm C: Wfiy do you think King became involved in St. Augustine? Martin Luther King . G: King, I think, needed a peg on which to hang passage of the Civil Rights l aw. It was foundering, or i t was making slow progress, and he needed to attract attention to a place ot a cause that vas more specific than hi'S general cause. And St. Augustine provided an easy and obvious target. Because i t wos about to celebrate i t s four hundredth anniversary, in th.e course of which federol funds had, or were going to be appropriated. And this he seized on. And in retrospect, you'd have to say that he was a very good tactician. But ·in retrospect also, you might argue that he was not a very good strategist. Re secured, or 1'11 reverse tflat, he wa\u0026 a very good strategist and not a very good tactician, because he secured pas$4ge. of the Civil Rights law, and I think largely, because of what he did in St. Augustine. But he l eft i n his wake, a ruined city, in many respects. A city that would take years to recover fro.'ffl what he did there, from the bad publicity that he brought there and caused to happen there. He left people who lived i n terror in t~e nighttime because of fears that had been engendered i n them by experiences that took place in the city. He left behind a quadracentennial that in great part was nothing that it had expectations of being and most of all, he l eft a city that was devastated by drastic decrease in tourism because of the bad image of the city and the reluctance of people to go there. And St. Augu$t1ne depends eighty-five percent for its survival on tourism. I th~nk he pi cked an easy mark. And I, I think it's, I think it's tragic that he chose- a place where racial relation in the ma.in were good and where black people as well aa vhite, today, lA Pose 23 sjm do not remember him kindly. For that, of course, you'll have to correct my opinion by talking with black people themaelves. But there are numerous things that I could say to that. I remember when Martin Luther King first came to the city. I never \u0026aw him t'hcre myself. I was 1n­cred1Bly 6usy With the Library of Florida History and with the build~g of the cross and the church and the mission, with the planning of the church' s role, the quadracentennial* the coordination of the church's role with the role to be played by the Castillo de San M4rcos, the St. Augustine Historical Society, the city government and the Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board, a nd yet of course I could not be anythit\\8 other than dismayed and troubled and very much a.ware of vhat \"'4S happening racially in the city. And as time want on, I became more and more aware, and ~ore and more troubled in my own conscience, because I real±zed bel atedly, I aliould, these are things I should have realized a long time before, but I rcalrzed under the press of events that I didn't like at all, that really the black people in America were, were, were treated like cattle. And this cried out to heaven for change, i f not for vengeance. I understood how1 I knew the history of the South enough to know what had happened and why it happened and, and of course t vas a voice for gradualism. We've got to solve these problems gradually, and I fell into the trap of, of excusing the lack of any change at all, under the mantle of gradualism. But I tried to be a peacemaker of sorts, within the l i mitations and all I can tell you now, is my experiences as I went around and saw what happened. Without going into the, the sequence events, of events that you can determine for yourself, because I remember l had foTgotten the sequence. Mrs. Peabody came down at F..astertime and that was before King came down and so forth. lA Page 24 sjm And a~l of those things are fairly open to the recoi:d. \\.i\"hat I reeem­ber, .1.Lthat when Hartin Luther, I reoembe.r being passionately involved wi'tlt t he quadracentenni-al., and being invited to Tampa to speaR with. President Kennedy about the quadracentenntal and the history of the ci·ty and our plans for it, and how he was actively interested in it, and prOl'llt sed to keep in touch with me about it and so on, and then four days l ater he vas shot . And that was , that vas the fiTst tragic thing that happened to ae, in t h.ta-, th.at sooething 1 bod collll\\itted myself to and I had found a champion in the h.ighe•t office in the land, . you know, to malle t hi'S nat:f:onally known. All of that just went down the tu6e. And then, I don 1 t know again, the sequence.of that ev(';tlt, but l remea.-- Ber that was ooe thing that happened. And th~n the entronce of Martin Luther King into the city caused tlie rest, or much of the rest of what we had planned, to go down the tube. Because vc didn' t get any federal mon.te.s as a consequence of what he did and the l oss of the president who was interested in us, 4lthough- C: Johnson, Johnson didn't provide any money? G: Well, he may hav0 provided a little bit. C: Uh hum. G: See, t he President told me he would come, Kennedy said, he said , \"Look, you set things up and I'll be thet\"e to help you out\", and so on. But wheo King came into the city, my feelings were mixed. On the one hand, in r:JfY mind and, in my mind I knew that he was, he was right in what he ~as doing. In my heart, I was wishing to hell he was doing it somewhere el ae. And you see, t here ' s the old problcn, the old dilemma, you know. The limousine liberal, 1A Page 25 sjm ,\\ such as I was. admittedly. I was wishing that allAthis could be done, but t hat my own inter ests would not be affect~ and of course that vas a stupid position to take, but it was the position that I, that 1 took and I· hnve a great deal of sympathy for peopl e whose lives \u003c\u003e.re upset, or whose plans are. are threatened or damaged or destroyed by a necessary socital change. I think I had o lot of trouDle wtth Kins on one count in parti·cular. And yet it may have been necessary to hi·s tactics. lle at'ougfit in demonstrators from Atlanta and elsewh e~e, to do the marcl\\ing. He drogooneld. corcatn local people, mostly yout hs from Flor1da Memorial College to morch with his people and those aarches were conducted in King style in a peaceful manner, but st.ill very. loudly 1n such a way· as to cause real concern, . i'f not fright among oonr of the citt-zcns of the c~ty . And my mother I· remember, was one who was terrtfi~d. I used to llave to go and s tay in t he house with her at ni'ght . We'd pull the blinds and turn out, leave the lights out and so £orth, as the groups of blacks \\o'Ould go by s houting and singing and yelling and so forth and there were other ladies, llWlny of thet!'I living alone who vere just frightened out of t heir wits by t hi s . Nothing like this h3d ever happened in St. Augustine, and they were, they were real1y frightened. I r emember that. And then l remember , on the other side the violent white me.n who Calltl(? in from outside the city, armed with their truncheons and their clubs, their chains and hov ~1•kl in the nighttime theynf all upon these lines of young black people and beat thea and see the young blacks running screaming and yelling from the scene and then I knew that the, the vhol e m.atter was \u0026oing r apidly out of hand. It vas a shameful display. The only thing I could think of to justify what ,_ lA Page 26 sjm r was vteving was t he fact that the people on both sides were from out of t cn.u, as nearly as I could t ell. St. August ine had become a battleground, a kind of Antio for t~\"O armies, neither of which was Italian. And I 've spoken about the failure of the, oh, well, I'll,I 'll stay w±tn the Ol4cks for a while now. Martin Luther King used to so into the black areas of the city and the black neighborhoods and decand money from, frOCl the people there. And you' l l find bl acks in the city today who 'll tell you ho~ he end his people went erouod and demanded peo ~ ple' s entire w(Ufare checks for this enterprise. After a tim.e, it didn't take long , the black people in St. Augustine became very d±senchanted vtt h -Mar tin Lutlter King, and they dtdn't support him, many of them. Mayb~ even ·most , ltut then agai'1l, you'd better talk to the bl acks. And I , I met blacks vho would not talk about, didn't want anything to do with him, fel t trum-melled and ashamed, dispirited about the whole thing. And t hat 's what I thought was the tregedy. That Martin Luther King wes, the tragedy for St . Augus tine, not £or the blacks in general, but the tragedy f or St. Augus tine was that Mar t\"in Luther King was using the bl ack people of St.. August ine i n a way that was not scr vill3 chem at all, in the short run. In the long run of cour se i t would , and i n a vay that everybody in the c ity thought was bringing ruin upon the city, and was provoking unnecessar i ly the vi olence that woe tokin3 place in the street\\!.' And t hen soon, eventuolly you had the classi c confrontation of black leaders and then such clowns as J.B. Stone and Lynch and various other r acist s who came t o town t o, to, t o pr~ach their garbage. And there' s no ques tion in retrospect that Martin Luther King saved the bl ack people of America, or he was largel y responsible for it. And lA Page 27 ojm many of the rtgbts that the people of, black people of this country had 111 consequence of the passage of the Civi'l Rights LaW' and other lavs th'at f oll oved soon aftorvcal\"ds , tMt the resiponsibili•ty for that is la.rgcly his and he deserves to be credited by history for t hat. But th4t does not remove the dileirma, the irony, the anom.aly, ~ha tever it is, certainl y. the tragedy of one ctty havi.ng to be destroyed. in a sense, that that m.i'glit liappe.n. Do you knov what I· mean? C: Ul\\ fium. G: In other vords, I 'm not saying t hat Martin Luther Ki:ng set out to do an evil thing, co manipulate a c ity for ev-tl purposCb\"', no. lfe. se.t out to use the city for noble purposes . But that city went down the d~~i~ for those purposes-. C: Can 1' ask you, whtle. \"1C1Te here, we're a little. ahead of ourselves, ti\"m~ wi\u0026e, but why, vhat vere race rel ations like after he left? Did they just deteriorate completely, or how vould you characterize them? G: They became very bad after he left. Where they' d been tvo tether con.genial groups, now looked at each other a$ across a no man's land. \\lhites were afraid to be seen speaking to bl acks, working wi th blacks. Blacks kept a very l ov profi1e, let it be known that they hnd nothing to do 'With Martin Luther King' s wor k\u0026 and thoughts. It W3S, it was a · tragic t ime. Now the fighting in the street$, I saw 4 lot of that fighting. Now in r etrospect, I wish to hell I 'd had t he mor al courage to do something about it, but I didn't. And I'll tell you why. I would have been shipped out of town by my bishop 1mmed1.ately. Now I, I put the blame on myself initially for not having tr~cd to do tQO~e than l did. l re.member President Currier of Florida 1A Page 28 sjm Mcoortal College once said something that was very generous, but I don' t tllink true, he satd: I· vas the only vhite 11\\intster \\;'ho stood up for the \u0026lacks in those days. And maybe that happened, but if, if tt did happen ~t happened in tather quiet remarks that I made or things that I aay have trted to do of an obscure nature. But there was an opportuni ty· for me to have. to have ttic-d to do souething:. and X didn 1·c do it. And I· didn't: do it , because I ~'\u003c\u003euld have lost everything t ltat I'd ~-orkcd for at the miect on and I would have lost m;y own presence in the city~ l' vould ~ave been shipped out of tovn the next day. \u003cii'°;' I C: Would you care to go i nto that, (why thcf i shop would do thtit? G: t Yeah,1 i'n thts· ·taatter, the b'i'Shop ~·os a cow8rd. l hope none. of these. things I · say wtll come out the way l ''m. saying them now-. You Know-, l''m., I'.m, I'·m just speaking 8S di~ectly and clearly as, 88 I can, so that you'll understand tne situation. But he, he acted in a very cowardly fashion. He vas a f raid. C..~·~ · Given a chance for greatness, he muff ed it. One third of the City ws t:\u003c•pttoc. He found loopholes for in4Ctioo. One of his loopholes vas the fact that most of these people vere from out of town. He had no in f lu~nce on them o.t.tJ one way or the other. But he could have had influence by courageousf,of one n.ituro or another. He also talked glowingly about peace, justice, all in the a8stract and felt his own conscience and the obligations of the church satisfied in that respect. His man at the cathedral\u003e the man who had t he cure of souls, the cure antmarum for St. Augustine, was Monseignur John P. Burns who is nov c·he pastor of St. Patrick's Church here in Gainesville. C: Right, right. G: And Burns locked himself in the rectory and hid from men's eyes. 1 rcmeeiber --- ---·---- lA Page 29 sja once in the middle of violence in the Plaza, looking up at the rectory wi.ndow and s3w him with the curtain drawn, looking out and then closing the curtain. And I'll never for get t hat. That was, that w•s the symb01 to me of the church's ca.re for what happened in St. Augustine in those days. C: Hov many \u0026lacks were Catholic in St. Augustine? G: I don't know, but a pretty good number . I would say may8e what ftve bun~ dred, may\u0026e, something like that. C: Uh Jluft, that would be a pretty good number. G: Yeah. C: How a.Bout tfie rest of the religious le.aders, Mike_ while we.''I'e talkf,n\u0026 about the Catl\\ol:tc Cfrurcn, let'\u0026 talk aSout the others at the Silme time. were they doins 4nything? G: No, the white churches. No, the , I' l l get to the Episcopal story in a moment, but I'd like to just stay on Hurley for just a second . C: Okay. C: I remember when Archbishop Hurley arrived at, from o flight on an airport, at :):M,~ airport ut Ja;ckaonville, Martin Luther King litid just gotten off of another plane, and Hurley and the, King were 1n the lobby of :Im..tso~ \u003e a very small lobby at t he same time. And Hurley raced and hid behind a pillar, and said,\"Don't let that man see me.\" So he really hid from this, he, he was afraid. Subsequently, he wrote a sert!')Qn for Monseignur Burns to give in the cathedral and it was the most abstract, cliche- ridden, ethereal sermon you ever heard about . You know, do good and avoid evil . Obey the ten commandments and if everybody does that, everything will take care of lA Page 30 sjm J:tself, whi·ch was a way of just separating himself utterly froa the sttuation and doing it, you know. in such a way that everybody could applaud it, you knov. and so on, for, for saying all the rtght things. Well, ftc said right things, but they had no application to, to the sttuation at hand. And I was no better. I'm criticizing him, but I was no bett~r . tn retrospect, I should have laid my wtiole career and job on the line, and gone out in the s treets and tri·ed to do some:thing to, to stop. C: Wl\\y do you suppose ~e acted in a, what you call a cowardly fashion? Is there any specific reason? C: Yeah, I think I know exactly. But you have to know a little bit about Josepll P. Ht,1rley, who's n very complex character, one of the 1aost fasciMtt-ng of the people i'n twenti'eth century Florida h1~story·.. And incredibly ACcompli'SOc.d and incredibly powerful man in Florida life. culture, politics. Well, Hurley was burned a couple of times . He started out, he started out in l ife as a, an assistant p~stor in Cleveland, Ohio, caught. the fancy of the bishop of the diocese, Mooney, who decided to make him his secretary. And Mooney was nomed Papal delegate, papal nuncio, to India, and took Hurley along. Hurley became secretary of the nuncioture in New Delhi, and then later. Mooney was transferred to Japan. All of this in the thirties. Then Mooney was named to Rome as head of the America.n desk at the Secreta;'ry of State of t he Vatican, and Hurley was left behind in 1'okyo as charge d' affaire. Then Mooney was translated to this country and named cardinal ArChbishop of Detroit and Hurley went to Rome, succeeding Mooney ae h~d of the American desk. And Hurley becrune a very strong anti-Nazi. Very interesting. I found OtLt: lA . Poge 31 •jm a lot of things about him by accident and I rem.ember, I resncmber on~ day, excuse this diversion, but one day in the 19SO's, I was skiing in St.ritzerland at Crindelwald and I was on, up on Mt. FUrst and watching ttie pre-Olympic skiers in their slalom trials . And I noticed a man up the slope, who I thought, whom I thought I recogniz~, and I went \\IJ) and t· staid, \"Exc1\u003ese t1te 1 but are you, by any ch:tnce, Slr Arnold Lunt?\" And fle a vowed that he was, and I said, \"Do you•.?\", oh, he. asked me vhere I was froo and I sai~ St. Augustine and that I was a secinariao stUdying in Belgiuu and so forth, and he said, \"Isn't that vhere that remark.al\u003ele man, Joseph P. Hurley went?0 , 1n his B·rittsh accmt, and 1· said,\"Ye!\u003e. \" And he said, \"Oh, I rcme=ber him well,\" ~e sa£d. \"I was a coJ.\"respondent for the Daily Mail in 1939 in :Rome and my paper asked .~e to be on the alert for any Vatican people who said anything at all ·ab\"out the Nazi·s. And one evening l was· listening to Vatican radio and on come~ tl.'ds Amertcan Monsefgnur, this Joseph P. Hurley, the head of American desk and the Secretary of State, blasting the .Nazis, just excoriating them up and down. And it was the first time there had ever been a public statement about the Nazis outside of a few very formal statements of the Popes themselves. So I ic:media.tely interviewed this man, and found him to be cxtraord1nti.ry.' Then var broke out .ind nurley \"'·as named co St. Augustine, and when he arrived 1n Sc. Au.sustine , it ws the expecto.tion of the Amel:ican church that he was going to be the new great American churctrnan, the new Cardinal Gibbons, a man of e.xtr~ordinary courase. All, almost all of Hurl ey's beloog~ngs were sunk by German submarines. They had coi:ae over on another boat and the boat went down. He lost most of his things, but he lA Page 32 sja arrived here shortly after, about six months his arrival at St . Augustine he was, he was asked by the NBC program, the Catholic Hour, the radio pro-gre111, the Catholic Bour, to give a talk. And he gave a talk. And the talk was ago.inst Nazi Germany. A.nd this was in 1940, and when the talk ended, Cetholtc Bour received tl'IOre Mil than it had ever received before, and almos t all of i:t, against Hurley. Almost all of itT from Cathol ic Irishmen. C: Ah, yes. C: lr~sh Americans. And I remcsnbe.r , I , I, I saw all of that, r have mi:crof±lm of all that correspondence, because Hurley kept it. there was something perverse about him in this sense th3t he kept all bod m.a.11, a.nd there were boxes of it and I have it a11 microfilmed. And I r emember or(\u003e letter in particular from a wotD.1n in his home town of Cleveland, a letter that said, \"To think that Minnie Hurl ey's ~y would stoop to ltck a. hitisb jock. \" And Hurley wos, wos dcvo\u0026t#ted by this. Nothing like th.is had ever happened. Ile had ridden the crest of succe.ss all his life. And all of a sudden, boom, the whole country, down on him. It, it, it killed his spiri~for a long while. He wrote a letter to Cardinal Mooney, just a, a weeping latter, I have a copy of it. And, in 1940. Well, then the war was over, and the man for whom he had worked as Secretary of State was now Pope, Fucell1, Pope Pius XII . And Pius Xll at the end of the \"\"ar, named Hurley Papal Nuncio to Yugoslavia, a very difficult problem there de.a.ling with the Communists, Tito, t he Croatians and the Slavs and al.l. of that . And F\\lcelli knew of Hurley's talents and naoed him, and Hurley did a fantastic job at the trial of Cardinal Stapenok and others, he wa.s heavily invol ved. And lA Page 33 sjm he earned the wrath of Tito for standing up for the Catholic people and s t and.tog up for justice and so forth , and he was really bltck in his el.e­ment again, and, and on the crest once more and then he did an incrediSly stupid thing. He took his aide, McNulty, J ·ohn McNul ty, he and Mch'ulty l eft tugos lavi~ to go on vacation ot Lugano in Switzerland. And when t hey went to return, t he border gwrds did not al.low them back in. And Hurley said, ''But I 'm the Papa1 Nuncio.\" They said ,\"We're sorry.0 See, once he was out of the country, Tito was under no obligation to let him back in . And Hur ley went to Rome, and Pius Xll refused to sec him. And he remained in Rome in a condition of shame and disgrace for months when f inally Fucell± made him an archbishop ad persona, meaning he ~as an archbishop, but in t t tle and rank without having archbishop' s territory or uu thor ity, and gave bina a gold chalice wtth, encrusted with .jewels, and sent h.tm Back to St. Augustine, vhere he arrived. And t'hat was a way· of saving face for Hurley. But Hurley knew that he was in disgrace and be, he never lived it down . And he never did another courageous thing in his life. And when he hid behind t he pillar in.Imeson Airport, it all fell in place. But he was the man who could have saved St. Augustine and I could have helped hiD and others could have holped hiJl'I. 8ut .he did not have the courage, and alas, neither did I, because I was, I was saying to myself,\"Discretion is the better part of valor. and I ' l l be able to carry on things and keep thea going. Don ' t be foolhardy, don't lose everything. Try to work behind the scenes.\" And subsequently l did try to work behind the scenes. And \u0026o, on one occasion, after the city had just gone completely to pieces, by the way Hurley wasn ' t the only one \" lA Pat• 34 sjm who was hiding. 1 re=ember one day, one night, I was standing in a doorway in the darkness watching the violence in the s t reets, watching Lynett and Stoner ranting, wetchtng the blacks marchJ.n.g by~ vAtching the whi-tes tome in wi'th the1T clubs nnd clubl\u003eing, watching the poli·ce try· to do this, watc hing the CBS camer4men taking it al1 in, the bright lights and so on. Watching this whole frightful scene from this blackened cor~er of a door11ay on King Str~et and a figure came, came up and sort of scurried by me into the next door\\lay. And after a while I looked around to see who it was, and it was General Henry W. MacMillan, adjut4nt general of the State of Florida, also watching from afar, you know? C: Uh huh. G: Well, in any event, the, I guess the one, I, I went to see Shell ey. appalled by what was happening and ashamed that nobody was doing ontthing con-structive, and I , I put together and 1, I meant to find it in time to give to you today. but I'll find it , put together a statem.ent called 11 A J)ecla\"r\u0026tion of Good Will\" to oxpress the, to give expre1;1sion to the voice of both the white 6nd thta black co1munities, as I saw it. And I begged Joseph Shelley to sell this to this, to the population of the city. to reverse the terrible publicity the city was suffering from and to stand up for an objective, careful, fair look at the, the rights that were being demanded and so on. And I went to his office and I presented it to him a~d he reDd it, and I begged his to do something. and he refused to budge. The only thing he said to me in reply was, 11lfov come the niggers oll ride around i n- '', I don't know if he said niggers, Negroes, niggers, he didn't say blacks in any event, because that wasn't the popular parl.ance at that 11 lA Page 35 sjm poi.nt. \"How come they all ·drive ar ound in big cars'?\" That was his r esponse. And I've always remembered that. So, then I remember we had the quadracentennial- C: I wonder if I could get you on the other churches for a second. C: Yeah, oh yeah that's right. C: 1 don't mean to belafior that- G: I ne~ to gee to th0 otfter churches. C: lf l •, l''11a just curious as to why the, yo~ gi.yc. ~e. ~ sood t'cnsc of vhtlt G: was happening'. tthe Cntholic Church, buc t , I think the other rolig1ous leaders had an o8ligatton, too, whJ:ch they l et go by~ and I wonder if ve could just talk about that for a mtnute. \\).'\\I-:~~ \\ Well, for one thing . ~. the reason why thei;e vas a s tronger obliga tion on the Catholic clergy to do something than on the others, was because the Catholic priests were not subject to the vote of their congregations. But the P'rotestant churches were . And they could dismiss their pastor just like th.at. And it would be a very rare white Protestant minister who would st.and up ~nd say something, U he knew it was violently opp0sed to the will and opinion of his congregation. He'd be out of his job the next corning. C: Right. G: Now, the only vhite priest or minister who did Pother Bullock of, and vhat is his first name, £p1scopal Church. C: You, you mean, Seymour, Charles Seymour? G: Or was it Seymour, Charles Seymour? anything of that sort .:wa!\\-.. v•\"' ---~ I 'll ramember it,~of trinity lA Page 36 sjm C: Yeah, Charles- Seymour, r ight . G: That's right. Hts predeceasor. I think. C: Yeah, Bullock, Bullock vas, Bullock followed Seymour. C: Bullock followed Seymou\u003c- C: Right. C: After Seymour left. Seyiaour stood up, against his vestry. C: Right. G: To petm±t the blacks to enter, it w3s Seymour. C: That's right . G: And, that was a courageous· act . Ile '\"·as S\\lPPOl'ted in that by his bjshop, whtch was more than Archbishop Hurley did for h~s catholic counterparts ·wfl'o mi ght nave done the same thing. And Seymour wos the only one, th.e only one who made an issue of admitting blacks freely i nto his church to worship. And his, his vestry opposed him, and Seymour left, under what circumstances, I forget. Don't know i f he waa- C: He went to Nev Orl eans after t hat, I'm not sure if he was called by a parrish down t here or exactly what . But , he, he's t here now, I beli~ve . G: You know, you should try to talk with hio and you should talk with Puck Calhoun and members of the vestry. I can give yO\\l names of l ots of people to whou you could talk in St. August ine. And I'd like for you to tolk to my mother's block ataid . if ohe w1ll agree to do it. But if she doesn't, she'll put you in touch with people who will. Louise, Louise was shocked by wha t Martin Luther King did . And, but she was also shocked by vhat the whites did, and at one point, oh yes, Martin Luther King told the black lA Page 37 sjm W'Olilen, tfle maids, not to go to work for the white iamilies, not to $how up. Loui:se did anyway. She was one of the few be.cause she snuck through tlie back streets to get to oy mother's house, and- C: So tltere was tremendous- pressure on the blacks. C: OR, tr\u003c=endoua, yeah. C: Okay. C: One, on one of thOse trips to my mother's house, Louise was assaulted by Ku 10.ux Klnnners who gr abbed her and dragged her into an automobile and sfte clawed herself away and ran. An old woman, too. She can tell you, if she'll open up, if she knovs that it won't be vritten-she's still scared. C: Is that ri.gbt? G: If you menttoned her this, she's still scared. That's why, you know, we'd have to be very deltc4.tc a.bout this, but, and 1£ she know\u0026 that she ~-ould never 6e quoted. She's so afraid, she lives in fear still, because of this and • •• Well, in any event, there's, not too many black, there are not too many church people, and there were, I think Charles Purrier at Florida Memorial was the wisest black in town. And the person who tried to do the most to keep things peaceful. But there were no •. whites wbo. whites eit her powerful or lay who took a , you knov really substantive, f'Gt dership. of lea- C: It's getting late and I know you're getting tired, so I figure maybe one more question and we'll call it quits. But, when it really got violent, we~e any of the, were. any of the businessmen· who could see that, that businesses were being 1.trtpa~red, affected by the racial conflict and the riots in the city, were any of them beginning to mobilize behind the scenes to put lA Page 38 sjm pressure on Shelley and, and government and the others on the commission? C: I , that's a question I can't answer . I don't know. C: Uh huh. Okay. C: I don' t r -e1Dealier. I remember, you know, it: was, what wtl\u0026 it, Brock- C: Jrunes Br ock. C: James Brock who vas really in the forefront, 1 chink you mentioned this the lase time, the fore front of the local motel operators in trying t o do something about bl ack rights. And he was going to make a motion at tl\\e f orthcoming meeting of the llotel and Motel Association of Florida wh_i'C\" he was president of that year t o open up mot e l s and hotels to blacks. And it was an irony that he, by 3 qui-rk, \\.'OS singled out as 4 vicious white r aci st. You see, St. Augustine was filled with these i~ontes. It seemed the harder you t ried to do one thing, the more you were painted with a brush for being t he other thing. And Brock i s a classic case. By the way, he' a back in town and has bought ___ _ C: Oh, is he really? C: He 's bought it. He ovns ft . C: How about A.H. Tibolt and the St. August ine Record . They seenwd to provide minimal leadership during this whole period of time. C: Yeah, well , that 's the story of that paper throughout i t s ' history. I wAS once the sports editor of that paper when I was in high school. It was Q joke. The paper was a joke then and it's a joke now. It's never done any­thing. The radio stations s~larly. Although Frankie Walker, I would say, Frankie Walker, in her vay, has done more than any media person in St. Augustine, in those years and afterwards to alert people to what was actually u Page 39 sjm happening . And Frankie has a , she has n high sense of what's right aod what's wrong. She voul d be 4 good person co talk with.","Ancient City Gun Club -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- John Birch Society -- Ku Klux Klan -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Florida Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights -- WFOY -- St. Augustine City Commission -- St. Augustine Four -- St. Augustine Historical Society -- St. Augustine Police Department -- St. Augustine Record -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Castillo de San Marcos -- Florida Memorial College -- Old Slave Market -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Trinity Episcopal Church -- Jacksonville, Fl. -- Gainesville, Fl. -- St. Patrick's Church -- Tampa, Fl. -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Civil Rights Rally -- Civil Rights March -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Klan March -- Klan Rally -- Night March -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1056","record_class":"Item","title":"J.B. Stoner : Audio Interview","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with J.B. Stoner, a Klansman and racial agitator who led segregationist rallies in St. Augustine in 1964. Stoner recounts his time in St. Augustine and relates how he and other Klan members were treated well in the city. Stoner discribes the various groups that engaged in white supremacy and the good working relationship they had with the local police department. Stoner recalls the various marches and rallys the Klan organized, the problems caused by local news reporters and how the police protected them from violence. Stoner insists that he and his groups won the battle of St. Augustine.","Ku Klux Klan -- National States Rights Party -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine Police Department -- John Birch Society -- Chamber of Commerce -- Florida East Coast Railroad -- National Guard, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Ancient City Gun Club -- Ku Klux Klan -- Florida Highway Patrol -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Old Slave Market -- City Baking Company -- Bombing -- Civil Rights March -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Drive-by Shooting -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Klan March -- Klan Rally -- Picketing -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Visit of Jackie Robinson -- Wade-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1069","record_class":"Item","title":"Audrey Nell Edwards : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["This is a video interview with St. Augustine Four member and civil rights activist, Audrey Nell Edwards. Ms. Edwards recounts her experiences picketing, sitting in at Woolworth's, going to reform school, night marches, and meeting Jackie Robinson and Martin Luther King.","St. Augustine Four -- Ku Klux Klan -- Woolworth's -- McCrory's -- St. Johns County Jail -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- Florida Memorial College -- Excelsior High School -- Murray High School -- Lightner Museum -- McCartney's -- Old Slave Market -- St. George Street -- St. Mary's Baptist Church -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Sit-in -- World's Fair -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Visit of Jackie Robinson -- Civil Rights March -- Night March -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Klan Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1073","record_class":"Item","title":"Hank Thomas : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Hank Thomas describes his experiences in the St. Augustine civil rights movement, his participation in the Freedom Rides, his combat experiences in Vietnam, his business enterprises, and reflects on the legacy of America's racially divided past.","Civil Air Patrol (CAP) -- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) -- Freedom Riders -- Ku Klux Klan -- Nonviolent Action Group (NAG) -- St. Augustine Four -- St. Johns County Sheriff -- American University -- Anniston, Al. -- Bridge of Lions -- Butler Beach, Fl. -- Columbia, S.C. -- Fisk University -- High Point, N.C. -- Howard University -- Jackson, Miss. -- Lincolnville -- Matanzas Theater -- McCrory's -- McDonald's -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- St. Augustine City Library -- Winnsboro, S.C. -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Freedom Rides -- Police Brutality -- Sit-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1082","record_class":"Item","title":"Barbara Vickers : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Barbara Vickers, St. Augustine native, talks about the local civil rights movement and the past and present problems faced by the city.","ACCORD -- Ancient City Charity Club -- Ku Klux Klan -- Manucy's Raiders -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine City Commission -- St. Augustine Four -- Butler Beach, Fl. -- Excelsior High School -- Excelsior Museum and Cultural Center -- Lincolnville -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- St. Augustine Historical Society -- St. Paul AME Church -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Attempted Integration of Church -- Drive-by Shooting -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1095","record_class":"Item","title":"Kanti Patel : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Kanti Patel, owner of the Bayfront Hilton in St. Augustine, talks about his role in preserving civil rights history on the property of the former Monson Motor Lodge.","St. Augustine, Fl. -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Arrest of Martin Luther King"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1102","record_class":"Item","title":"Fred Martin : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Fred Martin, SCLC activist in St. Augustine in 1964.","St. Augustine Police Department -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Fairchild Aircraft Strato Corporation -- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- Old Slave Market -- St. Johns County Jail -- Night March -- Wade-in -- Use of Police Dogs -- Klan Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-14","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. in Car with Dog","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Contains inscription of gratitude from Martin Luther King, Jr. to ACLU attorney Tobias Simon.","Arrest of Martin Luther King -- St. Augustine, Fl."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-34","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Speaking at St. Paul AME Church","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King speaking at St. Augustine's St. Paul AME Church.","St. Paul AME Church"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-103","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Flashed a Peace Sign After Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. reacts in St. Augustine, Fla., after learning that the senate passsed the civil rights bill, June 19, 1964.","Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1188","record_class":"Item","title":"Elmer Emrich, H.V. Gibson, and Johnie W. Jourdan : Testimony : Part 1","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Explanation From James Kynes as to why the State of Florida wants to amend the injunction that overturned the ban on night marches. Direct and cross examination of Elmer Emrich, Chief Investigator for the Governor of Florida, on the incidents that occurred during the night marches of June 9th through June 13th 1964 and what actions the Sheriff's Office and the highway patrol took and what recommendations he gave the Governor. Direct and cross examination of H.V. Gibson, Chief Law Enforcement Office of the Florida State Board of Conservation, on the incidents that occurred during the night marches of June 9th through June 13th 1964 and what action H. V. Gibson and the officers under his command took. Direct examination of Johnnie Jourdan, Field Deputy Inspector with the Florida Highway Patrol, on the incidents that occurred ruing the night marches of June 9th through June 13th 1964 and what actions Johnnie Jourdan and the officers under his command took.","Ku Klux Klan -- Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Grand Jury Of St. Johns County -- John Birch Society -- Florida State Board of Conservation -- St. Augustine City Jail -- St. Johns County Jail -- Duval County Jail -- Old Slave Market -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Civil Rights March -- Klan March -- Use of Police Dogs -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1190","record_class":"Item","title":"Racial and Civil Disorders in St. Augustine : Report of the Legislative Investigation Committee","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Report prepared by the Legislative Investigation Committee of the state government of Florida. It is a detailed account of all pertinent people and incidents regarding the civil rights movement in St. Augustine 1963-64. Includes a timeline of events and brief biography of Martin Luther King, Jr.","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- St. Augustine Record -- Ku Klux Klan -- United Press International (UPI) -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Trinity Episcopal Church -- Murray High School -- Ponce de Leon Hotel -- Monson Motor Lodge -- The New York Times -- National States Rights Party -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Flagler Memorial Hospital -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Ancient City Gun Club -- Citizens Band Radio -- The Highlander Research and Education Center -- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) -- St. Augustine City Commission -- Grand Jury Of St. Johns County -- Bi-Racial Committee -- St. Augustine Record -- Special Police Force -- Butler Beach, Fl. -- Lincolnville -- Home of Robert Hayling -- Murray High School -- Trinity Episcopal Church -- Old Slave Market -- Monson Motor Lodge -- St. Johns County Jail -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Visit of Lyndon B. Johnson -- Picketing -- Sit-in -- Klan Rally -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Shooting Death of William Kinard -- Drive-by Shooting -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC -- Easter Invasion -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Attempted Integration of Church -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators -- Civil Rights March -- Use of Police Dogs -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Night March -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Klan March -- Wade-in -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1195","record_class":"Item","title":"Racial and Civil Disorders in St. Augustine : Report of the Legislative Investigation Committee : Appendix 15","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Response from Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert Hayling regarding the Grand Jury report of St. Johns County. They relate various racial problems in the city and state that the demonstrations will not stop. King and Hayling proclaim the SCLC was not trying to be disruptive, but was merely seeking justice. They ask that a bi-racial committee be appointed immediately as a matter of good faith.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Grand Jury Of St. Johns County -- Bi-Racial Committee -- Drive-by Shooting -- Bombing"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1208","record_class":"Item","title":"Racial and Civil Disorders in St. Augustine : Report of the Legistlative Investigation Committee : Appendix 25","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Report from St. Augustine Chief of Police Virgil Stuart to the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee on the racial unrest in St. Augustine during 1963 and 1964. This document describes the Spring of 1964 and all of the protests and participants involved: including Robert Hayling, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth Peabody, and Martin Luther King Jr.","St. Augustine Quadricentennial Commission -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Florida Memorial College -- St. Augustine Police Department -- Peace Marchers -- Special Police Force -- National Council of Churches -- St. Augustine Chamber of Commerce -- Florida East Coast Railway -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Butler Beach, Fl. -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Visit of Lyndon B. Johnson -- Picketing -- Sit-in -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC -- Easter Invasion -- Night March -- Wade-in -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1214","record_class":"Item","title":"Racial and Civil Disorders in St. Augustine : Report of the Legistlative Investigation Committee : Appendix 08","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["A letter from the city manager, Charles Barrier, briefly detailing the events that had transpired in the St. Augustine civil rights movement from the summer of 1963 until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Events such as the sit-ins, the KKK meeting picketed by Robert Hayling, and the arrest of Mrs. Mary Peabody are spoken of.","St. Augustine Police Department -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- Special Police Force -- St. Augustine Chamber of Commerce -- St. Augustine City Hall -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC -- Easter Invasion -- Picketing -- Sit-in -- Lie-in -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1229","record_class":"Item","title":"Memo from Elmer Emrich to Governor Farris Bryant : 1964-06-01","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["St. Augustine Police Department -- Old Slave Market -- Use of Police Dogs -- Attack on Beach Cottage Safe House -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1242","record_class":"Item","title":"Memo from Lucille to Governor Farris Bryant : 1964-06-05","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["St. Augustine City Commission -- Civil Rights Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1248","record_class":"Item","title":"Dan Warren, Hank Drane, Verle Pope, Hamilton Upchurch, and George Allen : Testimony : Part 2","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Testimony of state attorney Dan Warren, reporter Hank Drane, state senator Verle Pope, local citizen Hamilton Upchurch, and reporter George Allen regarding their witness of a segregation rally and civil rights night march on June 19, 1964.","Special Police Force -- Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Johns County Grand Jury -- Ku Klux Klan -- Ancient City Gun Club -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Manucy's Raiders -- Citizens Band Radio -- Bi-Racial Committee -- Florida Times Union -- Daytona Beach News Journal -- Old Slave Market -- Monson Motor Lodge -- National Guard Armory -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Civil Rights March -- Night March -- Wade-in -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Klan Rally -- Klan March -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1392","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-05-28","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Memo from Hoover asking if Sheriff Davis is sympathetic to KKK. Intelligence indicates Davis is quite close to the KKK and will rely on them to control demonstrations. Also indications that Davis has assisted in harboring a Klansmen responsible for a bombing in Jacksonville. Evidence that Davis has deputized members of the KKK. Hoss Manucy observed riding in car with Sheriff's deputies. Bureau to put MLK's beach cottage safe house under surveillance.","Ku Klux Klan -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Old Slave Market -- St. Johns County Jail -- Sit-in -- Lie-in -- Civil Rights March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1393","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-05-29","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Drive-by shooting targeted at the car of Harry Boyte, an assistant to Martin Luther King. MLK's beach cottage safe house is also shot up during the night.","St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Ku Klux Klan -- Crescent Beach, Fl. -- Holiday Inn -- Monson Motor Lodge -- St. Johns County Jail -- Attack on Beach Cottage Safe House -- Drive-by Shooting -- Sit-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1395","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-05-31","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Director Hoover advised on KKK meeting led by J.B. Stoner and which took place in Lake Butler, Fl. Report states that KKK members are being deputized by Sheriff Davis. Peaceful civil rights march took place. FHP confiscate firearms. KKK allegedly threaten to hang black man in the Slave Market.","Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine Record -- Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Augustine Police Department -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Lake Butler, Fl. -- St. Johns County Jail -- Zion Baptist Church -- Old Slave Market -- Klan Rally -- Civil Rights Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1402","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-06-08","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Report about Martin Luther King's press conference in St. Augustine demanding desegregation in St. Augustine. Also report of a drive-by shooting involving a white taxi driver and African Americans. Additional report about the firebombing of King's beach cottage safe house in Crescent Beach. Lastly contains brief mention of Hoss Manucy's activities.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Ku Klux Klan -- Crescent Beach, Fl. -- Attack on Beach Cottage Safe House -- Drive-by Shooting -- civil rights MarchAttack on Beach Cottage Safe House -- Drive-by Shooting -- Civil Rights March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1410","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-06-16","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Jackie Robinson visits St. Augustine and leads rally at St. Paul AME Church. Several SCLC members, including MLK, post bond. Small civil rights parade takes place without incident.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Augustine Police Department -- Old Slave Market -- St. Paul AME Church -- Visit of Jackie Robinson -- Civil Rights March -- Civil Rights Rally -- Arrest of Martin Luther King"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1419","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-07-01","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["FBI report detailing the 30 June wade-in and a rally of white segregationists. Report also comments on the warrants issued against Martin Luther King and John Gibson. Also details Governor Bryant's appointment of a bi-racial committee.","Florida Highway Patrol -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- Bi-Racial Committee -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Wade-in -- Klan Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-142","record_class":"Item","title":"The Klan Scourges Old St. Augustine","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Life Magazine article in which the author writes about the Ku Klux Klan's role in instigating violence during the St. Augustine civil rights movement. Sheriff L.O. Davis's Klan sympathies are also discussed.","Ku Klux Klan -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Ancient City Gun Club -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Jacksonville, Fl. -- St. Augustine Civic Center -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Night March -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-262","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. King Arraigned on Three Charges; Bond Placed at $900","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Describes Martin Luther King's legal status after his arrest for a sit-in attempt in St. Augustine.","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Johns County Grand Jury -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Old Slave Market -- Monson Motor Lodge -- St. Johns County Jail -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Sit-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-289","record_class":"Item","title":"King Seeks Federal Backing in St. Aug","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King seeks Presidential intervention from Lyndon Johnson to quell the violence in St. Augustine. King's arrest at the Monson Motor Lodge is also described in detail. Mention is also made that Monson owner James Brock was a special deputy and was seen patrolling downtown streets with a shotgun.","St. Augustine, Fl. -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Night March -- Sit-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-298","record_class":"Item","title":"Middle Ground Disappeared","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Article focused primarily on the St. Johns County Grand Jury report rejected by Martin Luther King and the aftermath in St. Augustine during the next few days.","St. Johns County Grand Jury -- Bi-Racial Committee -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- Old Slave Market -- Lincolnville -- St. Johns County Jail -- Klan Rally -- Civil Rights March -- Klan March -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-398","record_class":"Item","title":"7 Men in Key Roles in Crisis","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Provides an overview of the racial crisis in St. Augustine during the summer of 1964. Key people and events are discussed.","Bi-Racial Committee -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- Ancient City Gun Club -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Grand Jury Of St. Johns County -- Manucy's Raiders -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Old Slave Market -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Civil Rights March -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-414","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil Righters Alter Tactics, Ease Tension","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["An aide to Martin Luther King announces a suspension of night marches in order to reduce tension in St. Augustine.","St. Augustine, Fl. -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Old Slave Market -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Sit-in -- Night March -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-419","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter to the Editor of the St. Augustine Record","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Letter written in defense of a special deputy and critical of the civil rights movement.","Ancient City Hunting Club"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-4","record_class":"Item","title":"The Heroic Stories of the St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Whose Brave Struggle Helped Pass the Civil Right Act of 1964","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Commemorative booklet that highlights the major figures and events of the civil rights movement of St. Augustine. This booklet was published in conjunction with the unveiling of the St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument.","Progressive Fraternal International Association -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) -- Freedom Riders -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Bi-Racial Committee -- St. Augustine Four -- Ku Klux Klan -- Florida Highway Patrol -- ACCORD -- Florida Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights -- Scott Street 11 -- Ancient City Charity Club -- Woolworth's -- McCartney's -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Ponce de Leon Hotel -- Genovar's Opera House -- Florida Memorial College -- Murray High School -- Fullerwood Elementary School -- Ketterlinus Junior High School -- St. Benedict School -- St. Joseph -- Galimore Center -- Casa Monica Hotel -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Old Slave Market -- Castillo de San Marcos -- Trinity Episcopal Church -- Lincolnville Public Library -- Flagler Hospital -- Chase Funeral Home -- Emancipation Proclamation -- Sit-in -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC -- Easter Invasion -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Picketing -- Lie-in -- Wade-in -- Night March -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Murray High Walk Out -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Drive-by Shooting -- Attack on Beach Cottage Safe House -- Desegregation of St. Johns County Schools -- Mass Arrest of Rabbis -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-113","record_class":"Item","title":"St. Augustine : Rape of the Ancient City","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["A brief summary of the civil rights movement in St. Augustine. Ridicules the movement and is biased toward the white community. Sides with Sheriff L.O. Davis and the local police. Originally published in American Opinion magazine, a publication of the John Birch Society.","Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- St. Augustine Police Department -- Bi-Racial Committee -- Special Police Force -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- St. Augustine City Hall -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Butler Beach, Fl. -- Woolworth's -- Flagler Hospital -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Civil Rights March -- Klan March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-133","record_class":"Item","title":"Our Visit to St. Augustine","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Hester Campbell, friend of Mary Peabody, reflects on their trip to St. Augustine to be arrested during a civil rights demonstration. Mrs. Campbell's remarks were made in front of her church the week after her St. Augustine arrest.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- St. Johns County Jail -- Trinity Episcopal Church -- Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge -- McCartney's -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Use of Police Dogs -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC -- Easter Invasion -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-142","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from Anonymous Citizen to Judge Bryan Simpson","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Critical letter to Judge Bryan Simpson from an anonymous sender.","Ancient City Hunting Club"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-157","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from a Law Abiding Citizen to Judge Bryan Simpson","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Critical letter sent to Judge Bryan Simpson from anonymous citizen. Letters such as this one were sent in response to Simpson's court rulings that favored the civil rights movement."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-159","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from Amnesia Knox to Judge Bryan Simpson - I","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["In a letter to Judge Bryan Simpson, integrationist Amnesia Knox describes her time in St. Augustine and treatment by local law enforcement.","Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Police Brutality -- Use of Police Dogs"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-166","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from Anonymous Citizen to Judge Bryan Simpson - IV","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Critical letter from anonymous citizen sent to Judge Bryan Simpson. Letters such as this one were sent in response to Simpson's court rulings that favored the civil rights movement.","Ku Klux Klan"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-183","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from J.S. to Judge Bryan Simpson","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Critical letter sent from local citizen to Judge Bryan Simpson. Letters such as this one were sent in response to Simpson's court rulings that favored the civil rights movement. Because this letter was written by a private citizen and never intended for public view, Flagler College has decided to withhold the name of the author.","St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll5-35","record_class":"Item","title":"Lyndon B. Johnson and Lee White : Audio Recording","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["This is a recording of a conversation between President Lyndon B. Johnson and his chief of staff, Lee White. They discuss Florida Governor Farris Bryant's response to the racial situation in St. Augustine, as well as the ceremony President Johnson should have to sign the Civil Rights Act of 1964.","Ponce de Leon Hotel -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Emancipation Proclamation -- Visit of Lyndon B. Johnson"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll5-105","record_class":"Item","title":"Paul Good Recordings : Tape 2 : Audio","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["This is the transcript for the second in the series of journalist Paul Good's tape recordings in St. Augustine during the summer of 1964. This tape consists of six parts: 1. The singing of a freedom song (00:00:00). 2. A mass rally at a church that includes speeches from an unidentified speaker, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Andrew Young (00:01:36). 3. Recording of night march sounds (00:12:30). 4. Paul Good interviewing protesters (00:20:00). 5. Brief of singing of \"We Shall Overcome\" (00:20:27). 6. Paul Good interviewing protesters (00:21:05).","Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Civil Rights March -- Civil Rights Rally -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll5-106","record_class":"Item","title":"Paul Good Recordings : Tape 2 : Transcript","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["This is the transcript for the second in the series of journalist Paul Good's tape recordings in St. Augustine during the summer of 1964. This tape consists of six parts: 1. The singing of a freedom song (00:00:00). 2. A mass rally at a church that includes speeches from an unidentified speaker, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Andrew Young (00:01:36). 3. Recording of night march sounds (00:12:30). 4. Paul Good interviewing protesters (00:20:00). 5. Brief of singing of \"We Shall Overcome\" (00:20:27). 6. Paul Good interviewing protesters (00:21:05).","Paul Good Recordings : Transcript for Tape 2 Part 1: Singing of a freedom song (00:00:00) [The first part of this tape from 00:00:00 to 00:01:35 consists of a group singing a freedom song]. Part 2: Mass Rally at a Church (00:01:36) Unidentified Speaker: [Unintelligible]…that makes it possible that we can love in spite of hate. And makes it possible that we can keep moving even when we're knocked down. And make it possible that even those within the community that can't do one thing can do another. That they are able to back us up [unintelligible] kind of philosophy we don't have to depend upon a few experts in a classroom or in a courtroom, that we can do the job of freedom for ourselves. And it doesn't matter how young you are or how old you are, you can march on anyway. I have a little boy that is just beginning to walk around good and my wife said to me, I ask how he is and she says, “He'll be ready for the picket line in about four months.” It is the kind of truth that you will that is not for Negroes alone, the truth never gives itself to one [unintelligible] speaks to the souls of people. Love, nonviolent love gives us the direction that we seek and moves us on to the next level of the movement. For it is love of which we have begun to the answer the questions of segregationists and white Americans. Let us listen now, white Americans always said to us, \"What do Negroes want?\" And a few years ago we said, \"We want what the law provides.\" And we were answering with the legalistic understanding. And so we, and then this doesn't excite us anymore does it? And so when they ask us now, “What do we want?” [Unintelligible] has the answer. He says, “What have you got?” Yes sir, what do you want, what do you got? Now I think this is where we are now: an equal rights movement. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference with the great understanding of nonviolent love looks at the hearts of those that attacked us and sees something far deeper. And when this man says to us, “what do you want,”he is asking us to give him the answer to his own question. And with love we can answer. When he says, “what do you want,” he’s saying, “help me, save me from the dilemma that I'm in as well as the dilemma that Negro America is in.” Martin Luther King: My fellow citizens of St. Augustine, I need not have to remind you tonight that that is a magnificent drama taking place on the stage of American history. And it is so interesting and somewhat ironic that the jails of the south which for so long have been considered symbols of segregation have now been transformed into instruments of social salvation. And it is a rich and rewarding [unintelligible] protest. But the thing that makes me happy is that you have yourselves together with such dignity and such discipline. It was beautiful to watch. You prove to be that kind of spiritual anvil [unintelligible] I mean physical hammer in this community. We go on with the faith that our own suffering is redemption and as a result of your suffering last night I'm sure that many people will come to see the need to work harder to solve this problem in our country and certainly this problem in St. Augustine. Now we face the moment of great decision. Now we face the moment when we must put on our walking shoes and get ready to make a definite witness. And I want to say to you that we have an opportunity and a challenge to fill up the jails of St. Augustine, Florida and I will not rest until we are able to make this kind of witness in this city, so that the power structure downtown will have to say, “We can’t stop this movement and the only way to deal with it is to give these people what we owe them and what their God given rights and their constitutional rights demand.” This is what we are insisting and this is what we'll get. [Cheering] Now I will call for Andrew Young. Andrew Young: The power of love can always happen in a nonviolent movement, but tonight must be an example of what must always happen in a nonviolent movement. That is whenever there is violence, the only recourse we have is to respond in greater number and with stronger determination than ever before. Now for a hundred years, they’ve attempted to frighten Negroes by the threat of violence. Now tonight we have some assurances from the sheriffand from a representative from the governor’s office that there will be protection. That there will be police protection but I for one want to witness to you and I think you can witness back to me that we have been protected all along, that many a night when the policemen were not anywhere around there was protection in our midst. That many a night when blows rained down on our heads and when kicks went into our stomachs, there was protection. I think that one of the most amazing things to me this morning when I woke up was that I hardly had an ache and pain on me anywhere. I remembered that I remember somebody kicking me in the stomach and I felt around looking for a sore place and there wasn’t any there. I did have a little knot on my head but it wasn’t too bad either, but what was more important was that there was a good feeling in my heart. There was a good feeling in my heart because of the way you acted and there was a good feeling in my heart because last night I for one witnessed the power of nonviolence in one of the hardest hearts that this city has to offer. As we crossed the street the first time, I saw a young fellow who hauled off and hit me. What happened when I got down on the ground, I don't know but he was one of those that was over me kicking. I got up and we walked down to the next corner and we attempted to cross and there he was again. There was a policeman standing right between him and a friend of his and he hauled off and hit me in my stomach and when I bent over he intended to kick me in my stomach. As we stopped, and when we didn’t fall even though both Reverend Hill and I were hit by a fellow standing by him with blackjacks, you continued to follow us and we walked together. Down the side of the park and there at the foot of the park there was the same guy waiting for us again. And we walked up to him and we didn't break a stride and we looked at him and continued to smile and I was waiting to get hit again and he just barely kind of pushed me aside a little bit. And we turned around and we told the people in the line to pass it back, “Don't anybody touch him.” And I know that something happened in the heart of this young fellow, that he was a fellow that was not any bigger than me, the kind of fellow that before I heard of before Martin Luther King, I would enjoy beating up his mouth and throwing [unintelligible]. And yet, that wouldn't have done any good, because I would have only made an eternal enemy. I would have only made a man so angry with me that he and I could never have anything to do and the chances are we would have had to fight until one of us was nearly destroyed. And yet tonight and in the days that follow I am sure, that just as Paul suffered a conversion after his experience in watching Steven martyred, I am sure that in the heart of this young man, some of the same spiritual turmoil is taking place right now. And not only for him but for the whole city of St. Augustine. And so if we turn back now, if we shrink in fear, if we give into the Devil in this time, then can we go back to a hundred years more of slavery. But if we stand together, and if we stand together strongly and spiritually and non-violent, we shall overcome in St. Augustine. We shall overcome in the state of Florida and we shall overcome in the United States of America and St. Augustine will be not only the nation’s oldest city, but one of its most democratic cities and I look forward to the day when I can meet this young man. As Fred Shuttlesworth said, what he's fighting for is he's looking forward to the day when he can sit down and shake hands with the Klansman that beat him with chains. And I think the day is not far off when some of these same people who are angry with us will smile at us and awkwardly come up to us and want to apologize. And so tonight as we march out we’re marching for freedom for ourselves, but we're marching for the freedom of this nation, and the freedom of all these misguided white people that, that have never seen Negroes as children of God. And so every man and woman and child tonight who considers himself a child of God under my boss, the time is now when we will stand up and bare witness and line up outside the church and march downtown. Part 3: Recording of Night March (00:12:30) [This is mostly the sounds of people walking around, some jeering from segregationists, and dogs barking.] Part 4: Paul Good Interviewing Protesters (00:20:00) Charlie: Yeah, I'm thirteen. I’m thirteen. Paul Good: Charlie, could you tell me what happened? Charlie:Well, when they was down there they threw bricks and all and they hit a white lady in the back and when I was fi’n to go start walking to get in line and they hit me on my ankle. Paul Good: Does it hurt much? Charlie: No, it don't hurt that much. Paul Good: This your first march Charlie? Charlie: No, I've been in several marches. Paul Good: Do you want to keep on marching Charlie? Charlie: Yes sir. Paul Good: Say that again. Charlie: Yes sir. Part 5: Brief Recording of “We Shall Overcome” (00:20:27) Part 6: Paul Good Interviewing Protesters (00:21:05) Paul Good: Can you talk? Can you talk and tell us what happened? Unknown Speaker: I was walking past the front of the flea market, when a white boy look around and next thing I knew he hit me.Paul Good: With his fist? Unknown speaker: Yeah, his fist. Paul Good: In the stomach? Unknown Speaker: No, he hit me right on the side of my jaw and he knocked me on the side of the [unintelligible]. Paul Good: Thank you. Paul Good: Can you tell us what happened? Unknown Speaker 2: The guy hit me on the ankle. Paul Good: With what? Unknown Speaker 2: With a stick. Paul Good: What, one of the police or one of the white men down there? Unknown Speaker 2: I think it was one of the policemen. Paul Good: Did the police come to arrest you? Unknown speaker 2: No, they didn't do nothing. Paul Good:Reverend England, what happened to you? Reverend England: I, they didn’t let me go, they said I couldn’t go tonight, but Gene Dawson got it. Paul Good: Where is he now? Reverend England: He's inside. Paul Good: You want to tell us what happened? Reverend Dawson: Well I, when I went to turn on King, next come a truck load of white boys on the truck. Some was driving, some was on the back of the truck, had a .22 pistol or .22 rifle, either one and shot me right in the windshield. Pow! Paul Good: Did it hit you? Tell us what happened. Did it hit you? Reverend Dawson: Yeah, the bullet really hit the windshield. Unknown Reporter: Where’s your wife? Reverend Dawson: That ain't my wife, it’s my sister. Paul Good: Did you report it to the police? Reverend Dawson: Yeah, I told 'em while ago. Paul Good: Did you describe the car to them?Reverend Dawson: It was on a pickup truck, looked like a Ford pickup. Paul Good: Thank you. Recording ends at 22:59.","Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Civil Rights March -- Civil Rights Rally -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll5-128","record_class":"Item","title":"Paul Good Recordings : Tape 1 : Transcript","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["This is a transcript for the first in the series of journalist Paul Good's tape recordings in St. Augustine during the summer of 1964. The transcript for this tape consists of three parts: 1. Press conference with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (starting at 0:00). 2. A segregation rally at the Old Slave Market consisting of several unknown speakers, plus local KKK leader Halstead \"Hoss\" Manucy (starting at 00:06:11). 3. Press conference with local citizen Verle Pope (starting at 00:20:48).","Paul Good Recordings : Transcript for Tape 1 Part 1: Press Conference with Martin Luther King (00:00:00) Martin Luther King: …given by the grand jury yesterday, however we discovered that we were the victims of a blasted hope. We are therefore greatly disappointed at what we consider an unwise, unfair and unreasonable position taken by the grand jury. It completely fails to grasp the deep discontent, the haunting frustration and the seizing despair of the Negro community as a result of the continued existence of segregation and discrimination. The presentment is based on the false assumption that Saint Augustine had genuinely peaceful race relations, and though the Southern Christian Leadership Conference quote “picked it as a symbol before the world.” A more honest assessment for the situation would reveal that Saint Augustine has never had peaceful race relations. It may have had a negative peace which was the absence of tension, but certainly not a positive peace which is a presence of justice. True, Saint Augustine has made progress in race relations like numerous other cities, but one must realize that progress wets the appetite for greater progress. Moreover, it must be recognized that the progress made has not been nearly great enough to compensate for the centuries of injustice and oppression inflicted upon the Negro. One needs only to catalogue the numerous unsolved shootings and bombings of Neqro homes and automobiles, the sick toleration of Ku Klux Klan activity, the economic deprivation of the Negro and the exclusion of Negros from most places of public accommodation in Saint Augustine to see that the progress made has been all too inadequate. Saint Augustine can of course try to temporize, negotiate small inadequate changes, and prolong the time table of freedom in the hope that the narcotics of delay will dull the pain of progress. But the fact remains that there would be neither peace nor tranquility in this community until the righteous demands of the Negro are fully met. In the light of the foregoing we cannot in good conscience accept the proposal of the grand jury. For the SCLC to be asked to leave Saint Augustine and call off all demonstrations without any concrete step being made to rectify the situation is not only an impractical request, but an immoral one. It is asking the Negro community to give all and the white community to give nothing. This is hardly a just and ethical way to deal with such an urgent problem. But even in spite of our disappointment, we still want it clearly known that we are deeply desirous of reaching a settlement. We are not demonstrating for demonstration's sake, we are merely seeking to make ourselves heard so that the community will be compelled to deal with our just demands. We would be happy to bring about a cessation of demonstrations if we could see a good faith move to solve the Saint Augustine racial problem. We would therefore propose that the grand jury be reconvened in the next few days and that the biracial committee mentioned in the presentment be appointed immediately. At the appointment and convening of said committee, we would be willing to halt demonstrations for the week in order to demonstrate good faith and allow the committee to deliberate without undo community tension. If at the end of this period of good faith communication, a reasonable attempt is made to comply with our request, we will gladly accept this as a settlement. Let us say in conclusion that we are not seeking to disrupt the life of Saint Augustine or humiliate its white citizens. We are merely seeking to achieve a moral balance that will make justice a reality in this community. We are not seeking a hollow victory. We are seeking reconciliation. We are not seeking to develop a community of fear. We are seeking to develop the beloved community where all men will respect the dignity and worth of human personality. That's the end of the statement. Do you have any questions? Reporter: I understand that unless the grand jury does reconvene in the next two days, your demonstrations will continue. Is that correct? Martin Luther King: That is correct. Reporter: Even if the grand jury does reconvene, you will still continue demonstrations until this biracial committee is formed, is that correct? Martin Luther King: That’s correct. We feel that the formation of this biracial committee is an absolute necessity to get meaningful negotiations moving in the community. Reporter: Are you willing to let the jury appoint the committee? Martin Luther King: Well we have said all along that the persons on the committee, at least the Negro committee, should be at least recommended by the leadership of the Negro community, and we still feel that this is still necessary in order to get good faith negotiations going. However, the committee already been appointed according to the statement from the grand jury and we would hope that they have on that committee people who are accepted in the Negro community. Reporter: It’s charged Dr. King that you broke good faith yesterday with the jump in at the Monson swimming pool. What's your reaction to that? Martin Luther King: Well I don't know the basis for that charge. I had not made any promise to anyone concerning the type of demonstrations that we would have and this was just a new and creative development we thought in our nonviolent thrust. We had no idea when the grand jury would make its report. In fact, we had gotten a little pessimistic concerning possibilities of anything coming out of grand jury because of the slow movement. I felt on Tuesday when I got back that things would be developed then by the grand jury nothing happened. Part Two: Segregation Rally (00:06:11) Unidentified Speaker: …these freedom songs and all this other rif raff that you hear every day, well let me tell you something right now, there’s millions that’s standing in this country tonight and sacrifice their blood for that price of freedom and that's all we're fighting for tonight is our freedom. They want to bring in the McCarran Immigration Act right now. They want to pass it in this country and bring four million more aliens into this nation every day and they’re not doing one thing about the people that’s down in Florida in this country. And yet they want to pass a bill that says a man employing people has got to lay off so many white people to get so many niggers to work for him and make up for the difference. And they call that freedom? Well I’ve got to lay off so many people to hire so many niggers and that’s my freedom of choice? No, that's not freedom. [unintelligible] That's taking bread out of your mouth and my mouth and that's not freedom tonight. So let me tell you this, we have got to change our whole political structure and there's only one way, the democratic way tonight, and that is to go to the polls and do something about it. As one of the speakers said earlier tonight “let the party system” that's all they want. They don't care who the people want as president, not who the people want, that’s immaterial tonight. It’s get a hold of somebody that suits our ways. We the politicians, we want ol’ Joe Blow, so you put him in office. Well I’ll tell you this much tonight, let’s the people of America, the grass roots element, let’s rise up and put the man we want in office and show them once and for all we’re dissatisfied with the trend our country’s taking today. Are you with me on this? [Cheering] We tonight are gathered out here for one specific purpose, and that is you came to hear I’m sure Mr. J.B. Stoner and not me, but someone else. There’s too many people in this country today who are still an independent, rebel people. It’s the people in the south and the west today. They are still the people in this United States of America that the Communist Party has got to conquer and accomplish their aims in. And that’s why they got to put us down, because they know that the people of the south and the west will still fight for the principles they espouse and believe in. And they still believe in the flag, God, country, motherhood and these things that we have held precious so long and that’s what we’re really fighting for. That’s the thing we’re holding against, because we know that once a nation is integrated it has failed, it is proven in history. You can take your Nordic race [unintelligible] State’s Rights Party and study the history of it and you’ll find that every race, whether it’s Brazil, Spain or what have you, when they have intermarried and intermingled it has lowered their moral standards, destroyed their people, and brought ‘em down to nothing. And it’s this nation tonight is the greatest on the face of the earth. One reason why, because it was settled by Anglo Saxon people. It was given a constitution and a flag it was proud of and the people that fought and stood for that. And if you’ll do the same tonight, I assure you, you won’t be sorry and I know that’s why you’re here because you intend to do that very thing. Because we still believe as the saying goes and the stars and bars and I say this to you tonight: let’s unite as one body and one people and we can’t lose because we got ‘em outnumbered. You with me on that? [Cheering] [Unintelligible chatter] Some people have said to me in recent months, in fact I was listening to a man in a barbershop the other day, he said, “well, we just as well give up.” No, when a man gives up, he doesn’t believe in the ideals and the things that he espouses. But when he does believe in those things and will fight for them regardless of the cost and the price he has to pay, then he really and sincerely believes in those ideals. And so I say to you in closing tonight, I didn’t come to speak, I just come to stand in the background and watch, because I’m awful tired. But I say to you, I believe in those ideals, the same ideals you stand for, the same things you fight for. And as the emcee said earlier, the Ku Klux Klan is always supposed to be the organization that’s trying to kick everybody’s head in and stomp everybody in the street. That’s not so. The Ku Klux Klan though in 1866, began to rise in 1867 and was well on their way to bringing the south from off of its knees and protecting the womanhood and the families and rebuilding this country. And no matter what they say, they can never take that away from that organization. Regardless of what is said about it, that is one organization, and even the encyclopedias will prove that. [Cheering] I say to you this much tonight, stand, fight, do your fighting socially, economically. If you’re a businessman, you know what to do. When you hire your labor. If you have a grocery store, if you have trade, remember what to do. Let’s fight ‘em by the same methods they’re trying, because why not? We have more brains. [unintelligible] We’ve got more money. We have got the things it takes to win. All we’ve got to do folks is put ‘em to work. That’s all you’ve got to do. Is when your politician doesn’t do what he’s supposed to, say “Ol Hoss, the next trip around, you’re not going to be riding the same pony down that creek.” [Cheering] If you have in your community someone who begins to say, “Well, I don’t know.” Tell him, “Listen, you’re in the wrong crowd. You are the wrong man for this job. We gotta have somebody else.” If you’ve got a school principal who’s not doing the thing he should, then get him lined up. What are they doing to you? They came to your city. They came to our city. They came to cities all over this nation and said, “You either do this thing or we’re going to get out here in your streets and tear up [unintelligible].” And they did, didn’t they? [Cheering ] They get on the television and radio and say, “If you don’t do this boy, we’re gonna just come down and march up and down your streets, insult you and let you know what we’re gonna do.” Well let me tell you something right now. We can do the same thing. If I got on television and told ‘em, “listen, you either line up for Saint Augustine or the Ku Klux Klan’s gonna come in here and boot you around.” You what they’d do to me? They’d have me arrested and charge me with conspiracy. That’s right. [Cheering] Well I tell you something. That’s a two way street. It’s about time the federal government begin to show that thing works two ways. Because we haven’t got any communists hitting or fighting for us. The Maritime Union didn’t put out any lieutenants out of the Klan for being members of the Communist Party. Martin Luther King’s got a lieutenant set inside of him that’s guilty of it. You know what I’m talking about? That’s evidence, irrevocable. The Maritime Union put it out, said he was a communist. And yet he’s right along beside Mr. Lucifer King. [From 12:15-12:45 there is back and forth chatter between the audience and individuals at the microphone] Unidentified Speaker: Tomorrow night there’ll be more Klansmen here. The Klan is like…the Klan in the south is like the dew. It covers the whole south. [Cheering] Unidentified Speaker: I want to greet all my white friends and all the lawmans; they’re my white friends too. Hallelujah. I’m a preacher of the Gospel and don't deny it. I want you to know that God made the separation in the eleventh chapter of the book of Genesis when he made twelve tribes. And I want to be just one of those twelve tribes. I want to continue that twelfth tribe. Hallelujah, but I want my tribe to be in the [Unintelligible] of God's Bible because I am a preacher of God's Bible and that's the name of my church and I am happy that I am one of God's Bible preachers. Hallelujah. This season friends I want you to go to the Lord with me in prayer because we’re in a serious condition. We’ve got somethin on our hands we’ve never had in the world. And I want you to know it’s confronting the lawman. The lawman’s confronted with it and we're confronted with it, the white people are confronted with it and the races have got to where they’re not satisfied, and I want you to know that its gonna take God in this thing to carry us through. Now if you'll bow your heads with me we'll go to the Lord in prayer. Our father as we come before you today with Jesus we praise your wonderful name. We thank you Lord for what the white man stands for. We don't want to run over nobody nor transgress over nobody God, but we want the white man to stay white and we want the black man to stay black and any other races to stay their color. Lord, we want the word of God spread abroad in all the land and we thank you for this gathering and we thank you for what it stands for and we intend to back it with our prayers and our support and with everything we can do. In these favors we ask in Jesus's blessed name, amen. Unidentified Speaker: And I’m sure that you’re not [unintelligible] because they march right down behind us here. And not that we are scared to march, but there's a time and place for everything. So go home tonight and let these law enforcement officers get some rest. I know that [unintelligible] tired. [Unintelligible chatter] Hoss, come up here. This is his town. He’s got an announcement to make. [Cheering] Hoss Manucy: Fellas, I got an announcement to make. As a citizen here of Saint Augustine which all of you are, we’ve been asked by the grand jury, and as citizens and other people, not only me, not only y’all, not to march, not to cause no trouble. Can’t talk no louder. And I’ll tell you all this, we are going to go by what the grand jury asks. A lot of people might not like it, but we better than these colored people out here, these niggers. [Cheering] I said Niggers. [Cheering] There will not be no demonstrations tonight. There will not be no march tonight. Good night everybody. [Cheering] Unidentified Speaker: It’s good to come here tonight and see more good white people out here than King and his red revolutionaries can muster in the city of Saint Augustine. [Cheering] Since King and his black revolutionaries [Unintelligible] Saint Augustine to counteract King's outside demonstrators. [Cheering] As you know in every war, there is a decisive battle. It’s in Saint Augustine…it’s in Saint Augustine the red revolution can be turned back. [Cheering] Now, they are about to sign this so-called civil rights bill, this so called civil rights bill that in effect repeals the United States Constitution. [Cheering] Of course we all know what that stacked Supreme Court in Washington will do. It will rule that any kind of an act is constitutional that is in accordance with the platform of the Communist Party. Which reminds me back in 1928, the Communist Party adopted a platform which is now incorporated into the civil rights bill. I don't think that the civil rights bill settles anything. All that the civil rights bill does is to start a race war in the United States. As a general rule, when Congress declares an act of war, declares war, it is against another country. And it’s not the first time Congress has ever been so stupid as to declare a state of civil racial war in the United States. [Cheering] We’ve got people who set up a biracial committee to integrate Saint Augustine [Unintelligible] believing that that interracial committee is going to give them everything that they are asking for. Now some, yes, are demanding, but they can keep on demanding. We pay no attention to nigger demands in Saint Augustine. [Cheering] Now some of the people who want to sit down [Unintelligible] people in Jacksonville. Now if there is an interracial council set up here in Saint Augustine it will do the same way as they did in Jacksonville. In Atlanta, Knoxville, Nashville, Birmingham and other cities the chambers of commerce have set up interracial committees and every time, they were set up to give the niggers the integration that they want. Now if anybody sets up an interracial committee in Saint Augustine, then that man or those men are preparing to surrender our white rights to King and any other black mobs. Part Three: Verle Pope Statement to Reporters (00:20:48) Verle Pope: The processes of law and order are not to be dictated by any individual. Nor are these processes of law subject to trade on the table of barter. It is a sickening thing when the processes of government are subject to the influence and trade of a handful of individuals from the outside of this community. It is true that Saint Augustine is the battleground, but it is also true that it could have been Jacksonville, Orlando, Sanford or any other area within this community. And I say you that the people of Saint Augustine will never yield to trading the systematic processes of law to be beckoned and bartered with by outside organizations and individuals that have no political status in the field of government. I know of only one recourse which we might have in this trying situation, and those of you who witnessed the demonstrations last night know how tense the feeling is, and how great the danger is that human lives might be lost, and I have been besieged by phone calls from mothers of girls who have been out on dates, who couldn't get home because they were being told to ride around until they could be sent through the proper traffic lanes in order to avoid these demonstrations. And this constitutes a terrible invasion of human rights and it is indeed a terrible thing. And because of the acuteness of this situation, because of the fact that I feel that human lives will be lost, because I have a knowledge that businessmen of this community are not allowed to follow the normal processes of government. I am asking and hoping that the governor of this state will invoke the provisions of the emergency act, which was passed by the state legislature, which will and does give to him the authority to order that such demonstrations cease because they are not in public interest, and because public lives and public businesses and the operation of the normal rights of individuals are jeopardized by the holding up of such demonstrations. Whether the rights of the governor and the state legislature which in its wisdom anticipated the provisions and the necessity for this law will withstand the interpretations of the invading federal courts remains to be seen. But if this act will not withstand federal adjudication in the favor of the great citizenry of this state, then I say to you that the tail is wagging the dog, and when that happens, the dog is very, very sick. Reporter: Have you spoken to Governor Bryant this morning concerning this emergency act? Verle Pope: Not directly, but indirectly. Reporter: You have spoken to his office? Verle Pope: I have spoken to representatives of his office, yes. Reporter: Have they given you any indication that the governor may in fact invoke this emergency act? Verle Pope: I feel that he will, I hope that he will. Reporter: Would it be immediate today? Verle Pope: I hope that will be immediate. Reporter: Verle, how [Unintelligible]? Verle Pope: Under the provisions of the emergency act it provides that certain conditions must exist. There must be of course a danger. Reporter: [Unintelligible] Verle Pope: That was a part of this act, yeah. End of recording.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Johns County Grand Jury -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Old Slave Market -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Klan Rally -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"suc_idn_4361","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Memorial Service Program and Speech, January 15, 1979","mediums":["programs (documents)","speeches (documents)"],"dcterms_description":["11 pages","Shaw AFB, S.C. -- National Negro Hymn"]},{"record_id":"suc_idn_4500","record_class":"Item","title":"Program for Memorial Services for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., c. 1980","mediums":["programs (documents)"],"dcterms_description":["3 pages"]},{"record_id":"loc_crhp_crhp0041","record_class":"Item","title":"William G. Anderson oral history interview conducted by Joseph Mosnier in Detroit, Michigan, 2011-07-26","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews","transcripts","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["William Anderson recalls growing up in Americus, Georgia, serving in the navy during World War II, and his friendships with Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy. He remembers opening his osteopath practice in Albany, Georgia, becoming a leader of the Albany Movement, and supporting protesters from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). He discusses his several arrests with King and Abernathy, appearing on Meet the Press, the closing of all public facilities in Albany, and his later friendship with Sheriff Laurie Pritchett."]},{"record_id":"loc_crhp_crhp0069","record_class":"Item","title":"Mary Jenkins oral history interview conducted by Will Griffin in Albany, Georgia, 2013-03-09","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews","transcripts","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["Mary Jenkins describes Albany, Georgia, during her childhood and discusses moments when she encountered racial prejudice. She describes her education in all-black schools, her decision to attend Fisk University, and her longing to become a teacher. Around the time of Brown v. Board of Education, she began teaching in Georgia and witnessed negative reactions of white administrators to the decision. Jenkins describes her decision to join the Albany Movement, and she shares memories of working with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr."]},{"record_id":"loc_rosaparks_48677","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. [graphic] : Born January 15, 1929, died April 4, 1968.","mediums":["photomechanical printscolor1960-1980.gmgpc","portrait prints1960-1980.gmgpc"],"dcterms_description":["Picture card showing head-and-shoulder portrait of Martin Luther King, Jr.","Title from item.","Printed on verso: have a dream today... \"I have a dream today ... I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low. The rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight. And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope... With this faith we shall be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day....\" We Shall Overcome"]},{"record_id":"gsu_lane_13509","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Nobel Peace Prize recognition dinner, National Conference of Christians and Jews, Dinkier Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia, January 27, 1965. King and Coretta Scott King are in center","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Envelope description: \"National Conference of Christians \u0026 Jews; Martin Luther King dinner, Jan. 27, 1965.\" 1965 Lane Brothers Assignment Book (p. 21) identifies the photographer, W. C. Lane, Jr.: \"Nat. Conferance [sic] of Christians \u0026 Jews; Photo, Martin Luther King's dinner; 81 duplicates; 17 4x5 duplicates; [commissioned] by Mr. McEvoy.\" \"LOOK - XX\"-- at top of entry. \"X Not Paid\"--at bottom of entry."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_200764","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy speaking at a mass meeting at a church in Birmingham, Alabama, the night before an attempted march to city hall.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Among those standing with him are A. D. King, Martin Luther King Jr., and Fred Shuttlesworth."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_21633","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Social Change, correspondence and printed materials, 1977","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of correspondence and documents related to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Contents include a letter received by Coretta Scott King and forwarded to E.T. Kehrer requesting support for union organizing among minority building and construction workers in New York City, as well as additional correspondence of E.T. Kehrer with King Center staff regarding Kehrer's involvement with planning committees for King Center events. Also includes planning materials and programs for the 1978 celebration of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday and reports on the progress of King Center projects.","The records, 1964-1979, of the Southern Office of the AFL-CIO Civil Rights Department consist primarily of correspondence and related reports, surveys, statements, and newspaper clippings. Much of the correspondence is between Director E.T. (Al) Kehrer and various AFL-CIO departments, notably his superiors Don Slaiman (1965-1974) and William Pollard (1974-1979). There is also substantial correspondence between Kehrer and the AFL-CIO state and city labor councils in the South; apprenticeship and training programs; a wide range of groups and persons concerned with community action and social reform issues, principally in the field of civil rights; and political figures."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_walb_walb00048","record_class":"Item","title":"WALB newsfilm clip of police chief Laurie Pritchett speaking about the arrests of kneel-in participants at city hall in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 27","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WALB newsfilm clip from July 27, 1962, Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett speaks to reporters from his office regarding the arrest of participants in the Albany City Hall kneel-in led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy, and Dr. William G. Anderson shortly after 3:00 that afternoon.  Pritchett reports that about ten African Americans, including King, Abernathy, and Anderson, were arrested \"for disorderly conduct by creating a general disturbance in the uptown area, congregating on the sidewalk, and failing to obey an officer's command.\"  King and Abernathy of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); as well as Anderson and Slater King, president and vice president of the Albany Movement respectively; led the kneel-in at city hall with the stated objective of speaking to city commissioners regarding the Albany Movement's concerns.  Chief Pritchett informed the gathering that the commission would not be available for discussion before the scheduled meeting on August 7. In response, Abernathy led a prayer for the city, the civil rights movement, and the leaders of both organizations before the police arrested the group.  A second kneel-in at city hall later that day, led by Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) member Charles Jones, resulted in more arrests.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WALB News Film collection.","Title provided by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_walb_walb00067","record_class":"Item","title":"WALB newsfilm of the burned ruins of African American churches in Terrell and Lee counties, Georgia, 1962 August and September","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["This silent WALB newsfilm clip from August and September, 1962, shows the ruins of three African American churches from Georgia's Terrell and Lee counties that burned down after they were used for voter registration meetings. The clip begins on Sunday, September 9, 1962, when fire destroyed Mount Olive Baptist and Mount Mary Baptist churches, two churches  in Sasser, Terrell County, Georgia. First, the ruins of Mount Olive Baptist Church appear. Ashes cover the church steps, the church bell lies on its side in the rubble, and the brick supports and chimney stand out among the smoldering remains. Next, after a break in the clip, ruins of Mount Mary Baptist Church are also seen, including metal roofing material, two sets of steps, and brick supports. Nearby, African American women and children watch the smoldering piles and comfort one another. Former baseball player Jackie Robinson, who was in Albany when the churches burned, later inspected the sites and served as honorary head of the fundraising effort to rebuild the churches, donating one hundred dollars to the cause. Finally, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. walks beside the ruins of Shady Grove Baptist Church near Leesburg, in Lee County, on August 15, 1962. Reverends Ralph D. Abernathy and Wyatt T. Walker of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) stand beside other men who observe the ruins. A white man with a notepad appears to be speaking to a gathered crowd. Three of the four cinderblock walls of the church remain, although the east wall and the roof have collapsed. Community members viewed the August 14, 1962 Shady Grove church fire with suspicion, since the church had recently hosted African American voter registration efforts; particularly when the officials who inspected the sites stated that the fires were caused by either lightning or faulty wiring. In response to the suspected arsons at these voter registration meeting sites, the United States Justice Department considered filing a federal suit alleging voter intimidation.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WALB News Film collection.","Title provided by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35045","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a press conference with comments by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. about the Freedom Ride, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from a press conference about the continuation of the Freedom Ride held in Montgomery, Alabama, on May 23, 1961, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. discusses the imperative to continue the struggle. The clip begins with Dr. King, Reverend Abernathy, and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) president John Lewis sitting down at a table; Lewis has a bandage on his head from injuries he received on May 21 when he and a group of students from Nashville were beaten after arriving in Montgomery. Wyatt Walker, SCLC executive secretary stands in the background. A group of cameramen and reporters line up in front of the table; the group of reporters includes an African American man as well as a white woman. King, apparently responding to a reporter's question, declares that encouraging African Americans to wait passively for their citizenship rights is impractical and immoral and asserts that \"the time is always right to do right.\" He criticizes those who would say civil rights demonstrations and violent white resistance hurts the image of the United States in the international community, replying that \"the thing that is hurting us most is the continued existence of segregation and discrimination.\" The clip ends with King's emphasizing that the struggle for civil rights \"is a struggle to save the soul of America.\" The Freedom Rides, organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) during the summer of 1961, tested federal laws outlawing segregation in travel between states. Two groups of volunteers trained in nonviolence planned to travel from Washington D.C. to New Orleans, leaving May 4. On May 10 both buses were ambushed by violent mobs in Anniston, Alabama, and one bus was ambushed again in Birmingham, injuring Freedom Riders, newsmen, and bystanders. Student civil rights workers from Nashville, Tennessee, went to Montgomery, Alabama to continue the freedom ride and were also beaten. Federal officials sent National Guard troops to Montgomery to restore order and protect the Freedom Riders in their journey. The group was protected until their arrival in Jackson, Mississippi, where they were beaten, arrested, and sent to Parchman Penitentiary; others who later arrived in Jackson to continue the ride were also arrested. Although the Freedom Riders never made it to New Orleans, the federal Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ruled segregation in travel between states illegal as well as in facilities serving those travelers; the ruling went into effect November 1, 1961.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36234","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. affirming the principles of the civil rights movement as well as of nonviolence to the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., 1962 July 19","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. on July 19, 1962 and affirms the principles of nonviolence, stating that the Civil Rights movement seeks a community at peace with itself, one in which millions of African Americans vote.  He explains that the movement will not obey unjust laws or submit to unjust practices, but will try in words and actions to witness truth as they see it.  The movement, he says, will always be willing to talk and seek fair compromise, and will be willing if necessary to suffer violence, arrest, and death.  King also notes that the federal government's program of law enforcement will be indispensable in helping the movement achieve its goals peacefully.  The National Press Club was organized in March 1908, and integrated in 1955.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer. WSB comp reel 1."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46952","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about recent race riots in New York State as well as the 1964 presidential election, New York, New York, 1964 July 27","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB-TV newsfilm clip from July 27, 1964, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks about recent race riots in New York City and Rochester, New York and comments on the role of race relations in the 1964 presidential election. Dr. King, sitting at a desk with microphones in front of him, answers questions from an unidentified off-screen reporter indicating that New York City mayor Robert F. Warner reached him July 24 while he was in Mississippi to ask him to come to New York to try and help curb racial tensions in the city. Commenting on reports of \"strong subversive and Communist elements identified\" in rioting in the neighborhoods of Harlem and Bedford-Stuyvesant, King suggests that while Communist groups may take advantage of African American discontent, he believes the rioting in New York is a result of a white, off-duty policeman shooting an African American boy. On July 10 an off-duty policeman shot and killed an African American young man the officer said was carrying a knife. The killing sparked rioting in Harlem and Bedford-Stuyvesant.","Another unidentified reporter asks King if continued civil rights demonstrations will hurt president Lyndon B. Johnson's campaign for reelection. King recognizes that violent demonstrations do more to help Republican candidate senator Barry M. Goldwater, who he accuses of capitalizing \"on the so-called white backlash whether he admits it publicly or not.\" He calls upon demonstrations before the election to be \"well-disciplined and dignified.\" After a July 30 meeting with leaders from several prominent civil rights organizations including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), civil rights leaders issued a resolution calling for a \"broad curtailment if not total moratorium\" on all demonstrations before the election.","After a break in the clip, King asserts the importance of civil rights as the \"chief domestic issue\" in the presidential campaign and expresses his hope for a national call for compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act and removing \"conditions of injustice that still pervade our nation and all of the other things which can only deepen the racial crisis.\" King later proposes that civil rights demonstrations in the South may more easily remain nonviolent because of clear goals rather than general protests. The clip breaks again and King concludes the New York City riots are an anti-police revolt stemming from a concern among the African American community regarding the police force and in particular police brutality. He recommends hiring more African American police officers.","After rioting in New York City began on July 10, one local African American newspaper editor blamed \"leftist civil rights agitators\" including King, James Farmer of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and James Forman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) among other civil rights leaders; many African Americans in New York discounted the alleged Communist role in the rioting. A report by the Federal Bureau of Investigation eventually indicated the riots were independent and not started or influenced by Communist groups.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44591","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African Americans celebrating and demonstrating as they prepare for the Poor People's March on Washington, 1968","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips dated 1968, Poor People's Campaign participants stop in Atlanta en route to Washington D.C., where protests are scheduled; they eat at Morehouse College, view Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthplace and grave site, and attend a preliminary rally at the Atlanta Civic Center. Alberta Williams King speaks to an audience in front of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthplace at 501 Auburn Avenue; Reverend Joseph E. Boone speaks to mourners at King's original burial site at South-View Cemetery; Coretta Scott King addresses a Poor People's Campaign rally at the Atlanta Civic Center; and Gladys Knight and the Pips and Stevie Wonder perform for the rally audience. Some images in the clip repeat.","The clip, which is approximately seven minutes long, begins with several shots taken of a march in Atlanta that precedes the Poor People's Campaign in Washington, D.C. Shots of the march are interspersed with a close-up shot of a group of spectators; several people carry a banner that reads \"I'm on my way Poor people's march on Washington.\" Next, a large group of African American people serve themselves food from a series of tables filled with casseroles and prepared foods inside of the Archer Hall gymnasium at Morehouse College. A reporter (off camera) asks an unidentified elderly African American woman from Mississippi how far she is traveling; she tells him that she is going to Washington, D.C., that she will stay there \"for a while,\" then return to Mississippi; she then agrees that she may have to return to Washington \"again and again,\" in the reporter's words.  This is followed by a brief shot of Ebenezer Baptist Church, taken from a distance; the Atlanta skyline is visible, and several buses are parked in front of the church.","Next, Martin Luther King, Sr., Coretta Scott King, and several of the King children are gathered together amidst a crowd on what is presumably the unveiling of a plaque memorializing King's birthplace at 501 Auburn Avenue on May 9, 1968; this is followed by a shot of passersby looking down at the ground, and then by a shot of the plaque, which reads \"Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in this house January 15, 1929.\" Next, an eleven-piece Motown band performs at the Poor People's Campaign rally in front of a banner that reads \"Poor People's Campaign benefit\"; the band was flown in by Motown Record Corporation president Berry Gordy, along with several prominent Motown acts that included Diana Ross and the Supremes, Gladys Knight and the Pips, Stevie Wonder, and the Temptations.  Shots of Gladys Knight and the Pips performing are interspersed with shots of the audience; fragments of songs are recorded on the audio track. Next, Coretta Scott King addresses the audience from a microphone; she says \"I'm sure my late husband is smiling on the city of Atlanta tonight for . . . this enthusiastic and overwhelming welcome that you are displaying in your presence here and for the support of the Poor People's Campaign . . .\" The audience sings \"We shall overcome,\" accompanied by the band onstage.","Next, in a silent section of the clip, two school buses are parked alongside South-View Cemetery. The camera pans to the right, towards Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s original burial site at the cemetery, where a large crowd has gathered beneath an awning beside King's grave. Reverend Joseph E. Boone speaks to the crowd as he stands next to King's headstone; one mourner wipes away tears with a handkerchief. There are several more shots of the crowd at the cemetery, of passengers returning to the buses, of Boone, of the eternal flame at King's grave, and a close-up of King's epitaph, which reads \"Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. 1929-1968 'Free at last free at last, thank God almighty I'm free at last.'\" This is followed by a school bus pulling into the Atlanta Stadium parking lot, and a crowd of people marching down the street past the stadium. People stand in a parking lot, unload their luggage from the tour buses and wait in lines with their luggage on the ground. The sound returns, and background noise is audible as several shots from the march shown at the beginning of the clip are repeated. Next, a group of people wait outside of what appears to be an academic building, presumably at Morehouse College; this is followed by people serving themselves food from large tables, and sitting down to eat inside of the Archer Hall gymnasium at Morehouse College.","The clip returns to footage of the audience at the Poor People's Campaign rally, interspersed with shots of Gladys Knight and the Pips (William \"Red\" Guest, Edward Patten, and Merald \"Bubba\" Knight), and a shot of Stevie Wonder performing. The audio track is uneven; fragments of songs are heard along with background noise. Next, Coretta Scott King is introduced to the audience; she says \"At this time in our nation there is a need to rededicate ourselves and recommit ourselves to bring about the kind of society and the kind of world where men and women, boys and girls can really live in dignity and freedom and justice and in peace.\" This is followed by several close-ups of members of the audience singing \"We Shall Overcome.\" As the song ends, Ralph David Abernathy, president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), makes his way through the audience.","Next, Alberta Williams King, mother of the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., speaks to a group of people in front of her son's birthplace on 501 Auburn Avenue; due to several breaks in the clip, her comments are not completely recorded. This is presumably back at the unveiling of the memorial plaque in front of King's birth home; cameramen film the plaque, next, Alberta Williams King describes the Auburn Avenue neighborhood and community as \". . . unpretentious, honest, and plain. And so were the people who lived here, people from all walks of living lived here together, and there existed a wonderful friendship, fellowship, and closeness to one another.\" There is a shot of a group of African American police officers, then a shot of Martin Luther King, Sr. and Coretta Scott King standing amidst the crowd on Auburn Avenue. Alberta Williams King's voice is recorded over the shot. This is followed by an overexposed shot of a walkway in front of a building with columns and large windows; the last shot in the clip is of the front of Ebenezer Baptist Church. The church doors are open, several clusters of people are gathered in front of the church, and two motorcycles are parked in front of the building.","Following Dr. Martin Luther King's assassination on April 4, 1968, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference vowed to continue work on the Poor People's Campaign in his memory. Cooperating with other civil rights and relief organizations, SCLC members planned a six-week event in Washington, D.C. that lasted from May 2 to June 19 to emphasize the plight of the nation's poor and to persuade the passage of federal legislation that would improve the economic and social conditions of the impoverished. SCLC leaders organized several regional caravans to travel to Washington, D.C. A delegation of approximately five hundred people from Mississippi and Alabama arrived on buses in Atlanta on May 9 to rest before they resumed travel to Washington; food and lodging were provided by private Atlanta residents and members of local churches. While in Atlanta, Poor People's Campaign participants viewed King's birthplace and original burial site at South-View cemetery (his remains were moved to the King Center in 1970), and attended a preliminary rally at the Atlanta Civic Center. The crowd at the rally drew an audience of approximately thirteen thousand people, and included speakers Coretta Scott King, Ralph D. Abernathy, and Hosea Williams; musical performances were provided by Diana Ross and the Supremes, the Temptations, Stevie Wonder, and Gladys Knight and the Pips. Poor People's Campaign demonstrators traveled onward to Washington, where they lived in Resurrection City, a tent settlement on the Mall, and protested at numerous federal agencies on behalf of economic justice. A \"Solidarity Day\" march and held on June 19 (the date commemorating the 1865 emancipation of the last African American slaves held in bondage in the Confederate states, also known as \"Juneteenth\") signified the end of the campaign.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn50246","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of ministers including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Aldermanic Board of Firemen negotiating about the rehire of striking firemen, Atlanta, Georgia, 1966 October 19","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Atlanta, Georgia on October 19, 1966, local ministers, including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Aldermanic Board of Firemen discuss the possibility of rehiring of Atlanta firemen who went on strike to protest their wages and hours. The clip's audio is inconsistent; not all comments are completely recorded.","The clip begins with an interracial group of men sitting around a table in a conference room. Dr. King expresses sympathy for the firemen who were fired after striking. He calls for the city officials to have compassion for the firemen and to recognize their responsibility to the firemen. An unidentified white man, probably Atlanta Fire Chief C.H. Hildebrand, responds to King's comments stressing that he believes city officials and the Aldermanic Board of Firemen have done enough and warns of the importance of maintaining good human relations in the negotiations and in the outcomes. King expresses concern that if the situation is not worked out in a way that removes conflict, former firemen and their supporters in the city will harbor \"great bitterness.\" He appeals to the Aldermanic Board to reopen negotiations with the firemen. The man (Hildebrand?) replies that legally the city cannot reopen negotiations. He emphasizes that he believes the city has given \"every kind of opportunity that I could see that we could possibly afford them.\"","In June 1966, a group of firemen discontent with their wages and hours split from the International Association of Fire Fighters local 134, which could not strike, and created their own union, the Atlanta Fire Fighters Union in order to go on strike. Preliminary negotiations brought the firemen back to the force for a period between June and September 1966. As reported by the Atlanta Journal, at the meeting with Atlanta-area ministers, fire chief C. H. Hildebrand asserted that morale in the Atlanta Fire Department during the June through September period was \"shattered.\"  He also expressed his opinion that men who walk out cannot return with full rank and privilege. He informed the ministers' group that rules for return after a strike provide for full longevity and pension rights, but a loss of option for vacation time and chores. Additionally they would return as privates in rank but maintain their former pay rate and numbers of years towards retirement. Eventually three hundred thirty of the five hundred forty fire fighters who went on strike were rehired by the city. In July 1967, the remaining fire fighters who were not rehired sued in federal court to be rehired, but the judge in the case ruled against them.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55440","record_class":"Item","title":"Abernathy says he is satisfied that Ray was the killer of Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Abernathy says he is satisfied that Ray was the killer of Martin Luther King, Jr.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55870","record_class":"Item","title":"S.C.L.C.'s Abernathy denies rumors about Martin Luther King's role in the S.C.L.C.","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["S.C.L.C.'s Abernathy denies rumors about Martin Luther King's role in the S.C.L.C.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34963","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference during which Alabama governor John Patterson condemns the Freedom Riders for instigating racial trouble and demands that the Freedom Riders and Martin Luther King, Jr. leave the state, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from a press conference held in Montgomery, Alabama on May 23, 1961, Alabama governor John Patterson demands that \"agitators\" Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Freedom Riders leave Alabama immediately and condemns the Freedom Riders for seeking to cause racial trouble.","The clip begins with Alabama governor John Patterson, wearing a suit with a flower in the lapel, and sitting in a chair in front of several microphones and with a curtain behind him. An off-screen reporter appears to ask governor Patterson a question. His comments are not completely recorded. Later, governor Patterson begins speaking, condemning Martin Luther King, Jr. as \"the worst of all the agitators in this country.\" He asserts that King came to Montgomery in order to cause a race riot and that he was assisted by the federal government. Patterson declares that \"the best thing for King and all of the so-called Freedom Riders is to return to their homes, go back to their books, and mind their own business.\"","After a break in the clip, Patterson continues his criticism of the Freedom Ride. He counters the Freedom Riders' claim of interstate travel, reporting that the Freedom Riders are not traveling as interstate travelers but are instead buying tickets from one community to another. Additionally, he claims the riders, African American men and white women, seek to \"force themselves into situations which tend to inflame the local people.\" He accuses the Freedom Riders of violating tradition and city ordinances in order to provoke violent reactions. Although he recognizes the state's responsibility to protect travelers, he insists that Freedom Riders are instigators, not traditional interstate passengers.","In 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized an interracial \"Freedom Ride\" through the South to test compliance with federal regulations against segregated travel. Beginning in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961, the riders traveled in two groups through Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia with relatively little opposition. Upon reaching Alabama on May 14, the two groups were attacked by white mobs; in Anniston, the mob attacked and burned the Greyhound bus and in Birmingham the mob brutally beat the Trailways riders. After the United States Justice Department was unable secure a guarantee that Alabama officials would protect the riders as they traveled through the state, the riders were flown to New Orleans on May 15. Students from the Nashville Civil Rights movement, unwilling to let mob violence defeat the ride, organized a group to travel from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. This second group of riders were met by another mob in Montgomery, and several riders and bystanders were severely beaten. Among those attacked in Montgomery was John Seigenthaler, attorney general Robert F. Kennedy's personal assistant. Martin Luther King, Jr. flew from Alabama to Montgomery, his former home, to try and assist the riders. During a May 21 mass meeting held at First Baptist Church in Montgomery where King was scheduled to speak in support of the riders, a white mob tried to attack the church. President John F. Kennedy sent federal marshals to Montgomery, and Governor Patterson later declared martial law in the city and sent the Alabama National Guard to the church to protect the meeting participants and to escort them home in the morning. After more negotiations between federal officials and leaders from Alabama and Mississippi, the Freedom Riders traveled from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi on May 24. Once in Jackson, under a secretly negotiated deal between Department of Justice officials and Mississippi state leaders, the riders were all arrested under \"breach of peace\" charges as they got off the bus. Subsequent groups of riders who also traveled to Jackson were arrested throughout the summer. In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the governmental body responsible for interstate travel, issued a ruling forbidding segregation in facilities serving interstate passengers.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34752","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking to reporters at an outdoor press conference about violence the night before and the civil rights movement's nonviolent response in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 25","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. holds an outdoor press conference in Albany, Georgia, on Wednesday, July 25, 1962, and responds to the previous night's violence.  A crowd of African American onlookers, angry at the arrest of protesters, had thrown rocks and bottles at police officers.  King states that while the movement's leaders teach nonviolence, the Albany City Commission's refusal to negotiate, its suppression of freedom, and the police's attempt to maintain segregation at any cost create an atmosphere conducive to violence.  He relates that the city's hard-line stance may cause some African Americans to disregard civil rights leaders' call for nonviolence.  King also asserts that some public leaders derived satisfaction from the fact that violence occurred and was started by blacks.  Movement leaders declare a day of penance and a one-day moratorium on demonstrations in response to the violence July 24.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer. WSB comp reel 1."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41631","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about nonviolence at an outdoor press conference after violence during a night march in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 25","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., speaks at an outdoor press conference in Albany, Georgia, on Wednesday, July 25, 1962, addressing the previous night's altercation when angry onlookers began throwing rocks and bottles at the police who were arresting demonstrators.  While neither the demonstrators nor the leaders of the Albany Movement were violent during the disturbance, King says that the civil rights movement abhors violence so much that they are compelled to assume some responsibility for any destructive behavior of African Americans who were present.  In response to the dispute, civil rights leaders declare a \"day of penance\" in which there will be no demonstrations and ask that those who adhere to nonviolent principles pray for those who have not yet assimilated them.  King regrets that violence plays into the hands of segregationists, and that public officials are exploiting the outbreak \"for their own political capital.\"  King also announces afternoon plans to take a team disciplined in nonviolence into businesses, pool halls, and taverns of Albany's Harlem neighborhood to educate residents about appropriate nonviolent tactics and to encourage their practice.  As explanations for the crowd's actions, King cites the July 23, 1962 beating of a pregnant Marion King, the wife of Slater King, cousin of Martin Luther King, by guards in Camilla, Georgia; and the April 15, 1962 slaying of Albany African American restaurant owner Walter Harris by local police.  He avows, however, that these are not excuses.  African Americans may develop a sense of discontent and at times bitterness after being the victims of so much violence.  King states that although he believes that only a small minority of the activists have been violent, the movement will reconsider scheduling night demonstrations.  Demonstrations at any time, day or night, will only resume if a commitment to nonviolence is demonstrated in the Albany community; King is optimistic that this will prove to be the case.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53564","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Coretta Scott King  following the assassination of her husband, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking at a press conference held at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 6","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from April 6, 1968, Coretta Scott King speaks at a press conference held at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia following the assassination of her husband, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The clip begins with reporters standing around a table with microphones. Coretta Scott King walks towards the table and sits down followed by Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) president Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy. Bernard Lee, Dr. King's special assistant and SCLC member, stands beside Mrs. King and addresses the reporters, apologizing for the delayed beginning of the press conference. After a break in the clip Lee announces that Abernathy will hold a press conference with fellow SCLC leader Andrew Young at Abernathy's church, West Hunter Street Baptist Church, the next day. Lee indicates that Abernathy will answer reporter's questions following Mrs. King's comments. Next Abernathy speaks, thanking Lee for his introduction and introducing Mrs. King to the reporters. Mrs. King begins her comments by thanking Abernathy, Dr. King's \"closest friend and associate,\" for his introduction and presence. She also emphasizes that Dr. King chose Abernathy to be his successor to head SCLC, partly because Dr. King felt Abernathy \"could express and interpret his views on nonviolence better than anyone else.\" Mrs. King goes on to thank other \"friends of goodwill\" who have helped the family.","After these initial comments Mrs. King reads from a prepared statement. Although Mrs. King declares that she \"would have preferred to be alone at this time with my children,\" she chose to \"put aside traditional family considerations\" because of the importance of Dr. King's work on behalf of African Americans and all poor people. The clip breaks, and she concludes her statement by stressing that when people in bondage are free and war and poverty ends, \"I know my husband will rest in a long-deserved peace.\" After reading her statement, Mrs. King gathers her papers and stands up. Reverend Abernathy kisses Mrs. King on the cheek before she and Lee walk toward the door. Andrew Young also briefly speaks to Mrs. King. Outside African American children and adults line up in front of a building, allowing a camera to pass them and walk through a door. A United States flag flies at half-mast.","The clip breaks again, returning to Mrs. King's statement. Mrs. King affirms that Dr. King \"faced the possibility of death without bitterness or hatred\" while still struggling \"with every ounce of his energy to save\" a sick society from itself. She asserts that the religious nature of her home has helped ease the burden of Dr. King's death for the family. Mrs. King declares her determination to continue Dr. King's work, inviting those \"who loved and admired him would join us in fulfilling his dream.\" The clip ends showing again the United States flag at half-mast.","Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was with other leaders from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) supporting local sanitation workers in a strike. Following Dr. King's death reverend Ralph D. Abernathy led SCLC for several years; Mrs. Coretta Scott King also became more active in the civil and human rights movement.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53563","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a viewing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s coffin at Spelman College and a midnight meeting held in his memory, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 6","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["The Southern Christian Leadership Conference organizes viewing of Dr. King's coffin at Spelman College; midnight meeting in his memory","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53569","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of interview with Ralph Abernathy concerning the election of Coretta Scott King to the Board of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1968 April 12","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB-TV newsfilm clip, Ralph Abernathy is interviewed regarding the election of Coretta Scott King to the Board of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The interview is conducted outside, on the morning of Good Friday, April 12, 1968.","The interview opens with a question from an unidentified reporter off camera, who asks if Mrs. King's election is honorary or if she will be actively participating on the Board of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Dr. Abernathy notes that the Board meets at least two times per year and has emergency meetings at other times. They welcome Mrs. King's commentary and advice, but do not want to put an undue burden on her given that she has four small children to raise.","An off camera female asks a question regarding Dr. Abernathy's fast. He responds that A.D. King is standing at his side as he stood at the side of Martin Luther King, Jr., and that he will continue to fast through Good Friday, but that he may break the fast the next day.","An off camera female asks if Mrs. King will be coming out. Dr. Abernathy says that she will not be appearing that day.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34853","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American civil rights leaders including congressman Adam Clayton Powell and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, Washington, D.C., 1957 May 17","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB newsfilm clips from the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom held in Washington D.C. on May 17, 1957, congressman Adam Clayton Powell and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speak about African American attempts to gain civil rights in the United States.","The clips begin by showing the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. the audience fills the area between the monument and the reflecting pool and back towards the Washington Monument. A man in a wide-brimmed hat takes a picture with a camera. An unidentified man appears to speak although his comments are not recorded at first; later he indicates the influence Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, Democratic majority leader, can have on the 1958 election, and the crowd cheers and waves handkerchiefs in response. Leaders of the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom had asked the audience to focus on the event's religious nature by waving handkerchiefs instead of clapping during the speeches. An African American man with a white beard stands among those listening to the speakers. Next, New York Congressman Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. says that he cares more about civil rights than about other issues discussed in Congress including tidelands oil, natural gas, and private versus public hour; the crowd cheers again. The listening crowd includes many people who are sitting and standing near the memorial, including nurses in caps who line the sidelines. Finally, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., wearing his formal church robes, declares that if African Americans are given the right to vote they will be able to obtain many of the basic rights they seek. This is part of the \"Give Us the Ballot\" speech. The clip ends with the crowds again cheering in response.","After its 1957 creation, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), an organization of African American ministers promoting civil rights, announced plans for a prayer pilgrimage to Washington.  Pilgrimage sponsors included the SCLC and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), as well as other civil rights movement leaders. The pilgrimage's goals included demonstrating black unity; providing an opportunity for northerners to demonstrate their support; protesting ongoing legal attacks by southern states on the NAACP, protesting violence in the South; and urging the passage of civil rights legislation. An estimated twenty-five thousand people from thirty states attended the pilgrimage, held on the third anniversary of the United States Supreme Court Brown vs. Board of Education decision outlawing segregation in public education.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Cue sheet includes: \"F.M. #9473.\""]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn48893","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about ongoing discrimination and the benefits of nonviolence, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 November 10","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 10, 1965,  Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers a speech before the Atlanta Press Club, where he addresses racism in the Southern justice system, tokenism in desegregation practices, and affirms his conviction in nonviolent direct action. The audio quality of the clip is poor.","The clip is divided into two segments. The first segment of the clip begins with King addressing the audience (off-camera) at an Atlanta Press Club meeting. He states that recent events in Lowndes County, Alabama, \"suggest that the whole structure of Southern justice is contaminated with racism and corrupted by color consciousness,\" a reference to the recent acquittal of Klansman Collie Leroy Wilkins, the accused killer of civil rights activist Viola Liuzzo, by an all-white jury in Hayneville, Alabama. King suggests that the system needs \"drastic alteration.\"","After a jump in the clip, King proposes the adoption of a \"Selma-Montgomery-type\" model of nonviolent direct action in order to \"arouse the conscience of the nation,\" noting that he and others are prepared to initiate this activity. He states that he is still convinced that nonviolent direct action protest is the best way to \"improve the inadequacies existing in the American social system\" and notes that nonviolent resistance wears down on the opponent of such tactics because it \"exposes his moral defenses, weakens his morale, and at the same time, it works on his conscience.\" He further endorses nonviolent resistance by adding that \"it also makes it possible for the individual to struggle to secure moral ends through moral means.\"","The second segment of the clip begins with silent b-roll footage of the Atlanta Press Club event. There are several shots of the audience, the dais, where Andrew Young and King's secretary Dora McDonald are seated next to King, and the Atlanta Press club banner interspersed with several seconds of King speaking from the podium without any audio track. After a break in the clip, the camera closes in on King; the audio track resumes as King continues to address the audience. King challenges institutions and administrators who purport to practice desegregation, but are in fact resisting it by practicing tokenism. He refers to this obstruction as a \"sophisticated form of delay\" and \"one of the most difficult problems that our movement confronts.\" The clip jumps several times and truncates King's further comments.","On November 10, 1965, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. addressed the Atlanta Press Club, a newly-formed organization of Atlanta-area journalists. Speaking on behalf of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), King criticized the Department of Justice for weak enforcement of both the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965; an absence of much-needed federal intervention was keenly felt in voter registration drives throughout rural Alabama and Mississippi, areas with a longstanding history of violent retribution against African Americans attempting to exercise their civil rights. He pledged to direct SCLC's efforts to these regions of the South. King also declared that SCLC would organize mass protests in order to shed light on racial injustice in the legal system. Of primary concern was the ability of state and local legislators to establish qualifications for jurors and jury service, which enabled segregationists to uphold racist practices in the courtroom. King advocated reforms that included a federal standard for jurors, the supervision of jury selection by federal officials, and the employment of African Americans at all levels of state and local law enforcement agencies. At this speech, King also sought the enactment of federal legislation that would make the murder or intimidation of civil rights activists a federal crime.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn49969","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a press conference during which Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. criticizes the Georgia Legislature for not seating Julian Bond in the House of Representatives in Atlanta, Georgia, 1966 January 13","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia on January 13, 1966, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. criticizes the Georgia legislature for refusing to allow Julian Bond to take his place in the House of Representatives. The clip begins with a silent portion where Dr. King appears to speak, reporters take notes, and the camera shows a reel-to-reel recorder. King begins to speak, but his comments are not completely recorded before a break in the audio. When King speaks again, he condemns the legislature's refusal to allow Julian Bond to serve as an act with \"obvious racial overtones.\"  King asserts that many of those in the legislature are the same people who \"through irresponsible statements and actions\" encouraged a riot at the University of Georgia. It was also members of the legislature who, in 1954, urged \"defying, evading, and circumventing the United States Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation in the public schools.\"  The University of Georgia riot King refers occurred on January 11, 1961 riot when students protested the university's integration by throwing rocks and bottles at the dormitory of Charlayne Hunter, the first female African American student on campus. Georgia legislators also worked to keep Georgia schools segregated after the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling. In November 1965 Julian Bond was elected to the serve as the representative from the 136th district in the Georgia House of Representatives. Julian Bond, SNCC communications director, was elected to the 136th district of the Georgia legislature in November 1965, one of ten African Americans elected to the legislature that year. After Bond publicly endorsed the SNCC anti-Vietnam statement and said he respected those who burned their draft cards, members of the House of Representatives voted one hundred eighty-four to twelve to not allow Bond to serve in the House on January 10, the first day of the legislative session. Later that year the United States Supreme Court ruled that Bond's statement was within his first amendment rights, and the Georgia legislature had to seat him. Bond served as a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1965 to 1975.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51565","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about presidential candidates for the 1968 election, the Vietnam War, and interactions with Stokely Carmichael during a press conference held at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 April 25","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip probably from April 25, 1967 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to reporters at a press conference held at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia about presidential candidates for the 1968 election; the Vietnam War; and interactions with Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) leader Stokely Carmichael. Comments in the clip are not always completely recorded. Dr. King sits at a table with microphones in front of him. Fellow Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) leader reverend Andrew Young stands beside him. King begins by mentioning newspaper articles advocating that he become a presidential candidate for the 1968 election; he announces that he will not do so. Next King warns of a potential national disaster if the United States government continues to focus on war at the expense of racial equality. Even if the Vietnam War escalates and \"make relevant an independent candidacy\" King proclaims that he will not consider a political office. When an off-screen reporter asks King who he thinks would make a good candidate for president King avoids the question by asserting his hope for an end of the Vietnam War, which he believes would make an independent candidacy unnecessary, and reiterating that SCLC does not endorse political candidates. Although he has no basis for his hope that the war will end King believes that millions of citizens will \"oppose this war very vigorously\" and that this opposition to the war will encourage the government to change its position. After this the discussion turns to SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael; although King and Carmichael do not agree on everything King points out they both oppose the Vietnam War and encourage African American freedom in the United States. King suggests that there are some positive aspects to the \"black power\" slogan as long as the slogan does not involve or embrace violence. King cites a conflict between what Carmichael has said to him privately that opposes violence and what the media portrays as Carmichael's position advocating violence. King attributes a recent conflict in Nashville, Tennessee following a Carmichael appearance to existing conditions of poverty, police brutality, and despair, not to Carmichael. After a break in the clip King suggests that African Americans are capable of being president but have been unable to do so because they have been \"held out of the political arena.\" Asked about a possibility of Alabama governor George Wallace as a presidential candidate King condemns Wallace for \"eighteenth century thinking that has no place in the twentieth century.\" He insists that a Wallace campaign would \"create the atmosphere for new bigotry, new hatred, and ultimately new violence.\" The clip ends with King commenting again about the Vietnam War, proposing that if the boxer Cassius Clay, known also as Muhammad Ali, is jailed for refusing to go to war, other young men in the country will consider the possibility of refusing the draft.\u003cp\u003eMuhammad Ali was convicted of refusing induction into the army and was stripped of his professional boxing titles in 1967 (footage continues from previous reel).\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","This clip continues from wsbn69686.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38112","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of James H. Gray, newspaper editor, condemning the methods of civil rights activists in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 18","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from July 18, 1962, James H. Gray, editor of the local newspaper the Albany Herald, condemns local and national civil rights leaders in Albany for using children and students in demonstrations, disrespecting the law, and upsetting the community's peace. The clip's audio begins loud and then fades toward the end.","As the clip begins, Gray criticizes those who \"manipulate\" students into demonstrating, going to jail, and acquiring criminal records, claiming that they may not understand the reasons behind the movement. He decries the Civil Rights movement as an \"unwanted importation which depends on fear and force, primarily, to gain its ends,\" spurning social justice and breaking the law when convenient for political purposes. To illustrate that the Albany Movement is not really interested in the people or progress of Albany, Gray states that movement accomplishments are limited to ending the bus service, used largely by African Americans, and shutting down the city's Christmas parade, which, he says, was enjoyed by people of all races. Bus service was so heavily impacted by the boycott that it was stopped temporarily January 30, 1962, and ended for good March 6, 1962. Gray continues by calling movement practices \"civic blackmail\" and states that Albany city officials will stand by principle and uphold the rights of individuals. He asserts that the people of Albany know how to live together \"in harmony and decency\" and feels that those who disturb the community's peace should be dealt with as \"outlaws.\" His comments dovetail criticism from within the movement of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s \"comfortable martyrdom:\" a willingness to encourage citizens and children to boycott, demonstrate, go to jail or be involved in dangerous protests without taking the same risks himself.","The segment also includes images of African American students attending a meeting in the Mt. Zion Baptist Church and approaching the Albany Carnegie Library.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40895","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about freedom and the civil rights movement at an outdoor rally held in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 December 15","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Atlanta, Georgia on December 15, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks at an outdoor rally about freedom and the civil rights movement in Atlanta. Several breaks interrupt the clip; some comments may not be recorded completely.","The clip begins with Dr. King, who is seen in profile, speaking to the audience at a rally where his breath can be seen in the cold. King reminds the audience of the timeless nature of freedom's struggle and \"the urgency of now.\" He seeks to dispel several myths that work against the goals of the civil rights movement, including that the time is not right or that African Americans are not ready for freedom. Furthering his point, he quotes Old Testament prophet Amos and statesman Thomas Jefferson. King asserts that \"the problems of Atlanta will not work themselves out.\" He also declares that the oppressed must demand freedom by \"revolt[ing] peacefully, openly, and cheerfully\" with the goal of \"a community at peace with itself.\" King compares freedom to food and life; while a bit of bread may satisfy hunger, both freedom and life must be had completely or not at all. He emphasizes the link between freedom and the nation and proclaims that African Americans, who had been undaunted by the hardships of slavery, will achieve freedom one day. He states that \"both God's will and the heritage of our nation speak through our echoing demands.\" Dr. King calls for Atlanta, known by the sobriquet \"the city too busy to hate,\" to narrow \"the gulf between Atlanta's profession and Atlanta's practice.\" He says that Atlanta must begin working towards freedom for its citizens, because the time is coming when the superficial remedies of the past will no longer suffice. King calls upon listeners to show they are willing to achieve freedom through suffering, jail-going, and risking their lives if necessary. Near the end of the series, there is a brief shot of reviewing stand, covered in bunting, from which King is speaking. The last clip returns to semi-profile shot of King speaking.","In March 1960, students from the six historically African American schools that would make up the Atlanta University Center published \"An Appeal for Human Rights\" and began organizing sit-ins and other demonstrations. In October 1963, nine civil rights groups in Atlanta organized the Atlanta Summit Leadership Conference to focus on complete desegregation of public accommodations, employment, education, health, housing, law enforcement, and electoral politics. The Summit Leadership Conference organized the December 15 rally to protest segregation in the city and hoped to replicate the success of August's \"March on Washington\" by gathering ten thousand participants from congregations around the city. Unseasonably cold weather limited the number of participants to only three thousand.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41954","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about the philosophy of nonviolence and recent violent demonstrations in Virginia, 1963","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB-TV newsfilm clip possibly from 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to a reporter about violent demonstrations in Virginia and the philosophy of nonviolence. The clip's audio is low; some comments may be hard to hear.","Speaking to an unidentified off-screen reporter, Dr. King supports nonviolence in the civil rights movement and specifically in relation to sit-ins. He suggests that although people may want to return violence for violence, such actions hurt the civil rights movement. He affirms the effectiveness of \"nonviolent direct action on the part of students\" as \"a most effective instrument in breaking down segregation in public eating places.\" Asked about accepting credit for fostering nonviolence in the United States, King claims he is only following a great tradition established by others. The clip breaks before the end of King's statement. Many communities in Virginia experienced demonstrations as part of local civil rights movements. During the summer of 1963, demonstrations in Danville, Virginia were prominent because local officials arrested demonstrators under court injunctions barring anti-segregation demonstrations and on charges of inciting riots. In November 1963 Dr. King visited Danville to assess the city's racial situation.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38840","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of the state of community race relations including civil rights demonstrations, a funeral procession, and interviews in Americus, Georgia, 1965 July","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB newsfilm clips from July 1965, African Americans demonstrate for equal rights and members of the white community attend the funeral for Andrew Whatley, a white youth killed during racial unrest earlier in the week.","The clip begins with a silent portion in which a funeral procession drives down a wet street, a black hearse among the line of cars. Next the camera shows scenes from a civil rights demonstration at a grocery store, possibly a Kwik-Chek in Americus. First, demonstrators push grocery carts through the isles of the store. After this demonstrators walk outside a building led by three African American girls; the demonstrators appear to be singing. Next an interracial group is seen outside of a Kwik-Chek in Americus. A white man stands in front of doors facing a crowd of African Americans. There is some scuffling before state troopers step in and separate the white and African Americans in the group. An African American is seen carrying another man over his shoulder as he walks away from the group.","Later the clip returns to the funeral for Andrew Whatley, a white young man who was shot during racial unrest earlier in the week. White pallbearers carry a casket out of First Baptist Church. Two men walk away from the church with a woman dressed in black between them. Other mourners follow the three out of the church and the hearse drives past the building. Several white policemen in shirtsleeves stand near a car and put their hats on as they walk away. A man is seen lying in the backseat of a car. A police car drives away with several officers inside it.","Next, images of the demonstration inside the store are repeated, interspersed with images of a Colonial Store. The steeple of the First Baptist church is seen through some trees as cars drive past the church; images of the funeral seen earlier are also repeated. Outside the church, a sign advertises the First Baptist church. After this the camera shows scenes from the downtown area of Americus including the Sumter County Courthouse and the state patrol building. Outside the state patrol building is a sign indicating that it is post number ten. Later men are seen outside of the Wiggins Sing Station. The Wiggins Sing Station, on the corner of Lamar and Hampton Streets, was where Andrew Whatley was standing when he was shot and killed.","The sound portion of the clip begins with an interview between reporter Tom Brokaw and Lyda Whatley, the mother of the young man killed during the racial unrest earlier in the week. Mrs. Whatley indicates that her son worked two jobs and sometimes would go out to eat before coming home after work. Whatley reports that her son worked during the day at the Manhattan Shirt Company and in the evenings at the drive-in in town. According to Whatley, she has lived in Americus for thirty-two years and her son was born and raised in the community. The camera briefly focuses on a Georgia State Patrol car before returning to the interview with Brokaw and Mrs. Whatley. Mrs. Whatley explains that her son had been inducted into the Marine Corps the week before and was scheduled to report in November. Brokaw then ends the interview, thanking Mrs. Whatley for her time and expressing his sympathy at her loss. Following a break in the clip Brokaw interviews Americus mayor T. Griffith Walker who implies the demonstrations were uncalled for and asserts \"the question which is at issue is really for the courts.\" Walker also reports that the city police and state troopers are providing protection for the demonstrators.","Next, an African American civil rights leader, possibly Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) worker Willie Bolden, speaks to a gathering of African Americans as state troopers stand behind the crowd. Bolden rejects the idea that demonstrations caused the violence in the community. As he speaks, the camera shows the listening audience. After more images of demonstrators and state troopers, as well as demonstrators singing \"Keep your eyes on the Prize,\" Bolden again speaks to the audience. He expresses regret at the death of Andrew Whatley and reminds his listeners that following the news of Whatley's death, the civil rights movement stopped demonstrating for twenty-four hours. However, Bolden expresses regret that neither the halt in demonstrations nor the death of Whatley has brought any changes in the community. He asserts the demonstrators' desire to be free He also criticizes mayor Walker for taking a personal vacation during the demonstration. Bolden then relates a conversation he had with SCLC leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in which he told King to prepare to come to Americus because \"unless we can solve the problems of this city today, somebody will die very soon.\" Bolden speaks about asking friends from around the country to \"remove this ill from this society.\" Later another civil rights worker speaks, relating the counsel from Governor Carl Sanders that the civil rights workers should solve their problems through the courts instead of demonstrations. The speaker disagrees with this advice and suggest that \"there are also some things that you don't need to work through the courts.\"","After this is another silent portion where men from the Georgia State Patrol stand together in a wooded area and receive instruction from a uniformed officer, drive in patrol cars, and lead an African American man through a doorway. Later Atlanta businessman and segregationist Lester Maddox speaks to a white crowd in a gymnasium. The audience listen and applauds Maddox's speech and is later seen standing outside in the dark. Following a break in the clip the camera focuses on a building with a sign over the doorway announcing the \"Freedom Center.\" An African American boy sits on the bed of a truck; the truck bed is filled with melons. African American demonstrators participate in a daytime march. One of the signs carried by the demonstrators has the slogan \"I don't want to keep my money but you are keeping my rights.\" African Americans sitting on a porch watch the demonstrators. The protesters walk past a state patrol car, through the downtown area, and near the Sumter County Courthouse. At one point the demonstrators stand in a circle and clap their hands and appear to sign. The clip ends with patrolmen and white citizens observing the demonstration.","On July 20, four African American women were arrested for standing in the whites-only line during a county-held special election for Justice of the Peace in Sumter County, Georgia. One of the women arrested was Mary Fishe Bell, the first African American political candidate in Sumter County. After the women's arrest, the Sumter County Movement, the local civil rights organization, held demonstrations three times a day to draw attention to race relations in Americus and to protest the arrest and the mishandling of the election. On July 28, Andrew Whatley, a 21-year-old white Marine recruit was shot to death from a passing car occupied by two African American men. Whatley had been standing with a crowd of whites at Wiggins Sing Station; some of the crowd were throwing rocks at black drivers as they passed.  Whatley's funeral was held on July 31 at First Baptist Church in Americus. After ten days of increasing racial tensions and demonstrations, federal judge W. A. Bootle ordered that the incarcerated women be released and that segregated elections end in Sumter County. African Americans agreed to halt demonstrations in Americus on August 13, 1965.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn37496","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about the civil rights movement after being arrested during a sit-in at Rich's Department Store, Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 October 19","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia on October 19, 1960, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to an unidentified reporter about the civil rights movement after being arrested during a sit-in at Rich's Department Store. The clip begins with King in midst of describing sit-ins as a way to bring attention to segregation and to bring about its eventual end. The reporter mentions four companies, the F.W. Woolworth Company, S.H. Kress \u0026 Co., W.T. Grant Company, and McCrory-McLellan Stores Corporation, which voluntarily desegregated lunch counters in over one hundred stores. King points out that none of these lunch counters are in the \"Deep South.\" He asserts the transition to desegregation could be smooth in Atlanta, because of the city's \"reasonable climate.\" King was among the many who were arrested during student-led sit-ins protesting segregated lunch counters on October 19. City officials, business leaders, and civil rights leaders arranged for a month-long truce during which time all sides sought a solution to the charges of segregation and discrimination. When the participants were unable to reach an agreement by Thanksgiving, students resumed demonstrations November 25, the day after Thanksgiving. An agreement reached March 7, 1961 ended demonstrations and reopened segregated lunch counters which were finally desegregated after public schools were also integrated in the fall of 1961.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42002","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking to reporters during the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's annual convention, Savannah, Georgia, 1964 October 1","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Savannah, Georgia on October 1, 1964, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to reporters at a press conference during the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's annual meeting. The audio portion of the clip is inconsistent.","Dr. King announces the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) will focus efforts for the next few months in Alabama and Mississippi where he alleges that some federal judges are using the courts to delay integration. He declares that where possible the SCLC will fight the status quo in the courts and when that is not possible, will use \"massive demonstrations to call attention to these problems and to place it again before the forefront of the conscience of the nation.  SCLC-led voter registration initiatives in Alabama and Mississippi continued past the 1964 election and included the 1965 march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama which helped promote the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights bill.","Next King discusses the civil rights situation in Albany, Georgia. King affirms that even though civil rights work in Albany in 1961 and 1962 did not end segregation, the city changed and \"could never be the same again.\"  He claims that the SCLC planned to return to Albany after the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act but upon examination found the city's compliance with the law made a return unnecessary. During the summer of 1961, members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee came to Albany and began encouraging civil rights work. The Albany Movement began that November, bringing together civil rights efforts from existing organizations in the community, and invited SCLC to come to the city the next month. Although the SCLC worked with the local movement through August 1962, they were unable to convince city officials to end segregation in any part of the city at that time.","Later King comments on the summer's riots in Harlem and Rochester and asserts that the riots \"grew out of conditions of poverty and the attendant frustration that came to many people ... who had lost a sense of hope.\"  Riots in Harlem and Rochester, New York began in July 1964 after the police shooting of an African American young man. City and state officials invited King to try and help ease tensions, but local civil rights workers felt King's presence was an intrusion. A report on the riots issued by the Federal Bureau of Investigation head J. Edgar Hoover indicated the riots were isolated occurrences resulting from local conditions. King's affirms the report's conclusions.","In a silent section of the clips, the camera focuses on King as he sits at a table with SCLC leaders reverends Ralph D. Abernathy and Andrew Young. This section also shows reporters and cameramen as well as a reel-to-reel recorder.  When the sound begins again, King comments on the upcoming presidential election between incumbent Lyndon B. Johnson and senator Barry M. Goldwater. King points out that the number of registered African American voters in the South is nearly double the amount during the 1960 presidential election. He also recognizes that the nearly two million African American voters in the South can have a significant influence on the election and pledges that the SCLC is working to make sure African Americans vote in the upcoming election. Reverend Abernathy begins to speak but his statement is not completely recorded. The 1964 presidential election concerned SCLC and many other civil rights organizations because of the perception that Senator Goldwater was using the race issue to polarize voters in an attempt to encourage white backlash against the civil rights movement. Although SCLC did not usually endorse political candidates, before the election King clearly stated that he was unable to support Goldwater. Johnson won the election with a large percentage of the vote, except in many of the Deep South states.","Finally King addresses the proposed antipoverty legislation considered by Congress. While King supports measures to fight poverty, he feels the legislation does not provide enough financial support for such efforts. He notes that the defense budget is significantly higher than the amount suggested in the legislation. He proposes that five billion dollars a year for ten years might \"bring about some of the necessary changes that can begin to get rid of poverty.\"  King believed that economic justice was an important companion to racial justice and many SCLC projects, such as Operation Breadbasket and the 1968 demonstration in Washington D.C. sought to encourage economic balance.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn0","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB Clip of Martin Luther King, Jr., 1960","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn37993","record_class":"Item","title":"Ku Klux Klan Official Considers Damage to KKK Building a Reaction to the Death of Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Ku Klux Klan Official Considers Damage to KKK Building a Reaction to the Death of Martin Luther King, Jr.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn50270","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. commenting on the United States' Congress failure to pass equal housing legislation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1966","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia in the fall of 1966 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. comments on the United States' Congress failure to pass legislation guaranteeing equal access to housing. King declares that \"America has not come to terms on its conscious on the whole question of housing integration.\"  He points to the defeat of the civil rights legislation before the 1966 Congress as an illustration of the North's hypocrisy towards race relations. King criticizes northern legislators such as Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen for supporting congressional legislation aimed at southern problems but avoiding legislation that would influence race relations in the north.\u003cp\u003eAlthough fair housing legislation was considered and failed to pass in 1966 or in 1967, after the April 4, 1968 assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. President Lyndon B. Johnson urged Congress to pass fair housing legislation as at tribute to Dr. King; the Fair Housing Act of 1968 was signed on April 11, 1968, two days after King's funeral.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"aar_wsfa_2487","record_class":"Item","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D130.0009","mediums":["film (material by form)"],"dcterms_description":["The following segments are included: 0:00:01: Martin Luther King Jr. addressing an audience in a church building in the 1960s. 0:02:41: Jesse Jackson addressing an audience in the 1970s, possibly a rally for Operation PUSH (People United to Save America). A \"Louisiana\" sign is visible behind him, as well as the right side of a banner, which appears to end with the words \"A Change.\""]},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33755","record_class":"Item","title":"WMPS On-the-spot newscasts, March 29th 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33819","record_class":"Item","title":"WREC Radio Newscasts, August 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-ayoung_48369","record_class":"Item","title":"1981-07-29, Dorothy Cotton Interviewee: Atlanta, Georgia:","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Tom Dent continues his interview with Dorothy Cotton. She continues her assessment of Andrew Young. She and Dent both discuss their complete trust in him and Young's close relationship with Martin Luther King, Jr. They also discuss Hosea Williams and James Bevel.","00:00 - Tom Dent continues to interview Dorothy Cotton. Cotton continues to give her assessment of Andrew Young. She talks about being open to the guidance of the spiritual force which runs the universe, and Young has felt called to serve humanity. She completely trusts his decision-making. She talks about the process of getting to know Young when he first came to work with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.02:29 - Cotton talks about the work Young did at the United Nations. She thinks people are coming to understand what good work he did there. He is open to guidance from prayer. 04:00 - Others advised him against going to the U.N. She feels kinship with the way Young makes decisions. She is happy he is doing what he does. What happens around him is always good.06:52 - Dent talks about his own trust in Young. He talks about John Buffington, and Buffington's assessment of Young.10:20 - Cotton talks Young liking different types of music, both Rachmaninoff and Muddy Waters. Dent talks about his friendship with Young, and Young's friendship with Martin Luther King, Jr. Cotton confirms the closeness between Young and King, who said 'Andy takes grave matters lightly.' King was also close to Ralph Abernathy, but their relationships were different. 14:40 - Hosea Williams resented Young for his closeness with King. More on Williams's personality and how he interacted with King.16:50 - They discuss James Bevel. Dent thinks he has not gotten the credit he deserved. Cotton thinks his own behavior is to blame. She talks about the strength of his nonviolence message and an incident where he did not show up for a scheduled event with Coretta King.[Recording ends 21:23.]","reference@amistadresearchcenter.org"]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-ayoung_48426","record_class":"Item","title":"1984-02-01, Andrew Young Interviewee:","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Topics include: Martin Luther King Jr. and \"Daddy\" King.","reference@amistadresearchcenter.org"]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-ayoung_48923","record_class":"Item","title":"1984-08-06, Andrew Young's inserts for manuscript:","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew Young's inserts for manuscript, 1984 August 6 [Box 141, Item 5, Side 1 and 2] Topics include: the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, St. Augustine Movement, Hosea Williams, the Black Power Movement, Stokely Carmichael, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, J. Edgar Hoover, and Lyndon Johnson. Topics include: the Federal Bureau of Investigation and J. Edgar Hoover, Young's early recollections of segregation, and his studies at Hartford Seminary."]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-p16313coll42_21244","record_class":"Item","title":"Our King Will Never Die","mediums":["publications (documents)"],"dcterms_description":["Armband likely produced following the assissination of Martin Luther King, Jr."]},{"record_id":"bcas_p15728coll1_9295","record_class":"Item","title":"David Pryor at event for Martin Luther King, Jr. memorial","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Project was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission"]},{"record_id":"bcas_p15728coll1_9299","record_class":"Item","title":"Jim Guy Tucker at event for Martin Luther King, Jr. memorial","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Project was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission"]},{"record_id":"gsu_labor_18090","record_class":"Item","title":"Patrick E. Gorman, Speech, 1976","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of a speech given by Amalgamated Meat Cutters (AMC) Secretary-Treasurer Patrick E. Gorman at the Martin Luther King Jr. Center's Full Employment Conference in Atlanta, GA on January 14, 1976."]},{"record_id":"gych_rogp_149","record_class":"Item","title":"Ray Moore, 23 April 2013.","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Ray Moore discusses his early life in the South. He reflects on attending Columbia University and working his first job in Tennessee. Moore recalls working for WSB Radio before transferring to WSB-TV. He discusses the \"great hotdog incident\" and the nature of live commercials. Moore explains how he became a newscaster and his earlier experience delivering the weather. He recalls hiring Tom Brokaw before he worked at NBC news. Moore reflects on covering legislative actions and civil rights demonstrations. Moore discusses his work with the MLK and JFK assassination stories. He recalls locating the white Mustang MLK's killer escaped in. Moore discusses his documentaries about segregation in Los Angeles, North Carolina, and the University of Georgia. He reflects on Governor Vandiver's actions during desegregation, the Sibley Commission, and the county unit system. Moore reflects on covering the Civil Rights Movement. He discusses the Rich's sit-ins orchestrated by Lonnie King. Moore comments on his experiences interviewing famous people such as Bobby Jones and Bobby Kennedy. He recalls Paul Jones' scathing editorial in the Atlanta Constitution and recalls his own response on television. Moore explains his experience switching stations and working for Channel 5. Moore reflects on his work in bringing the Olympics to Atlanta by writing and narrating an interactive television program for the International Olympic Committee. Moore comments on his documentary called \"The Search\" and why he didn't accept a position at NBC.","Ray Moore (b. 1922) was an Atlanta TV newsman for twenty-three years. In 1951, he joined WSB Radio and then WSB-TV the following year. Moore resigned as news director of WSB, in 1969, and joined WAGA-TV (Channel 5) until he retired from broadcasting entirely in 1974. Moore produced a number of documentaries on penal reform, school desegregation, hunger, religion, and urban development.","Finding aid available in repository.","Interviewed by Bob Short."]},{"record_id":"uwg_phc_landrum19880725","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Phil Landrum, 1988 July 25-26","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["Phil M. Landrum (1907-1990) was born in the northeast Georgia town of Martin on September 10, 1907. He earned a law degree from the Atlanta Law School in 1941 and served in the United States Army Air Corps from 1942-1945. After the war, Landrum served as Assistant Attorney General of Georgia from 1946-1947 and as Governor Melvin Thompson's executive secretary from 1947-1948.Landrum then worked in Jasper, Georgia, as an attorney in private practice for several years. He was elected in 1952 as a Democrat to represent the 9th District in the U.S. House of Representatives. A conservative who fought to maintain segregation, he also helped write landmark legislation to curb union corruption. Landrum retired from Congress in 1977 and returned to Jasper, where he died of congestive heart failure in 1990.; Interviewed by Mel Steely and Ted Fitz-Simons on July 25-26, 1988 in Landrum's office.; This interview begins with a discussion on Phil Landrum's childhood and heritage. He talks about how he became a teacher, met his wife, and how he managed to make a relatively substantial living during the years of the Great Depression. Landrum then begins answering questions about his time in the Senate and his relationships with other Georgia politicians, including Ellis Arnall and M. E. Thompson. He explains that he was active in the midst of the Three-Governor Crisis and that he respected Herman Talmadge a great deal for being a good person, though he felt that Talmadge tried to make too many people happy and often said yes when he should have said no. Landrum talks about his relationships in the Georgia legislature and how they transferred into his relationships with people in Washington, D.C. Landrum goes on to answer questions about his time in the Nation's capital and how he and his family adjusted to living in the area. Landrum talks about the use of a letter campaign from his constituents in order to get a bill passed, which could be used for educational purposes. Landrum also discusses his reflections on current elections as well as his happiest moments in congress, both professionally and personally. One of the more interesting topics covered regards the Civil Rights Movement, and Landrum discusses certain African American politicians whom he believed used the death of Martin Luther King, Jr., to get ahead in their careers. He answers questions about the African-American voters in the 1960s and 1970s, and defines himself as a \"realist\" during the Civil Rights movement. He says he never considered himself a racist, but that he may consider himself a segregationist during that time."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_26","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with John Dolan, 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including John Dolan, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_40","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Fred Clark, 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including Fred Clark, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"suc_idn_idn2380","record_class":"Item","title":"Speech, January 15, 1979, Address on the occasion of the birthday celebration of Martin Luther King, Jr., Shaw Air Force Base","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Seven pages of a typewritten speech with handwritten notes dated January 15, 1979 that commemorates the achievements of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on the anniversary of his birth. The speech begins with an excerpt from a poem by William Herbert Carruth, heralds the achivements of King, and pledges thanks for his civil rights work. The speech proposes the expression of gratitude to King by helping the poor, voting for political candidates that prove sensitive to the needs of all Americans, and securing the growth of quality education and fair employment for all. The speech ends with a list of ways in which African Americans were discriminated against prior to the Civil Rights Movement.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol8no12","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern school news","mediums":["periodicals"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 8, Issue 12.1. June 1962. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."]},{"record_id":"mus_sovcom_99-93-0-34-1-1-1","record_class":"Item","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph [Correspondence to Martin Luther King, Jr. from Anne Braden]","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Image of an excerpt from correspondence between Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Anne Braden.","Individual(s) identified in the photograph include King, Martin Luther, Jr.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"fbi_foia_rwilkins","record_class":"Item","title":"Roy Wilkins","mediums":["federal government records"],"dcterms_description":["Roy Wilkins was an influential member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He was a civil rights advocate who became affiliated with Martin Luther King, Jr. The FBI investigated alleged threats against Mr. Wilkins' life and proposed extortion plots.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"pth_bcja_metapth595056","record_class":"Item","title":"Eulogy of the Late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["speeches (documents)"],"dcterms_description":["Text of speech wherein Barbara Jordan eulogizes Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking of his accomplishments, his effect on the politics of the United States, and his death. Handwritten edits appear amid the typed text."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_102621","record_class":"Item","title":"King Week: Atlanta Labor Support Committee","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of planning correspondence, contact lists, and documents of the Labor Support Committee for the 1982 celebration of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday organized by the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Includes records of the commitments of multiple Atlanta-area labor union locals to support the celebration."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_92128","record_class":"Item","title":"Assorted organizations, reports and bulletins, 1964-1971","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of newsletters of civil rights and human development organizations, including primarily the Episcopal Society for Cultural and Racial Unity (ESCRU), the National Council of Churches (NCC) Delta Ministry, and the Mississippi Council on Human Relations (MCHR). Contents include articles on the assassinations of civil rights activists Jonathan Myrick Daniels and Vernon Dahmer."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_100929","record_class":"Item","title":"King birthday celebration","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists primarily of planning correspondence regarding hotel arrangements for the 1979 and 1980 celebrations of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday organized by the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change, as well as notes of E. T. Kehrer."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_101289","record_class":"Item","title":"King birthday celebration: Atlanta Labor Support Committee","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of planning correspondence, documents, and tentative agendas for the 1984 celebration of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday organized by the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_101293","record_class":"Item","title":"King birthday celebration: Atlanta Labor Support Committee","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of planning correspondence and documents for the 1985 celebration of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday organized by the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_101437","record_class":"Item","title":"King Center for Non-Violent Social Change","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of correspondence and documents of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Includes publicity materials for the King Center's 1985 celebration of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday, a 1985 presentation to the King Center on poverty in the developing world by World Bank President A. W. Clausen, and documents related to the establishment of Martin Luther King, Jr. Day as a federal holiday."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_102636","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern Christian Leadership Conference: Selma/Montgomery march","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of itineraries and planning materials for the 1985 20th Anniversary reenactment of the 1965 Selma to Montgomery march, including notes of E. T. Kehrer in his role as labor coordinator for the march. Also includes newspaper clippings on the march."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_123096","record_class":"Item","title":"SRC, Southern Labor Institute Advisory Board Meeting, May 1986","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of reports and publications from the Southern Regional Council which include excerpts from Martin Luther King's speeches, the \"Southern Changes\" publication, and other correspondence discussing poverty, civil rights, and other labor-related issues."]},{"record_id":"aar_wsfa_1291","record_class":"Item","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D165.0013","mediums":["16mm (photographic film size)"],"dcterms_description":["The following segments are included: 0:00:01: Governor George Wallace speaking in September 1965 on the proposed succession bill, which would have allowed constitutional officers (such as himself) to serve consecutive terms in office. The clip begins with shots of correspondence received from constituents in support of the measure. 0:02:14 Speaker of the House Albert Brewer discussing the proposed succession bill. He expresses his support of the legislation and explains the process for removing the constitutional restrictions on consecutive terms of office. He also answers questions about his own future political plans: \"I've given no serious thought to what my future might be so far as politics is concerned. I'm in the unique position of being a George Wallace man. Without hesitation I say that I support Governor Wallace. I hitched my wagon to his star a long time ago.\" 0:04:54: George Wallace announcing the resignation of Colonel Al Lingo, director of the Alabama Department of Public Safety, during a press conference on September 16, 1965. 0:06:16: Mayor Earl James explaining that the city of Montgomery asked the governor for additional law enforcement support during the upcoming Selma to Montgomery March. 0:17:19: Senator Walter C. Givhan asking his constituents in Dallas County to comply with the governor's request to stay away from events connected to the Selma to Montgomery March in Selma. 0:07:50: White demonstrators marching and rallying in downtown Montgomery to protest the upcoming Selma to Montgomery March. They are carrying many signs, including \"We Shall Over Come\"; \"Stop Selma March\"; \"We As Local People Beg of you Mr. President Stop Selma March\"; and \"Down with Government by Lawless Mobs.\" Franco's Restaurant and the Dutch House are visible in the background. 0:09:06: Lieutenant Governor James Allen making a statement on the Senate's position on the Selma to Montgomery March, essentially urging the people of Alabama to stay away from all demonstrations and encouraging the governor to advise the president of the United States that the federal government must furnish whatever protection it sees fit, as the state cannot afford to pay for an active National Guard. (For the text of this statement, see https://archive.org/details/alabama-senate-journal-1965-special-a/page/346/mode/2up.) 0:11:17: Senate resolution calling on the governor to inform the president that the state of Alabama cannot afford the cost of calling out the National Guard to provide protection during the upcoming Selma to Montgomery March. (For the text of the resolution, see https://archive.org/details/alabama-acts-1965-special-1/page/n65.) 0:13:55: Governor George Wallace speaking at a press conference in his office at the Capitol after an appearance on \"Face the Nation\" on March 14, 1965. During his remarks, he displays several New York City newspapers that feature images of police brutality in Harlem, in an effort to deflect attention from the televised violence of Bloody Sunday on March 7: \"I am against brutality . . . my orders have always been that if you have to use force use the minimum amount of force and never use any force unless it is absolutely necessary.\" He also claims to be \"against discrimination in the matter of registration of voters because of race, color, creed, religion, and nationality.\" 0:16:57: Mayor Earl James asking citizens to stay away from events connected to the Selma to Montgomery March in Montgomery. 0:18:49: Luncheon or banquet honoring military officers at the Jefferson Davis Hotel in Montgomery. Governor George Wallace spoke at the event: \"We, of course, support I suppose as strongly as any state in the Union the decisions by those in authority to defend our interest in Vietnam and also in the Dominican Republic. I would say that you haven't had a single petition group or a single march in our state of Alabamians protesting any decision after it has been made by those in places of authority to defend the interest of our nation and of freedom wherever it might . . . I am appalled and astonished at some of the trends in our country and some of the very few minority group of our people who oppose every effort of our government and armed services to stem the tide of Communist aggression.\" 0:20:38: Governor George Wallace addressing the Legislature on February 16, 1965, at the start of a special session about his ambitious education program for the state. 0:22:51: Mayor W. A. \"Tacky\" Gayle announcing the closure of parks in Montgomery on January 1, 1959, in anticipation of a federal court order prohibiting the ongoing segregation of the facilities. Following the statement are shots of empty parks and public playgrounds in the city. (The parks remained closed for six years until the city commission voted to reopen them in February 1965.) 0:24:34: Martin Luther King Jr. addressing a meeting at a church in Montgomery, Alabama, in September 1959. He announces a recent federal court decision by Judge Frank E. Johnson, which ruled that the segregation of Montgomery city parks was unconstitutional: \"This decision means in simple terms that public parks never can be operated in Montgomery on a segregated basis.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_25474","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Social Change, printed materials, 1977","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of documents related to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Contents include organizational and financial records of the King Center, planning documents for September 1977 events to promote full employment, and a complete program for the 1977 celebration of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday. Also includes promotional materials for various initiatives supported by the King Center, and a pamphlet from the communist October League organization criticizing the King Center.","The records, 1964-1979, of the Southern Office of the AFL-CIO Civil Rights Department consist primarily of correspondence and related reports, surveys, statements, and newspaper clippings. Much of the correspondence is between Director E.T. (Al) Kehrer and various AFL-CIO departments, notably his superiors Don Slaiman (1965-1974) and William Pollard (1974-1979). There is also substantial correspondence between Kehrer and the AFL-CIO state and city labor councils in the South; apprenticeship and training programs; a wide range of groups and persons concerned with community action and social reform issues, principally in the field of civil rights; and political figures."]},{"record_id":"suc_p17173coll18_166","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. on voting--outtakes","mediums":["motion pictures (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["On a rainy day the residents of Kingstree come to hear Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speak on voting rights. The clip begins with silent film of the crowd. Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. stresses the importance of voting, particularly in the local primary, calling for a \"march on ballot boxes.\" Attendees include James Clyburn and Andrew Young."]},{"record_id":"suc_p17173coll35_3804","record_class":"Item","title":"Minutes of the National Action Committee Luncheon Meeting, November 12, 1959","mediums":["documents (object genre)","minutes (administrative records)"],"dcterms_description":["Report on the Congress of Racial Equality's progress and planning for sit-ins and support from other affliates for their missions. Martin Luther King Jr. and Jackie Robinson were listed as possible guest speakers for Emancipation Day."]},{"record_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_2612100","record_class":"Item","title":"W. G. Anderson, Elijah Harris, Slater King, Emanuel Jackson, and Martin Luther King, Jr. v. The City of Albany, Asa D. Kelley, Jr., Mayor the City of Albany, et al.","mediums":["civil court records"],"dcterms_description":["This case relates to the historical events surrounding the \"Albany Movement.\" Civil rights leaders in Albany, Georgia, tried to mobilize to protest local segregation practices and were confronted by the mayor and police chief. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. went to Albany, preached, was involved in the meetings and was arrested."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-403","record_class":"Item","title":"Brock Leaving Ancient City","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Article from unknown newspaper detailing the reasons James Brock lost his ownership of the Monson Motor Lodge.","Monson Motor Lodge -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_70","record_class":"Item","title":"Willie Ricks interview (Part 2 of 2)","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["In his second interview, Willie Ricks expands on his experiences as a member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Lowndes County, Alabama. He explains how he became SNCC’s minister, a field secretary, how he actively organized demonstrations, and how he helped organize the Lowndes County Freedom Organization. Ricks also describes the different positions about nonviolence among the members of the Civil Rights Movement.","Civil Rights activist, Willie Ricks, also known as Mukasa Dada, was a community organizer, leader, and a member of SNCC. Ricks was born and raised in Chattanooga, Tennessee. His parents were born in a plantation area of Alabama near Muscle Shoals, Alabama. He actively planned and organized sit-ins, marches and public demonstrations throughout Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama and Mississippi."]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_57","record_class":"Item","title":"Xernona Clayton interview","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Xernona Clayton discusses her upbringing in Muskogee, Oklahoma; the influence her father had on her perception of being black; and her school teachers as important parts of her growth. She discusses her work in Atlanta, Georgia, during the Civil Rights Movement and her relationship with the Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon in Atlanta, which is her hallmark for directly confronting bigotry and racism. Clayton ends the interview describing how she drove Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to the airport for his flight to Memphis, Tennessee.","Xernona Clayton was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma, and attended college at Tennessee State in Nashville, Tennessee. She moved to Atlanta, Georgia in 1960 and worked for a federally funded program called the Model Cities Program."]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_56","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Alton Hornsby, Jr. interview","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["In the interview, Dr. Alton Hornsby, Jr. discusses his involvement in the Atlanta Student Movement. He recalls picketing businesses that would not sell to African Americans or only offered limited employment to black applicants. Hornsby describes his involvement with the march on the Georgia State Capitol in May of 1960; discusses his family background and growing up in Atlanta; and recalls his fight against segregated seating on public transportation. He ends the interview with his assessment of the leadership conflict between older and younger leaders of the Civil Rights Movement and recounts the historical context of race relations in Atlanta.","Dr. Alton Hornsby, Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He attended Booker T. Washington and Price High Schools and graduated from Morehouse College."]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_50","record_class":"Item","title":"Joseph and Alethea Boone interview","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Alethea Boone, the wife of Reverend Joseph Boone answers questions on his behalf about his life and involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. Mrs. Boone talks about Reverend's upbringing in Atlanta, Georgia; his involvement in Rush Memorial Congregational Church, the Atlanta Student Movement, and in the desegregation of Atlanta public schools.","Joseph E. Boone was born in Cedartown, Georgia and graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in Atlanta, Georgia. He attended Houston Citizens College and subsequently Gammon Theological Seminary in Atlanta."]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_49","record_class":"Item","title":"Willie Bolden interview","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Willie Bolden talks about his involvement with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. He describes his experiences in demonstrations in St. Augustine, Florida; Selma, Alabama; Marks, Mississippi; and the Mule Train march from Mississippi to Washington, D.C.","Born in Sumter, South Carolina in 1938 and moved to Savannah, Georgia at the age of three. Father worked at Southern Cotton Oil Mill in Savannah and delivered papers. His mother, Sadie Mae Bolden, was a stay at home mother when Mr. Bolden was young but became a beautician and had a small shop in their home. Mr. Bolden moved to Atlanta, Georgia in 1961."]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_41","record_class":"Item","title":"Morris Dillard interview","mediums":["interviews"],"dcterms_description":["In the interview, Morris Dillard discusses his involvement in the Atlanta Student Movement. He discusses his initial limited role and how he eventually became more active as a demonstrator in Atlanta's Terminal Station and later as a Freedom Rider who traveled from Atlanta to Chattanooga, Tennessee. He also discusses some of the conflicts within the black community between the old and new leadership, recalling the tensions over the issue of strategy and tactics among the leaders. He ends the interview with his views about achieving equality.","Mr. Dillard was born in Luverne, Alabama. He attended high school in Alabama and graduated from Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia."]},{"record_id":"aar_wsfa_1","record_class":"Item","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D148.0006","mediums":["videotapes"],"dcterms_description":["The following segments are included: 0:00:00: Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a press conference on March 4, 1964, to announce that the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's (SCLC) decision to launch a \"massive assault on the system of segregation in Alabama\" in 1964, with a particular focus on Montgomery. Ralph Abernathy and Fred Shuttlesworth are seated on either side of him. The footage then switches to a mass meeting attended by King, Abernathy, and others, possibly at the First CME Church in Montgomery. (The latter segment is silent.) 0:13:53: Civil rights marches and demonstrations in downtown Montgomery, Alabama, probably in March 1965 (before or after the Selma to Montgomery March). Included are shots of counter-protestors and observers (legislators and staff watching from inside the Capitol)","Martin Luther King Jr. with Andrew Young, L. L. Anderson, John Lewis, Solomon Seay, and others at the Federal Building and Morrison's Cafe on Lee Street","Alabama State College students marching to the Capitol (possibly on March 16)","King with marchers on Jackson Street (probably on March 17)","and demonstrators in front of the Capitol with caskets in a symbolic funeral procession for civil rights demonstrators who had been killed (March 31). All the footage is silent."]},{"record_id":"utkn_volvoices_volvoices-2207","record_class":"Item","title":"Audience at Mason Temple","mediums":["digital images","photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Cheering crowd at Mason Temple, 3-68.","This object was added to the Digital Preservation Network in November 2017."]},{"record_id":"utkn_volvoices_volvoices-1871","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. shakes hands with Benjamin L. Hooks","mediums":["digital images","photographs","prints (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. shakes hands with Benjamin L. Hooks at the Freedom Rally in Memphis, Tennessee. July 31, 1959.","This object was added to the Digital Preservation Network in November 2017."]},{"record_id":"uwg_phc_talmadge19860428","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Herman Talmadge, 1986 April 28","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["Herman Eugene Talmadge (1913-2002), son of former governor Eugene Talmadge, was born on August 9, 1913 in the small Telfair County town of McRae, Georgia. He earned his law degree from the University of Georgia in 1936, and practiced law for several years before joining the U.S. Navy during World War II, where he saw extensive combat in the South Pacific. In 1946, Talmadge ran his father's successful Democratic race for governor, though the elder Talmadge died before he could take office. The state legislature elected Herman to take his father's place, but the Supreme Court of Georgia ruled the move unconstitutional.Talmadge vacated the governor's mansion, but came back to win a special election in 1948, and a full four years as governor in 1950. As was common at the time, he was an ardent segregationist, but implemented the first state sales tax as a way to improve public schools. In 1956, Talmadge was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he concentrated on agricultural issues and sponsored the creation of a food-stamp program. In 1980, he lost his seat to Republican Mack Mattingly. Talmadge retired to his home in Hampton, Georgia where he died on March 21, 2002.; Interviewed by Dr. Mel Steely at West Georgia College on April 28, 1986.; In this interview, Senator Talmadge recalls the era of the Civil Rights movement as it took place in the nation as well as in the state of Georgia. He says that as a college student, he was unaware of racial tension because segregation was the expected pattern. He discusses his interactions with other races while he served in World War II, as well as how his opinions have changed over the years. Talmadge answers questions about the book he published and his original views on the NAACP as Communists and terrorists. The second half of the interview talks about press and their view on the acts done by Richard Russell. He discusses why he voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964, citing it as unconstitutional. He says that he finds it difficult to reflect on his decisions in that time period because he does not know if he would have done anything differently. Talmadge concludes the interview by talking about his honorary degree from Morris Brown and his views on why public opinion on integration changed over time."]},{"record_id":"uwg_phc_alexander20090708","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Cecil Alexander, 2009 July 8","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["Cecil Abraham Alexander Jr. (b. 1918) is a prominent architect and former partner of the Atlanta architectural firm, FABRAP. As Alexander's practice prospered during the 1950s, he was motivated to become active in Atlanta's civic and political scene. Atlanta Mayor William B. Hartsfield appointed him chair of the Citizen's Advisory Committee for Urban Renewal, and Mayor Ivan Allen Jr. chose Alexander to lead a number of programs intended to guide Atlanta toward racial equality. Alexander helped to direct the Committee to Mediate Racial Unrest and, with John Lewis, formed the Atlanta Black Jewish Coalition. In 2001, the Georgia General Assembly approved a new state flag that Alexander designed to replace Georgia's 1956 state flag.; Interviewed by Dr. Mel Steely on July 8, 2009 at Alexander's home in Atlanta, Georgia.; Alexander begins by discussing his background, recounting bits and pieces of his family history from family members who had fought in the Revolutionary War, to his father, who had fought in the Civil War under William Sherman. His father, Cecil A. Alexander, Sr., was in the hardware business by the Great Depression and his mother, Julia, was a principal of a school in Montgomery, AL. He describes his youth as growing up with Atlanta and talks about his education. He attended Georgia Institute of Technology initially intending to pursue a degree in mechanical engineering; he soon turned to architecture, realizing that he had no talent for chemistry. Alexander talks about his time at Yale University where he majored in architecture and the classmates he had there. With WWII building momentum, Alexander took part in the Civilian Pilot Training Program, and joined the Navy in 1941 and eventually becoming a Marine Corps pilot. He served in the Central Pacific during WWII, flying sixty combat missions. After the war, Alexander stayed active as a Reserve Marine for a brief period and went to pursue his MA at Harvard. He describes his eventual relocation to Atlanta, his early employment in architecture, and speaks of his appointment as chair to the Citizen's Advisory Committee for Urban Renewal by Mayor William B. Hartsfield, describing his success as \"doing well by doing good.\" Alexander describes his political leanings and the period in which he had considered running for mayor of Atlanta, discussing Ivan Allen, Jr. and Sam Massell. Alexander speaks at length about his involvement with civil rights activism in Atlanta in the 1950s and 1960s, and the people with whom he worked, including Martin Luther King, Jr. and Hosea L. Williams. He then addresses the matter of the Georgia state flag and the controversy that existed around it for a number of years and involved Governors Barnes and Perdue. Alexander speaks of his acquaintance with Denmark Groover, and how a wreck with a drunk driver in 1983 that killed his late wife Hermione, eventually brought the two men together. He ends the discussion by commenting on the Leo Frank case and his experiences growing up as a Jew in Atlanta."]},{"record_id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol3no12","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern school news","mediums":["periodicals"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 3, Issue 12. June 1957. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."]},{"record_id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol4no1","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern school news","mediums":["periodicals"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 4, Issue 1. July 1957. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."]},{"record_id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol4no9","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern school news","mediums":["periodicals"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 4, Issue 9. March 1958. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."]},{"record_id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol6no7","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern school news","mediums":["periodicals"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 6, Issue 7. January 1960. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1523","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Pam O'Halloran, August 16, 2007, part I","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Pam O'Holloran conducted by Michael Gordon on August 16, 2007, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for the March on Milwaukee Open Housing Oral History Project. Tape 1, Side 1.","5th Street Freedom House--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; 16th Street Bridge--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; St. Boniface Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; Wauwatosa--Wisconsin; South Side--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; Kosciuszko Park--Wisconsin--Milwaukee"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1070","record_class":"Item","title":"Dorothy Cotton : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["In this conversation with Andrew Young, civil rights activist Dorothy Cotton recounts her experiences in the St. Augustine civil rights movement. Highlights include her description of marches and beach wade-ins turned violent.","St. Augustine Four -- Highlander Folk School -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Woolworth's -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Night March -- Picketing -- Use of Police Dogs -- Wade-in"]},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0170","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio Recording of Andrew J. Young at Public Forum Presentation for the Anniversary of the Assasination of Martin Luther King Jr., 1980s","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0346","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio Recording of Andrew J. Young Comments on J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI in Inspirational Speech for a Church Service, undated","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0387","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio Recording a Larry Tinsley Special on Sweet Auburn Avenue and the Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement in Atlanta, 1980s","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-864","record_class":"Item","title":"Television program titled \"Mayor Andrew J. Young on Martin Luther King Jr.\", 1980s Part 2","mediums":["television programs"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew J. Young discusses the legacy of Martin Luther King Jr. and his involvement in the civil rights movement."]},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-426","record_class":"Item","title":"Video Recording of a Martin Luther King Jr. Reenactment with Scenes From the Civil Rights Movement, undated.","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-508","record_class":"Item","title":"Video Recording of Civil Rights Leaders,  1960s to the 1980s","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Recording  features civil rights leaders Martin Luther King, Jr., Julian Bond, Hosea Williams, Coretta Scott King, and Andrew J. Young"]},{"record_id":"aar_wsfa_2435","record_class":"Item","title":"WSFA audiovisual item E002.0004","mediums":["film (material by form)"],"dcterms_description":["\"Those Were the Days,\" special program commemorating the 25th anniversary of WSFA-TV's first television broadcast on December 25, 1954. The film, narrated by Bob Howell, focuses on the history of the station and features segments on various programs, events, and former staff members, such as the following: the use of advertising on the station (with footage of Chevrolet commercials by Dinah Shore and Red Diamond ads by the Muppets); Frank McGee, news director from 1955 to 1956 and later a popular NBC reporter; Hines Wolters, weatherman from 1955 to 1961; Leroy Paul, sports director from 1954 to 1960, and the \"Auburn Football Review\"; Toni Tennille and her mother, Cathryn Wright, host of \"The Guest Room\" from 1955 to 1957; Jack Turner, host of the \"Alabama Jubilee\" variety show from 1955 to 1959, with his daughter Dixie; Ralph Williams, weatherman from 1961 to 1974; Carl Stephens, \"Cartoon Carl\" and sports director from 1963 to 1974; Bill Henry, news director from 1957 to 1961; local and national television news coverage of the Civil Rights Movement, particularly George Wallace's \"stand in the schoolhouse door,\" Bloody Sunday, and the Selma to Montgomery March; Jack Venable, news director from 1965 to 1967; Charles Caton, news director from 1967 to 1975; the death and funeral of Governor Lurleen Wallace; and Bob Inman, anchorman from 1965 to 1968. (Note: The first half of the video is the entire soundtrack of the program over a blank screen, but at 0:18:49 the full program begins. For better copies of the film, see WSFA_D073_0015 and WSFA_D126_0006.)"]},{"record_id":"geh_byd_5014","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Birth Home","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["View of the kitchen inside of Martin Luther King Jr.'s birth home in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia.","In 1929, Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in the two-story, Queen Anne style house at 501 Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia. King lived there with his family until 1941. Restoration of the King birth home began in 1974 as part of the National Park Service’s plan to establish and administer the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, which includes the birth home, Ebenezer Baptist Church, and the civil rights leader’s gravesite."]},{"record_id":"geh_p17222coll18_576","record_class":"Item","title":"Charles Guptil interview with Warren Kirbo, “Homer Thigpen,” and Randy Walls (part one)","mediums":["audiocassettes"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1088","record_class":"Item","title":"Gwen Duncan : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Gwen Duncan, St. Augustine native and President Emeritus of ACCORD.","ACCORD -- Northrop Grumman -- Fort Mose -- Galimore Center -- Ketterlinus Junior High School -- Lincolnville -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Northrop Grumman -- South Seas Restaurant -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Civil Rights March -- Desegregation of St. Johns County Schools"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1104","record_class":"Item","title":"Hattie White : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Hattie White, mother of St. Augustine Four member Sam White. Mrs. White talks about her family's experiences in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","St. Augustine Four"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1082","record_class":"Item","title":"Barbara Vickers : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Barbara Vickers, St. Augustine native, talks about the local civil rights movement and the past and present problems faced by the city.","ACCORD -- Ancient City Charity Club -- Ku Klux Klan -- Manucy's Raiders -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine City Commission -- St. Augustine Four -- Butler Beach, Fl. -- Excelsior High School -- Excelsior Museum and Cultural Center -- Lincolnville -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- St. Augustine Historical Society -- St. Paul AME Church -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Attempted Integration of Church -- Drive-by Shooting -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1086","record_class":"Item","title":"Dan Warren : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Former State Attorney Dan Warren speaks about his involvement in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Ancient City Gun Club -- Ancient City Gun Club -- John Birch Society -- Ku Klux Klan -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Daytona Beach, Fl. -- Florida Memorial College -- Lincolnville -- Richmond, Va. -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Civil Rights March -- Klan March -- Night March -- Wade-in"]},{"record_id":"gych_rogp_087","record_class":"Item","title":"Tom Houck, 28 September 2009.","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Tom Houck discusses growing up in Boston before moving to Atlanta to work in the Civil Rights Movement and in television. He recalls meeting Martin Luther King, Jr., at the Selma to Montgomery March. Houck recalls his work with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and explains the organization's purpose and people. He discusses answering Martin Luther King's mail for the SCLC, having dinner at the King house, and becoming the Kings' driver. Houck recalls several personal stories relating to the King family. Houck recalls Dr. Martin Luther King loving to read, swim, and play the lottery. He discusses Coretta King's involvement with the civil rights movement and mentions her fundraising work for the SCLC. Houck discusses demonstrations such as open housing demonstrations, the Poor People's campaign, and store picketing. He recalls that Dr. Martin Luther King, Sr., did not participate in politics but was friendly with Georgia governors. Houck explains how Maddox's election made many activists uncomfortable. He recalls being arrested 18 to 20 times in the course of his activism. Houck discusses Zell Miller's involvement with civil rights and his recollections of Maynard Jackson and Andrew Young. Thid interview takes place at Manuel's Tavern and Houck explains who Manuel Malouf was and the history of the tavern. Houck recalls Zell Miller's campaign for lieutenant governor and comments on his friendship with both candidates. He weighs in on whether the civil rights movement is dead. Houck describes how he got into talk radio and television as a political commentator and comments on the state of party politics in Georgia.","Thomas Houck was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on August 21, 1947. He dropped out of high school at age 15 and joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to work under Hosea Williams. In 1965, he met Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., at a meeting of the SCLC, and in 1966 he came to Atlanta and became the King family's personal driver. Later, he became an organizer for the SCLC, and was active in numerous demonstrations and marches. He filed a court case, Houck and Williams vs. Birmingham-Jefferson County, which led to the desegregation of Southern jails. Houck went on to help campaign for various Atlanta mayors and governors, including Maynard Jackson and Zell Miller, and started doing commentary for WGST Radio. He then went on to host various politically-oriented radio and television shows, retiring from full time broadcasting in 2001.","Finding aid available in repository.","Interviewed by Bob Short."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1133","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Frank Aukofer, November 16, 2007, part I","mediums":["sound recordings","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Kosciuszko Park--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; Inner Core--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; 16th Street Bridge--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; 16th Street Bridge--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; South Side--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; Crazy Jim's Motors--Wisconsin--Milwaukee"]},{"record_id":"gsu_ggdp_5909","record_class":"Item","title":"Goodwin Party oral history interview, 1977 July 25","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"gsu_ggdp_5979","record_class":"Item","title":"Leroy Johnson oral history interview, 1991 October 17","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4xp6w73z","record_class":"Item","title":"April 5, 1968: Friday night","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Pres. Knight at home Friday night; talks with Jack Boger. Paul Robert Conroy with Dave Birkhead. Ken Ross for WDBS with 20 minutes of Dr. Knight talking to the Vigil group in his home Friday night."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4cf9kb4t","record_class":"Item","title":"Duke Vigil, Tape 5","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["One of five audiotapes made by a Duke student during the Vigil. The student took a tape recorder with him to all of the events of the Vigil and recorded what was said. He then re-recorded the tapes, adding his own comments to them in order to more fully describe the Vigil demonstrations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4fb4xr03","record_class":"Item","title":"April 7, 1968 rally on the main quad","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["John Strange reading from Dr. King, Bunny Small recap, John Kinney, general announcements, comments on black students, Huck Gutman reading Thoreau, Algerian grad student."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r46t0j127","record_class":"Item","title":"Vigil #8","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Sunday, April 7, 1968, cont. rally on the main quad: Singing led by Nick Atkins, organizer for Local 77, et al. Announcements by Lucy Brady, Food Committee Chairman Tape of Dr. Martin Luther King's \"I have a dream\" speech, Washington, 1963"]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r46q1tm9w","record_class":"Item","title":"Vigil #12","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Speeches on the Main Quad 1. Dr. John Strange 2. Mr. Wright Tisdale, Chairman, Duke University Board of Trustees (same as 11) 3. Dr. John Strange (remarks on #2) 4. Replay of speech by Dr. Samuel D. Cook to the assembled Vigil by WDBS (same as 11)"]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4dn41084","record_class":"Item","title":"Vigil #1","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Pete Seeger Spots by Paul Robert Conroy; In the Beginning: Friday night, April 5, 1968, Speech in the Alumni Lounge by Dr. John Strange to the group just before marching to Dr. Knight's home."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r49k46x76","record_class":"Item","title":"April 10, 1968","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Address by Samuel DuBois Cook to the assembled Vigil (10 min.), Statement to the students of Duke University, read by Board of Trustees Chairman Wright Tisdale (5 min.)"]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r48s4kt18","record_class":"Item","title":"April 8, 1968 rally on the main quad, continued","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Questions and answers from the assembled Vigil to: Ira Sanford, Joan Baez, David Harris."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4901zq83","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r44x54r5f","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4s46hf8r","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4v98014b","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4mg7g46m","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11174","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and SCLC director Andrew Young during a press conference, 1967","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"King, Martin Luther. April 25, 1967. 30258. Dendy.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11210","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King and family members mourning during Martin Luther King Jr.'s funeral, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"King Funeral: April 9, 1968 Davis. 33269. Celebrities: Kennedy, Mrs. John F.; Kennedy, Robert (sen.); Kennedy, Edward (Sen.); Carmichael, Stokely; Chamberlain, Wilt; Belafonte, Harry; Gazarra, Ben; McCarthy, Sen. Eugene; Sanders, Carl.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11214","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr.'s funeral procession through the streets of Atlanta, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"King Funeral: April 9, 1968 Davis. 33269. Celebrities: Kennedy, Mrs. John F.; Kennedy, Robert (sen.); Kennedy, Edward (Sen.); Carmichael, Stokely; Chamberlain, Wilt; Belafonte, Harry; Gazarra, Ben; McCarthy, Sen. Eugene; Sanders, Carl.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11337","record_class":"Item","title":"Funeral procession of Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession. State Capitol in background. 4/9/1968. J. C. Lee\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11345","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr.'s casket during the funeral procession near the State Capitol, 1968","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession. State Capitol in background. 4/9/1968. J. C. Lee\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13439","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. addresses civil rights activists in Hurt Park, 1963","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin L. Jr.\" Caption: \"Dr. Martin Luther King speaks to crowd. States rights party pickets. December 16, 1963\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13453","record_class":"Item","title":"Diptych of a veiled Coretta Scott King, and crowds being held back at the funeral service for Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination. MLK Death. Photog: Robert Connell, Billy Downs.\" Caption: \"Heavily veiled Mrs. King arrives for husband's funeral (left); Mourners join hands to hold crowds back (right). April 9, 1968. Staff Photos: Billy Downs, Robert Connell\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13455","record_class":"Item","title":"Onlookers watch from the rooftops along Auburn Avenue as the Martin Luther King Jr. funeral service begins, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13457","record_class":"Item","title":"Onlookers point out the casket of Martin Luther King Jr. during the funeral procession through Atlanta, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination. Photog: Charles Pugh. There comes the casket- Morehouse College.\"\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13460","record_class":"Item","title":"Mourners attend a memorial service at Spelman College after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"Mourners at Spellman College. Photographer: Noel Davis.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13464","record_class":"Item","title":"UN delegates arrive for the funeral service of Martin Luther King Jr. at Morehouse College, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination. UN delegates at Morehouse. Photog: Charles Pugh\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13593","record_class":"Item","title":"Mayor John Lindsay with wife Mary attending Martin Luther King Jr.'s funeral, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther King Jr. (assassination). Photog: Robert Connell\""]},{"record_id":"fug_flaac_uf00079674","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Birthday (npa1901)","mediums":["moving images"],"dcterms_description":["Segment 1 Title: [Martin Luther King Birthday] Date: ca. 1985 Reported by: Rick Treptow Duration: 00:01:47 File name: NPA1901 Original format: 3/4\" umatic videotape. Intermediate format: Sony Beta SP. Digitization completed by: Total Video (Gainesville, Fl)","(Funding) Funded by the University of Florida Libraries' Department of Special and Area Studies Collections and the Digitial Library Center.","University of Florida Gospel Choir","Institute of Black Culture"]},{"record_id":"aar_alabamaphoto_5582","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Coretta Scott King, James Bevel, and others walking in the rain during the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Several people are holding American flags."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_16384","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Fred Shuttlesworth, and Ralph Abernathy holding a press conference at the Gaston Motel in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["photographic transparencies","black-and-white transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew Young is standing behind them, wearing overalls."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_16826","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a civil rights meeting at a church in Gadsden, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36023","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma for 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36026","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr., Fred Shuttlesworth, and other civil rights marchers in Selma, Alabama, on Turnaround Tuesday.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36046","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. preparing to rejoin the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["He is standing with his brother, A. D. King, and an airplane is visible in the background."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36090","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy speaking at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma to announce forthcoming civil rights demonstrations.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["James Bevel and Martin Luther King Jr. are seated and talking together behind Abernathy. The meeting was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma for 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36103","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights marchers on South Jackson Street beside St. Margaret's Hospital in Montgomery, Alabama, headed to the Montgomery County courthouse.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy, James Forman, Martin Luther King Jr., Jesse Douglas, Sr., and John Lewis are among the demonstrators. The march was held to protest the violent dispersal of a group of SNCC demonstrators on March 16. King and other leaders met with local officials at the courthouse to discuss the event."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36193","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama, possibly on Turnaround Tuesday.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36217","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. preparing to rejoin the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["An airplane is visible in the background."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36241","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma for 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36242","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama, possibly on Turnaround Tuesday.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36245","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama, possibly on Turnaround Tuesday.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36266","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma for 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36318","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. preparing to rejoin the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["His brother, A. D. King, is standing behind him, and an airplane is visible in the background."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36968","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., Floyd McKissick, and other marchers in Jackson, Mississippi, near the end of the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40744","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. at a rest stop on the March Against Fear, possibly near Senatobia, Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith began the March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. He was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40873","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers leaving the City of St. Jude in Montgomery, Alabama, on the final day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Bunche, Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King, F. D. Reese, and Hosea Williams are visible among the marchers."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40902","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Ralph Abernathy, and Archbishop Iakovos at the memorial service for James Reeb at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The man to the left of King with his head down is possibly Walter Reuther."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40985","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers leaving the City of St. Jude in Montgomery, Alabama, on the final day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King, F. D. Reese, Hosea Williams, and Ralph Abernathy, and Juanita Abernathy are visible among the marchers."]},{"record_id":"mus_sovcom_99-93-0-1-3-1-1","record_class":"Item","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of an inscription appearing on the backside of a photograph of Martin Luther King, Jr., Anne Braden, Carl Braden and James A. Dombrowski taken at a conference for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Birmingham, Alabama, 1962 September 27","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","inscriptions"],"dcterms_description":["Descriptive note on the back of the SCLC 6th annual conference photograph","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_sovcom_99-93-0-3-1-1-1","record_class":"Item","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of a bank check from the account of Southern Conference Educational Fund written to Martin Luther King, Jr. and signed by Benjamin E. Smith and James A. Dombrowski, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1963 March 7","mediums":["checks (bank checks)"],"dcterms_description":["SCLC check signed by Benjamin E. Smith and James Dombrowski to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.","Individual(s) identified in the photograph include King, Dr. Martin Luther, Jr.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_51","record_class":"Item","title":"Cleopatra Goree","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Cleopatra Goree discusses being born and raised in Birmingham before getting involved with the Movement as a teacher. She lived in Dynamite Hill, attended mass meetings and experienced many bombings firsthand."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_62","record_class":"Item","title":"Pinkie Shortridge","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Pinkie Shortridge discusses working with her husband Bill to bail demonstrators out of jail through the ACMHR. They continued their involvement with the Movement with Dr. King and the National Funeral Directors Association."]},{"record_id":"aar_alabamaphoto_5593","record_class":"Item","title":"Funeral procession for Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["color photographs"],"dcterms_description":["The casket is visible in the center of the photograph."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10148","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10150","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A man in the foreground is seated on the stage, listening to King. A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10409","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10432","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The photograph was taken from above. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10496","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a man during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10497","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., standing with L. L. Anderson and another man during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10504","record_class":"Item","title":"L. L. Anderson greeting Martin Luther King, Jr., as he enters Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10505","record_class":"Item","title":"L. L. Anderson greeting Martin Luther King, Jr., as he enters Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is standing outside the door. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10515","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., sitting behind the podium during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A clock on the wall advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10519","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A clock on the wall advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is seated in front of the podium, on the left. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10721","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is holding up a microphone in front of the podium. A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10853","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is holding up a microphone in front of the podium. A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_12789","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is slightly damaged. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington, \" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_12792","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind King. This photograph was shot from above; it is slightly damaged. The image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington, \" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9052","record_class":"Item","title":"People holding hands and singing at an evening gathering in Canton, Mississippi, during the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A young woman is wearing pins that read, \"SCLC SCOPE Project\" and \"Total Equality.\" The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9084","record_class":"Item","title":"Woman seated on a crate outside a building during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A straw hat on her knee reads, \"Freedom.\" Other participants in the march are entering the building. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9094","record_class":"Item","title":"Cameramen in the back of a truck, filming the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9098","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith is seated beside the podium. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9101","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith is seated beside the podium. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9105","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith, gathered outside a large building in Batesville, Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["They are listening to a man speak from the middle of the crowd; he is wearing a hat. Inside the building, most likely the courthouse, federal voting inspectors were registering people to vote. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9113","record_class":"Item","title":"People standing at the entrance of Tougaloo College in Mississippi, during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Two people are holding American flags, and a woman on the right is wearing a button that reads, \"James Meredith March Through Mississippi 1966 / 'March Against Fear.'\" The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9114","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith, leaving the campus of Tougaloo College in Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["One woman is holding a large sign that reads, \"Freedom Now.\" The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9115","record_class":"Item","title":"Man and woman riding down the road in a convertible during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The woman is speaking into the microphone of a CB radio. She is holding an American flag, and another flag is attached to the windshield. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9136","record_class":"Item","title":"Man seated indoors at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is reading the issue of The Southern Courier for June 25-26, 1966. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9137","record_class":"Item","title":"Man seated indoors at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9138","record_class":"Item","title":"Man seated indoors at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9241","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Andrew Young, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9243","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Mississippi Highway Patrol officer is standing in the road. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9244","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and Andrew Young standing on the side of the road during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9257","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young, Martin Luther King, Jr., Stokely Carmichael, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Young's face is covered by the hat of another marcher. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9263","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith is seated beside the podium. He began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9264","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith is seated beside the podium. He began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9275","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, entering the campus of Tougaloo College in Mississippi, during the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9469","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Fannie Lou Hamer, Andrew Young, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is being interviewed while marching. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9470","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Fannie Lou Hamer, Andrew Young, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is being interviewed while marching. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9471","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young, Martin Luther King, Jr., Fannie Lou Hamer, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is being interviewed while marching. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9473","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Fannie Lou Hamer, Andrew Young, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is being interviewed while marching. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9495","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and two other men, crossing a ditch toward a paved road during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["They have just run down a hill. King's back is to the camera. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9523","record_class":"Item","title":"People standing at a gathering under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The photograph was taken from behind, so no faces are visible. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9527","record_class":"Item","title":"Young man standing in a circle with other participants in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is smoking a cigar and is wearing a \"Freedom Now CORE\" shirt. The rest of the group is not visible. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9529","record_class":"Item","title":"Several people standing in a circle during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["They seem to be singing or chanting. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9531","record_class":"Item","title":"Woman lying on the grass at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9536","record_class":"Item","title":"Young girl standing with a woman at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9545","record_class":"Item","title":"Woman wrapped in blanket, standing outside at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Pins on her straw hat read, \"Freedom Now CORE.\" The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9551","record_class":"Item","title":"Man sitting on the roof of a pickup truck, observing the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The truck is parked by the side of a road, and other people are standing nearby. One person is holding a flag that reads, \"Mississippi March 1966 for Federal Registrars / Aid to Farmers / Jobs.\" The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9558","record_class":"Item","title":"People standing by the side of the road, observing the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["One of the men is holding a cane and wearing a towel on his head. Several people in the background are sitting on the roof of a truck. James Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9580","record_class":"Item","title":"Group of young white men observing the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Mississippi Highway Patrol officer is standing in front of the group. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9586","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, walking along the edge of a field at a rest stop.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Tents are set up in the background. James Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9589","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is being interviewed by the man beside him. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9659","record_class":"Item","title":"Man speaking to an officer of the Neshoba County Sheriff's Department, during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["They are standing in front of the Bank of Philadelphia. The march began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9911","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Albert Turner, and other men are seated on the stage behind him. The photograph is taken from above. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"abj_16bomb_p4017coll2-555","record_class":"Item","title":"King arrives here after church bombing","mediums":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Originally published in the Birmingham Post-Herald.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"alm_wlohp_0000053","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with Ella Pegues, 1984 August 22","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","transcripts","sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Ella Pegues recalls life during segregation as she recounts her active role in the events of the Civil Rights movement. Pegues remembers the difficulty of dealing with segregation. She says she was active in boycotts of and sit-ins at establishments that would not serve blacks. She recalls being in jail a couple of times for this passive resistance, and she remembers Martin Luther King, Jr., visiting them to instruct them on how to behave. She also recounts stories of problems on public transportation. Pegues says that older folks didn't think the marches and other efforts to push civil rights would accomplish anything. She says they seemed even more excited about the successes because \"they didn't know it could be done.\" Pegues remembers the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church. Afterwards, she said she felt \"empty\": \"I didn't exactly feel angry because we had been conditioned . . . not to be angry with anything that happened.\" But she questions why it had to happen, especially to innocent children. Pegues describes segregation as \"stupid.\" She says that it didn't make any sense that she could work with whites and be a wet nurse to white babies, but could not eat with whites. Another example she gives is of an old boss: \"Lord have mercy! I cook her food. I couldn't come in the front door. Wasn't that stupid?\" She also describes segregation as wasteful because the building of separate facilities was expensive. Pegues discusses the hypocrisy of whites. She says she hates it when whites say they like black people but do so in a condescending way, heard in \"the way they would say it, and the terms they would use.\" She says this is still a problem, and it will take generations to correct. Pegues also discusses Fred Shuttlesworth and her experiences with Martin Luther King, Jr. She recalls Gov. George Wallace's Stand in the Schoolhouse Door. She also tells the story of a friend of hers who was a nurse to Bull Connor. The woman tormented him subtly for a time, but Pegues convinced her to stop. Pegues says she believes his attitudes were a result of his raising.","Interviewed by Peggy Hamrick on August 22, 1984."]},{"record_id":"alm_wlohp_0000075","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with James Nar Williams, 1983 March 2","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","transcripts","sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, James \"Nar\" Williams talks about the various jobs he's held, especially working at the TCI steel mill, as well as discusses his views on segregation and the Civil Rights movement. Williams worked jobs in construction, as a brick mason, and for a railroad. For a period of years, he was a barber, even after they changed the law so that people couldn't get a licenses if they were working out of their homes. He did what he calls \"bootleg barbering\" and was arrested for it once. Williams spent most of his working life at TCI, first on a labor gang, then as a millwright's helper and finally a millwright. He describes the way blacks were kept from advancing. He also recalls how he dealt with racism on the job. He says whites \"like you if you're a fool, and they hate you if you've got any sense.\" He didn't have any problem telling white men he worked with the truth instead of telling them what they wanted to hear. This attitude sometimes got him in trouble. His coworkers didn't like him because he wasn't \"Uncle-Toming\" like they were, but the big bosses respected his opinions. Williams describes the hiring process, and he also talks about a worker's retirement. On his last day, he would come to work dressed up and spend all day talking and not working, but still getting paid. He also recounts several accidents he saw. He talks about violence to \"scabs\" during union strikes and explains that in later years, the company ran a \"closed shop,\" which meant that you had to join the union to be hired for a job. Williams ends by talking about segregation, especially with regards to eating. He talks about his opinions of Martin Luther King, Jr., George Wallace, and Justice Hugo Black, the latter of whom he says had been a member of the Ku Klux Klan but who was a fair judge who supported blacks.","Interviewed by Steve McCallum on March 2, 1983."]},{"record_id":"cma_thap_25789","record_class":"Item","title":"Men protesting on sidewalk outside of Shapero's, including two men in center wearing hats and overcoats, some carrying signs reading \"Bedfellows make strange politics\" and \"Wallace \u0026 King...\", downtown","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Men protesting on sidewalk outside of Shapero's, including two men in center wearing hats and overcoats, some carrying signs reading Bedfellows make strange politics\" and \"Wallace \u0026 King...,\" downtown.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"cma_thap_7116","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., on small stage addressing crowd of men","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., on small stage addressing crowd of men.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"cma_thap_7117","record_class":"Item","title":"Minister and two boys carrying crucifix and picture of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., leading march down sidewalk in front of Connelley Vocational School","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Minister and two boys carrying crucifix and picture of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., leading march down sidewalk in front of Connelley Vocational School.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_am-1177","record_class":"Item","title":"--Keep the dream alive! / Baldy, [1974 Jan. 15].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts a worn out pair of sandals and a shepherd's hook lying at the foot of a mountain. A sign reading \"Martin Luther King Center for Social Change\" is pointing toward a long and winding road. The Statue of Liberty is lighting the way."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_am-1664","record_class":"Item","title":"--Go west young man! / Baldy, [1966 Aug. 17]","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts Martin Luther King walking down the street with a southern gentleman. The Statue of Liberty is holding a broken tablet and calling to him from around the corner."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_am-1819","record_class":"Item","title":"--Heard you needed some help! / Baldy, [1966 July 11]","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts Martin Luther King and Roy Wilkins painting and repairing a room as another man is breaking down one of the walls with a steam roller labeled \"black power.\""]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_am-512","record_class":"Item","title":"--Just for this one single day-- / Baldy, [1968].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts a hand with \"common decency\" on the shelf covering Lester Maddox's mouth. Maddox is holding several loose papers, one is labeled \"Martin Luther King Assassi-- .\" A flag at half staff is in the background."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_am-609","record_class":"Item","title":"--Tell me about that dream he had agin [sic]-- / Baldy, [1976 Jan. 15].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts a white boy and an African American boy warming themselves in front of a fireplace burning a huge yule log labeled \"Martin Luther King Legacy.\""]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_ph-199","record_class":"Item","title":"Never mind how it got started, Baby-- Use It! / Baldy, [1967 June 16].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford \"Baldy\" Baldowski cartoon depicts Stokely Carmichael covering Martin Luther King's mouth in run-down housing section, while King holds a file called \"Cause and Effects of Poverty in America.\""]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_ph-209","record_class":"Item","title":"--I got one too! / Baldy, [1965 Apr. 4].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford \"Baldy\" Baldowski cartoon depicts George Wallace and Martin Luther King, Jr. holding arms of two Frankenstein monsters, \"Violence\" and \"Boycott,\" with \"the innocent\" being held between the two monsters."]},{"record_id":"loc_rosaparks_49366","record_class":"Item","title":"[Early civil rights activities, people and events in the life of Rosa Parks, 1956-1966] [graphic].","mediums":["photographic prints1950-1970.gmgpc","photograph albums.gmgpc"],"dcterms_description":["Photographs include Rosa Parks and others at Highlander Folk School, Monteagle, Tenn.; Parks posing with NAACP officers; NAACP branch activities in California and Alabama; Coretta Scott King, Raymond Parks and others at Park's tribute dinner, Cobo Hall, Detroit (1965); Parks with Camp Fire Girls; a portrait of Martin Luther King playing ping pong at his home in Atlanta, Georgia (1960); Thurgood Marshall and family receiving polio vaccinations.","Title devised by Library staff.","Original fragile album disbound and housed separately with the photographs.","Various photographers represented. Credits on prints include: Edward Roberson, Detroit, Mich.; McLain's Photo Service, Los Angeles; Emil Willimetz; Handy-Soesser, Newark, N.J.; G.H. Brooks; Julius Holder; Irvine C. Smith; R. Keith Bass.  Some credits illegible."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-2252","record_class":"Item","title":"Julian Bond","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Julian Bond, pictured at a 1981 press conference at the Martin Luther King Jr. Community Center in Atlanta, served as communications director for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee from 1960 to 1965, when he was elected to the Georgia state legislature.","Photograph of Julian Bond, pictured at a 1981 press conference at the Martin Luther King Jr. Community Center in Atlanta, Georgia. Bond is a professor of history at the University of Virginia. He is shown here sitting in front of a large portrait of Martin Luther King, Jr. Bond served as communications director for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee from 1960 to 1965, when he was elected to the Georgia state legislature."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-3082","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph David Abernathy and Martin Luther King Jr.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph David Abernathy (right) and Martin Luther King Jr. were central organizers of the Montgomery bus boycott, which demanded that Black passengers be treated fairly on public transportation.","Photograph of civil rights leaders Ralph Abernathy (right) and Martin Luther King Jr. (left) participating in one of the Freedom Rides, which were intended to test the desegregation of public bus transportation. To test compliance with recent court rulings barring segregation in interstate travel, the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) sponsored a series of integrated bus rides throughout the South in the spring and summer of 1961. Known thereafter as the Freedom Rides, the protests galvanized national support for civil rights reforms and compelled federal engagement in the African American freedom struggle. Although they met with violent resistance elsewhere in the region, Freedom Riders traveled unmolested through Georgia and were served courteously at multiple lunch counters throughout the state."]},{"record_id":"noa_sohpcr_e-0012-3","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Jim Pierce, July 16, 1974","mediums":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Jim Pierce grew up near Ponca City, Oklahoma, during the late 1920s and 1930s. Pierce begins by speaking briefly about his experiences growing up in Oklahoma, paying particular attention to his Cherokee heritage, his education, and his father's involvement in the AFL. Pierce describes how he attended \"anti-CIO\" meetings with his father during the 1930s, which piqued his interested in labor politics. During World War II, Pierce served in the Navy and developed a worldview that tilted his interest in the labor movement more towards the \"militant\" side he had been indoctrinated against as a child. Following the war, Pierce began to work for Western Electric, and by 1947, he had moved to Fort Worth, Texas. Along with his fellow workers, Pierce joined the small local union called the National Federation of Telephone Workers. Not associated with a national organizing force like the AFL or CIO, this small union was typical of organization for workers such as he during these years. Pierce participated in a six-week-long strike with his union in 1947. The workers were victorious and shortly thereafter they joined the CIO. Around that time, Pierce became a leader in the local union as a strategy to keep his company from transferring him away from his ill wife and their infant child. From there, Pierce joined the staff of the CIO and worked in Texas, organizing local unions for the CIO until 1954, when the merger with AFL occurred. Pierce's growing interest in the civil rights movement and his continuing adherence to the more radical principles of labor politics prompted him to go to work for the International Union of Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers (IUE) at that point. Pierce remained in Texas for several years, organizing locals for the IUE, before taking a more regional approach. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Pierce spent much time organizing workers in Florida for IUE and relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina. During the 1960s, Pierce continued to work with IUE, but through the jurisdiction of the AFL-CIO's Industrial Union Department (IUD). From 1963 to 1968, Pierce was the regional director of the IUD's effort to organize textile workers in the Southeast. In particular, he focuses on the brief effort of the IUD to organize migrant workers in Florida. Pierce had become increasingly interested in the problems of migrant workers during his career in the labor movement, and the decision of the IUD to halt its effort at organizing this group was a major factor in his decision to leave the IUD in 1968. Pierce concludes the interview by discussing his disillusionment (and simultaneous belief) in the labor movement, his thoughts on the future of labor activism and organization, and his work with the National Sharecroppers Fund during the late 1960s and the early 1970s.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"shelbycotenn_mlkinv_court","record_class":"Item","title":"Court records : Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination investigation","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Web site presenting over fifty court records relating to the trial of James Earl Ray who pled guilty to assassinating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Files include warrants, motions, affidavits, and letters.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"shelbycotenn_mlkinv_reports","record_class":"Item","title":"Reports : Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination investigation","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Web site presenting three reports relating to the court proceedings from the trial of James Earl Ray who pled guilty to assassinating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Files include dispatch punch cards, a field crime report, and a homicide report.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs71","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. M.L. King, Jr.","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. King's arrest number is 7089.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"suc_idn_idn2021","record_class":"Item","title":"Speech on ministerial leadership","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["4 pages","Four page handwritten speech on public leadership that addresses the use and abuse of power, offers the perspective of a Christian minister and civic leader, cites the influence of Dr. Benjamin Mays as a role model, and emphasizes the importance of fulfilling deeds.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"suc_idn_idn2090","record_class":"Item","title":"Sermon on unifying Christian \"practice and profession\" regarding civil rights","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Two pages of a handwritten sermon on bridging the gap between practice and profession within the church. Quotes Alfred T. Davies' book, \"The Pulpit Speaks on Race,\" and Martin Luther King, Jr. The sermon points to Jesus Christ as the role model for bridging this gap, as opposed to other figures of Christian ministry, such as John Wesley, Martin Luther, and Peter the Hermit.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"kdl_abrad_19891111tachau","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with Eric Tachau and Mary Tachau, November 11, 1989","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","sound recordings","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Eric and Mary K. Tachau, November 11, 1989 conducted by Catherine Fosl.","Eric Tachau was vice president of the Louisville Fire and Marine Company who in 1954 he insured a house in a white neighborhood, Shively, for an African American couple, Andrew and Charlotte Wade, that was soon after bombed. In this interview, Eric Tachau discusses his motivation for insuring the house and gives reasons for the bombing that are not related to the Brown v. Board of Education decision. He also speaks about how the community labeled Anne and Carl Braden as communists after the Wade incident. Mary K. Tachau was a history professor at University of Louisville and she discusses being on the Kentucky Civil Liberties Union board, school desegregation, and Anne Braden's views about school desegregation in Jefferson County."]},{"record_id":"kdl_abrad_19971206shuttlesworth","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth, December 6, 1997","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","sound recordings","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth, December 6, 1997 conducted by Catherine Fosl.","Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth is an African American Baptist minister who was a leader of the civil rights movement and worked alongside Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. In this interview, Shuttlesworth describes his work in the movement, particularly in Birmingham, Alabama. He talks about some protests and demonstrations in which he participated, including the Freedom Rides of 1961. Shuttlesworth describes the violence and intimidation that he and his fellow activists faced from the Ku Klux Klan and others. He talks about his friendship with Anne and Carl Braden and their collaboration on civil rights activism. Shuttlesworth describes their role in the civil rights movement and assesses their contributions to the causes of freedom and equality. He also mentions other notable civil rights activists with whom he worked."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_31","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Peter Stoner, 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including Peter Stoner, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_42","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Marv Davidoff, 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including Marv Davidov, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm667","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm668","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm669","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm677","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm679","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm681","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm682","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm690","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_lewis","record_class":"Item","title":"Testimony from Hosea Williams, John Lewis, and Amelia Boynton et al. v. Honorable George C. Wallace, Governor of Alabama et al.","mediums":["civil court records","testimonies"],"dcterms_description":["Cover of the second of three volumes of testimony plus pages 288 to 303 and pages 338 to 346 before Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. pertaining to the march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama in support of voting rights in 1965. Included are the testimonies of Martin Luther King, Jr., Hosea Williams, Amelia Boynton, and John Lewis, among others.","A class action suit brought by Hosea Williams, John Lewis, and Amelia Boynton against Governor George C. Wallace and the State of Alabama concerning the protection of marchers as they walked from Selma to Montgomery on behalf of Negro voter registration in Alabama. The march from Selma to Montgomery in 1965 was a pivotal event in the history of the Civil Rights Movement."]},{"record_id":"geh_wilson_ahc099235011a","record_class":"Item","title":"Vine City Civil Rights Demonstration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["View of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (left) with an unidentified man and a journalist in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia while residents protested their living conditions.","In January of 1966, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., his wife Coretta Scott King, and the Reverend Ralph David Abernathy and his wife Juanita led a protest march in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia to call attention to substandard housing in that area."]},{"record_id":"geh_wilson_ahc099235014a","record_class":"Item","title":"Vine City Civil Rights Demonstration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["View of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. standing in the door of a substandard housing unit in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia where residents were protesting their living conditions.","In January of 1966, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., his wife Coretta Scott King, and the Reverend Ralph David Abernathy and his wife Juanita led a protest march in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia to call attention to substandard housing in that area."]},{"record_id":"geh_wilson_ahc099235015a","record_class":"Item","title":"Vine City Civil Rights Demonstration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["View of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Reverend Ralph David Abernathy (left) standing in the door of a substandard housing unit in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia where residents were protesting their living conditions.","Religious leaders","In January of 1966, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., his wife Coretta Scott King, and the Reverend Ralph David Abernathy and his wife Juanita led a protest march in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia to call attention to substandard housing in that area."]},{"record_id":"geh_wilson_ahc099235018a","record_class":"Item","title":"Vine City Civil Rights Demonstration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["View of (l-r) an unidentified man, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Reverend Ralph David Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, and Juanita Abernathy and unidentified residents of the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia who were protesting their living conditions.","Religious leaders;","In January of 1966, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., his wife Coretta Scott King, and the Reverend Ralph David Abernathy and his wife Juanita led a protest march in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia to call attention to substandard housing in that area."]},{"record_id":"tnmpl_aframmemphis_000200","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter, Nov. 22, A.D. 1993, Jackson, Tennessee to Lt. Governor John S. Wilder","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Letter from November 22, 1993 from Lee Branch, Sr., to John S. Wilder, Tennessee lieutenant governor, describing the events that led to saving the Lorraine Motel, the site of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, from destruction. The letter also describes many individual's contributions to the civil rights struggle in Memphis, Tennessee, as remembered by Branch. King was assassinated at the Lorraine Motel on April 4, 1968, while in Memphis in support of the Sanitation Workers' Strike. The building was purchased by the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Foundation and in 1991 opened as the National Civil Rights Museum; at the time of the letter, Branch was a member of the museum's Board of Directors.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"tnmpl_holloman_000225","record_class":"Item","title":"Wanted poster for James Earl Ray","mediums":["posters"],"dcterms_description":["Flyer issued by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation with information about James Earl Ray issued after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. The \"wanted poster\" displays three black-and-white photographs of Ray, along with a physical description and notes on his criminal record. The poster is signed by J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI, and includes Hoover's contact information. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was shot on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee while staying at the Lorraine Motel; King and fellow civil rights workers were in Memphis supporting striking sanitation workers. James Earl Ray, who previously was convicted of mail fraud, armed robbery and had escaped from jail in 1967, was captured in London, United Kingdom on June 8, 1968. He confessed to the assassination on March 10, 1969 and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. Ray later recanted his confession, and members of the King family supported Ray's efforts for a retrial.","The University of Tennessee Libraries (Knoxville, Tennessee) is the digital publisher.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"tnum_sanistrike_000205","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. arriving in Memphis, April 3, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Black-and-white photograph from April 3, 1968 taken by the Memphis Press-Scimitar newspaper in Memphis, Tennessee. The photograph shows Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy, Andrew Young, and Bernard Lee exiting an airplane in Memphis. A white pilot stands behind the men, watching other passengers disembark. King and his fellow civil rights workers from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) were in Memphis in support of striking sanitation workers. King planned to lead a peaceful demonstration, but was stopped by court injunction. That night, he gave a speech titled \"I've been to the mountain top\" at the Memphis Mason Temple. The following day, King was assassinated at the Lorraine Motel.","The Memphis Sanitation Workers' strike began on February 11, 1968, following years of dangerous working conditions, discrimination, and the work-related deaths of two African American sanitation workers. Led by local clergy, community members engaged in boycotts, mass meetings, marches, and other civil disobedience in support of the strike. The strike ended April 12, 1968.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"tnum_sanistrike_000209","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at Mason Temple, Memphis, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Black-and-white photograph from March 1968 taken by the Memphis Press-Scimitar newspaper in Memphis, Tennessee. The photograph is a close-up of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking to a mass meeting at the Mason Temple in support of striking sanitation workers.","The Memphis Sanitation Workers' strike began on February 11, 1968, following years of dangerous working conditions, discrimination, and the work-related deaths of two African American sanitation workers. Led by local clergy, community members engaged in boycotts, mass meetings, marches, and other civil disobedience in support of the strike. The strike ended April 12, 1968.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"loc_crhp_crhp0044","record_class":"Item","title":"Audrey Nell Hamilton and JoeAnn Anderson Ulmer oral history interview conducted by Joseph Mosnier in Saint Augustine, Florida, 2011-09-13","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews","moving images","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Audrey Hamilton and JoeAnn Ulmer recall growing up in St. Augustine, Florida, and participating in sit-ins led by Dr. Robert Hayling at Woolworth's drug store as teenagers. They recall serving a sentence in jail, attending reform school, and meeting Martin Luther King, Jr., and Jackie Robinson."]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_43","record_class":"Item","title":"William Fowlkes interview","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["In this interview, William Fowlkes discusses his experience with racial segregation and discrimination growing up in Tennessee. He describes his employment as managing editor and reporter at the Atlanta Daily World and several other black publications. Fowlkes was employed at the Atlanta Daily World during the teacher pay equalization struggle and the lynching of four African Americans in Monroe, Georgia. He ends the interview with his assessment of current race relations in Atlanta and by addressing the need for economic development in the black community.","William Fowlkes was born in Union City, Tennessee. He graduated from high school in Dyersburg, Tennessee and moved to Atlanta, Georgia in the 1930s after graduating from Tennessee State in Nashville, Tennessee."]},{"record_id":"pth_bcja_metapth595091","record_class":"Item","title":"Eulogy of the Late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["speeches (documents)"],"dcterms_description":["Text of speech wherein Barbara Jordan eulogizes Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking of his accomplishments, his effect on the politics of the United States, and his death. Handwritten edits appear amid the typed text."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_610","record_class":"Item","title":"2 March for Segregated Schools flier, circa February 1963","mediums":["documents","fliers (printed matter)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"gzn_march_686","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Reuben Harpole Jr., June 6, 1995, part I","mediums":["sound recordings","transcripts","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Interview of Reuben Harpole Jr., conducted by Jack Dougherty, June 6, 1995 (at his office, University of Wisconsin Extension, Division of Outreach and Community Education, 929 N. 6th Street, Milwaukee).","St. Elizabeth Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; St. Mathew Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee"]},{"record_id":"xhs_inrec_464","record_class":"Item","title":"Reflection of Painting of Reverend Martin Luther King at Ebenezer Baptist Church","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968) was an American pastor and Civil Rights leader. A winner of the Nobel Peace prize in 1964, he may be best remembered for the 1963 March on Washington that garnered worldwide attention and was attended by over 200,000 people.  Espousing nonviolent resistance, King brought attention to voter registration, civil rights, plight of poor people, and concern for the continuance of the Vietnam War."]},{"record_id":"xhs_inrec_393","record_class":"Item","title":"YMCA Group with Martin Luther King","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["On the back of the image is a note saying many of the people in the picture are ministers."]},{"record_id":"geh_jilson_490","record_class":"Item","title":"Funeral, Martin Luther King, Jr","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Aerial view of a memorial service in front of Harkness Hall on the campus of Atlanta University during the funeral of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia.","Martin Luther King Jr. was an American civil rights leader, and a Baptist minister. He received the Nobel Peace Price for his efforts to end racial discrimination by non violent means in 1964. King was assassinated in 1968 and is entombed at the King Center in Atlanta, Georgia."]},{"record_id":"geh_p17222coll4_19","record_class":"Item","title":"Southwind No. 131","mediums":["radio programs"],"dcterms_description":["This recording opens with an introduction of the program by Boyd Lewis. The first segment, which begins at 1:24, is a feature about Daffodil Farm near Calhoun, Georgia. The program features audio excerpts from Bill Bray and Deb James of Daffodil Farm who answer questions about the history of the farm. The second segment, which begins at 14:18, is a feature about Martin Luther King Jr., whose life was celebrated by Atlantans in April of 1985 on the anniversary of his assassination. The program features audio excerpts from King, and people who knew him or were inspired by him, including Coretta Scott King; Dr. Joseph Lowery; Atlanta City Councilman John Lewis; Atlanta Mayor Andrew Young, Jr.; Jimmy Carter, and several unidentified people. The program ends with a sign off by Boyd Lewis.","\"Southwind\" was a radio program about the issues, people, and culture of the South that aired on WABE-FM, Atlanta's public radio station. The series, which aired from 1980 to 1987, was conceived, produced, and reported by journalist Boyd Lewis."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1086","record_class":"Item","title":"Dan Warren : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Former State Attorney Dan Warren speaks about his involvement in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Ancient City Gun Club -- Ancient City Gun Club -- John Birch Society -- Ku Klux Klan -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Daytona Beach, Fl. -- Florida Memorial College -- Lincolnville -- Richmond, Va. -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Civil Rights March -- Klan March -- Night March -- Wade-in"]},{"record_id":"abj_bplsb02_8372","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. scrapbooks, 1968","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Newspaper clippings compiled by the staff of the Birmingham Public Library’s Southern History Department on King’s civil rights activities"]},{"record_id":"abj_p15099coll2_71","record_class":"Item","title":"Reverend Abraham Lincoln Woods, Jr. interview","mediums":["PDF"],"dcterms_description":["Reverend Abraham Lincoln Woods, Jr. discusses his experiences with Fred L. Shuttlesworth and The Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights"]},{"record_id":"abj_p15099coll2_72","record_class":"Item","title":"Reverend Calvin Woods interview","mediums":["PDF"],"dcterms_description":["Reverend Calvin Woods discusses the Civil Rights Movement and religion and the role Fred L. Shuttlesworth in Civil Rights in Birmingham."]},{"record_id":"abj_p15099coll2_1230","record_class":"Item","title":"Dallas County Sheriff's Department Civil Rights Surveillance Recording. Tape 1.","mediums":["open reel audiotapes","MP3"],"dcterms_description":["Tape #1, location unknown (possibly Tabernacle Baptist Church), undated (17 minutes). Recording opens with the singing of an unidentified hymn","an unidentified speaker directs a collection","crowd sings Old Time Religion and then chants “Freedom Now!”","Rev. Lewis Lloyd Anderson introduces Martin Luther King, Jr.","King speaks briefly before tape ends, telling a joke and referencing President John F. Kennedy’s June 1963 speech on civil rights. Recording ends. The singing of the two hymns fills the bulk of this tape."]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_44","record_class":"Item","title":"John Davis Hudson interview","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["In this interview John Davis (J.D.) Hudson primarily discusses his experiences as one the first black police officers in Atlanta, Georgia, and his subsequent appointment as head of the city’s Department of Prisons and Farms. He explains how initially black officers were restricted to only patrol black neighborhoods and they could not arrest white individuals for any crime. Hudson addresses the resistance he endured on part of the black and white community to his authority as a police officer and department head. He ends the interview by recalling the importance of the shift of mayoral administrations from Sam Massell to Maynard Jackson; discussing the devastating effects that integration had on the city of Atlanta and the black business community; and addressing his view of the power of success for the younger generation.","John Davis Hudson was born in Sandersonville, Georgia, and grew up in the Buttermilk Bottoms area of Atlanta, Georgia. He graduated from Clark Atlanta University with a degree in social sciences and religion, and later earned a law degree from John Marshall Law School in Atlanta, Georgia."]},{"record_id":"geh_vhpohr_765","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview of Tracy Gordon","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1040","record_class":"Item","title":"Fred Shuttlesworth : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) leader actively involved in civil rights demonstrations in St. Augustine. Provides an account of his participation in the St. Augustine civil rights movement. Focuses on the organization and choices of the SCLC. Compares the St. Augustine movement to other movements.","C: How did you become involved in the st. Augustine crisis? s: Well, by becoming one, by being one of the principals in the Civil Rights movement with Dr. King and Abernathy and Lowery, and the others ... C: Yeah. S: And we felt that it was unnecessary in my view movement by the, then ••• known personalities of the movement put in an appearance. C: Were you still in Birmingham at the time? s: Yes. C: I see. s: Well, no, I was in Tallahassee, was in sixty-... c: st. Augustine was ' 64 . s: ' 64 . I was living in Cincinnati. My relatives were there but I was still in Birmingham. Had charge of the Alabama Christian Movement and I was in Birmingham more than here because I had so many legal cases to resolve. E: Right, right. Just out of curiosity, background ... you were affiliated with what church in Birmingham? s: I was pastor of the Bethel Baptist Church in North Birmingham, which was bombed twice. C: Right. And, you were the chief organizer of the Birmingham •.. the demonstrations, is that correct? In' 63? S: One of them. C: One of them. OK. Why, how did SCLC get involved in St. Augustine, do you Know? 1 S: Well, I think it was Dr. Hayling then. Now, he was the head of the local Civil Rights group there, and requested to come down. And, of course, all those requests go to Dr. King and the board, you see. And the decision was reached to go down. I guess they started off sending the staff in and then the principals started going in. c: Who were the SCLC leaders in st. Augustine? The ones who were directly in charge? S: Well, let's see. Hosea Williams was one, because he and I led several nights marches there. C.T. Vivian was one. He and I led the march, one of the marches which went to the river. We went swimming when the desegregation order was being ••. go ahead. C: What was SCLC after in St. Augstine, do you think? s: Well, generally what we would be after in everything, to alert peopLe, to get people to move on toward their rights. I think here the beaches were segregated and the restaurants and so forth were segregated, and of course, there was the Klan riding around at this local sheriff's deputy possee and so forth, so we had to do all of that, so we come up police brutality there and human rights. c: Um hum. Was there an attempt to keep pressure on Congress with the ' 64 Civil Rights Act being considered at that time? S: Yes, yes, definitely. c: Um hum. When did you arrive in st. Augustine? 2 S: I really don't know. I went down, I went down several times. Come in and stay a day or two and participate and drive back. Both to Birmingham and Cincinnati. C: What was the idea behind the night marches? S: Well, we figured that daytime marches had special value, but that to do it at night would create more attention, that is ... C: Um hum. s: ... keep the community at unrest it decided to do something about it, and they had to be more protective and so forth so on. And I might tell you that the police in themselves were nervous and scared even though they had guns and dogs. c: Yeah. How would you compare, just out of curiosity, St. Augustine to Birmingham? s: Well, the worst riot I ever was in my life was in st. Augustine, Florida, around that flea market. That was atrocious, vicious. I think that was that because the police had allowed their climbing together and get there ... whet up their appetite, like the Indian used to do a war party-type situation, you know. C: Right. S: And sit up on defenseless and helpless people that night there. But Birminham, by far, was the more difficult and dangerous situation continuously because of the residual effects of the Klan because of the atent and patent abuse of 3 human rights by the police, by the courts, by everything else. There we did have a federal Judge, who took charge and followed this thing from day to day, and when we were in the court, he would leave. Evidently, Hoss Manuey was the one who arrested me. Manucy was the head of the Klan then. I didn't know until I had been Jailed that night with those Jewish rabbis and I was looking at it on tv. I said, \"That's the guy that arrested me.\" c: (chuckles) So, was st. Augustine more violent, do you think, than Birmingham or ... S: No, I can't say it was more violent ... c: Yeah. s: I just said that particular riot. St. Augustine was not violent expect for that riot that night and then one on the beaches where we went to the beaches and the Klan opened up for us to come in and swim. Of course we had no intention of swimming--getting out there in deep water and getting drowned, and most of our people were children. C: Right. S: So I said to c. T. Vivian, I said .•• they said, \"Come on in, niggers.\" Said, \"all right, we're coming,\" and we would go and head toward the water, you knows. They were taunting us and we were just, you know, chatting back. \"You all got the right to swim, dammit come in.\" I said, \"all right, we'll be there. Just don't worry about it. Get back so we can come in. Open up.\" So they got back further out in the 4 water and opened up a space between them, I guess, for us to come in there and swim, I guess, which would be about twenty, fifteen or twenty yards. They were up to breast or shoulder deep in the water. And so I said to c. T. Vivian, \"we must go into the water, but we ain't going as far as they are, because I can't swim and I sure am not going to take the responsibility for drowning these kids.\" So we quietly passed the word back through the line, as I remember that incident. \"Follow us. Do what we do.\" So the Klan that welcomed us come in, so they got even further back. Just means that less people got hurt or drowned, hurt that day. They got further back, so we went, just as we were going into the day. They got further back, so we went, just as we were going into the water, going straight to it, then as soon as we went, just as we were going into the water, going straight to it, then as soon as we got about ankle­deep, I said, \"Left face,\" and we all started to turn back, coming out of the water. them, hit two or three. And the Klansmen ran, some of Then the policemen moved in to break it up and this was another vicious situation. c: What were the ... S: One policemen was up on top of a car, bashing heads, at those times, with billy sticks. And they were trying to get to him to kill him. They were mad because we had the right to swim. 5 C: Did .•. how were the police in st. Augustine? We they very helpful? S: Well, I think they were helpful when they had to be. C: Yeah S: You know, they didn't particularly cherish patrolling and guarding us. I'm sure that no policeman likes to beat the head of another white person. C: Right. S: But ... C: That was Sheriff Davis S: ..• they were under orders and I think that the mistake in many of these things is allowing these people to get so violent and whip their appetites and emotions up until they have to really spill over into violence. I think that's, that's the key to most of the problems that broke out in the South, Klan and other things. If you move people along at a certain time, you might, you know, avert some of the violence that was done. c: You, they had these two fellows--stoner, and Connie Lynch in st. Augstine. Were they also in Birmingham? They were, Stoner was the Klansman and Lynch was the ... S: Yeah, well, I think he lived in Atlanta. I never met them personally. I presume that they came, you know, the Klansmen had a knack for roaming around, I guess, for wrong, just like we'd kind of roam around and do for rights. I would imagine. 6 C: Yeah. So you never, you never heard them speak or ran into them. S: No, no. I understand there was a Klan rally there. C: Yeah, there was. S: Hailey or somebody went to it and they beat him up. I don't remember who it was. c: Well, he rode by and got, he got waylaid by the Klansmen who saw him riding by. How about the community as a whole? Did you get any cooperation at all from the white leadership in the community? S: Not to my knowledge in the commmunity? c: Yeah. S: I don't remember. And then I wasn't in charge of that day­to- day situations like that. Somebody who was in charge and stayed there awhile like c. T. Vivian or Hosea Williams or Bernard Lee or Abernathy or some of them would have known more about that than I would. C: Yeah. How about success in St. Augustine? Do you ... Was there a general feeling that SCLC had gained a victory for the black community in St. Augstine? s: Well, I'm certain that, yes, of course we had the contributors, by getting the legal victims, by getting the Klan defused, by •.. C: The Civil Rights Act was, of course, passed. S: And I want to go back. There were some white people who came, who cooperated, but I think these, most of them were 7 whites who came from without. And then we had the priest, the rabbis, who went to jail with us who considened it an honor in those days to go jail with the priest. And some others. There was one girl, a white girl I believe who was from the local community. I'm not sure. I can't be sure if they were. I don't want to give the impression there was absolutely no white cooperation, but I think most of it, as, there as in other places, came from the outside. C: Um hum. Talked about the federal govement? Were they very helpful? S: Well, in moving the court situation. See, we had gotten from Birmingham and Montogomery and Sela, we had gotten the ferdal goverment enforcing agent of the goverment involved, so they could move into court quickly and get people that law enforcement officials would do their duty. Now, that was by far the most important situation. C: Yeah. s: In enforcing rights, see. C: Did .•• S: The justice department moved pretty quickly there. C: Was the justice department, say, as cooperative as it had been in Birmingham or were they very cooperative in Birmingham? S: Well, I think they were, they were cooperative to the limit of their thin understand as to what the role of the justice department should be in the goverment, you know. I wonder 8 why none of FBI agents couldn't do anything expect stand up and look and take notes. C: Right. S: Martin Luther King used to kick me when he'd stand there, take notes, great note takers. He'd tell you exactly how many blows you took before you fell. (Chuckles) But then under Robert Kennedy, you see, and Teddy Kennedy the justice department began to move actually and get the agents involved a little bit more. Of course, within limits. C: Yeah. s: Always deferring to local officials to using marshals when they had to. They insure that the agents would not just stand by and see anybody get killed, you know. c: Um hum. How did, how did SCLC decide where, what communities to go into in a particular year? S: Well, that's usually the board and staff decision. c: Um hum. And so they'd have a bunch of letters from various communities ..• S: Or request and phone calls. People would community directly with Dr. King. You didn't just get a letter and go into a community. You had to have some close-up concersation and really get the feel that, that something is needed, and then here is someplace we could go where we could make a is needed, and then here is someplace we could go where we could make a witness which would be both moving, moving and 9 meaningful. And could be seen by the country as getting some things won, you Know. C: Right. So did they try to go with one major community? S: Yes. Well, we didn't be in two, three places at one time. C: Ok. Was that decided from the start really to go with one community, say, as to Montgomery, or was that a later decision? s: Do what? c: Was it decided early on in history of the SCLC to go with one community or did that sort of develope after you tried several communities and found that it didn't work that way? S: Well, the limitations in staff and what we could do, Dr. King's time, mine, Ralph Abernathy and others, were meeded at many speaking engagments, just almost synthesized that we had to limit and concentrate ourselves on one basic job at a time. Now there would be follow-up in one community or there might be people, some as staff and some going in to other communities, speaking and doing things and encouraging people. Or even some of us could be doing that, but the major activity had to be confined because of resources to basically one area at a time. C: Was there a real feeling or fear in SCLC that it was very important to keep the movement non-violent so that violence wouldn't spread among the black America at least. s: Oh, definitely, we felt that by all means. And wish that it could have been kept that way. We wish that the country 10 could have responded to nonviolence before this violent content became evident and too many people hurt and go jail records and disillusioned on this false concept of black power and so forth. C: I was wondering, how old were you in 1963? Four '64 ? S: Well, I had to be, let's see, I was born in ' 22, so you subtract. Probably forty-two then. C: And how did you, how did you become involed in the Civil Rights Movement originally? S: Well, that's a long story but it can be shortened by saving when I went to Bethel Baptist church in Birmingham, Alabama in ' 63, I immediately started dealing in my own church and voting registration and community progress, and I was real ••. a driving force then. I got other members of the community to do the same, and then I worked with Civic League across Jefferson Country. Became known that way. C: Um hum. S: And then I was good, a pretty good speaker and I was invited to do the NAACP Emancipation address. The first year, I think two years straight they elected me as membership chairman, which gave me access to people because I was already known. And then I was membership chairmen when NAACP was outlawed in 1956, in May. Now, also, before this or during this time, before I was elected membership chairmen, the first big headline, I guess I got it in Birmingham, was that when I got fifty-five minister to sign 11 for Negro police, fill out their Negroes at that time. In '55, that was a little bit before the MIA stared its boycott. So that's how I got involed and of course, with the funding of my ... with the outlawing of the Alabama .. of the NAACP in Alabama, of course I called a mass meeting June 5, 1966, and organized the local movement and then went on to national meeting and many a group still does meet, and then, and we started attacking segregation. My philosophy was.that the best defense was a great offense and if all segregation. My philosophy was perhaps best being used in situations when the orangizers filed their first lawsuit contending ...••• One of the men said to me, \"now we've got that thing started, let's sit back and see how that comes out.\" I immediately said to him without thinking too well that we had to continue to protest. But I mean, put a lot egg because that egg spoils and you've wasted your chaveer. But I mean, put a lot of eggs in the basket, somebody will hatch out. And so we went in railroad station, pashas and, anything else. The courthouse was when you had to go into massive demonstrations, be down at the courthouse and decide that the citizens are going to be down there and desecrate the courteous. Then, we had the bus situation that started in Montgomery and also into Birmimingham. c: Is that when you first got to know Dr. king or had you known him? 12 S: No, I knew him before in Montgomery that same site. We had talked that year occasionally, but met, naturally, and of course we were there when they organized that night to start getting together to demastriate. So then, after Birmingham became so big, we got started, we had fought and won several legal victories and they would become pyrrhic victories because the law would be frustrated by the courts and the judges so that we began talking with SCLC and others about a confrontation. That's why the massive demonstrations were, we'd build around, even that people had to be moved enmasse for their rights. That to confront the system, we had to massively rise up non-violently. And really create turmoil in the sense to create attention in the community. You can't operate normally with segregation. And that Birmingham was the best place because of good climate and having establish as a citadel and because the next thing is being a type of a strong person, I gusset I ... they called me strong. I don't know what I was, I was a fool maybe. The Klan couldn't run me out. You know, they burned my house, blew the house down around my head. I didn't run out and leave town. And I had established a trust among the people whereas if I ever told them I was going to do any one thing, I would do it, because there was no doubt that if they people respected and would follow, because the few that would follow me in danger, you know, they would stick with me, you know. So that's, that's just a decision to make 13 this massive confrontation in Birmingham because we said we said in Birmingham goes, so goes the nation. C: Right. S: And it did. C: Right. What, where did you, had you come from before you went to Birmingham? S: I was born in Montgomery, Alabama, but I didn't .•. they brought me to Jefferson Country when I was a Kid, baby. So I was raised up around Birmingham. Oxmore, about ten miles from Birmingham, all my life in the rural. c: Had you gone, had to gone to college or religious school? s: When I was in Biramingham? c: Yeah. s: In '43, in 140, in 1940, I finished high school in Louisville. I married in '41 when I was 19. Worked for two or three years at the cement plant there. Then I went to Mobile, Alabama to get started on defense work. Got a job with the goverment. The only schooling I'd had beyond high school then was I started going to night school because I felt the call to the ministry. And the, I worked for the goverment until '47 when I quit to go to school at Selma University to begin my college work, Selma University in Selma, Alabama, the black belt, where we had the '65 voting riots there. I went there in '47. I began pasturing two churches--one on the east side, rural church and one on the west side in '48. And then in I was going to school at 14 C: Selma University. At that time it became practical for people not with a degree to get a c certification, and I felt that if I got that along with my two little churches salaries, I could make a living. So I immediately left Selma University on the spur of the moment and went to Alabama State. Made very high grades there for a year, three quarters. While I was there, I commuted back to Selma, to my local churches, and all of a sudden, the large churches there, the First Baptist Church, which incidentally, a storm tore it up in January of this year, but, the minister suddenly left First Baptist Church in October of '50, and I was well-thought of in the church for coming up there. And the deacons asked me to temporarily serve until they got ready to send out and get somebody. 'Course I preached there from October until May. Preached every morning and then go right immediately to my other country churches. And in May they called me, so I stayed there from May until '50 to '52, and that's how I became, you know, involved there. And then I went back to Selma University and I'm back there now. Got my AB degree at Selma that I have, and then I went, commuted back to Montomery and got my BS degree. In '60 I was on a Master's degree. Right. So thats, that's where I am now. Who are on the board of directors of the SCLC? Besides Dr. Aber ... Reverend Abenathy ... 15 S: I don't know. You'd have to get some of the minutes because there's a lot of people. C: Right. S: David from Louisiva, Anderson from Baton Rouge ... C: How often do they meet, once a year? S: Johnson from Mississippi. The board meets in April, and SCLC meets in August. at a convention. C: I see. Ok, well, listen, I thank you for your time. S: All right. c: And I really appreciate the information. S: Ok, if there's any publication, you know, write the group, give me a copy of it. c: I certainly will. s: What's your name again? c: David Colburn, C-0-L-B-U-R-N. I'm at the University of Florida. s: Where? C: University of Florida. S: And you're doing this for what? c: I'm writing a book for Columbia University Press. S: Oh, Ok. c: On the st. Augustine Civil Rights crisis. S: All right. c: And I'll send you a copy. s: Would you? c: When I finish. Sure will. 16 s : Thank you. c: Thanks for your time. 'Bye. 17","Ku Klux Klan -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- St. Augustine Police Department -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Wade-in -- Police Brutality -- Picketing -- Mass Arrest of Rabbis -- Klan Rally -- Civil Rights March -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1042","record_class":"Item","title":"Halstead 'Hoss' Manucy : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Halstead \"Hoss\" Manucy, a St. Augustine segregationist and alleged Exalted Cyclops of the local Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Focuses on the Ancient City gun club having no affiliation with the KKK. Disputes he was ever a KKK member.","SJ 2A l S~jcct: Halstead \"Hoss\" Hanucy Interviewer: Edv3rd Kallal, Jr. St. Augustine, Fla. February 21, 1976 Mj Vo .,\"f/11f1 ,_c. X: 1 want to thank you for junt conGc n~ing to talk like thio nnd I/An, you k11ow, trying to collect the evidence from nll sides and so th~t'e why w~'re talking. We're going to start at the beginning nOlol. Are you a native St. Augustinian? M: Bora and raised. K:0 Rcally1 Vhac:s it like to grov up in St . Augustine? H: I imagine just like growing up Anywhere else. K: Ya.Ah? M: lt'a just all my family been here for 200 years. K: 1\\ro hundred years? H: Yea. Coe in 1769 t think and they landed .: tit IJ¥ .. 1 ~ctt!lt and t:110st of th~ .-d ,,.th/ 'r fhtS ,If, •• ,{ settled Jw-. \"' (6/l'f.r(,;x. K: You've got pretty deep Toot• bore then, huh? H: That' a true. That' a why we liko to fight for i t. K: le it true ~h~t report thcro eRid th~t you used to play footbail for Sherlff Dnvio? H: Sheriff Davis was at'/ conch. K: What was this, h~gh school or tho ••• ? K: Hi\u0026)\u003e School. K: High School. high achool ... ? K: Oh no. Just Did you ever go to college or vas ph.,.:J ~ in high achool. ~c•c. -5.lv\u003e K: You aaid you working 3t o ~ now, what kind? /\\v\\o, -- M: lRS nhop. Jtf. '/\"6\"\"' r Chrysler Plymouth nnd /l1 ,,,,,/ ,8 ,,. • h I'\"' t ~'' the~ r ta=e. Some ~n owns them both. l work mostly on the road. X: What do yOu mean on the road? H: Woll, 1 haul cars back and !orth to get new cars and deliver ooi cars. SJ 2A Page 2 MCKen?:j.e Uh hub, l see. . .,,,. 1. {/:vt/ $01\"• .;,, P\"'\"\" ' \u003e\u003c' u~. K: K: -;: wuf )o f;'fJc,μ h\"~ f. ~ to the auction over there.. K: Uh hub. M: I've been with him 21 years. K: Yeah? That ' s a long tiJne. Ro\"W\"-hov \\.\"Ould you say generally the uh uh race relations w~re like before the crisis of '63-'64? M: Mostly no problems. K: No? M: None whatsoever. And re.ally it wasn' t no b~g problem vith the local colored at a1.l. They were just outsiders ••• • K: Yeah? M: •• • and then a few locals got into it .... K: Uh huh. M: ••• mostly it wos all outsiders. K: What about that uh fel la Hailing. the. uh dentist1 M: Well, he wasn't a natiye from here. He was an outsider. Re didn't ttay here long. So-he was a dentist, I think. that K: YC\u003clh, uh huh. So, you'd say~the relations were pretty good then M: Well, I uh we never had no problem with them, put it that way, you knova and uh and ~cally didn 1 t ho.vc a big problem other than outGidcrs. Just like I said- - people from Massachusetts and .SJ 2A Page 3 +tcKeozic af / /441/ Peabody ond people like that come down ond erf.e/ tcllin' ua what they were gonna do . K: Uh huh. H: Well, 1 ini.agine St. Augustine bein' the oldest city in the United States Wl ib.'l 4*.:. rm,,M ,l .,{,,!{;.; u s what they gonna do. K: Yeah. WeU, vou1d you mind then weighing-~ort of ~ighi.ng the M: pluses and mtnuse.s of tho. segregation uh \"that existed before tfle.. cr:t:sts and the. tnt.egrated ub thl;nt t hat they tried to put in. aftencards and uh vould you say it was better? Worse? Or, b.o\\i: would you characterize this change uh ••• ? 11off.,;,\u0026. l\"-r Well, it wasn' tAupc..t\u0026 /Jhite people when they passed a l.av ~ it was 411 for colored J ·je/n' c )/ 'ql'o~,.M.• r•S• • Y·es •• • I M: AM there.'$ nOthin' in it-con.stitution _ _,a._.Y~ ___ con!Jtitution for White people whtltsoever. K: You mean thaJcivil Rights Act o f '64? M: Ye.ah, yeah . It's uh when they passed that in Co.ngress i t waso ' t- '\" . they wasn't considerin' Jhice peope whatsoever ... . K: Yeah. but uhh •••• M: It was improvell'.!ent for colored pe.0ple and uh but there's }lfutc people need improvei::ent too .•• K: Yea!\\. [__ ______ -- - ------ ----- SJ 2A .Page 4 McKenzie t;f: •• • but they didn' consider that. K: So\u003e you say you think that the uh integration has helped tha ..\u003c!' . r -cks but uh •••• M: Oh, definitely! K: Yeah? H: Yeah, I think its' helped 'em. And- and more of 'em is wrkin' and ~l.tue- \"\"~s I think :tt's helped them, I don't think it-'~ no way it hurt ..... K: Uh huh. So uh so then maybe this thing has be.en for the better? The uh_ intetration? M: Well~uh i.n some ways- yes. It's helped all way around, you know, lots of time most of 'em wasn' workin', wasn't payin' t#Xcs like we were •• • K.: Uh hub_. H: 11 lo.f , r'\"\" ••• Md now ,,.., got pretty good jobs, moved into some \u0026ood jobs. K: How-how \"\u003eould you say it-it isn't better? The uh integration and the uh •••• M: \\lell, like I say it isn't better- it-it's ju'S+for the colored people. t.: Uh huh, yc\u003cth. M: The.- tbc. uh lover class ftcc people can't get the Gatl'IC bre\u003c'lks they get. --- --- -------------- --------- - - - - - SJ 2A Pea• s K: Bec4uec-bccause they're ,, ,.{.....f. tte , huh? M: Oh, veil, I W\"On't say that nov-I' 11 nay it'e ft'om somethin'. K,: Mm. hm. M: r moan uh uh Chinese or Japanes6 cnn't come ov\"'r :ind get the \u0026Qllle things that they get •••• K: Mm hm. H: It: H: It: H: So, ...!:=======- but you do think it was a be.neflt for the Blacks? \u003cII\\, defhlitcly for the blacql You-you think that was the:lr uh that vu tho .eiau.e•~acks' ,:J .4 4r/.1- {;,;~~ ,., -,,., ? goal• 1n -tn the uh crisis- tr • \\(ell, reUly, uh ..•• ~e p .-..9 K: Really now on account of uh they still ofter eomethin ' 0-ll the timc ... more and 1:t1orc 411 tho. time. K: SO , vhat do you think vas th.8-ir 7.~·.:e:-a\u003c--=~\"\"';i-~ • M: Welll, I really don't lcnow. I ?DUD I-I got out or it .1n '64-I vaa ordered to get out byt£cde-ral judge. And uh which I had nothin' cl1c to do vi.th it after-ve.ll, Nybe '65 ••• It: Ito .... K: Close to '6S. ~ don'-t.Jmov tlie.. exa.ct date \thAn t got out. And I-1 - ---- ----------------------- SJ 2A Page 6 McXenzie went to feder•l cous:t over thia thine 37- about 37 times. K: 37 tbe1TI H: And uh ••• It: Up in JackaoovWe t;1tl1. ,44 .. S:\"$?so,.J ? H: Yee. S~p-rJCourt. And u.h vhJ.ch uh vas Ju.8t o buP:.h of stuff H: K: H: K: -just aoDethin' aot'e or lees to aggravate. u.s, you knov, so-- !Nt uli in t~ end it all ..,rkcd out all right. So, l don' t really seo-no way the )Mfte. people. I mean I-I do 1hope or for.....it vu anythi.ng for I N Fite. C;tro' t4y that Judge. Simpson 6llci c.hei. truted ,.e 'bout-' bout •• Sood oe a mn could be treated. Whal I Y.eMS-? Ho. vaa courteous to you ond uh ••• ? Oh, he always vne and and uh they-they kept-they kept bringin' Simon, I think. H: Yeah. Ue kept-wall, he uh these oiggors had ae eub-pooned up there - soaactimc and uh I'd been up there so much they just called • nn th~ t elophono. and told .. ~ you be there tor q -f- K: Ah ha hah. K: I.t vaa just i:aore or lue aa.srovatin', you Jcoov. And uh for a long ttno 1 d~dn 1 get paid for it •••• SJ 2A Page. 7 McXenzie K: lb hQ, K: But the judge ordered the.a they had to pay me for every t-rip aod .Ueage that I .ado up ./6,1J4' It: Yeah? H: That vaa go1D' 4 urhc aub-poeoa •••• K: Yeah, that'• (/fieet1f H: But ub uh really •od truly there \\faln't th.at Dlch-vell, tbe7 actually ga.1.n notMo', you biov, exactly nothin'. They lost taee;. tbitr loat ground , they lost everytbJ:ng here--t.tll after tlie.. UDI law- VU P•••ed-thia happened befot:O \"tlPt , :f N_...1 ,hf$J. X: So, you'd aay t .hat t'he uh if-if even the.re wasn't even if there weren't nny uh ul' damonatr3tiona or man:hec the )fft:ks would've ga1ucd t he. eeme th.1.ngt M: Well , uh 4.ltcr the lnw passed the federal sove-rn=ent took it over •• • • M: 1 m~n-a.nd 1t' o a known fnct thot you can' t fight the federal government. K: Well, tlioy' r~ bigf !ic.h hoh heh heh. that H: Heh heh heh. But uh under the circumstanccs'-we had here they uh the. Nin thing ho COM in and a.aid he was•gonna take St. Aug-us tine ovu and -in 9-10 day1 •• • • K: Who v a.s Wt t ------ SJ 2A Page 8 McKenzie M: Martin Luther King. K: liartin Luther King? M: Which. he uh he r eally didn't gain no gt'Ound 'WhattiOeVer here which and uh and in fact, they did swim on the bench I\\ that's ~o -;,.c1 big deal- they had a better beach than vc d:f!d. to start with ~·L1.!.~/£ .,,1'-'0'.,,1.0M0\u003c., ,~,,r/L~•c.\u003c:h..;r:o-lc._,;a·\"Wz;!?\u003c'iJ•-'f\u003c------ right up against ours. 7 / K: lleh heh heh. M: So, that still wasn' a big deal and i t took 30 or 40 ~1.ghvay patro1 to wade out there with unifort18 on to do that . K: Yeah. H: So, we never had no-we Md T':.an durin' that time killed-a White boy ••• K: Mr. 14,a~I ? M: Canard. K: Canard? M: That was hi.a sis- QY daughter's his sister-in-law •••• K: Really? H: And that-the one that come in her e and popped the little boy-that's his brother--baby brother. RQ' s married to the one th4t was drivin' the pick-up. K: Mm hmm. M: But uh and that wll.s more or less-really more or less If// l!t'\u0026Eitf . !:.__~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- SJ 2A Page 9 McKenzie K: How--how did that happen? M: Well, ve--1 really don ' t knOV:- I mean I-I think x-ight at the /.,,_,; iiP Ume I-I'd been out of tovn tiii eithe./1Jacksonville or l.ake Ci ty establtsldn..'/l~ub over thc.r~ and uh '(hen r got back I heard about ~t and uh well he wadn't dead at the time but the uan shot oh, Q// I across a park from ll' street to another vith a .38 pistol and rou knov :1.t just . :1~ ck I{ ~~~~,!--~------------ lC That-th.at - s hard to do. M: i/t;, --Q,.. a,,ir ,maw7 K: I: couldn't hit time house with 4 . 38 much l ess,·/ 1-.J 6\"\"r- t?t.\"l~«~f M: You couldn't bi.t that car --·---b~· ,~· ~·~~~,i~,~\u003c~-~ you couldn't hit ' a tn.31\\ right in the temple and knock his brains out. K: Not :.tf you're tryin'. M: And then uh we got together r ig.ht fas t and I used one of Sheriff Davis patrol cnrs C3nt.e to 0~ , Cll-iae to his mother and stuff -· 0 4:!!\u003c• t n Jacksonville . K: Mm hm. M: Uh she d:ld'Q1 have no vay -.~a\"'\"'«\"r/-'\"t?t=•-- one of the boys in the club uh t ook het: up there but he was dead w·hcn we got there. K: Yeah, yeah. Well, when you soy probably rc!c~ring to the uh ancient •• ~ity-- M: -\u0026 .. ..,./ I •SJ 2A -Page 10 lk.xenz:ie \"K: Ub there's-that's, you knov-tbera'• A big controve-rsy over that and I've read,you knov,severil different descriptions of, you knw, what the club was--could you-could you explo.tn q/;\"'~ ,,\u0026.. c/(,t 6' \u003c•·a ? M: tt wtts a buntin club- -ve had a place out hare vhore ve hunted.· It V411 a big, club open for the public •••• K: Anybody coul.d join? M: Anybody could cooe in •nd hunt and we hid ae.ver-al United States marahall.a come up and bunt vi.th ua and uh t .bat vu ..... . l! That vas Kr. l/ ... lr.,s.# f . /Jd\"' -(1.,;• M: l(e had uh 9 niggers that out rch ue ooo thie.. K: Oh, yeah? H: And ~.=.:;;_~-'-~.Lll.-\"\".L-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Wo never had no trouble with them or ptvbl~u: with them whatsoever But it voo uh nnc1ent city hunti.n' club-·wa. hnd cards made up ;. ~.: 'e and all aod you could donate to it you vantM ·to. And uh we pro-tcctcd it from fires aod things like th•t--wo. patrolled it our- •\"1f. K: tbttc vaa I be.lieve Kr. /Jle.t--St, ~ H: -------~l/,\"\"h\"'\"''\"''\"'''-''-- yeah. J:: Ye.ah. H: /? Nt14G But v.u uh Robinson .-1-t4.u..Jl10'\u003c.eiric?~- Company but 1'6efte owed it . ) C.' K: Uh huh. SJ 2A Poge 11 McKenzie !(! I vas in charge of it. We had our own camp out there and every­thing. and w~ killed a lot of. deer t·• the uh cl'1b still in o.x.istcnce? Ahh, no, they closed /\".''/\"'\" . that p,1.ac..e altogether. K: Oh, yMh? M: Do -do you mean do 'We still hunt? K: Oh, t meant. you know, sort of in an.organized wAy. K: No, no, they've uh closed that !J:\u003e..tfi\u003c/\"' down. - they closed it // last ye.at'. Mm lw. ~f~, Yeah. }fas up tUI last year but uh 1t- 1t- wcll it's just the got all the pastures now, you know. That•$ what we ws -.having--that' a why we. formed this club­~ here the litt~ man'd have a place to hunt • K: Yeah. :But it-- and we dAN4 real good. We had it from. '52 uh up to a couple of yea.rs ago . K: Uh. But how many people would you say were in it? M: We has as high as eleven - eleven hundred. K: Eleven hundred, huh? H: And uh we'd see a membeOhip card-course yo+hat you w\u003ca.nta give--•nywhcre from three dollars Up ••• • K: Yeah. 11cKenzte H: I mean we're--if a. kid W\"ttnted to go huntin' ho,-if he dido' have it with a cord you gotta honor card to t4ke somebody with you. And uh we had ti lot of kids in it too -young k.ide condn' up huntin'. lC: I don't believe I-I've never hunted dee.r but I've done duck huntin' before and it'•···· M: But we Md uh we Md several ponds up there to bunt duclt. too lfl /\" l el ond it was some turkey out there and-~ equ1rrel •••• K: I understand turkey• are hard to kill? M: Yeah. It's fad busincae you use_-========--------­- ..-=========:-:you're liable to get ehot:-there\\s too many 8113teura out there.. K: Ah bah bah-a little dangerous huh? Well, did the-did the-did the club 1n an orga.niied way uh partic-ipate 1n o oqpat ·~..., in tha counter-demonatrotiona nnd stuff and ,·,... Ct•c6jr.J ••• 1 K: Yeah, ve-ve ret\u0026l--vo re-when they paraded. in town? Ve paraded X: Well, vb.at do you .eo.n-hov vould you all go about that? M: Just all got together end just paraded down there. with the lav just 11.ke they dona. )(: What d'-9 you mC\u003ci.n-just tMrchin• and--? SJ 2A Page 13 ·McKenzie ·M: Harehin' • • • yeah. K: Well, nll right -you- you knoW I - t/fiece-. ce......, -.s 4 f,p,\"' ~\"' :\u0026. f\"C.tlt/ :/ ti.• fy;i/,, t\u003etuff !n/\\Miam.t.-llerald and uh .•.• M: l:e:lll ••• . Daytona. Pape1•as the only one1that. give us a ~ugh time. K: Uh huh. M: I just-you kno..,...- 1 just want;l.:o verify a couple of things that t -hat I re.ad in this pa.per and you tell me if there true. or false you know, qualify them or what and it was in the Herald that I read th.a~ y'8.ll would carry guns in your cars in the uh vbile tha uh demonstrations were going on- you kept •• • M: I' carried .8: -gun. K: ~eah? M: 1 was ord0red by the state and by the sheriff' s department be-causo 't:f1 life b3d been threatened t\u003eeveral ti.mes. K: Oh, t:\"eally? Who uh threatened you? M: Well, we don't really 1c.now but uh I mean-I never carried it on me. t always carried it in the car •.. . qtor.f,1i,;//1J everywhere I went in I \u003e the C3'C. K: l(m hm. H: But uh flfe\"19 hr U club,no, they didn' cnrry guns. K: They d:i.dn' carry guns? M: Nah. Now, the l.o.w when they oarched with U$ they carried suns- and blackj~cks and e verything else. SJ 2A - ~•\u0026e 14 ·He Kenzie ·K: Were they sher iff's police and uh •• • • ? H; llighway patrol. K: Highway patrol? M: Yeah. K: What obout uh-vhat about the uh you know, it ' s widely Tepor-ted that y'all used the citizen band radio to coordinate--? p;. vq,ah) M: ~· we had citizen band radi o all of us had had citizen band . I think in any club · · C\u003c j;i 1/ 4,,,.. m St. Augustine. we had about 32 · :../ Q?4- · · ·a·r£ · ·*-e Y,;,-e: L\u003c AJ'd we had ~ctter ~et up and we.11 , ~\"O just patrolled all day and all ~ght-, we knew what was goin' on all the tirM. K: Mm i..n. M: And uh but we done i t ~egal~all the radios was legal •• •• K: Yeah. H: \\le worked on our own band and we worked with the city police and the sheri ff's department . K: Well-well vb.at exactly would you patrol for ? M: Well, just 11ke sometime · twelve o'clock at night t hey' d get uh uh a parade together and they gonna pal:'ade up town, see. (t 1u./, / J.- . O'°' ' 'f- ~ ~t\u003c•C rw@r/ ./~- o.I ., and then they were gonna do it / I any how. K: Uh huh. ,-- SJ 2A ~age 15 Y.cKcnzie M: And they just got to stop-that's all. But uh and then somebody'd call us on the radio-they'd-well, we just had somebody everywhere. M: Like wh.en they \\o\"e.nt to the beaches-we knew it before they ever got there. K': tlml M: And that they \"''ere goin' and it' s just like-~--''--\"\"'-\"\"\"::::::-~::::::::..... .............. police \"''Ork. K: And then when you found out where they were going you vould uh-? 'M: We-ve'd go there. K: Yeab. M: See what wa~ gOin' on. See if there was any foul play or anything far as them swirnmin' in the ocean-~ didn' give a damn about it. K: Uh. huh. Wh.o-\\lho vas. it that would Uh tA.t.. hoe1 SheX'iff Davis I said the ub you know, the young whites would be out there tr-yin' to dunk 'co ond :i:tvff. Who you blov who --? M: Oh, them were kid6-ind1viduals. M: Uh ua there was a lot uh people-you'd be SUl.\"prised at the tour-ists and-',/.~'.l.\"'\"\"'u\"'+gf\"'-'----- just didn' like it you know ••.• K: Yeah? M: It wasn't uh but I wouldn't get vet But uh you uh SJ 2A Ppge 16 McKenzie they had uh uh salt water mission boys~they were out there 1n boats-- K: Uh huh. M: • •• protectin' 'em and I-I don't believe they ever tried to drown •ea--they tried to scare 1 em--they did run ' em out of the water several times . •• ·• K: Hm to. So, what you all wuld just uh the ancient city hunting cl ub ; ~ = : would just go dO'Wn and, you know, uh just sort of watch the pro-cced: tngs or wha.tt ){: Well, vo usunlly knew what was goin' on all the tiine wc.-\"e had '/le o ;,-, We had our own band and uh ...- e uh strictly ~μ,~\"-'-m-\"~,/-~\"~\"'~''~\"-'--- J\u003c: Yeoh. M: And tth we Md nothin' connectin' with the city p0lice or nothio' wi.th the sheriff's departr:ient on tM radios. K: They-they· __ _::::::::=======----? II: Their radios ws their ow. T ~;.,Ir tX ./I c/.;;-J-i\u003c••rl ro.I/ t't~pa= /,·,~ a,.r/ .J)/t.\"1 ·' r Work together • •• • K: But y'all didn't work together on .•• ? ~ : No, strictly CD 's. ~ K: Uh huh. M: Now, we had good ones- ..-. e didn ' have no trash. We could talk nearly the - .$'i. .:lC lw £i-.., ~ with 'em. SJ 2A fage 17 .McKenzie ((,: Were the-uh _/d why~'t the integrationi.6ts seek the injunction against you? M; Well, they just try 81\\ythins they could think of to try to tie I me up you know. It ju.st va.sn•.,t. \u003cV• 6(,4.... :Z-d clan~. , v I didn' do anytM:ng. K: llo.11, i f-- M: I t's ;not illegal to go any where there's a bunch of n,iggers. K: Yeah, I unde.rstand that but :C~s just, you know, wond~rin' vhy '1hy would they uh why: would they try to \u0026' f t31J 1Nj11,x.;l,tn.'J ) M: Well, tlwt' c 'Why I im..1gine the judges se\"''C.d it oll up in the end-c.a:use tharfa.dn't nothin' to it. The uh sh~riff t.lent up ther e and the county judge and uh the mayor and all of us was up at federal court --\"q~f'--'a\"\"\"\"N£\"''-rl-12\"\"'0,_1',.,=/ __________ v I was uh mostly up there --the most uh •••• K: Well. uh the papers reported uh another organization called uh Manucf's ltaiders~is that the _..:::::::::::::::::::::'! M: We.11 , you-you -that was just picked up ca.use uh like you say there was uh bunch of Manuc7s here and that was ju\u0026t uh some.­thin' picked up . there never vas such 4 thing as - os Manuc}I • I give 'em to the sheriff 7 _ ___ the judge one and uh ~y z;1/, ;~ r .\u003ci;'\u003eNJr.1 PAio --\"\"'-\"-C-·_,,-.,,,,\"'\"\"'--'C'-\"!?\"\"\"d!\"'\"s'---\"\u0026=~,,,,;;\"~----'ask ' ei:a up-up t:o the club. SJ 2A . Page 18 ·McKenzie I ain't goin out there.\" I snid, ~ell, \u003c you' re welcome to come if you · want. K: llhlmp. M: And uh but that ' s ju.st somethin' that got started - the newspapers K: M: I(: thought of som~individJa.ls thought • •• . So eh that 1 s j ust mostly uh _ .=::==:::::__ ? l1ostly tnlk.,, daafht\u003c at' 1f7' Ctch I uh l read in another place and Sherif f Davis kinda confirmed it tha t ufng had uh you know had a little organization uh also. \\.kis he. uh as well oraa.ntzed as uh y'all? M: Oh, definitely not. K: Nobody was . M: Not even the sheriff's dcpart,mC?nt or the police department. K: Yeah? M: tJbai like I said to·e uh had good equipment to work with. m d ve worlced a?t!;,. i'i,1., I with the sheriff' s department and the police depal.\"tment. -=======,,,.a-\" they was ther~ or uh they had a few l ittle c'Xt: •• .. .-;0,.,,. uptown-some knock.in' aroW\\d but . aa-lh..,,'# other than '\" . £ ,,;.. 6· rfr t hen and uh and uh~ they had a little (\"' ..._ r-J, .. .J- ).. i~,.. . ; rJ\" up there one nigl\t and bustin' -.,z\"';.\"/_4. ..,1..,_,,,., _,+,._ilu-.''\"'\"f';r--- - - .::;,===============:::::.- photographers. They were ordered I I -- - SJ 2A Page 19 McKenzie not to parade and we w~re too. And we didn' and they decid~ th.ey vas goin ' to do i t anyhoW. that K: Mm ho. Well, uh Sheriff Davis, you know, s.ays1you're not- ond I've read uh several articles sayin' that you're not also uh in the Klan-but S'impson claims you vere and let's eee who else -1,,,/~· M: ~ Simpson never c l aii:led I was. K: He said that t he uh ancient city hunting club was uh. was uh ;; y ;:. . a c Ml/wt;Y. .. M: He was b, J.•ou~tl uh.-• but it was never proven. K: No, uh and I believe the Uouse ·on unAm.erican Commit- Activities Connittec said that the _:nci ent c:_ity ~unting club was c/{,,,,,tCOI .,_ ::. number 519 of the United Flor ida . KKK . . uh was thia true1 M: Well, well, I don't know I 'm a C4tholic and I don't A':vl'{.ol rhr \u003c;'.t,.,n ~ ,,,.,,, I r(;(f',-j,y., /,, o/'ft~ c4.,.,, K: * hln. M: All tho Hanucys is Catholic, see? K: Yeah. M: We were born and rAised Catholic. In fact, a11 my peopl e vere, so uh \\lell __+- ,.C_o.'~'\"'-j,\"-'\"'\"'-r'4\"'\"''- we'd uh they'd been around •• •• I K: From the ;nci-ent .~ity? M: Uh no, from St. Augustine. K: Mm ho. SJ 2A Page 20 McKenzie. !f: And they uh wasn't from Florida mer/f•t at/of. AlobNDO. I K: Uh huh. H: Coveroor' s • And ch dovo io'lwallace' s old kicking grouods. K: Yeeh. M: B\\1t uJ\\ I met some fine people in the Xlon. I(: Yuh? H: And I tbt.nk it's just as legal as the HMCP. K: Well , it's not --it's not an illegal organization. SO, you would say t'hc .!ncient _c1ty !'unting: club wu not uh a part of ::. ;:- :.. the clan, vae oot a kl.avemt H: Ho. X: No? Uh. I know you say you think it is a good o,r\u0026anizotion-it's uh .• •. H: The Klao? K: Yeah. M: Detinitelyl X: W~ coul.d you describe for •C vhat ub vhat you think their goals Arc, their uh-why is i t good? M: Well, I wouldn't know C4uao I don't knov that much about it. - aost oC t~ etuff vas al.L aecrct anyhow. K.: Km hm, yeah they are a secret organiz.ation. M: So, uh you wouldn • t - thoy •d have to trust you -----~r~:,,_~-~k~\"~'~\"~~ra'- ___ ------------ ---- SJ 2A Pago 21 ' ., I / I -' ~.\u003c r wtor~ af .,lh' .i\"t:!eetinp a,_,g f-\u003c /..t'.':I e~ \"• pealc:.ic;,gc and ub well uh they just talk fact• •••• M: Uh huh. ~~ .. \"\"•},, K: c , .. ; •z' \\. up north and hO'W they-the nigger s was act.ing up th.a.re And 4Jf£\" they Md everything in the world :ind ti.11 th~ froedom they w;tntcd •••• K: Uh bub. M: I .'k 1A1 Nev Jersey- they pre.ached on the !acta and uh l lil.ed it myse.lf uh I used to go t o \u002611 their a peeches and r we.nt a1.l tho vay t o Alabama to one. K: Oh yeahf M: Md t• d go down south to 'em. but uh I never ct.en uh a vhatcba­Q .co.17' real bad man in the Kl8J'1. K: . Uh hul1. M: Everybody l mot wtt.G just tope. X: Mm tn. bid they have many meetingo around hore during the uh-? M: In St. Augustine? K: YCAh. During the uh crisis? H: They hod a lot of uh uh wide open spuklnga ••• • IC: Yeah. H: ••• had 'ea in the pad and uh they had 'e• out the-re by the bowlin' alley and uh the law vas alvays there14.t\u003etvo~. SJ 2A l'age 22 K\": llh did you know-did •••• M: And they di.dn' go veiled or no thin' they vent in e A) out£it _ _.,{....... ._ ,f'------ K: I don't bclit.ve eh.- i t '8 against the lnv to wcor o CllOak, r believe. K: Yop. X: Did you uh know the one fell.a fr01a Atlanta nomcd J.B. Stoner? H: Yep, rc4l. well. K: _ lle).l , )11\\at did you think ot hi.lo? J.. -111.,-, ltf H: 0~ he vas a hcll of a nice guy. K: Yeaht Ub vould you-could )'OU uh describe to .e your relationship vith M•? M: Well, he uh S:2-n?1 - defended ae in Jnclc.aonvillc. K: Yooh. M: Stoner did. K: Uh huh. M: And l\\C worked with uh uh a local l awyer hero, Frank UO\\mrd. K.: Pronk Jlowsrd? II: Ha K: So uh H: But Fr atllt Howard vas t:IJ lewyer. K: Uh huh. Would you say in tenas of-in. teraa of the uh SJ 2A K: Well, lav. I J t hat he knew the law, /,J~ // -cilf fA11ho• • a un /'\\ knows the ) X: Yeah, he is. He's a--from vhat 1 undcratnnd, he'\u0026 o very good attorney. Uhl\\ did you all have-other than a, you know, a client - •ttornoy--V (11: If,, wPS ~ ~.......,. rclationshio/as far •• I kl'low uh, hie ct.and.a.rd wa.a--ha vae uh the firm's lavyc.r from Georgia. I mean, the klao, I guess you cal.l 'C., I don't k:nov hov, what they went by • IC: Ub hub. K: lut uh and he like 1 \u00268)', if v c got a place to have 'ta (t , hl\"e ve. fl ______ they vel2. they ver~ got6fta havo a speaking ton.ite a lot of the times if ve could help them vJ.th it ~ helped thect with it, gett11:i' you ktl.ow, permits and thin\u0026fJ.Thcy didn' do notbin ' without permi.\u0026sion. K: Sheriff D.'lvis k1nd4said the lQ.41n uh, you know, ~lien they come 1n they 80rta looked to you for, you lcnov, a little help in orgru\u003e.izlng • .. K: ----~y;\u003c...:.:.o :\u003e_,._ _____ ,vea, then uh w juat didn' want no- 7 body gctt.in' outta line... I eeao you can't-you un't control a thouaand pCtOple. K: Yeah. Is-U-woul.d you s.ay that's be about the eizc of the-that vould show up for the uh U.n 11aectiogat SJ ZA Poge 24 ·Mcl\u003cenz.ic if H: Well, l wouldn't say that now. I 1d say u~t waa necessary they could soc ninety thouaond I K: Yeah. M.: But uh uh .oat of theao peopl\u0026-juat ordinary people-go out to these epuldna and thtnga o••6 w kn K: Ho ID.Sor-you'd K: lt'e w..ztn' t'/111 f\u003cNl},.J unlesaj\\ ahMrd it ,.ourself, you knov. K: M: K: K: K: I Nn hn . -nttP And W ha.d 6' ni88Cra to 80 out there One night ••• • nlgM Ye.ab. tho uh tho /\\ out by the drive-in ? By the uh bovltng alley. Bowling alley? Yeah. I understood they got thrashed out there pretty bad. M: \"nley coroo in tlu:oush t ho back clnim1n' they waa go in' f i shi n' in the. dark. K: Ycob. M: But nov that va1 Kl..on. X: Were you--were you out there that night? H: I vas thue. K: Uh hul1. H: But they rul.ly dido' t got hurt. We uh 1topped it right av:ay-the aher.1ff 1 B department woe there in ju.st a few minutes •••• K: Nn bn. ·SJ 2A .Page 25 McKenzie. H: ••• put a atop t ·O it. ncy tr,\\.,, 4;.\u003c rq1 J \u003c,,,, I K: So, you vould aay th.at, you lcnov, other than, you l:nov, other than vorking, other than Kr. Stoner uh being, you know, partially re.pre1e.o.tiag you uh y'all vo-rked fe.1.d.y closely too-gather llht H: Ob, ye.ah. We.-ve vere very close. they would come 1D. and and we bad ooc uh ________ .a.....,,',-'-f_ _.6\"-\"'-6'='-~/,... .,._' ,--- / over where that bread place 11 now which vaa a bakery then. And ve holped them sot tho propor·ty. ~. K: Uh huh • M: • •• ood got tho lca1c on tr(...d uh .,t-J,,,; I that owned city bakary at that time. nnd he g ive us permission, you know •••• K: Yeah, M: We hod a lot uh help and it wao juot like uh evcr(),ody here vais YorkJ.n ' to\u0026oth~r--tbc ma.yor , tho city police , sheriff ' c. department, Ancient' City Huntin' Club, 'n uh- we r eally didn't: nce.d anymore. We vos quite.~\u003c/~-*=\"\"\"'\"'----· K: Uh huh . M: And they would knock v1ndov1 out atound town. X.: Was tho.t the klon1 H: Nooo. They' re-colored. K: Uh bu!\u003e, SJ 2A Page 26 ·Mct\u003ceru:ie M: 'nle klan didn ' t do nothin' lik~ that~tbey didn't go around bustin' windows and things like that • . X: Who do you think-\"\"WhO do you think· uh threw t he fire bomb into that­that motel--Manson Hot el? M: Uh that--it wa\u0026 definitely colored. K: Think so? H: Definitely. K: I thought t he b\u003c\u003emb went in uh after the Civil Rights demonst'tation had been passed W:d uh:!'.-\u003c - -fliC. 'j)\"Y 1-w/ H: Welll ••• K: •• 4-t integrated and then, you know, it was, you know, being.._ __ _ h 11 :fh1. y JI, /.ft ... c .... 7 M: Well l , y0u wac $ 1potQd to integrate. K: Yeah, but at onc~tbcn white counterpickets, you know, picketed them, d i.dn ' t they? M: Uhh, l don't think they ever picketed _ _,$\"\"--'''-. ''=\"•' •:.';'1-'- --- at the I M:tnson •••• K: No? M: That' c t:here they put them gators in the swimmin' pool there? K: And t hen- the acid in thQ switmin' pool? M: Noo, bleach. K: Bleach? Well , you know •••• M: 114 11oh ha hah ha. K: K: K: · SJ 2A · Page 27 Well, what about--what obout L. Yt1\u003ch ~ Did you know hia? Yeah? Kcltenzie the uh uh klansMn nrunM uh Connie; dono mo1t-he was a preacher and ho knew bis buoiness. K.: Uh h uh. M: And them, they would come down here from-thc111 tt«\u003e prenchers 'd come dOtln here. from up north and anything th•y v.mtod to aok hS.. he K: Ye.ah. \"' \"1 // •d M J _,_N.=N~rl'-_,.,_..\".'-,\"\"\"\"--'be have -'Open debate vi.th 'e• any time-right in /I the pnrk. K: And so you'd cay you wOrked kinda. c lose with him too? M: Oh, 411 of 'ea, ye.oh. Couso they - thcy-thny were radtc.al people and they - they were in to let you know vb.at was gollng on becau.se :tt: bad happened to them ftr•t. Be was out in Little Rock _,,d then in Alabama and uh he-he ju1t l:nev vb.at '\"-as goto' on. What- vh3t the-y verc up to. K: Uh so you would soy you \"WOrked with the:ta s.ay oimiltu: to the vay you vorkcd vith uh Mt;\". $Toner? M: Yeah. They'd betn to 11\\1 house J t.ioe.s and I'd been to where they stayed. -------- ---------- -- ---- SJ 2A . Pose 28 · McKenzie K: Yeah. Where-- \\i:bere did they stay down here? M: Ahh, at the motels mos tly. K: Uh huh. M: But um ••• K: And so, you a11 \"1ould get together and coordinate your marchct\u003e your counter-demonstrators, or what •.• ? M: Wellt you see we- for a long t ime ~e didn't have any a~u:ches . We just figured the only way to beat the:n was to beat 'era on their own game. K: Uh huh. M: And 1:t worked. K: Wh-wMddya mean1 That's why you brought up the tnarche.s? M: Yeah. K: Uh huh. banner M: And uh we had big on the front of it-uh a man and hit\u003e wife towed it--wtth a big rattlesnake on it t hat Mys, \"Don't Tread On Me\"~ and it led the po.roide. K: Yeah. M: We were awful quiet, we didn't make no \u003ci .,.,,.4,jt,... we didn't put out ' \" \\ a -==========:.:or nothin' like that, you know. K: Uh huh. M: It's uh--we got up there one time and they-they jumped q: (/\"tf ~./ (he. parade-wwas just a matter of a fev minutes •n a few of •em got their heads knocked but uh •••• SJ 2A Page 29 .McKenzie !(: Yeah. K: ••• there vae enough lov rJ.ght there to handle it. X: When tbe blacb would •arch out uh ve.re you and Hr. Stoner and Kr. Lynch orsanJ.stng the people that, you knov, vould .uh gather and vatch tho .archca and etofft H.: Oh. no , definttel.y not. Jutt pe.oplo ldib (/J\u003ct~t/ a'(.; ~f'- On 11::.,,. O:d,.J. K: 'ttley vould be their ovn, but t 'he mn:hq you or gaa.ized? H: lbc urchce vo--wc--wc kinda- kl.Deb eet ' em-eveey tioe they'd 1113.rch, ve' d 1Urch. X: But uh uh the straight cou:ntcrdeaonstr;fltors and the. guys that M: were. uh_. you know• uh .:·.:;#=.,•.,f_,,.+\"'\"A\u003cc.·.._~ka.\u003ca:;u,t!:s.l·..:ku,,,u.,.,._.- t\u003c\u003c\u003c2J¢..,,•+a\"'\"·'.- (/ Ii I' -----~-::r:-.-1_· -~\"~'\"~'-------'people coiain ' in town uh t hey wcr~ mostly people outto K: Ycoh? M: And uh sOmQt.1m\u003c!: t hcro 'd bo 3 or 4 buo, lot1d1 of 'cm come in here ond uh they h.od o lot of kid a from j l.m'l.ior col lege in P41- atka nnd differa.nt ona..e around , you lcnov, so •••• // ,• I • nlcf' d cooe up he.re for countcrdeaonstr4tions: • • • ~ H: Oh, yeah • • •• K: o.nd du.nkin\" blacU in tho wade-ins and et uff'l H: Tcah • • • va.11, I don't know about th.at. I think t hat was just kid• oo th~ beoch vho didn' t like theo on their beach cause ve vasn ' t--whitee vun't -the 1heri{f didn't allov the whites ,,: d/1DJ.u\"\" beach. SJ 2A Pogc 30 K: Uh huh . H: He didn ' t want ' cm dovn there meddlin' with nobody. K: What uh- vei:c thc'Ce •any uh local uh, you know, you ••id some ot-Jm)st of J},,, r~~. out of stat:e-we.-ra thore many loca.1 uh klansoen i4volvcd • you. know, fro=: the- St. Auguatine. St. Jolms area? H: Well, l didn't know none of 'em. K: No? K: Uh I knew everybody t'hot was :in the Ancient City llunt1n' Club but t d.idn't probably had ~: Yeah. M: 1 don't l\u003cnooJ. biov-I don't thUlk-it vas juct ,, . , ~, .-.,. you knov t K: But you didn' t l\u003cno~ of them, lwh? M: huh uh . lil\u003co uh they-we K: Uh what ~out the klansnten from Jacksonville? Did you uh • •• ? H: A lot of ' em COM d01rm. K: A lot of klansatnf M: A lot -\"''\"'/-_-_,.,,_,_1 ____ -knev and uh l went to several of their •eetin's up t~re. They had t.he.se big rallies, you know. K: Were they h.avd.nS them whilo the rio t s were to1ng on? The rallies? M: Oh, YVh· K: Yeah? SJ 2A Page 31 M: They had them Jn Jncknonvllle, different places and uh •••• K: And so you vere uh-you'd serid some people up_:z%..,.., ., ..._,.._o;jf,_·k=\"-\"/'\"h\"'\"-''._-7 M: Our people ----'=====::::::::::::=========------- none of theo --====:::=.___!up there. K: Uh huh. M: We. you knov, find what vaa go1n• on cause this here like I say this Connie Lynch he'd been around. He'd uh been plenty of places wh_e.re this same thing vnn bdppentn •••• K: Ye.oh. I{: •••• alr eady had happened •••• X..: Yeah. K: : ... and uh ••.. IC..: Uhh v~t .a.bout uh I - I believe I read one tilM thl• uh the kl.an uh ftO?!l J4Cksonvi11c \u0026Ot in touch with you to get this one fella a job down hero uh .. I believe the fella' s no.ma was uh Ro'S~? M: 1 don't know ' im. K: No? Ub I - I-I don't remember the f.ects, you know. just. you know, K: K: the way I read it but I mean-got him a job on a f t.bin' boat or somet.hJ.n,g you sot ' iat Don't k:nov if you recall, huht ·:Not that I recall) NO· . , Obly, on the other hand, what d°(ou '$( ve/fe all •bout? think the NAACP and the EtL S\u003c .£..~ H: lJe.11, it's uh for bcttcr1n' the black is all. K: H: K: H: K: H: K: H: SJ 2A Page 32 Y4'Ahf And uh they had a goal they were tr yin' to reach and uh •••• And do you think that g\u003cNil vns integrot1ont ::;: t,;.,,. Yaob, definitely/ ltti3t' s tho main thins. Y~Ah . You think they \"'·ere •• • ? Cottin' into the schools and one thing 'n another. U do you think they were communist1t c (J}H~tl , N'f 'r f Well, I-I bad a picture at a Mo9r·•a MetiD' vbich like you aay, thn.t • s newspaper and nobody knova vhcthcr to believe it or not •••• K: Reh ycaa butt K: But t.lb ch uh Martin Luther King wae: there. K: Uh huh. M: But that don't mean nothin' • K: That doesn ' t mean he's a •• •• M: Uh uh a cocnunist or not, yeah , uh I wouldn't aoy that. K: So, you don't think he vas uh -t'Ome SOl't of cocnun.ie:t uh coo- H: K: H: apiracy uh formenting --===:::=._;f Well, what tood would it be to the comunil:tst Ahh, it's you know, it's sc.e-a bit IJ.:f\"or • to underatand too but a lot of people, you know, thouiht-thought it vas- +Ji-f 1',L. ,,._,,,. t H. ,. ... ~. ., . ...., .L~ iloticed ,, ,.,, lcAtpt..J - l Well, it seem.s·llike he went to 411 kinda . me.ctina1 a!~.1\"',,. I and thi,nss you kno-J, so uh, it ws uh-so did I. IJO it wouldn ' t been J'/r}?r,:,.,y ------------- -- - SJ 2A Pase 33 McKenzie I woulda seen or seen my picture anywhere. you know •••• K: Mill •• hm. M: I've never bcc.n in a ~ngress meetin' _,.a,_c._...;.11;.._r.\\;-.;.,',/',,_ \".«.·.:;-.r_ ____ 0 that I know of, heh heh heh heh heh K: lleh heh heh heh heh. Well, uh how would you uh typify uh sheriff Davis's uh uh Ottem.pt\u0026 uh just the city in gener~l'\u0026 uh uh their methods of uh t:cying to control the uh the. demonstrations ? M.: I: think they done a t.'Onderful job-the shc.ri:ff' s department and tlic. ctty police. and the mayor. And uh when they asked us not to pArade we just didn't do it. I mean ve didn't go against the law a.t a11. K.: Uh. huh. I'm still. a little confused-you know, you said you would vork., you knov, vith the sheriff and with the city police •••• if M: W:el.ll, nov'\\.,e. thought there' wa.s goin'-. i f they thought the.re wns goi.n' to be a big st~nk or a big problem up t01.l'r\\ •••• K: Uh huh. M: • •• we'd go up there and stand a round and see •••. K: Yeah. M: ••• t he 1\\1.ght they did have a camera~reakin' and t1tuff up there •./ I \u003c , K: Uh. huh. that was - that waa just one night when they uh •• • ? H: Just one night . K.: Uh huh. Were-did sheriff Davi.s make you bto n special deputy? SJ 2A Page l4 .McKenzie M: I vas already n deputy. K: Yeah? M: Yeah, nnd uh Siopson took it away frorn me. K: Uh huh. M: Me and one other guy. K: t-r believe uh sheriff Dav1s,\u003e.jou know, kinda characterized your uh his relationship to you he kinda uh terms of his liaison of ficcr and so you ~'Ould uh kinda help him keep you know, informed as to what w.s gom• on ••• 1 ~ ~ ~ M: /a.at was at-/,·}.':\u003e, ,...,/-- what we knew and we done the sam.e ' , VC vs • K: Y•ah? H: l'f ho. thought there was gonna be trouble we tried to head it off. and juaflik.e when they ordered them not to go into these places and sit down and be on the floor? K: YMh? M: K: M: We had--we had no part in that ~ uh strictly the sheriff's department handled that. Uh huh. OS Uh nov G:iias a deputy once or tvicc I hc.lpcd h1tn at the jail, you bow, had a big crowd out the.re • •. I think around the same time 1bout the saioo time they put Miss l'eabody in j\u003ctil. K: She's quite a character, isn't she? SJ 2A Page 35 · licKcnz1e H: She was, ~t'ight. K: Sheriff Davis was tel1in' me that he's gotten a few letters \u0026ug- M: K: gcstin\u0026 that he write uh Mt's. Peti.body and uh sugge$t that she:- she uh hel.P the bl:lcks in Boston integrate their Gchools, heh heh heh heh. A little-little turnabout there, I think. 1-1.,, ~e .:;iOI'·/ vas the. g,ovemor of-of Ma$sachu\u0026etts ••.• Yeah. Well, so then you would say, you know, you-you ~'Orkin fair ly closely with this uh with the uh you l\u003cnw thi\u0026 kind official-would you say\u003cl most of the uh Yhite people in uh S~. Auguatine. ~. K: Pretty much solidarity, then. huh? H: Yeah, it's uh '1ell, like I tell ya they didn't y:le.l.d no ground 1 ~ C: 0 :=;;cA lot of money \\o.'08 spent for nothin •. K: Mm hmm. Ahh, I .also, you know, read where. that uh were--the uh paople that gathered on the uh back in the uh old slave mat:ket and stuff to uh uh counter the uh counter the marchers? I read \"1h.ere a lot of your uh uh or some of your sons vere involved in that? •SJ 2A Poge 36 McKenzie H: !i.•6 . /?IV ,.((4,.,. one•, YAAh J 7 X: Uh huh. Did-did ao could )'OU exert any influence ovt-r those k..iQd of happen.1.aga uh in an iad-irect vay through your sons, or ••• f K: Ohh vcl.l, the:y~l.1aten to ... JC: Yeah M: K: M: They'd lieten to •o.Uh and they'd have a--vell, one of /'M' who.n the 1 _.,t:r.,,.. •._ , __b oy we killed. I a,,,,e e ./ : fi.,as I I /\u003cJJ(\" , them was and oua of the bullctn lodge right behind the seat behind hill. K: Hmmh. M: But uh--yeoh there woo uh ocvctal of tl1ca:i into it. K: And did-would they have ony influence ove:r t he uh over the uh M: K: M: other people that \\ICt'O uh Q.Othcrcd afot.t.IJ._ ? Well, not\"\"llOt necets4rily. Whot kinda-what kind of things would you uh, you knov, uh you told me you aa1.d they voul-d uh obey you-\"'-Mt kind of thin.es ~u \u003cdo•· 'el 'tar' k.-1t'. l/\u003ct ... \u003cfol I/. / -n•' Welll , like uh if 1 tell 1 ea don't go nigger tolm-stay outta there. They wouldn't go. SJ 2A Page 37 McKenzie K: Uh huh. M: And uh ve have no bus:incss down there unle.ss we /.t/{lft,,,i the.re paradin' , you know, and uh but then lot occasions we go through n igger town to get to the hospital or which 1'' d so down there when I was ready and I~ I never had no probl erae . I q.- never had no r\u003c\u003e\u003c:ks throwed at me ~ no shootin' at me and nothin' like. that. K: Nm hm. So you ••• M: They did bust the windshield in my vife' s car uh but th..'lt was .-d.-on\"e'\"\"'r,.,ig=h\"t\"\"\"h\"'er\"'e\"-'in=---W.est Augustine. K: What would you-what would you say , you kn0w, ther e's all these different kinda police in uh- - what was the di fecreoce in uh the uh local, you know, the uh sheriff's department, the c ity!s department , their efforts to- to uh maintain peace and uh order Blld the uh. state officers- the uh troopers? H: We had-W\"e had some of the finest state officers you ever seen thexe. K: Y~ah? H: And they were all tops. K: They were? K: Ahh, when they \"'ere 8earchin' cars they searched whi.tc people' s cai:-8 just like they did the colored. SJ 2A Page 38 He.Kenzie M: And uh •••• K: What'd the uh •••• K: They didn't lik.e it, they didn't like goin' to the beach and ttdin' out there vith the.1.r unifon:i.s on and ju...t ao 3 or 4 could swim vhicb it vaan' really right when another .Uc dovo. the beach they could svill free. as they wanted to.on t'he same beacl\\. lt: H.m. bm. Ub. would tho uh local-the local. polt.co do the eame I!: ~ H: K: tlrlng.-..earch both. uh. both white and black cars? l don't th:tn.k 4 ~ far .. ,. polJ.ca did it .... They just search the blacbf No. 1f they caught eomebody) attd they searched ae. \"teah? M: Uh before hut uh uh nl.l they found wat/a gun in the car vh:lch I had perm.16810n to carry•well, I w~s a deputy anyhow ao l could carry it if I wanted to. K: Hoa ha. H: But uh •••• K: \u003e'hy--i.1hy dld Simpaon t4k4 :iour dcputyship away? H: Well, l wasn't a bonded deputy--! was just a honor deputy. We had it for the po.at (!19, (,.,/a( _ _ K: Yeah.? SJ 2A ·Page 39 Mckenzie M: And uh and then uh one of tb,c boys was a bonded deputy--jus t that he didn't think we oug,ht t o be \"'\u003corkin' with the sherUf'\u0026 dcpar tnent. K: So, he just ordered you off the uh • . •• M: Ordered the sheriff to release ue. K: Mm hm. K: Whi ch--we wasn' t on no payroll, neither one of us. K: Was -~ere there many uh member s of the Ancient City Hunting Club on his uh~ M: Deputies? K: - vi.th his deputies? Yeah. K: Ob., r i.J'l'lagine there. vas several of them--! don' t know how many. K: Uh huh. Were they-were the• speci31 deputics,:1do you tl:dnk, pretty effective in the uh crowd cont~ol and things like that? M: Ohh, uh his deputies was tops. K: Uh huh. H: His payroll deputies. K: Yeah and l - I me~nt that, · you know, special deputies 3nd he hnd a bunch of thcm--people that he just swore in for the crisis • •• • M: Weill. · • · K: . • • ond stuff. M: Uhh he never do11e that 'n if he did, I didn' know nothin' about it. . SJ 2A Page 40 McKenzie Uhh, most people jus went on the.tr own:o you know, like a ~ 1 / ·~~a..,,. \u003c'l-=- jus1l.ike the pttr.ad~--people come from Ocala and all around to be in the parade, jus • •. • K: Mm hln. H: Jus ' n • •• • K: Wel-uh when the-when the whites did par ade was it moatly uh out of town wh.ile; w.I1 .1'e ; vhitcs and klansmen and stuff or was it mostly people in town ••• ? M: Tbere wei:e ,~ot of local s. We had a big parade and uh several hundred people. K: Uh huh , and uh vere t here-\\lere ·che:re·many klanSll'len in thttt parade? H: Well, I wou.ldn't know. They was some, ye.ab. K: Uh huh. M: I mean jes l ike 1 tell you befor e , the kla nsmen 1 met was tl fine people. K: teah.Uhh you-do you think that the uh these. white marches were as uh effective as the blacks mar ches? M: Hor e effective. K: Hor e effective? Why do you say that? H: Cause it-~e--we stunned 'em-we beat 'cm on t heir own ground, t hey quit par ad.in'. K: They quit paradin ' after that? SJ 2A Pogo 41 M\u003c:J\u003cenzic K: Yeah. I mean thoy-the.y vAa ju1t 1 ~ C'~' ,/ ... -:.1 ~ .-.un I anything they coul.d do ve could do it. too. K: Uh huh. H_.bAlv did-llov did tha blacks •••• ve vasn' scared to . aarch in niacr tOW'I\\ and we wsn' scared to go dovn tz~• 1t4w ,.,,., Wes ru.ly. X.: Ma ••• M: Bey, bubbat X: Uil M: n I '+ I 11tq,'/ Y14'N qn flt • tho other day. W.o.dn' o dAy dtdn' go by I didn' cet 25 or 30 lettore during that. time a day, you know. t: Vc.11, what vcra moat of people vritin'? H: Well, some wo.s good , ao111c vo.s bod. and, yuh knov, I ht'l.d several tllou\u0026o.nd lettcre •••• K: Bow did-how did tho morchcro uh how did the marchers react when uh uh l know sometimes the block marchers, you know, ~ere mat with SOQ violenco vhc.n they ..arched. When the white marchers uh •••• li: they-they never met vith violonco but that one night they w~re an a ,.r;1,,,\u003c4 \u0026af -ro Mf\"1z/ _!hey had tot. to a A c.urfew oo it and-aad they vould ju.st stop vhcn tb~y ~hat e t l'eet. they vcro just-it vndn't-I don't. think'lt:here vae: tlnybody· even hurt. I --.oybe a black eye or soeetbin' 0 like .• L - 'SJ 2A Page li2 KcXen.zie that , •n tbc:y were already black to eta~t vith. so ••.• K: Hov did-bow did the oarcher• take-take to it when t he uh, you baov, vhcn the bl \u0026ekl, vbe.n y 'all Mrched. through a black t010-n and they held up eigu like, you lcuov, ve love everybody and sayin' ve. love everybody? k: Ye.ah. they-they dt4o' pay no attention to th.at-they vas just tryin't-o act-go~othar foot 1'll the. door, t.bat's all .. nte)r­thcy vere v~l-achool~d on it they-- K: What do you mean vell-schooled1 M: \\lell 1 they kne1J vhat to do, you know •.•• K: Uh huh. II: _,,W.....l.ki. .\" '\"l\" c/\u003c\"''\" '\"',r__ __v ae doin' the teachin' n ' -Moatly k'idt\u003e you knov, it wa• vcTy few grown-ups •••• K: Yenh, M: Very fcv grown-upa, mostly d,:/c/,.-fL'\u003eI K: YC4h. Blacko? M: Ko\u0026tly kida. And photogTophere. K: ltlml, kids and photogX'opher1, huh? M: They tore up about -=•-'h\"'un=d:.:r\"ed::...;:cam=•.,r:.:•:.:•:.....----~---·I' d down a like to had vhat the CA1DOraa coat th\u0026y tore uv'\there that night • •• • K: Who-who was doin' the tcartn• up, the. ~bites uh •••• ? M: Juat anybody \\lf\\o got to on~ of them. Pago 43 Hc)i\\c_n.zie X: )Und of a huh, a free. for all on cameraa, huh? I K: Free for nl.l. Did'didn' get on ca=era, heh heh heh. K: llch heh heh, not if they broke them alll H: :,,,,, 'f? • Juot ,D 1krk«( eUmed 'em on the ground , oomc of ' erit they toOk 'l!m and tape recorders they took •••• K: And ... Md so you'd 11ay,_you lcnow, as atar a.-.s far as beipg, you bow, planned , organi..z·ed uh reai.et.once the-the whites er your rcncttoo would be uh would be uh liaitcd to these uh orgonhing these. marches and using the tvo va.ys to- t:vo vay radios to uh kee-p track of thinga and ttuf! .;.~ \"' K: To knov what vas gotn' on. K: Ub huh. But despite the-but th~ uh, you knov, counttrdemonstrators and tha stuff ~t ~'\"'\"'\"\"\"-\"r_ _,t\u003c,,,nCl.fo\u003c.!.,....:.,.__ __ ,.,.oo\"\"n\"'t\"a\"n\"oo\"'u\"'\"'----' H: Yeah, they uh that w-as somethi-n' thoy juo wonted to go a.wtmdn' on the bcocp and they wanted to uh ••••• Ul\u003cD OF SIDE 1) ~ 2A/Side 2 ~age 44 HcKenz:1e the stuff K: .... . conversation, ve vere just talldng aboutAdovn at the beach. H: Yuh. K: Well , )'OU know, we. \"'ere ta1kin'obout the vay those cameras H: verc get tin' broken and stuff, bov would you.-how would you assess . ot l;JJe-uh_-:\"':\"'';====------= =------- ? ~ ______ +~night. you 'know, in general OY-ot the vholc Jt, :ttrv They-they didn' eider• atandi.n' 7 ge{m.any pictures that night they were sooe out­on the aide gett:in1 eo.c though. K: But 1 aean 1n tcTiaS of , you know, ropcrting in, you know, the papers And stuff? What- what was a go.in' on-vhat- K: Well, Ou~ paper-our 'POPCT 'n Jock.soo.vUlc piiper 'n Palatka paper and nround reported 11-ke it wafJ. K: tb h111. H: And \\lh Daytona 'n Mi»1- Her\u003ctld 'n thing\u0026 they otrctched i.P··OUt-- vo hod uh some reporter\u0026 here by request 'n they vouldn' take nothin' unless they cai:ie d0t..-n._..,_z-;\"\"_.e..__ ,,.·._f._ _______ _ was aomethin' they didn' vant printed they vouldn' print it . K.: W'e.ll uh vho-who vas that-the. uh-? lut i.t H: OS, uh NBC-I don't knov vhf.ch one it vaa. va• eitha CBS or NBC outtf acksonvilJ.e 'n they co,... d\u003cund-everybody knew vbo they were •••• SJ 2A McKenzie • K: Ub huh. K: And uh when we Md the apcakJna in the park they'd take pictures-- They ware authorized to tak6 •ea and 1n fact they donated tub AocJ.cot City Hunt.in ' Club filt y dollar s one time . X.: Ob, yeahf Did-did uh cl1d acy people eve1: uh SQ.)' newsmen ever give donation.a to t ho club uh 1n order to get intervi.evs 'n stuff H: Ubhh noo , uh other than that Ol\\6 t:lae they give that to the club ya v f'ruW K: UK huh M: They were n:lcc boyo \u003ctit f a f Jack\u0026onville. K: Yeah. So you-you vould eay that the local paper• Teported prett~ prct~y fairly but uh Hio~i and Daytona-- H: Miruai 'n Daytona waa tho worst and uh even uh eome of your New York poperB not uh country papers , they sive us e, boy they writ4 un oll kinda letters •n tell us , don' t give •em nothin'. K: Mm tua. K: We give 1cm cvcrythinS they vanted for YEARS--'n look what they're doin' up hare. And vhy that? Y'lcnow •••• 'n al1 that troublo thoy bo.d in Nev .Jersoy, y 1 know •• • • X: So that e.r uh Nev York TiMI vaa pr·etty uh---------' M: Vell, they vere~ \"1// ,.,~.fr. SJ 2A Page 46 McKenzie K: They ve.re okayf H: they uh-thay uh-1 vlab't I had ay l ettera. \\o'C could see sooe of ·II 'eia but I don't have 'ea wbc.ra uh 1 caor put my bands on 'e::t. K: No7 H: I've got ' ea-kept 'ca ell but •••• K.: Would uh 1!-1! you could uh locate 'em would Y\u003cN aiod wy uh looking at ' cm. I-M: N~uh right nov l 've got uh o deal workin' We.re a man wnts to take. 'ea All o.nd vri.te A book on it ... . K: Uh huh. K: • • • and uh hQ oftcred -. uh pretty good sum for 'em and I - h• ,.//.,'I N, 111.y eon' e ~ ay oldeet eon, vhich uh \u0026aid , \"Daddy just keep 'em for the arandchildrin ' if nothin' cl8e11 • K: Uh bub. M: K: Who-vho i8 thie fcllow'?hom around hcrc?Er •• • JYIY :'.oN M: ~. yeah. K: No, l lbCt.tn t he guy that 'W'Ant1 to buy the. l etters to 'Write the book. M: Ye.ah, yea.h. He'• got a auecua he.re in town •••• K: Uh huh. K: • • • he's got Xt.nnedy'a car he got k.illed in 'n all ••• SJ 2A Page 47 McKenzie K: Y~ah, ao • •• M: But uh you'd be surprlsed at the. Nae./ed. / letters l got froa people-Kf.aei, eoae. of the people down in Hiall.1 there, l \"' I(: -can nica letter• I got •••• Yu.ht VhaJ: would they uaually uh eay to encourage you on, or •• • ? Wel.l , they W1'6 f'\"\"' up ;.OTth .oaUy, Don't give ' ea nothtn' •••• Yeabh • ••• y'know it' e juet uh--uh dust look vhat they' re doin' up there. 'n they-.nlong tbnt time th~y vere. there. rais.J..n' he.ll up tbe.l'c. !:: Uh. !\\uh. H: And the.tr schoola vae• s .lret.1-dy in- integrated and they were atil.l reioin' hell. I\u003c: Yeahh, M: And hnd been for years. l\u003c: Well-when do you think the uh violence uh uh died down around here? H: After tho uh conetit'1tion wae p4ssed. K: After the uh blllt M: Yuh. K: Civil righte bill! M: Yes, m1 hll. SJ 2A .P•\u0026• 48 HcKen%ie K: SO you uh- M: You over read it? K: I'vo oaver read the bill-I' ve rCfld acctione of it-1 never road the -whole bill •• •• M: Well, I have-U:i ~r my son's got it now, I had-I hod one of the first copios. K: Uh huh H: And t.hcrc'a nothin' in it. girln' wh.ito peoplo nothin' • •• • IC: Uh hub. H: ••• and vo. ju.s resented .it goin' tofcbool with 't-a-in fact_, they didn' go before that . K: Yo.ah, 1 bclic'Ve t'ltre was very little-very little integration before tbnt . But that was-that vne the 1G0in reason i t -it died down, huh? H: Well, 1 thirtk \u00260. Like I uy. you C4.\n1 t fight the fedorol government. K: Mm hm.Wh:-vhat about tbe uh, you k.nov, lik.e wa we.re talk.in' M: ..... earlier 'bout Manson's on-on- -you Jcnov, I've rend aevera,J. ertlc.le.s--.ftc.r it vu pas.s-td tha vhitu put v.p picket\u0026 on places that integrated. Bur 1 don't think the Munson vas one of ' ea, yeah., they picketed some-several of ' em. X: Woa-wor\u0026 you-were you i nvolved in orgonizlng those uh pickets? M: Oh, no, that was- I think w~o 6trtctly kl.an. SJ 2A Poge 49 ~eKenz1e K: That was strictly Klo.n huh? H: Uh n.ow I iu!Ow they picketed a caravan K: Yeah. M: And uh 1 don't-I don't now I ~on't recall tCQ ever picketin' the Mqnson-l ike I told ya lotta t imes I vas gone. 'n uh cause we organized different clubs all ov~r the Btate, you know, so •• • K! It '¢$n1 t uh clubc rel.ated7 M: .t(.4'1\"·' .u.l\"'-/'\".'c.\"/'-----like the. Anct:ent City Buntin' Club ••• , I,\\'.: Uh. hull. M: H: Wb:-and thi:s .;lust a uh give a uh to uh 6. c.,vf Well., uh 'n no, now, 'n let .... know vha.t vas goi n' on here, you knov, 'n uh ju.et like Ft. Pierce-they had uh quite a lot of trouble with' cm dO~\"D there y'know, 'n ••• which when they once got organized down there they put a $top to it. So, the easy way to-to beat 'em W3S just like-a nigger woi:ks for a white man- ~Hie.. n u\u003c--/h ' 'f· ,...t\u003ct ,../-e ... c: v does 'n if they-if they sonno show __.f .'-\"'4'-\"~-~__,,6'-'\"'''-/'--------­peoplc just laid 'em off. X: \u003eh hm. There ' s-there ' ~ a lot of that around here- in that time? .SJ 2A Pago 50 McKenzie K: Ohb, lota of it. =-=•L•---'•ount of it. You had to beat a man at hi.a own gue, you know ••• ~S K: Did the u.h-aft c-r the uh troublec\u0026 vere over did they go back to vork for the. uh t K: 1 Yeah, they vent back. Soo:e of •ea dld, some of •ea never vent back, y'bow •••• l.: \toll, you knov, g1ven-g1va.n the. 1-portance of the uh civil ri'ghte bill do-do you think that the. uh w-wb-tmat effect-do you think t'.hc. uh vt.ole.nc:e,you know, both the uh the dcaonatra.tiona And, you know, vhen people got beat up And stuff !t-it-do you thinlc. that had any-tJ.ny uh bearing on the uh bill getting poosed-thot uh that kind of- M: Ohh no, no, I don •c think oo cause ve never really had that the K: K: wuc.h cffocc tuu:o . They built up aioat ot it-ncwscaators did 'n one thing 'n o.nothcr-but we had very little f~st fights o.nd knockdown drogout••··· So, you think thete wns o lot of difference between the uh the way tho uh nove med1-tho uh tv and radio vould cover the events ond the wy the nevapaper'fovercd the events? Yeahh, 4hh tv-uh thi• on!.' outfit vc bad here they-they give uc a (olr chAko on it all the vay around. NO\"WV, I aade several K: M: ~ 2A Page 51 McKenzie record ins for one. in Miruni 1 n. he said be jus wanted the truth ) ;J a.nd he printed a nice piece • .. lenh. down th~re .•. \"?but he had to set another paper to do it. K: Well ~ what paper? What paper did he~? but H: I-I don't recall off-off hand but i t was4t was a Miami paper. K: Uh hub. K: And ubh uh I 1!2.ade one for Huntley- Brinkley • n u.h J:' was ub,-I had Rore tiJrle. on Huntley-Brinkley t imagine than t he !:resident of th.a United Stutes bad • •• • K: H: K: M: Bah hah bah hah_. What kind of $Cuff did they ask you wh,~ou\"\"'When you got on-? fl\"' Just/' f•cts. Yeah. Y'koow, ond uh what vas- 1 think it was uh more or less uh ,\"\"y Jt a/,,.+ r4\u003c z.;.,, i'1~ / .11 /_,/...,. .r / \"-\":.;«d K: Uh huh. So uh would you say overall the uhh the- ::;:;+ . M: ~ wa.s uh bunch o f uh lic.G moct of it on the-on the news side of it-- ;[ I\u0026 f ~e of it was alright- printed right~ but- K: Wlt-vhat~h.at kind of- 'SJ 2A Pago 52 McKenzie M: Uh knockdowns 'n uh sbootin' s 'n the beatins 'n most of that was t11q f :fctAs' K: Thta- that w4s not true? M: Not true, cause. th~y had one little e .x,.,,,,.,l/?f'... up in the 'one park one night 'n then -; they had this'bn King Street one -11\u003e• nisht- -other than that- ' n then the. ntsht ~ b q v got I shot •••. K: \"\"' hm. M: And uh ·really wasn' t--we.11, there was nobody hospitalized \u0026:P't:/..; d '._,. orYt,,' f-4,\"' when the boy got shot. K: Was that uh was be a membex of the uh Ancient City Huntin' Club? M: Xessir. K: Md they had been out hunting? M: Uhh they'd b-Oon huntin' all day that day and uh I think they I th~nk _ _::=:=============-- K: Uh huh. 1-I bellve, you know, when he was sho t his shotgun discharged throut:h the f loor? M: -'_,;~'-.''~--\"'\"'~\"--{\"_,.•,..•:..:1_r,cf_,.,..:\u003c..-Lr.-..'_tbe car. K: Yeah-yeah.,.. I know that .t.he timc4 I've gone hunt1n1 , you know, one of the-you know, lo'e-We aiways make it a point to :=oke sure our guns '1.re unloadM 1-n--whilcr·uh you're drivin' around in the car. M: I Well, the y haul -\"'~\"'---------!all the tiate-~\"\"-\"'---'- -\"4 in the back t/ir/tfc!'..lt they load ~. K: Yeah? M: What good U a empty gun? I L SJ 2A ~age 53 lfcJCenzie K: Well-it ' 6 just, you know,- K: ,~\" ,It',, ~~·,/-1c y0u got out. of car and lo.d 4 ·gun whatever you were gonna shoot bo gone. IC: Uh huh .• H: It's uh-it's juet a utter- hi.\u0026 gun vas uh on the-on the uh -=======-==-1 don' t know if it was loy.tn' across th1$ way or how it 'WAS lflyin' uh uhh I w nt d°\"\"\" thc:1:e the next moi:ntn' vherc t~ car wae-thcy kept the car ri.ght thcrQ and uh they'd had-did have a bi.rdahot hole-it was birds.hot _.._.,.,.,..~\"\"'Ii-=-'\"'~ ub',/ Jt: Mm Ju:o. Uhh now \u0026aid that you wor ked, you knov, pretty-pretty close.ly rlth sheriff DaVie and you also ira tu. of or·14n:lzing the uh uh lUrcbea 'o 1tuff you vorkcd pretty, you knov, fairly closely w~th ub Mr. Stone~ ••. M: Yeo.h. K: ••• end Hr. Lynch. Uh did Stoner and Lynch ever work much with Sheriff Datls. H: trb.h he vas-he. waa fri.end• of theirs •• •• K: Yeah K: I mean uhh he k:nev 1 cm. K: Vh !rub. H: See, wh-vben they come i nto town there hove n apea~in t hey had to have permits fJ\"om thl\\ sheriff's depart111Cnt 4nd the police dep3rtm.eot. SJ 2A HclCentie K: Uh huh. M: They vouldo't have 'ca vithout it. It: Uh bub. K: And they hod acveral. of 'ca be.re uh I don't tnov bow aany offha.od, y'Jcoov, but •••• K! Well, that' a:-that' a re.ally about a.11 the questions I bad prep-ared. la there any, you knov, laet-you tcnow; aUDDation. you'd 11ko t.o say that .oat., : you know, tho th1og: that really atat\u003eds out 1o your aind- 11: llcll, 'WC re.ally - - a-:w..-:2 \u003c.._, X: -about tho 'W'hol.c thing? K: --the thiu,g thnt atanda out in my mind about the whol e thing they- Chay foua.ht 'n completely lose ••• K: Uh huh . M: •• • ub that they utl come up horc to do somethin' that t hey-j/ i!.. . llub? tJh th4t, you know, juat like I eoid, zqu bad , e-- 6 \u003c'=--- hiG lawyer hero with ' :Im 'o all ' n they hod a white man by the e.·/•t; / ,'114-I Olllr name of __ .tJ=•'lv\u003e\"'\" \"''\"\"'\"'\"'\"\"'\"\"'\"'\"O\"''\"\"r\"•'---t~ on the beach with a bunch of n.tggore 'n they got //'·\"' ri' over there and they just-juet didn't goin nothin'. X: Uh huh. K: it'• uh-the only one really hurt, I iug.tne, K: M: SJ 2A )'age 55 McK.cmzic was me havin' · to go· to court so many times. Ycohh. ./ I/ t?r tr·~'\"J I:. But uhhhh l~I-1-1 definitel y didn' see vhere t hey gain-ed anything. Other than they used St. Augustine t6 helP. get this thing passed, y' know. K: Yeahh, .so you think that uh the march end stuff did h3ve an effect on t he uh pa.saage of M: Well, uh I-t don't think eo cause t hey never re.ally marched but\u003cPout once. or twice, thrc.e times maybe at the oost and K: Mm hmn. M: Cause uh peopl e- people go down there 'n stand around 'n watch 'cm, y'know, and uh and if they tried to overdo it th~ the.y got put back in their place JN ci/-11!/ 4 ' t ,fr if t hey tried-if they tnarched quietly ..,.,t \"'\"''·\"\"'-\"\"'\"\"'''-/.\",\" \"'''\"-/-~,\"'\"''\" ·.c:,._,.._4,\"\".:'..:.Y.:;~/,.._1_'\"6\"1'~'· X: Did you know a fellow from Jacksonville named Robert Pi tman? r')e...._1;,,, 1 I M: I know Gentry, yeah. Ye.ah, K: Gentxy? Cause I think you- you- he tcstif-er yeah it was his-his testimony before the uh House on Unat11erican Activ1tie6 Com-mittee that uh pl aced you aG a grand officer of-of t he kl.an dovn here. That vas~ that was false or uh what? M: Well, 1 never kne~ Gentry that good- · ·SJ 2A ·Page S6 K: No? M: - 1 just knew of him. IC: Uh huh•· H: Uhh though it waa ne.ve.r proved for a fact that 1 vu uh head of uh i t . I K: Uh huh. And you 1,)(/01{ ? H: Well. like 1 said. I vent to some of tha. mccttne ' n I vadn't-fact, ttll of tho r.oootin ' B had her-e I went to • cm . T\u003c: Ye.ab. M: Uh um:ri. t-I don't know hov you get io. the kl.an e.ven. K: Uh ooh. H: Hov you go at gcttiD' in it. X: Uh huh, I see. Well, you know, uhh. (END OP TAPE- SIDE 2)","Ku Klux Klan -- The New York Times -- Ancient City Gun Club -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- St. Augustine Police Department -- New England Group -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Santa Maria Restaurant -- Old Slave Market -- Bombing -- Civil Rights Rally -- Civil Rights March -- Klan Rally -- Klan March -- Wade-in -- Shooting Death of William Kinard -- Police Brutality -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1046","record_class":"Item","title":"J.A. Webster : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with J.A. Webster, a local African American educator in St. Augustine. Webster discusses the education system in St. Augustine before, during and after the civil rights movement.","; CRSTA llA Subject: J. A. Webster Interviewer: David Colburn 8-15-70 sj C: . This is David Colburn, I'm in St. Augustine, Florida, on August 15, 1970, interviewing Mr. J. A. Webster. Okay, Mr. Webster, when did you first become involved in the racial crisi§, I know it started in 1963) ~t what point did it begin to affect you? W: I've been here since 1936, and I haven't b~en directly involved in racial picture except in my school work. C: Now, you were principal, weren't you, of Murray High ~chool? W: No, I was principal of Webster Sixth Grade C.e..vife.r- . C: Webster Sixth Grade. And how long had you taught, how long did you teach in the school system, and how long were you principal? W: Well, I was principal up until the time I And, my first job wasn't at the Webster Sixth Grade Center. I began working with Florida Memorial College/ Under fl'ollier, President filky ,,J} Collier, and then1 later, Sidwfry\", and then Dr. f,Lv'L\u003c..,,V: .. vi.J ~ ij C: Now at what year did you become principal of Webster? w: Oh, ~,Q.... \\(l. ~.\\cl .,;,r..,o• C: What were, how would you describe race relations in St. Augustine as you were a young man, and while you were principal? W: Well, schools were totally not integrated at that time. It was 5c..hod~ r. ,, L ,.,- ifv V.J.lrr(, r wen-/- fo all black ~ C1 f thf i1rrr .i.- V}Cy ~-1' And sOf1-w-a-5~ work at Florida Memorial College at that time. C: Um hmm. What was the relationship/betwee~you and the white people in this community, was it ..... ? CRSTA llA page 2 W: Well, fortunately, I have always enjoyed a very fine relationship between the whites, educationally; JXnd in other ways you might take it. C:~\u003cJ5'id, were there any problems before 1963? W: Well, in segregated schools there always is problems. C: Good point.· W: First, the books we used were old, ·t +'. 5 and th-is ft.8.\"d been quite a problem. -\\11cy tr\"\u003c:_ • ,_ ~Y. \\Y1.1eGraJcd we didn't get first, new books, · la.uc,h -+f1a_,_,f · And ffombltb, We diJ'ti It Ila Ve I C: What about the teacher's salaries, were black teachers paid less than white teachers? W: Yes, from the beginning they were. C: When did they change that, do you know? W: No, I don't remember the exact year. But when I first started, I was getting $42Q~a year from the students. C: W9 a year?- Fov..r h~u1drc.d-+r-1o:1•i dolla.:1i:s. [ch~tc.-k/e] W: Yes. C: Was it after World War II when they changed it? W: Oh, yes. C: It was after World War II. W: ~~,_ Oi.--: Yeah. ~ ' \u003cSixfie.::.1 C: Now, what caused the racial problems in the 1 6~ Jfefore Dr. King came?f .t_ck W: Like, the -±-i--k.e of having the right to eat where you want to eat and stay in public facilities. As you know, Holiday Inn and, let me see, what is the other place, two places, were the first place to .... CRSTA llA page 3 C: Howard Johnson. W: Howard Johnson, and Holiday Inn, yes, were the first places ... And that's what caused it all, they wouldn't let them swim in publ~c facilities or anything.itt/hat way .. i\u003ecii~~ef +Jb(l.,1 w~'S --\"---:----­C: Was Dr. Ha; ling the man who was -pr1k'!...b~. · ·. W: Yes, I was here at that time, and Dr. Ha'-Jling was he_re, and ~hi \\A)(\\(, -were pr~oboA1/d +he. emancipator, you might say. ~e was involved in a lot of things for freedom of the black race~· C: How would you describe Dr. Ha'Y-ling? W: A very energetic personality. Someone who participated in. C: Was he easy to get along with? W: Very, very easy. And understanding . He was also my dentist. C: Yes, I understand he also had most of his patients were white, o.J ++1 ::. ~_,:,-,.,,J :1. ~ecause he was about the only dentist in town. No\".:; he took over Dr. Gordon's ... Ge:1 J~n,; W:A Jhat is right. C: In 1963, I think, was the year in which much of the ... W: ~-~trife started. C: Started, right. That young white fellow was killed in that year, and some young black students from Florida Memorial, and high. school_ students participated with Dr. \\ 1-L'.;,-;-- 1: C?r1·r,:.·;. 1~·'.l.-t 1·s corn-::::t. Was Dr. Hafling, did he have, in Ha¥ling in the demonstrations. -14.e-- that year, did he haveAcooperation from most of the black community at that time? W: !00 ;+ vJo..s; Not Q-R-e--ili:ladr~\u003cl percent, but I should say¥ well, I'd say a majority. yeJ.~r ~he C: A,~~ majority. Okay, who were the black people in town who were reluctant to be involved, and why were they reluctant, would you CRSTA llA page 4 W: C: W: say? Were they older black people, or?were they younger? c :Ar Qll· Well, the young had no reluctance.A~No, but the older were tor pa(~ safety; reasons why -/\u003e{\"\u003c-°Q_ t._,'OlfU reluctant. ~Ji? How about Dr. iioy-fier in '6 3, was he a supporter of ... ? Yes, he allowed to have interracial conferences, and so forth on the campus~ ~e was outstanding person in bringing about} you see; because his school was a private school, it was not connected with the public. C: Who would you say were the black leaders in those years, besides Dr. Hafling and Dr. ~;_;:;;C;;f . W: C: W: C: W: C: W: Let me see. Was Reverend Wright, I guess he was before he left? Reverend Wright, and a Mr. Twine. Mr. Henry Twine, yes, I've talked to him, I've interviewed him. Henry and his wife Cath}:rine. Yeah. And, let's see i.t1ctc w~xe, don' t come to me ,.1 ri'q~~- hexe. • wexr C1..'Ju1b6!t ·tuhdp· Outt·e a t; 1;) +~.c1.J /\\ The na~es I \\..,' Right. Were there any other ministers that were prominent besides Reverend Wright, especially after he moved? o.n l -t l~ c ·r D . Reverend Wright~was a minister, let's see, there was a Reverend Bass here at the Eirst Baptist Church. And there also was a preacher at the First Baptist Church that they burned up his car, but his name doesn't come through. ~ his C: Yeah, IJm'-~g}tt know who you're talking about, ..:t.h.e name doesn't come to me either. I know who you're talking about. Why did, what relationship did you have with Dr. Ha'iling, did you work with him? You were in a sort of a precarious position L CRSTA llA page 5 W: because you were principal and of course you could be fired if /Ii\\( fh;1..f, the superintendent got irked at your behavior or anythingA How did you respond in these sorts of things? '{ t, Now, as far as providing food for the out-of-town~ and association with ~hem, I .w-as Yes(pncltd prc'tfd,- we)/ J fut I was never in a public demonstration, walking up and down the streets and picketing and that sort of thing. C: Well, '64 was the big year, because that's the ·year that Dr. King came , and And 'r·e\"..J \\J OJ.I\\ o • W: lhr,1 H1r~u} hi\\..-1 in. 'ia;/ and also this iovernor' s mothe-n1from Mas sachus et ts ... ' ~ I - C: Governor Peabody's mother,~yes.~What impact did the demonstrations W: C: have on relations between whites and blacks in St. Augustine? . ';:.m be..cc~,zse · Well, it had a terrible impact on ... t-l;i.tMn., .s-e that negroes here were not afraid to demonstrate, and to march in the streets~a~d So so it did have an ~- on them. Did whites react angrily to this, did they put pressure on you and other blacks to ... ? W: No pressure was put on me, and most of the pressure was put on during the demonstration period. C: Could you describe some of the pressure that was put on you? W: In fact, no di re ct pres sure was put on me as a pr1 f' '.?!CJ( oF -ti1c 5\" c ~ool. mean most of the teachers were o.peoirifcd -fron-1 +\"1e who.{- 1·e\" 1'f C\u003c'l! ki;{1 Olff 1 • • • our1 ~recommendationsV~ teachers. fr CY'h C: Did Mrs. Gordon work at your school, or dfd she work ... ? W: No, she didn't, she worked at Excelsior High School, and later at Murray High School. She was a very good friend of mine. C: Yes, !~interviewed her as well. Now, who were the principals at CRSTA llA page 6 those schools, Murray, who was the principal of Murray High School? W: When, now or then? C: Then. W·: Richard J. Murray~. And later, A. Malcolm Jones, a very dynamic, dynamic personality. And, then Solomon Calhoun was at Excelsior, the elementary school C: Was, is Jones still in town? W: Jones died; he\\ decco,s:cq~ 1 1 -rha.·t ~ ·\\ro o~.'to • C: Oh, he did? I see.~ What, after the demonstrations ended, Dr. W: C: W: C: W: C: W: King left town. Why did Dr. Ha'/lin~,~~M'/C? In Well, it made it very uncomfortable for Dr. Ha'fling h.ere., a-ad-c: killed h1~ d,1:1, . f0d, +he\"} shot in his house a coup;f of times.,.A-~;llis family, yfo.li; his family was very much at stake..fry the situationV so that's why he left. Vie.re.,..,,.; Well, he was a great loss, wasn't he? Yes, he was. What, what were relations like after the demonstrations ended in fpr the fall of 1964? Was it really difficult fo~~e black people in St. Augustine, were the white people very unfriendly? How did they respond after demonstrations, and .. ? the, Well, I don't think y-ettr white people, well the type of white people I came in contact .with,_ was always 6td·1~01·Al'i ~· _ . , •. -90..'IDlo.b! e o\\- ,,• 1- I Lt~, V~), ovh.uci:1 d \"·I- ' -wlnrreVeT Vvl'10J '2'/e '(.'' . ' I~ 7 u _, t' ' ' !L• l (' .'.i. .::, ) J:i '1J)_i ci \"! J Yes .~I don't know' any of them that did any under- / cover work in the education system here. CRSTA llA page 7 C: IR\\! ~.Jl \"Tt , ~ Did you hav~ the Ku Klux Klan types, and those kind coming out here and harassing black people out here at all? W: No, they didn't come out here, but they did march up in the l.Vl '--!1d' OJ('O..J city, Lincolnvill~~ in Central Avenue, but never Ku Klux Klan here. C: So you didn't have to worry about them shooting at you or any-thing like that? W: No, no.Jn o. C: What was the impact -HH beginning of schooJs on the schools? Now, you had desegregation,~chools,.1 at+u ft1ct-1) desegregationJ a:.i. iBlra~ you had a few black children who went to the white schools, and then gradually it started to improve. Did it have any bad effect on the school system, the demonstrations? W: No. C: It didn't have any at all? W: No. C: What about after desegregation began~ I guess, school desegregation began, what, in 1~68? In St. Augustine? W: Yes, yes. C: What was, how did that go, did you remain the principalf I guess _ w: ye51 ye!,· you did, you remained the principal at Webster.Ac:And did you have many, did you have integrated student body there at the beginning of 1968? W: Yes. C: I guess you didn't have much trouble at the elementary school level, did you? W: No, no. When they integrated the school system, they did it CRSTA llA page 8 according to having census. My school was made a sixth gra4e school. And then, it didn't matter whether you were white, black, red, or green, if you were in Ccx\te:_r the sixth grade, you came to \\A)dxJr:1- Sixth Grade -st.hoe-1. Same with the seventh grade U~rif C.'( . I ct,f #, e, and the fifth grade -S etUf'I, which is ro./'f: 0 Or; -tHily tG 0 ld Or O~f1cir · I .. · L J ' -la~ .)(rrr.r _?..chool. :::'· C.eM+cr scttlp C: Right, right. Did, were you involved in that fight at all in 1969, where some of the John Birch people, white citizens, councilpeople tried to change the textbooks in the high school? W: No, I wasn't involved. C: You weren't involved in that at all. How would you characterize desegregation, school desegregation, has it been a success in ·st. Augustine? c.er+o.iv-;\\,1 · , It sJ+Qu±;d I n ci $ tit,. l' :::i_ W: ~~~~~~\"'--~~ success. ,It should:. C: What about economic opportunity for black people in St. Augustine, is there much opport~nity for black people in this community? - W: Very little. Very, very little. The majority of the, very little lhey industry here that employs negroes. -¥-eti got boat building place down there, and, let's see what else do they have. They have the,wel/ o.nd f.h,'::rcrs all the places,,, the black women work in motels ,;\\cleaning, and so hu_ 1 ·fft,• i t 1 ) - forth,,\\ very little industry that hires coloreO. .:p..e.o~__, /r black people. C: What about Fairchild, now, did they, when they were here, did they W: C: W: employ many black people? Yes, they did. Now, why, when did they move? lo~~'' h\u003c1.5 b\u003c'Cn . Let's see, how,,-0o-:l;:d. Fairchilds~ CjoMfromh\u003c\u003ere~ I'd say around eight - ---------------------------------------------------- CRSTA llA page 9 years. 1 VI V'1 C: Eight years, huh? That sounds about righ't, 1972. Did/\\why did they leave, was it just bad business, things really slump for them? W: Things slumped for them, and I don't think there was any pressure put on them by organizations or anything to leave, it was just a poor situation here. C: Yeah. Now, who were the leaders in the white community in those years? I guess, ... W: When you say the leaders, what kind, you mean the, yes, the Wolf. C: Wolf, I guess, was one of the most prominent. How about Shelley, Dr. Shelley, was he, would you characterize him as a leader{ e-r W: c~ C: desegregation. \\} /.'.~ rt--:;;~ ,..... , : w : ;\\ :E}~ttri\"i\"y,.... \\):?-'; ... VI I+ c I. C: Did you ever have any workings with him in particular? W: No deals. r' , l ,, C:A'Now, Dr. Hartley, of course, was the superintendent of schools then. W: That is correct. C: What was he like to work with, and again, I can go off the record on this, if you'd like. W: No, you can put this on the record. He was very fine to work with. Very fine and understanding. He did what he could to hold things together between the black and the white. I can't ---------------------------------------------------- CRSTA llA page 10 I r'· , ' ' d .f' -T l ~\"\\ ! T (' ' / remember him doing anything ~inately/against the bla'ck race. He was very fine to work with. ·n1 1I. .r1- C: Now, he was, of course,f\\\u003cJ' cousin of Sheriff Davis. W: Yes. Davis. C: Davis, Davis was.on ... W: I think it was his nephew. l'm~not sure. Oh, his nephew. I see. Okay, Davis was not particularly , . .1- - . W:IJc1 '\"il1\"'-i~r-1'\\h.1. friendly in those years, '63 and '64, though, to blacks .A -~ '..i C: 1ho...i'\u003e t1jl(• C:t)~ did you ever have any dealings with Davis at all? W: Not any at ail. C: I heard that he became a little more open after the crisis, a little more ... W: Well, naturally, he would become more, more, what shall I say, he should become more open, he was running for office again. Naturally, you can't run for office without at least being on both sides of the fence. C: That's a good point. How about Police Chief Stuart? He's still there, what sort of man was he? W: I found him to be a very interesting person. I never had any \\ t\u003c• • J'I ' j.Vl.A.•~ trouble with him, he always cooperated with me.~~Jt~~ Stuart. C: What about, how would you say that the situation is now in for-~ St. AugustineAtoday for black people? Is there much political ,,.., opportunity~ ~e, you've already said that economic opportunity is very small~ bu:{ ... . W: That's true. C: Are the young people all leaving St. Augustine because of the lack of economic opportunity? ----~ ---------------------------------------------\" CRSTA llA page 11 W: Yes, yes. Educationally, there's no difference, they can go -the.. to any school they wish to, but they're stuck in a hole :th-at heo.1r. average lhck, you~d ~ . Employment situation is very;r:are-3ryrverv ooot I C: How about political opportunities? Are there any, really? W: Uht for nco roes n(~ black people? Very little. Very ._) little. Have you talked with Reverend De-sue..- ? t?h C: I have talked to Reverend DeSwann~ the Phone , yes. Thomas I W: D . ih~luev1tt'Q\\ He is a very instM:t1rrental-person in this ar.::o__, and he is opening up many positions politically for negroes, and he's been quite successful at it. He is also secretary lf' NAAC.P. C: Right. How about Oms Mason? Now, he's, what, assistant superintendent of schools? ·~· (' W: No~1 he is the super--~ th~ r_leJ'.l~ntary schools 'SlApentl ~or - \\~J:I f•(c15 wnci. 1 .1c b· C: Is that what he is?1ic;He works over in the school board, also doesn't he? W: Yes, he's head of all the elementary schools in St. John~ CoL{n~, C: Now, he strikes me as a very able person. W: He is a very trustworthy and able person1 ,fnd straightforward also. C: +-o be. Do you think he would have a chance ~~ superintendent once Hartley retires? W: If Hartley retires, he would be, he would have a marvelous chance. C: Would, now, he'd have to, you have to run for election here to be elected superintendent, don't you? W: Yes. L CRSTA lla page 12 C: Do you think e-nough white people would vote for Mr. Mason? W: He's very well liked by whites and blacks. C: He really impressed me when I interviewed him. What about, has there been a big difference, or very little difference in the relations between the races since 1960 to today? Do you .see much of a difference really, other than the desegregation of the school system? W: Well, it seems that the white person is understanding the negro better since the integration, they never had opportunity to know C: W: C: . the negro, the gap was such a diffence between them. Now they get into a meeting with the negroes, and now, in the educational system, if you earn a certain degree, you are pai~ black or white, according to your qualifications. So, I think, I think teaching is about the only thing that, savior for the black race, because its nothing el':i e for them to do. l . !)_ 1),f\\],j-- that's what seemed to me, as well in St. LI Augustine that teaching was the best outlet ... , . 1f wO..\u003e · Viee.tssa...v-y ~ YP\u003c.J -01~.J5 H,,c b1 ~+- 1·diet,VP11h.k1~ for the bla'ck people to oile1a • I go11~ and get as many advanced degrees as possible so that they -f-hci,.- 'SC'.\\.tO.Vi\":?\u003c' could increase ~ ~' So the chan_3es in the government, governmental positions, whether it be school teaching, or working for the city, have improved would you say? Have the jobs in the city improved for .black people? W: t1e-~ C :~Yr~~10 ~a~;v:b-i'acks ~::e on the fire department, do you have any idea? CRSTA llA page 13 W : No '{)-C_ • C: That's what I thought. And how many on the police department? o--1 least W: Abou~l\two. C: Two. So really, now that's one of the areas that Reverend neS~c:-- is trying to open up, the fire department, the police -1.i-i ~ri\u003e department, so ~ more young blacks can ·be hired and go to work in those occupations. But obviously, he's having a lot of~ Y-e.s I s 1 -- T •(\\\", ca.. l'IJ rae-et-i-n-g- a lot of resistance get ting them opened up. W: Oh-6' yes, yes indeed ha. ;5. 1:-; C: So really, when you come right down, it's as you said, that -bf...v tA-4.-v-rAt-v the school system is the key to.,,. . . v A 101. f ~- W: ~Yes, it is. But, I tell you something else might be interesting; suppose they have thirty percent black participation in the school system, and as principals, we have only three black principals and there are fourteen schools in the county; And -ftca..-i is including myself. YPa h C: ~Jt; How about the school teachers themselves, do the blacks constitute about thirty percent of the staff, the school teaching staff? ·w: Oh, probably a little bit more. f\\ 1·1'. b·[ ~ (' I··\\ , rn !l 1 r rf') v e 1 .L s c ~- • C:A Maybe that's the way they justify it. Having only three principals. W: C: W: Yeah. \u0026 G Well, Mrs. }(ordon, now I guess Mrs. fordon rvldls l\\ one who they never looked at ;he ability. Seems to me ... for -th-e principal, was certainly ' ' I 0_ f' cl y: ~lei all +o Retired now. Oh, she has a tremendous ability. She'l-±~ do anything fo a),\\ J ~ she wants/\\ she's very well f1r.w:i~·.+ (1f--, by whites and blacks. she's v CRSTA llA page 14 done some pretty fine things, you know. She's over Echo House~ C, t2_l,'.'.h t- ~H'\\ _ ~ 3i1-1:\\ \net~ Wodu::) . \\\"J ._ ano counselling ~, she -wa-5 ~g very hard at that. Ai\\ J jhe has done a lot for b~ack and white, of aging. C: The Echio1 -House does what now? C:Whcel5~0Ka.t,ylo-h' , T hc tdt 1f'\u003e'\" orjo1 f en -f-h a.1-· , W: Feeds_,. 8:ftEl gives Meals on Wheels./\\ W:Is my smoking bothering you? C: No, not at all. Has the, is the city government easy to work W: with, is the commission easier for people like Reverend De.-:,t.te to work with? Are they at least concerned ..... '1.EX'/_ They'reAcooperative, at least when he asks for a hearing, or conference, they give it to him, because they realize he's a very powerful person in this community, and when it comes time for voting for various positions, they're going to need the black vote. C: Right. And, he, Reverend D.2.5 lJ c is extraordinarily influential W: C: W: in the black community? whe 11 you ·r-c Extraordinarilly so, and at first· wo hoar from. ----~-10 and also Twine, and and, if you need any help, in connection ----- +hr{rc vu Y. fovH r·((d 1A.h; with the N A/\\c. P ·; n:J VUV'V) f'v1 T , that's where t;he;i:r p-e-wer \"omcs -frem. Twine is the president, isn't he? h;s · is Bte secretary. 6u.J Pe.sue is the most powerful. h'1 s He has a great following in tire church. :=. C: ~~ £,hurch, yes. So the church is still a very important institution in the black community, obviously. W: Oh, definitely. Jf /ot his church, the church, the church or C: Are the young people that involved in the church,Aare they as involved as the older people? Or are they turning away from CRSTA llA page 15 .g.,r a-r e,;,:_.t.lrn. y. :::.:turn~waT\"\"f\"rom the church~ J} ow wo u 1 d you des crib e that? W: I .would think that the young person is not as interested in church as a whole as the older ones. yow- The background, or the BLl t I b ackb one would be ::cfte older people in the church. -Aa.Q.. I' 11 tell --lhc5C you something, tfte. young blacks are very fearless. They don't nskin0i mind going out and ~ch- their lives or something. Something that the older people should, much more reserved than them. C: Good point. Well, I can't think of much more. Are there any things that I haven't asked you that you'd like to comment on, either way you COc.1ld that we could put off the record, or~put think appropriate~ on the tape, any W: When is your book coming out, do you have any idea? C: Oh, it won't be published for another couple of years. I won't finish it, wr.iting it ~till this Christmas. rl' ~Jri( feel ·fo W: C: And it's 5uui·d/1~ ·h hr A race relationships in St. Augustine? if'5 9 011n,_\\ ~ e I Yeah~ I'm gonna look at the racial crisis, I'm gonna, I'm going to trace what race relations were like prior to the racial £r,wJVI crisis and the Brow~Adecision in the racial crisis, discuss the racial crisis and what happened, and how the white community resuonded to the black after this. And then I'm going to talk about what race relations are like now, since 1964. W: Are you going to remember the people you interviewed when your book comes out, and get a copy ~ ·r la.Ji etd· ho{d -fo{ -...I C: Well, I'll put a copy, I'll see that a copy gets over to the tY10.l''./ library. Of course they don't give me ~they only give me CRSTA llA about, the publisher gives me about eight copies. -w:., ~Oh;I see: page 16 C: So there are not enough really to distribute to all the people oxc whoAI1ve interviewed, I guess about fifty people. W: But it will be on sale? C: Yes sir. :ii• :'t'.j' your book- ~ W:~'H6w many pages do you anticipate you'll ~s C: Probably 250 pages. W: I should like very much to get a copy of it. If it's on sale, I'll buy.it. C: Well, I'll notify the people over here that, you.know, that ! interviewed'\"'JJfe, I will write letters to you all, telling you that it, when it's going to be published. W: How interesting was your interview with Dr.fl.th~.tV? C: Very good, very good. He was very open about the conditions yolk ;1\"!•.1.J\u003e here, andt.told me about some of the problems he had, but also some of the things that, like people helped him with ..... (End of side one) ,------ CRSTA llA side 2 C: ..... that would be August 1, interview. '/CJ..fti J W: August the first,;\\ I left ~¥t: !~e: -~?~~~, so difference ) arJ he has a lovely home. C: Oh, beautiful. () W: You met Mrs. \\-t.t~? page 17 ve 'r'V ti++\\ e. it was,\\ rca:Hy a C: Yes, yes. I've had lunch with them, in fact. n1 y~, W:.,,1~1 Th;~y're beautiful people. C: W: Oh, they're very mtteh n~1c_e'--~P~~~o~o~\\~e--~. \\ VJ\\:~~.br., )c1_/ur1 with my boys, and ) Once a year now, I'll come -I-tl:ccd him -\u003c50 .[\" k'nt'.-UJ +he..m furoi..(~\\r. Sc..J1oa\\ C!J(' a.-h~ e \\je,VLttYll-\\l!Cj • fv Corn(.,- v 0 C: Now how did you happen~to St. Augustine? Did your family move here? W: No, I came to St. Augustine by the way of Ecf wMd 1..\\)a_fr:rs College. C: In Jacksonville? W: Yes, I taught over there one year~ ~nd President Collier came over to interview me and ask me to come over and work for the college. The college, the most, having red~eved it's accreditation \\..l then, and he thought that my help, as principal of a demonstration school; would bring it up and in the next two years,~~~~~~~~ two years apart C: And he put a lot o-f -~f~~~~~-5 o( couri;cp:Ji! teacher .. : training. Dl1' . . I ( . . ' \\ W: A'efinitely; cH'11vwre~-.11. · • o_(C, fot~ -lh:cc, C: As I said, ~ there;1 anything you'\u003cl --t+1{l;r . v.n\u003c'd 1,·kr -fv ;t,SJl( Jf record ., , ,,.~--c r- or ctV1'j'tH'f; ~ W: I don't have a (Y'_ • r. -~n n1. ·:.; \"' •· or thing that I can think of, 00 r(' ::_/)( J Athe olde~ th · · ff d '-~, - i i,.. r ~ is is o rec or ) -r '1. o, c• '- ••••.","Fairchild Aircraft Strato Corporation -- Florida Memorial College -- John Birch Society -- Ku Klux Klan -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Excelsior High School -- Florida Memorial College -- Holiday Inn -- Linconvillie -- Murrary High School -- Webster Sixth Grade Center -- Howard Johnson's -- Desegration of St. Johns County Schools -- Picketing"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1048","record_class":"Item","title":"Joseph Shelley : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Joseph Shelley, mayor of St. Augustine during the height of the racial crisis in 1964. Begins with a short look into Shelley's early life and then moves onto race relations in St. Augustine. Press relations are mentioned and their accuracy in reporting the conflict. Describes speaking with governor Bryant about the formation of the biracial committee and also the election of the city commission. He also speaks briefly about the demonstrations in the city and the arrival of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Andrew Young.","-c-r-,-Ti; ;;:es \"\"'fFi1:\"i=rl\"1g'1, .....,.,o .1...1 e-L\"\"w-o-t+rlJ. r.e.~ e!r\"'lfl\"i'o'ITu\"'I- +.;ft -ve .,, ¥-Obi •·rant to ask me q.ues..U.ons .or:_y.ou Just wa~.., ... ..,.? _ C: Well, I would~i·ke to talk about your background~rrs@\u003cj'Z' a f:(tt1t:\", ~ - ·-if tfiat 1s a1ta9, , - .. s. I I _,., c::::::::;::..- C.._o-~ -1 l .... ~ C: S: .c.. 7ot1 ges. ,.gQ. -a heed, I 'm se; I g;t s: C: -Am:t';here did you go to co 11 ege7 S: The Uni ve rs i ty of F1 o r i da ___p. .._..f..__,.J..w_·_._e_e_·\"t_.- ---.j::::---- C: I saw from the diploma you_went to Temple? is thet right? Then I went to Temple~~ :f~ I i~ :\u003eeptember \u0026 .f means I graduated in~ 1942. S: l'7JJ3,,,,,_ ~el'tembet 138-Which Jackscn?f 4- C4M(I.. rt. -1-eA,.\"' e ¥'months in combat ret·~iri~ to this country j et fl. vt. (\\ \"4- , Germany 1 feeF1:1e7 4, and we had to sail out o~'..'.,.. ..,,....._ __ ....._.. _c .. 19~ 0 . \"-:. s: . ·•. '.. . . '' \\' number ten, We spent the night there on the boat·· ~-----------~----..-......,_ ~, . ... ,, ..... \\,' ... ,,,'.\",\\-\\\\',',' '\u003c ' h . h . ' ' somet 1ng or ot er'-·-------------------------~-'-'.. '.. . ......- CRSTA 6A pC!ge 3 mjb s: 11arcb HospitC!l, Dr. Lockwood came.over vtsrtrn9' . \\ . ......... ~-~--~~~-~~~~~~--- he said, C: What got you involved i·n pol itfcs;'' surgeo~ \"· .,_--~---~- --~~~~---..,-~- S: Well, we had a situation on the city commlssfon, There wcis an ciwf u 1 1 ot of.\"-'' ' , -·+h~l-c~.k_e_r_~~~~~---..,-~----------~~--somuch so~~k~~ C: _. $: Just out of curiosity, who came into\"'. \" \\ \\ pOt '[' . ( b~ Caplf!_ . th-·. f\u003c_l!_A_e.t_7'_t!-c/-,-~'1--------- Let 111e ----:F:---po 1 l't tcs· .·wh~ · -~ stcite attorney for the seventh Judi'dal circui1\\lj._ l/e ran i'n 1954 and '·' I lost the first election ,,_...tr_11_J_~T-·_. .w... . ..t.1.._ ..$...__ __________ ~----- h.3 Cfi'4 ·\" t?.i7\"i b .. (//1;~/~fl\"Vi1- c-'f~,e; -:he got\"\" In te rested in po 1 it i cs '• ;[knew I Cdi1~ft. ttCJf bf a tZ.\u0026 (,-{, ?:rt:•e. {;;!,. ?01/£1 \u003eff' a{lr r -ft,..., \u0026/1-. o.1gt. H f f/l~d;. · · · · · ~ · · ·.. . ·. and we had two other men and we were getting ready for our four hundredth anniversary celeorati'o~\"--·\" \"- -- C: Right, S: · go out there and tell the nation ----- CRSTA 6A pqge. 4 roJo ,, ' S: E.lected··. .·. ------- selected oythe mayof',___ ____ srx county commlssio~,. ..·.. . .'. --- w_.. hile .,. was up the re~ Pr. l:faye5) \\.-.-------·-·_ . . . . ___________,_ .,_,,....·- '-.-- C: Now, have~ there beeen any proolemsrnen you mo~ed tn-here, ~01:,r you're'''',' '\\ \\\\ d f, \\ t) 1vf. ..-, _ have there Eiee.-A-a~~ W·~~, ~{~c.: V\t!)r-e · (.r()ft:t/t·Ufll 1 \"C;j { s: Absolutely not,· f\\Jo.u.... c..J(w'{sut\u003e~ert) I would say half of my prac'\u003c:' t!cel'h- 47{ {\u0026st, \" ' ' ~ At 1 east oa 1 f my practice is )-k {acf\u003c::!J ·' more than half of them are black, ~I was well known tn the black community..·,,. .._ / • r ',/e've 9ot aho11t like I said, we had the first black pol iceman in Florfda-.'\" '', ' ' ' t'~ ..... ? : She 11 ey , Dr. on the extension for you, -~---- (BREAK) S: We have a Dr. Gordon ~--------~-----~-------------.......- very we 11 l t ked, I 1 d say anytime...:. .. \\._.- ----------\"-·_ . ---------·_ ' , ,_'- .. '\\.' '.... .. CRSTA 6A page 5 mjb S: As t sc:iy · W L · · · · · · '· . \\. . . '. . .. \"\" . ', ', ' \\ . \\. . .. \\. ' ' ' C. •. \\' . . s: '\" . .......----~-------.---~-~-~~----~----------.--~---~----.,_..-- .. un \"' 10011-g-, ·~e was Stif- J~._. turned-arot1nd . \\.' . . '' '\\ Martin Luther King's · · · · f:t//( d frJ. fl).,... 1\"\"'~---\"- .. 1\u003c-I\"_; _____________ \\._~ and 1:6-kl him t:o-c.lea.r~u.t, i'nvf ted him up to see\u003c· .....---~-~-- I was, I I' ·'' t asked him~ ! satd, Nhy are you al 1 comi·ng to St, Augustine?\"'--'.·. ... -~------- ' ,,, We're coming here because ~· ..........- --------Birmingham, Alabama-\\. ·..·..., '. ._ __. ..,._ _ ,, C; Is ft, is this i:ilso, maybe, was this the------------------- s: have wrltten' \\. \\. .,........~----------------------~ and I sat and talked to him and I said, ls there anything the city of St, Augustine I, I 1 i ke it in .......------------------------------...._.- -··-----··----------------------------------------- CR.STA 6A page 6 mjb s: Then about two days after ta 1 ked with hi·m he came out and sa rd there had beeh 13 i'n the ctty of St, Augustrn~\\' '\\.· · ~-~--------------- ....... ..------~-...... --~ pub 1 i c, pub 1 i ci'trwi se the newspapers '--... '------ Now, if you go back before th is happened, rrght after t went in to serve as commi s\"' sioner, one of the, l don't remember who it was ----------------- '-.. '\\ he wrote his parents that word WCIS out on the campus there\"\" · ---...----~----..-- '\"\\\"':\"\":'\": =lb It f'1 V'01/(P of students, white studentS'-\"\\ \"\"-... -----------.....- -----------~·stir up trouole and we wanted to be prepared for it, '\\._\\\\.' ' '\\. \\ ~ \"-'· -----Vv-~-. ~t-,-t~J _____________ _,,, . ..-----~~-----~---~~ that ti~~~ three~--------------------------\"'-''......., \"\\\"\"'' · C: tlHnk even more mC1ybe, than tnat is residential tntegratron, That 1·s the one thing tlll.f--- S: This town fs more integrated residenti\u003c'llly than any communtty fn the state of '-.. Florrda, t can take you to five different sections-------~-~---·-\"-\"-\"'-\\-.\\-\\.. ......... Broad Street ----------~----------------~~--~-~---~ South Street\\'\\/\u003c?.1· liri··· .. \\ . ' ' . '· \\ .. \\ ' CRSTA 6A page 7 mjb s: Central Avenue But, uh,,,. \"\". . . \\ \\ . . ' ' '' \\ \\ \\. . ~~-~---~-~-~--~~~-~~~~~~~~~,_....-~,-..-~~ C: You're talking about the, uh ........ ~~--~-------~~-'-,. ~~----~....--~-..--- S: Yes, and he told hfs, he told hfs parents somethln~'' ,,_.....---~---~~~-~--~~ ........ ~ \"· ~ ---~-----~---~--~-~~-~~~~---·-~....-.~~- Wel 1, just before the Eas·ter hol idayS'-',· · · · · · · · · fellow came around and ~~----~---~~~ \\ 1 ong distance ca 11 from Bos ton, t1ass ,'-- ---~---~~~- -~~--..-~-~-~~~---- t D\" ,, \" ,, Xou know Mrs. Peabody? And I sai·d/1No, t never heard of her~ '~h \":\u003e .,, He safd, you know ~ who she is? He said we 1·re taping this party- ........ ..-------~--~--~~~----.--~~---~~--- ' \\ She 1s the mother of the gove~or of Massachusetts, George Peabody,\"~'\\·· . \\\\ \\. ._,.\"\" \"\"\"\"--~~ ....... ,......,......., ........ . '\\ / '''\\ ' ' \\_\\\\\\.\\ \\ '\\ ., \\,: . . \\. \\,\" '....__ \\. Did you know she 1s coming down here to cause trouble? t said, what will you do if ./..£ t 4v she comes down here and breaks ~11r leg? And I said, W-el 1, law- is made for everybody--------------------- break tne law.'-..'.-.. ....... J!7_0 _ 11_n_:t-_P_ '__~. .r .. _1 -~:} ~,\u003e;\" The next day somebody handed me a paper from Ba 1t hnore. _____~ --..-A~e_tt..,.J~/_/~_l_'_ _ said, \"Mayor of St, Augustine Threatens Governor's 'Mother,''' ...·.. ..·. --~--~-'. '.·... ,.·,·.' . ... ·.. .. .... and that was a c1 irnlmt+ remark. We have one set of laws that apply to everybody and if she comes down here and creaks them ~~----~~~~~~~~~~~---~ C: Just out of curiosity, whlle we're on that point, how about evaluating the press coverage of St. Augustine, S: Wel 1, the press, when the thing flrst started, they came down fl.ere and set up headquarters In ,_ ' -..., \"''\\\\_\\_ Initially, w~n it ftrst started, I had a lot of mc:dl from all over the country, - --------------------------------------- CRSTA 6A pqge 8 mjb s; C: '- . '\\'\\. \\'. -,_ My ma i' 1 WC'IS- '.,..../_U,. ,.'. .~ _11_·;_~.,..,~ --~--- pu0-1 re op rn t·of1',_· . ' ' '' '' '-' '' ' .. \"\"'\"\"'' --- ·. \"\"' the trour:n e came;~:.-·:'· · · -_- · ---~~~--~~~~----~ TV and newspapers ---~---television complete E1nd - - · 100 per cent,\\! Tb.e nlnety per cent, ~- . l\\ the ninety five per cent of our population 0-el ieve wf\\at''s on televt'S'fon 1 or what they read ln newspapers, and they read nothtng else for, to !Jroaden their s-vt-Jut .1 _ . ~''\" -- . knowledge of the -system, And ,. -maijed i'n at lea~t 7J rn fqY01'.'\u003c '.. . ,, .. \\ .. \\ ~ \\, . ·. \\_\\.,' - '' - \\.. now I got long dlstance te 1e pnone call 5': ...- _....,....._~--_-_-.'. . ... ·. .· -·---.' ..' --~'.. ..'.. ...'. ._,_-_',.....'. .'. .. .'. . ,,...... ,...· · '\\' '--. \\• this is how it exp res sect-'. ..·.. .....................- -----·.. .·. . .· _·_·_.. ._-_._.. '_'· ..'. . .'.. . .\".. _... '. .. .'.. ,_,_, ......... s t·tm'lt \\'0:1 1 ii ~\"'. .... .. ...... , ... \"'-' \"~ ''\\'. .. ~'-~ How d~ tl:ie, how dtd· you reacO:i reacl:x·S' · · '· '· · ''' '' '·, ,.,. '.,., ''' · \"-'\u003c\\ 1 ' ......,.. ................... _...,__ _ _,..~---........ --~ ................ ~.....-..-.-.~--............... --.. how did you become a spotzesman fo J7 tO:.ero? S: Well thfs, thts ts a good potnt, - \"\"\"-\u003e · II t think tQ:e.whole. thJng i's-- S·et -up' reached out to 11Je., '-..:~;\\ · '- ~\"-~y · · \\,-.. ,.,. ! every nfght when I•\\.\\.,_''' And they would get up there, and boy-,........ __________- ..,.\"-:_.\"..'-\\.-: ._.'.:.'-.... ..... ...,... ....... ......,.....-·'\\'-..~~\u003e, . ' . \\._\" \"\" --..,..----~-~~-~~--~---~~~~~------~-~--------~-.-........ ....,._ ............... '\"\"~' . ~\" .. \\\\ .• , .• .• \\\u003c .... {\\-. This was ffittch troublesome, We as-ked our state Clttornet\u003e· · · · · · · ·' ,. '· \\' '' · '\"\"-\"- ' - , to COme Up here and See and J f sten to\\, wh,(L +.. h( [_ J1 Cf_ t ,fo ~t ~'-, breaking some law, and he came up here~ listened to us, sat'd,'-.\".-.·.. .·.- -........ ....-----\\·.· .'.. .. .'..\". .... \". ..• .. . ...... ------------they got the freedom of speech, they can go up there. and '\\(. . . \"-,'-\"' say anything they want, you c,:m't do anytnrng aoout ft1. Tll.ls l~'\" ,,, · ,. ,. · \"-\"\"-- this is Law enforcement officers in th.e dlstrtct·S\" ''\\·. · \\.:~\\','-'_'\\ . \\_\\ \\ \\. ' \\ . -----~~~~ ........ .--...-.-. CRSTA 6A page 9 mjb S: Oaytomi i C: The recison t say th.a.t~s remtirka.tHe ts- tft~~~m~~\":.~~:: \\'~,::\\,~,~~~,~,~-:~,X(,·:·,,'.~, ... '\u003c' .....,,,, ······ ......... ..,,...... ................. \"\"\"\"\"' later crtttcized tbe people,,, S: I know he did. C: ••• for lettrng, lett[ngl.yncft a.nck': ·Srt\u003e~cr······,· people, s: I μ It's, lt's a plain di:imn t te, fte went, fte went to Bos-ton, talked !Jefore q 6'o~\u003e.-ton Unfversity crowd, I bel teve·, and satd that we, the city offtci'als:~\\ di'd notbJng to f \\.It e;t I/\u003c I ·~IA r iop /P\"i \" sFop _;t%tf ·Cl td ~vnr~ , We drd c:d 1 we collld -do-eind-Bc se1id, fr,e::I Ir H· o; .. ,, •. t.~ orJ ar,/cetJ \"''\"' \\Vhtt f lv-l C('1U;J ~!) (tt•d l;l ~did. ' ()·· \\ _,/ /\\ ''You can't touch them~ Then he goes up to 6ciltimore and says we would do notLlng, '\" . \"\"'\"'\"', \"\"-\" They don 1·t tfl. l nk' . . ' . ' ' ' ' \\ \\ ' \\ \\.\\.' · ·, \\ \\\\_\\ .\\ . . ,_ .. ~· q \"-' «.:;; ' !I . . ' televtsed, we could tel 1 wtle.re eyerytb..i'ng was goi·ng to l'.lappenJ' Just watch the televisi'on pol lee, pol tee department could tell ~l we could tel?\\.\"\"'~~~,·~~~~-~,\\~~-\u003c~(:\u003e\\ 'I ----~----__, __________ demonstratron~ and a· lot of i't Wf:ls,' was-- arranged, put on People were actually f''Yi//j f 0 I saying whltes ~ loo~ l fl\u003c;.e tn.ey were oeattng blacks up and whJtes wasn\\'t~ tt was a terrible lie, C: What, uh, what sort of sb.er1't1f i5'-~\"-- . [.. t}.,. S: 1, 0, ,'.s · e..kfl\"lrd 't.· · · \"-' · ;- Q I . ' . ·\" . ' _\\ . . \"'' - ' . \\_ . ., A.itW tt\u003c41S:: ~ .. '.' ., ·,• - .. \" .. ,.. . ., ,, '\"'::- . \\ . ' ' ' • ·- ' ! \\ \\ ' \\ \\ l. \\ \\ \"'' • '' \" \\ \\ ,_ ' .. ' ... ~-\"' .. ,. '\\.'''\\\\, situation · · L • · 0, Davis had the support of the ~lack community, It's ---~-~~~-~ '', ' had €1 store down tn Wasfll·ngton Street-S''- ~.,.-.~--~~-~~-~~-........ ~-~ ..........-T\"\" . '.' ,, ' ''. \\. . . . \\ . \\ . . ' \\ . ' \\ \\ \"· ', ~ ' \\ ' \"\" \" \"'\"'· '\"'\"'\"·'-\" ''\\\\,\\\\.'\\..,'' -~---~~--~-.----........ ~~~~-..-.~~~~~~-~~..._..-~....-~~.......-..~ CRSTA 6A p(:lge 1Q mjb C: ' .. s; ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '...' . ' ' ' . I .. .. '-'\" ' ' \\ \\ . ,\\ .\\ ·' ' \\ \" .\\ ,\\ ,_ : \\ ·\" ' . ' . ..... ,. ,.. . '\\..'... . ' .. \\ ' ' \\ .. \\ . ' ' . \\ \\ .... \\ ' \\ \\ \\ \"\\ \\, ,\\ ,\\ ·' ;-.. \\ \\ \\ \\ ' ,_ ' \"\"''\"\"- they televtsed hfm, They,, tf:ley never asl\u003c.ed me or te 1 evi'sed me, They represented peop 1 e :··:' . ti f\u003e' ' );l/1J ' 0\\ . . ' . \\ . ' ' ' . ' ' \\ ' ' . ' ' ' . . \"'~. . . .. . . .. . . people~·.· ..-.....,...-.--~--~~~---~~...-.---.....-..................... ,..,,.... .................. ......., ......... ..,.......~ .......... ---- him to the Amertcan '· ' cross sect ton of the .. ' .. \\ . ' ... \\,.. ' \\ '\\ \\ '•\\ ., \" \". ' . ·, . \"... . C: How about, uh, you to 1 d me that Boston ts~ bow aoout, uh, tb:e press· cover~ge In was it~ will you describe ft as tnaccurate7 . ' . \\ ' ' . ' . ' . '. . . S: At least as inaccurate 1 may5e wcrse 1 We only had one, we only hcid one ~1ri'ter . . ' . . . . . _, ... \"\\ . ' ' '· \" . . '\\ '· had a prepared statement:/~·~·-·-·-·-·-·-----~·-·. ...· -·-·-·---~~·_._._._._._·_._'·-·-· ....· _·_,_·_·_··-\"-\"... ..........· lj he came to my house on East;er Sunday morning, t had coffee wHl'l him' I g:;we him tbe ~~ I statement, sat there and talked about t·t for two hot1rs, Wl'len fte wrote the arti'cle, he didn't mention one thi'ng aoout th.rs, He wrote tbe most llicised~\\ slarjer/? false \\ 'I You know, I thought the press was supposed to quote tfte facts, not 1 not puoltc opinion. C: You know, at that time, ~~~~~~~~~~~~- before the time of the civil of the nation#f, did you, did you feel, as a consequence that you were getting any hearing at all? S: Let me tell you about my personal feelings, and I was very sympathetic ----~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~----~- CRSTA 6A Piil9~ 11. MJB S: and I made up 1llY mind J · · ·w a :.5 · · .. \\ \\.. -------~-------------you jus1Y_·---------~....----..- \\\" t thi'nk, C: Can you de.sc.ri!Je ·_ ______a,_ '_'--,.....·h_· ./..L... . l..{. ,_· .· .6.. .... ;. ·. f__· ~t11..,...~-.:.'.t~. _ · _.··---------............. s: one n tght · · · · · · · · · · · · · \"-.· -----------------j,-y .,,.,,,,) J., h J v c fir. ((tt, 'wn i te boys'\"-. ........ .--------~------~~~ (.I,,'' pol ice station ----------------~ cal led me up'·· ..... ...--~-~--------- two FBt agents ,, they came down from tndiana, they started interviewing these tdds, '-- .·. --~~--- I ,, 11 te 11 you' he Sq rd·'-...... __________ _ l want a hundred years of you white people under my hee 1 l i ke we 1v e been under your hee 1 • '\".--'--..:,..;.,',....\".\"..· ... .- ----------------...- C1nd h.e di:d, Mr;·\"- turned to me and he SC!id, Boy,' there i·s~~ ·'- _,......________ ~ ... - . '\\'.\" ' C: So this was 163? s: Th ls was just·. ,._ just thrng started __________________ ~ ~~~ {,. This was right fn, no this was 1'\"3. C; Oh, I 1m sorry. 6 S: Right in from 1 ,~3 . \\ ' \\ \\. \\ ---------- ---------------------~........_ That wasn't the interesting way, the way people'\\'\\.. ~-------------~-,......._ '-\\.. C: Yeah, s: . ' ..... ' . \\' ' ' ·. ' \\ . \"' CRSTA 6A pqge 12 mjb s: ,_, C: Did you hC1ve much work wtth · '/(}'11~ · \"\"' ·. · · ~-----------.,+~-~----., '' S: I~ MY~ J,· J rtdf fcu. . . \\ ' ,, C: s: ··,, ·, '-. ... '\" ... ''\"'·''\"• Uh, we were talking C!bout, uh what uh, King Eind wt\\etner you were meeting or not, '\\:· Oh, he, he was coming tn stcite for a dt'!y, rnC1ybe a n igt\t when l\\e took off-.\"-..''\"'\"' \\ The only time I, t never drd tC!lk to hrm, He never came and talked to me, Never asked to see me, Matter of fact, Andrew Young drdn~t I'\\ Pr..11° I s etit fo r ht m. t SC!ld, I want to see the ~'.. ·... •------~~-..,_.,........., 1 f(J S/tt- Ir h C!Sk to see me; Nobody, nobody involved ·_·_1_n_·~l_1ta._....t_·- 'M'-\".\" \"o'-v_l_M_._t_J1_ _. _f_._,_... _ ever asked them to coll'!e fl. rtfr1~ttf,1!;\u003c/t· I }j 11 ,,_. J,Jtr1 / \"\"(}\"\"' I -to:-me, \"fftey P.5 t 11,. lo fOi'Vec fv ,....t, ,they~- ' , .. -\u003c_ · dowh I l), ·1 ~ ----- ~,_~_~ _ __:..f_o_ ___~ -~---~·-1-f~A~t~y_c~;...;.;.;.~.;...;-t_ _f_ o~9-e_f_t_'v_.~_·1_q _~ ~nd they were f rC!nk, Andrew J J Young told me, s€dd,uWe 1 re dying on the vine, W'e ''Ve got to get some pub l i city this summer and we need tt fast C1nd we need it qutck': C: Did re s.ay why they were dying on the vine, just out of curtosi·ty, were they loslng '\u003c \"'\"'::'\\:. out to the maybe more militants or~~-------~------------~------~---'-\"'~'-·~ S: I don 1 t know. don't know what the reason for lt was, They weren''t getting -th\u003c publicity through the press, I guess, C: Uh huh, s: I don It remember' This rs w A I l'1 + I i1 'i firltJ I laf ... \\ .. [(c.rc!/) F6.f'f\"I S fjr,Yn•FJ C: What about uh Governor BryC1nt, was he pretty cooperattve? S: Up to a poi·nt and then be became just the reverse ~nd t \"11 te11 you an h1stanoe CRSTA 6A page 13 rnjb s: the president, was very anxi'ous to get this chdl ri·ghts oi'll p(!!ssed and signed li.t '' and~wants ft sJgned on the fourth of July, • II This was around sornettme In June,,c:md he wants you to form a committee in St, Augustine, a f'\u003ei'\".'ractal commi'ttee, ~all Martin Luther King, and do anything he wants you to do; e.;a;-, Cooperate with hi·m so we can get this, gi've Kfng tJ:t:\\: i.e--victory-.....-. --·~-·_IJ_.,.....,_t __v,.-_, \"I\"t,- __jr _ .I' !J-+-r:.-· _ St, Augustlne ~ o /f ca 11 ed me up · ~---------- -~-~---- +h\u003c )t,!J/tj'h+\\{fl and Mr, Wt1 Jf told us what it;.~(LlC!r frri~:fl./).J/'f-5\u003e lCfi ~ ca1rlhim and ta1k'Jto him aoout a1J 41 al;r; c4//1l Gt; ... r.f_V\"J1~r ---- (arr,· s /3ryo11 -f fr\u003e) P ~fa ,.J A ad ~~11 i' ~ co\" ht)1 T v/ I A 14 r J./'ol/ and we discussed and kicked it around ~nd f kicked the oall andrsa id, 11 Mr. ''.t./,; Ir, . ? B ( l 1 f s going to ,, I you've lived here all your life and said, 1Thls Civil Rfghts ,. be signed in the next, _v_l ,,.+_/ ___ week, two, coup 1e of weeks, We knew it was ((JM ;~~1 i,cavsr At Mi v~ . 11 . I said, When tl'i:at happens,· all tl'.lis t·s going Y~M ~ I this, -we~r~ going to douole~cross your Ytrv frlend~ ',., t ~; ! C0f'l\\ff'1•r;fv , \"'We're going to sell the communi'ty ~'--~~--\"-'-~-'-'...._ __ ~--- ~l out to give Ma rt in Luther King the victory so we.. caft.. ? 0 · fo · ---::;:;'~---~--~---~--~... .... t./ t' t .J !,A )I { Jq ' any other communit~- 4$ry see what we dtd in St, Augustlne~! we Cqn do t·t ,.. ,, to be finished,~nd I said, Now you do ,, any place else we want to !Ind that'·s- ....... -----------~----------\".....- Another mqn that that m.:in supported, Mr,'·\"·\"'· tf:lqt~,s tb:e way you 1're ~·-----~~- going to be, CRSTA 6A pa.ge 14 mjb FPYY-: 5 rlght s: tn hls offtce----~--· _. .· -·-·-·-·-·_ . ·_·_·_·_·_· . .· ~·-·_·_· _, .· _· _ 1'.t.e cal 1ed ~fN\"Sh Brya,.,i- l' F~rri5 '' '\\ · , . ~ up .:ind scitd, ~' he scii'd,\"No dotigb. or no d~ce.·.,..·-\"-·-·-·~--~~~-..\"... .'.'.,.. .,.''-°\". \\..... - '\"'/n l ;t,, L./,tS 0'1 d t Monday afternoon, Tuesdciy nrgl\t, natronal television came out, sard, · \\~~~-~-, Tuesday ntght, na':' c~. ~ ~~;~,., (1-fr: (.. t.ryo~ tional television came out· Governor..PqFFfsrrannounces that 11e has formed a ... ' bi..-raclal committee in St, Augustine, Well, all that group that attended that meeting that nfght were · 119.H.tr · · dtS/U-tJf t C(J//{ J I s-aw a couple of them and in cioout thlrty minutes the)'. were T ~ ~t J.,./lr( '/Podrct:1 house, fvery6ody was all mad~ as a wet hen,~nd t got f5rot19ftt into the city I' : . attorney ov•f ti.._ '(l . a ;rJ hl ~,;J 1 l~ok let's don'-t go off half cocked~ 1 ___________ _... ______ ___,,_/ ~ ' I' WI He said, The governor~---------------- and ~11 ve got to On. ~-_h_t,· findoutwhcit 1sgoi.ng ~1.iJ1,.,. .,·..), _':!;' ,. ' I J I I I k/tJ1·r,., ( ··t\"tt(. tlitey-mayor ca1l8.the governor from my office in tl\\e morni'n9''( \" v ~it A le. ........ ----.------- +.t;; was July 3; /e called the governor up and had IHm on tl'!e phone and!satd, ''Governor b r YO Y1 t , what in the world''s going or}~' '' ----~-~-.......... 6+ 4 v,q~ t; f ,\\.;t ' ' something a little fishy (( ' ' \\' oar, t' M JI M ~ ~nd he said~ ,, 'l!J' er \u0026yor, if .= . - r) -' you''l 1 promise - ,, that you' 11 never reveal this, 111 l tel 1 you, Of course me being ·a simple 1 ittle idiot~.,.now I'm political ---------------------.... ~ ?h·j ~-·~ I lf!1)\"f.J..1''1/!1 _:t.. _ ~._/ _iv_.!_..,..Y__._ti_H_ _1_ 1·1. .... _ _1 .v_1 _r_)__._:f_· _w.__· 'P_n.._I · _'?_\"·\" _r_' . He ~a i d {'We 1l , t lte t r u th of t t i s ~ I . I I haven't formed a committee in St, Augustrne, I said, Yo-u mecin to tell me, Governor' , and Robbie Andrew was listening In on the extension tn hts office; Ytt said,bYou mean to tell me that you formed no commtttee and~ you told the people of the state of Flori'da that you had formed a committe~1~nd ne sard, //That ts ~' ,, right. said, Do you mean you've 1 i'ed· to all the people In Florida and in the ' ,1 satd/1Now don 1t ·\\\\ United State\"S? ~nd he you start ca 11 t ng me. nqmesw mc:in, scild, ~ ''Look, youire ci lyrng so--cind-so, You sai'd it yourselL You tell.us one thing and you make an announcement on national televisfo1{ §Ind l'.te di'd H to pcidfy CRSTA 6A page 15 mjb s: -------..,; (; tl Senator Smathers and Lyi:idoi::i JgaRSeR., the presl dent and· he hung up tlJe. pl}one in a. ;:~ big fluff. We 11 , t kept my word for a.b~out a year, year and· a !ta 1 f and sa rd, · t ~ ~ . don't know why t should keep my word to a li~r and then t Q'egan to tell people ; o.l. what trank...f-9.e\u0026. He never dfd form a comrnl'ttee and this was orougllt out fn thi's I pamphlet flere, l't was very strange, no commJttee,~nd the next dciy, ThursdC1y, July 4, tne Civi 1 Rights Bf 11 was si·gned tnto law out the announcement had been made that a bi-racial committee had been formed and that was to get Ktng out of here with some kind of a vr ctory · · bt C' t? K'5(1 · -affli he was. i'n .--------------~~ Washington when the president signed the bfll. The minute that happened C: Well, you did have some problem afterward because Monson 1·s restaurant had thrown out, • , , S: Now that is before the Cfvil Rfghts Bfll was signed, That was at the hetght of the demonstration. C: Wasn't, wasn't that, I think t'm right here. I think you~re wrong 1 S: . ,,,,, C: Remember •••• S: th l nk they ' \u0026{ .Pfir rk C;'v1ll/ioJ/111:/I W;tc \u003c).~~ ------------------------------+--·- ,tF C: think they tested. They went around and they tested some of the, some of the Negroes who stayed tested the bi 11 and then Manucy'·s. n 1 S: You may be right, You may be rtght, C: S: C: s: ... picketed, picketed some of the restaurants, You may oe rf ght because I, I, the dates .-----------------~-- Dldn 1t }ast much longer, but ft,,,, It didn't last ct long, uh; tf\\ey dtd, Manucy picketed and the re.ason t!\\ey dt·d rt, Monson was the headquarters of a 11 the press and the te levts ron,; '}t?J . C/Jd~tl4.~z'~ · and__;j\";:..,._; \"'--\"'.:...:''.,1..Y_. _..:.,if:;_r .;;..O_t.:...lz_·_· -----------~-------..--...... ~ ..... _o_\"_c_l1~t.,.\\_I_'-._,,,_' I CRSTA 6A p,:ige 16 mjb s: I' () t: ·• · f · I . /) '1'.. . . J 1\\' fl~'· f \"(i )' .:;. .. . . ' ' . . . . ' . . \\ ' ~ ' . ' ' ' \" . :the -po i::e r- 0n Here's a statement that t made f~the morntng, July 7, 1963, C: Uh huh, (Jiaf/ir . 1 · S': She 1 ley mak.es .aft statement to dtizens on racfal relt1ttons/rto tl'ie citizens of As ,, / ~ 1, ) St, Augustine. ~the mayor of St, Augustrne ·w-\u0026S re~~'\"'./\\ 11 v t )\") 1t · StttJ 11L1\"$.\",\\ S: \"I feel that it is incumbant on me ·h Q «( c ;f J a \u003c0 .. , Io 1 is ten to the radio, reads the papers, or whatever.\" bl(l -k; doing no th f ng to he 1 p the situation, But of even more importance, there has been a failure 6? · tl1t · /u;tJ/ · !Je//c5 ' to speak out i-n 011 /·h/5· ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---~~ subject, tn an effort to bui·ld pol itfca] f\"t};w I ,. .J l) -G4.o.u.t -an.cl maintain themselves in offlce, pol itlcians have resorted to the old political ·ir-iCX of using minority groups to accomplish ~~~--~~~~~~~~- thetr objectives, In effect, such politicians seek the mtnortty vote by calling the fr\\C\"-,jcr;+, names. \\JV/\\/~ ' 'tf you don 1t vote for me, those other people will mtsuse you) Not once have heard of a sfngle /t~)tr dH,v'' or -l.R-tervi.ow. on the nationa 1,.,state level say that our Negro citizens that along with equal rights go equal responstbilittes, ' f rte Ao~ · · o ~ · ......-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--......- c .5 association Is t.b\u0026t tnal tenable, fnal ienably a part of our Bil 1 of Rfghts as is freedom of speech, freedom of relfgton and pursutt of ltfe~ liberty and happiness\" -\u003e, t wrote th i's myse 1f , ......-~~~~~~~_..,~~~~~~~~..,......~~~~--...-- ( /' f would remind our citi'zens that justice demands a fair consideration of the right eyJI c11r fitcr!', (u (/ r. + yt d rt'., of~~n ~e ~the words civil rights and equcllftybave been misused ~ \" - - - - - - ------------------------------- - CRSTA 6A pC!ge 17 mjb ) ! ! ) ' i . t ) '( r s: .. a t}l~ t;. t. Q .... u n t if .. ·!·~ '. , . 1 .. · .. law. There ts no such thtng i'n tilts world as two equC!l people, From the moment of otrth, infants show indivrdual differences, Some are pbystcally stronger than others. Some develop more r\u003c:ipfdly, Others snow defects, bot!\\ mental and physi:cal, as they age, Some are born witfl naturEtl talen~, God\"'.'given tctlent), if you wish, A beautfful voice with which, voices wrtl\\ which to slng~ How many Negro boys are Stan Musial at the plate? How many whrte boys are equal to (' How many Einsteins or //d,.,,it-rr/ · ;t·rka vers' are equal to.a Wfllte Mays on a baseball field? the re \\/'\\/·~...--..........,.~ among us? No, even t n God~ s eyes we a re not eq ua 1 ,. v/Oo , I .r but you have equal opportunities to prove the goodness or 0C1dness~,··o.L7?Jr'.--\\ , ? I' \" J \"' ~o rt vo-f for J lrv Equal employment opportunity has been\u003c.· l}NrD · ltttdf..- /'/? ·. J)J/5 v,,c. ,,, oil dri1.tc.. +1:'0o requal r'1ghts, How q.,tlhltfe y apparently fail to recognize that the key to thls problem is education. The drop-out rate in our public school system ts the ~~~~~~~~-of our education problem and hence, our employment problem' and thrs problem ts not peculiar to the Negro race alone, The drop-out rate t~ ;he white race is entfre.ly too high, tn this day of automation and high tech ... 1 .+ \\\\~Y nological requirements, 'Ettl uneducated youth, both Negro and whfte, represent a bi:\u003ef.(J;.,? problem and often are unemployable except for common labor, but ~~~~-\"-~~~ here again /eltdcr') of both races have fatled to attack this problem ~~-'--~~~~~~~~~ vigorously, Integration of our public schools has not solved this problem_ Witness the publi'c schools tn Washtngton, D. C, t\\o It/ They have been fully integrated for many years and are a national disgrace to this ...l)e (; M5f- ) r·s--time far educators in this country · 5 f.J!;y.., \\,\\,jv_:Ji C to solve ' this prob 1 em and it 1 s st i 11 , , , • C: By the way, hadn't St, Augustine integrated its schools tn 1·63? S: We had the, yeah, the school was integrated and the paroch.tcil scnoof,\u003c~~ ~ was always an integrated school, CRSTA 6A page 18 mjb C: s: C: S: I ·;I tt was done, it was done -voluntari'lyk/~~11\\1 I · ·t~'uri~ cor•rcf-, tt was done on a volunatry oasi's~. 1The J ftnest educators in this !I lo ~/e,f-country seem utiaBle to solve this problem, Therefore, I say \"Wat: you f'tetve personal responsibility (;,. ·f~e~e.· action9' '\\ ; rtl I' I! /'f\\ ( (\\ 1 t·4 i~f) ------;\\-· ____ ..,.....,......,.._,._ 1\"he laws are made tn Wash fngton out any i~\"O'rT of tf\\ese 11:1ws, to great extent, t admonish both our Negro and whlte dtlzens to beware the radical fringe ln b\"C\u003eth places, Use prudence and reason so that we may avoid the pitfalls wfltcn can destroy the '\\ '• respect and friendship which are the foundatfons of a good race relatlo!'}'-'-'·\"-'\"-''· C: Yeah, okay, yeah. S: \"The ctty commission of St, Augusttne situation, problem, however this is J as passing the buck, No decision by a committee of thts type could oe.\" .. , of the legal fmplicatfons fnvolved, The city commtsslon ts responsible to all ()(1 Jy the citizens and can ~o ffiOl\"e accept recommendations from any commtttee which would ---------------a possible law sutt by adding a 0-ona fi'de '\\. legal status, Furthermore, a bi~racial commtttee'\\. · ~~-------~--......---~ -----------~ will polarfze the white race the the Negro race and -----------~· · · · il 'S'S H•\"'l.tli'v'll. that there ts a racial difference because the city commt·ssion of St, Augusti'ne interracial stand that ft fs responstole for only munfciple · \"'-\\~'; · \\\\_~~~~\"-' ...-~~~~~~~~~-...--~~....,...........- ,, fadl i'ties, Let me tnterject here that at that time the state of Florfda hqd, by_ CRSTA 6A pcige 19 mjb R; a trespass law cind these were the things that, uh, the, ttl.ese dernonstrcitors C: S: vro~'' ; ~, would do, They wepe- go.ftfe ¥tJJ a store downtown and lay cil 1 over tt\\e floor 1 ike a and the people cotJ 1 dn \"t get in and out 1 ~----~-~--~~-- They were about to arrest, to call the police to come down there and remove them, {).,~!' \\mty the state tresspass lE:lw, police depctrtment had not ctlternative accept to go down and remove these peop 1 e phys i'cct 11 y from the p rem r ses, there's still trespctss tng lctw __;_~ _1:1_·1_ _r_ J.._;v._r_t_·_ 1 _, __________. _~-\".'.· .~. \u003c. ... .·... \" ..\".. .\"...- '-'·-·. Yes? ~~Nt/ I think there's stfll trespass law out they wouldntt, they were! th·ey werel\\in the erf: pt Of') \\N ~ (') state ctnd these were the 1€tws on whtch we mi'.'tde arrests 'at thes-e, ~ were violat\"J1 ing ----·-·. f.._. l_~-_C_l_l)_·- ---- for their own personct 1 reason~ \"'-·o ;\\ J · fAt 1'\u003c:,p.). .y n - It W€1Sn 1t by ordinance, It wasn 1·t oy the crty commissron or a mandate from the city government, 11The city commission nas no legal or moral r\\'ght to tell any merchant how to operate his business- The decision, any decision to file an order to has oeen set forth ln the ~~---~------~......-~__,.,_......,..~ previous statement. f.\" f ..._ n '. ~ ~\"'I\\ s ) r Cl (( rt / ,\\ ~ ,· !J f\\ s . t\" I) l . ~1:1l~tf01 '', regu 1a t i ori-s-___.,_ .f\\_. . .· _)_·_l_· _1 :1_·-.... f!_t1_~. ·_?_i_~_.. , _h_.e__._ '·~\\,..._. _ making statements to that effect, . b\u0026- f~ ,-.~((!, ,, Parents of teenage cf\\ildren~should know..,.~and this, to me, is an important statement, cause bel teve tnat right here is the start of the lack of respect we have for law in this count{(r) todciy and it, L c l t l\u003c'. \\./J1U ( think it started back in the (ivil f('ights ~ovement~ ~ klds, twelve, fourteen years old--were urged to go out and break laws, any law, tf you didn't ltke ' the law, go out and break it\"'.-whether~· it was a good law or a t:rad law:-not have it changed through the legal process, just go out and break the law, And I predicted then we were going to see· ,/I/ 4 f rampant crtme in this country based ~~,'-'-----~----~ on th is IA r4il\\~ of young people to get out and if you dontt like something do awciy with it' ·A Vi J· I ·f h, nk r'Ir and t think it ~s\u003c \" ' ' ' think it's coming fos·t, '! this country, I Pa rents of teenage children of both. CRSTA 6A page 20 mjb S: races snould know where their cnfldren cire at al 1 tt'1nes and sttould not let tbem to Be put In a situation which cc::in lead to trouole, tt rs a resporisNl'flity of parents to see that thetr ch i1 dren a re home at an early hour and know whom they are associating with all 'tl:le. tim~ One of the Baste tngredi·ents of good citizenship ts a respect for law and order, I would lt'ke to take tnls opportunity ~ ~. ri'ff 1s fo COf'\\~~-'\\Ci\\~· {)V..r--tM enttre poltce department and tne ~errtfts. office for tne speedy and efficient handling of the recen~ i Ylt ·/Jtfl t t.vl,c~ 'tJcCf1v·cJ. I 4 .Suen fndrviduals nave demonstrated good cltizenshif} /f1· .. Ti.f'bt--t/i-12 f-r:;, \\,/V\\./' police r J'\\l~ ~ e r;' (' s I) t i~'\\ ( ;) .1~1 J 5 /t ~I; \\.r; l,rf.; J?. .\u003e 1-J k f A~flc;.tr.(/- f hl shooting. fl J')J /At!f v.,~.\\v I . because ·Some tlHngs transplred earlier out t-~never did call the polfce department C'.f/d -ft//· nol~Jr l.br?!Af /./- ''\"- t:tt just let it 10 OY\\· ·ufti· ···tn{·· f/.f:··· t;/\u003e//,·. /},.e··5lc,dz'r.q, ;:; v ''but certain individuals had demonstrated good citizenship and reported~ police ~he series of in~.1~~ /eoJ;1-i}·vp.. ·fnJ··of-· S/ic·Qnf'', C: Uh huh, she told me \\,A/Cl5 C: +s- there any bickering on the commission at all during tha~~ ....... ~---------~ pol icles7 C: How about the business community, do they pretty much support or were they,,,, vJd) S: MQ, I think the best damn thrng we ever had is I got the largest vote that was ever given when I was elected to the clty commission. ~~~~~~~~~- ran two more, for two more times, was re~elected both times, One time I was unopposed and I· come within about thirty votes of getting...----------- and I got wr thin th i rty votes of the .;._.. _____________________., ,..·,- '-·, ,_ CRSTA 6A pcige 21 mjb S: in pol tttcs and God, I· was elected, re..,.etecteck '\\. --~~~~~~~~~~~~~--_...,- C: Thatts so~ something •••• s: I thinkwtth my, l thi'nk the communft~t\u003eusrness~wl'se and al1s1Jpported.the city commission and the er ty government\" --~~~~~~_,..~~~~~~~~~~~--~-- C: l\\ppreciate your time, I, I really want to .... t ran into one.·f-~/il.{ lo/1y 7-l~f . w~ !, ov~r tAf ' v S: C: S: s: who was reat ly interesting. I .go.AG- the H?stodcal Society and there was an •1 If .1 ,, election notice and I t/l.5Sv.r''1f'. t(- · was 1·65,~ sat'd4 Attentron, citizens of our city, don 1t be mislead. It has been revealed that John Bailey, Carlton O'Neill and Dr, Joseph Shelley made a secret pact with the Nattonal Association of Negroes for Integration, It says two thrngs i 1} to integrate all our schools, motels, hotels and so on; and 21 to appoint Negroes to the quadracentennial committee, 0 /, Vote, it says~at the bottom,'vote to elect R,C, Blackner, Jim Dart and Harry Gutterman. ,, Save our way of 1 ife, fht__ Alright, }et me tell you what happened on that, The morning of/\\e 1 ect ion '.day they put out 5,000 of those folders all over town, Daylight, on the morning of election day, John Bailey and Carlton OfNeill called me up, Harry Gutterman\"Jt \\,(./~~ on the commission. J Uh huh, I B)1,ch1~ r w~~,if- tttd_ , , ,who's the other one? 111D1t/J 5flQ.f //. tf'my Here Oll and that was a, that was, they figured that~ by putting all those damn folders out that it would be too late for us to counteract it. John Bailey called me up and Carlton called me up. Carlton O'Neill was upset about it, He said, 1 \\lhat are you going to do? . '' /I You ought to get on the radfo and deny all of it, I said, Hell, Carlton, anybody that knows me knows rt's not true, Anybody who knows you and knows John knows it~s not true,\\ \\ I said, II Don~t let lt bother you, forget it~' ' Wel 1, I CRSTA 6A page 22 mjb S: I got the most numoe r of votes and John Bal 1 ey got the next 1 a rges t number of votes, Car1'ton didnit win, Harry Gutterman was the thtrd guy ~'-~\"O\"n ' ....,.::;o-;..__,._.........,,....,._ l wr . ~{},tf\" Blackner got beat, That was i·n the FUFI, C: Was Gutterman really involved rn this thtng? Thi5''., ·..:. •. -1 f:.-·_A_1_·11_t;.__· . --------.-­S: I think he was behfnd it, C: Yes? S: Quite frankly, He was quite, he was a pol itictan, Somebody was behind it and I think it was somebody in that trio,,, c: Wel 1,.,, c: ••• and I think he was the most likely prospect and f 1m sorry that, that he 1s not C: s: Huh? for- P ~iof C: ••• fie.r comm i s s ion I\u0026 ~, s = Ye()\\\\ · -do11 1 t aS'f\u003c except he later, Harr'l\u003e later ran for..., f:!e had a file on about 1500 peop 1 e 1 n this town, ~tte;:::a~ l f he cou 1 d get about 1500 votes, he could get elected,~Harry \\vrrS · (( .to~{tA //!fie cr/fl(J'r; μ,_ ¥eY had a, a small group of people in this town and he was like an actor on the He didn't work. He was retired, He was, he'·d been an enforcer for~:: ...f.._ h_t._ __ There was, l wasn't involved in that thing cause I'm waiting on the city commission. He was on the commission before I was, A group of guys tried to get him removed from the city commisslon because he was, '-._'··. he was arrested on a felony charge up there in New York some place fo~' --~- ---------------some people down or the\"-_. ________ _ C: Do you know, do you think he really -----------------------~ That he,., CRSTA 6A page 23 mjb ! S: No, he didn~t think that, That was strictly poHtfcs, Tf:'lat was. stri·ctly C: $ po 1 i ttcs, strictly politics, :j'\\dtt ? Jv. lf What about dtm' S impson;'S.( Don Simpson? V\u003c nJ~ r Don Simpson?· I flna11y made a, t finally passed a, a, ffi..my powers as\u003c\\'\\'\\,_··~~-- mayor, I I'm empowered, under the law; the mayor's empowered~ under the law;__ ___ _ to maintain peace in the communf ty, In other II(! v1..r/J.J vJy get up and say,...irJtttf:';_~ hold your right .:.· words\"' t can get up.~/it ,, Plr))i'c7 1 • f· 4l IA.f 1' hand 'Ofh t can swear him in as a deputy and say everyone here who takes this oath of offlce has got to obey me right now and do what I tel 1 them to do. The mayor has that right, I got that f have, t carried a paper with me at a 11 t i mes so t co u 1d i nvoke that rt gh t .....:-.tif\"-f~.:...fh_;....11_,,.yj'-.·: :...(}_!-_· ._ _.= _:.'- \\\"\u003c-.:_ \\.·. .,....J.. ,·. ... ./'\\~-1·.. ,......-=---\u003c''+-;,...c· ;1,.__.. and I invoked that, We were getting to the point where we were afraid that the blacks weren't getting much of a following ti·11 at night, They decided to march at night, They wanted to stir up violence and I think, now to be honest with you, King and some of those people and Andrew Young and the rest of them wanted to see some Negroes murdered in the city to really put the fmprfnt on us~ to really give the Civil Rights movement the thrust it needed1 just like happened -::­:; down in Philadelphia '·\" ·Civil Rights moverient, ~-~----~----~--~---- We were afraid that was going to happellJSO I passed a what._ you call Ct a no marching from 8:30 at dark at night till 8:30 in the morning, They could march all day long~ but because we~ve got poorly lighted streets and real narrow streets, real dark and hard to police we felt we couldn\"t rri11_rcf,er5 protect the~Mff~vJQf'Ui~~-~.A/j/\\ • Judge Sfmpson said they could march. They could march any time they wanted to, Well 1 I overruled Mr, Judge ____________________________________________ ['\"__ - CRSTA 6 pC1ge 24 mjb S: Simpson. °'\\iqd /~ /:tf · ()fl · ~e. cal led m~)·~ ·Of! · ·lorft-lflli\u003ccrfcourt~ t1~~v;_~\"\"\"'' _c_,_o....,u .r..e... -...· ============·=·= .;=~=d~r_o_.;.IJ_· _O_o..;...,:1_,s ...... .' --·-· . ·.;...,/J_n...,;J_._ft_a 1 ~~/1r ia n +i . , , ~ ,\u003c, LC $till at that stage tt was '; \\ J back 1'rt' 1-1' vv- ~ '1 · lcrs /n · · . - - k'/JJ!.S --1('-·\"\"\"b,_f_f1'_,f\u003e _B \"\"-r_.y'-'.e. .\" ':..;..-r_,_'·----- and -Jimmy ·~tnes v1as ~ttorney ~eneral of the State of Florida and be had them reply ~~--~--------~~--~~--~ .......... ..--.~~~ :: the rvri+:t \"\"'Nf r4vr:1 t' ~, ~ if:deral court,anc.! I spent nine'9 (?,.. · \"'\"' y·nrlkf.J ~ days on this court and t never heard such,4( Mr, Ku1nsker an~\"'-..\\.. . .'. _._._._.-·---~--· attorneys 1 for the American Civi'l Uberttes Unton,9nd that t~ ShO.vJ(I weis IY!Cf.Jl o{;q I \"-:. -R-v+ .-n - -l-/t-r- --'-'\"- --- to them 5'00tt-kl what he ·had- hl~~ · 11J 5 I. 0 r.v.fJ this country what a, what a, I don't know what. He should hcive been barred from law practt·ce. He broke every rule ~r;!. court- · ; roceJ\\. n · fAa J. 1 /u·1.:. /s /o hreq.f:. q i-i l ,t thttf- Jl'~1- let him get away with it. It was obvious up there11Judge Simpson had been made a promise by the President of the United States that if he would let them do what they wanted to that he'd be promoted and he was promoted to the Fifth Circuit . ~v.~Jdl ~ of Appeals. We had Chester who was the finest lawyer in Florida at that time, C: Jacksonville? S: Jacksonville. He and Judge Simpson were close personal frtends and they fell out C: . completely~ Judge Simpson f,ktt\"'f-.,c_\"/tl:.ie ~the court, He just let this guy· K!Jf 'f\\sJ/er do anything he wanted to, He'd browbeat witnesses. I got so mad one day in that court I got up and stomped out right Jn the middle of court and walked out in the hallway,,nd Charles Q\" 1' ~ ., v• \" /\\ , Chuck ·_ _~t _J·\"\"'\".-1-\\\"\"-. ' '.1.i_ ___\" ~ was down here representing NBC or CBS hl on television once in a while. '\" \"' ~--------~-------~~~----~ S: He was taere for two years, tC! 1 ked to him many t tines cmd he was a great adml rer of Martin Luther King and we would discuss all angles of it, I walked out of that courtroom and'\\'''(:QV~~A\"\"~\u003c walked up behind me,-:-followed me ou:,and he. said, 11 Well, mayor what do you think of the proceedings?' I said, 1\\1 think they're /\\ /-0 bt CRSTA 6A pcige 25 mJb s: \" the loustest, this ts IJ,,l ~~JI{ WI$ ~cfir3 . . I the lous·rest damn tl\tng five ever wttnessed,H The way 0 h /J,~ 5/P1·Jd , ''r h tl . He had a young Flortda ~ighway fatrolman witness~ and he was;orowbeatrng that boy and frying to cross htm up and contradt·ct him,ctnd the boy was smart. He was 11 '°\"'~-e.; WIS : /;\u003e!\u003e going to 1 aw school J~ f f'V'.i? f!~i\" '-.... -.zJ..~· ' He st ucifEifl'; 'tr'· {yhn~f/er tJ+e.. 1 awl- ~nd · +\\~.._; ( O\u003et) h ---=------~couldn't cross hlm up but he just used every tact rel\\ he -needed ~ use to try to make hfm lose his temper and tt got so bad • I got up and left the room, Qi~~flt\\ followed me out and right be'\u003c:' --~--\"\"~,_....._-~~~ hind him there was a big old marsha11, federal marshall about six foot two and he and t got to be real good friends and as a mcitter of fact t think be ts still up in Jacksonville !..\". d he walked out behind :; he was · · · · · · · · and I thin~ about rw... +/,-((I Q (1 !till' ~' {v//ov,1td ~ out rn tb.e hal 1 because 'fo Oi.ti'1r1 1'111,/..1/I turned t-b~ 00f'fl9-f0 and he said, ~, what do you ,, !lnJ ,, 'f.JIJ.. \" ? 11 I said, ListenAno good son of a bitch you , I said,''t'm fed up to here with you and your two.,..faced way you're handling the ' I t •J.,. \\) It. 1;,1 Qkll'. I• way yoJ talki!Rt ~and I said,'1·1 1m fed up with that judge in there and I'm fed up wl th that farce~ that's going on that they 1 re ca 11. .1 ng a trt•a 1'4-'' and I said,11 Don 1 t you ever come up and talk to me agatn: said. ''t don't want to see you again. ,, ,, I don't want to talk to you again, What do you mean, what ,, II do you mean? I safd, If you don't get away from me rim lfable to hit you right ,, between the eyes, That was the only trme I lost my temper in two years and he turned around, he got right and walked off and left s and when he dfd that big ht : marshall came up to me and reached out and grabbed my hand and shook it and~said, \\' ''Mayor,· 1 wished you would have hit him. He said/11 feel the same way about this as you do:' That was the biggest--- )(uhtt5/).t\"'r '.5 · · '- son sat rn that court-:- N \u003cf/ie/ tltf room with a qqiO girl.,.-\"Ga h~d a lot of people from St, Au~usttne i \"\\ r h.\"J 0, nd necked her cind krssed her eind hugged h.er cind not ~ 1• once did Judge S j·mpson ever say, That wi 11 not h€1ppen in my· courtroom~ When I something humorous happened qnd some of the people in St, Augustine s-nt·cl\u003c.ered CRSTA 6A page 26 mjb . I I ' 1, .. • - , , •. ·t:_ ~. · /,.. /Jr1 \"'.·t· ,I., /1t S'' ~; s: ___v v_v.. . ..,;1_..._.1t...._l1_....,-+-·----- and ~. If ya,, n do tl'i.at. agCl t'n, t 1111 c 1e .::1 r this ,, I J,... j_ •It courtroom, -1,· \u003e :e. ~ri i..v11\"1 That 1s how biased he was. Well, ! ffiilde 1.1p ~y-fl+nd ~Mr, Judge Simpson, I talked to my brother~ who i's an attorney, and my wHe and t said, r 1.t/ h //YI ' 1 r f this guy ff nes me a thousand do 11 a rs; thirty days t n J a i· 1 , I '·111 going to .ge- ir ~. ~. ... ,,.r,1~~ -lo 'JO ahead amt lot l'ilr\u0026..send me to jail' for ·contempt, for ·tnree ,mantns1;t 'rn gein~ to '~because I'm not goi·ng to· fctlj · 110 · · f1Y\\( f ' and let Judge Simpson run like that and while our trial was in progress: the Ctvtl Rights Bi 11 was signed and the law Ct t\\ J ~---------~---~~~~-~~~----..-. . \\.. The trfal was never completed, C: s: Yeah, he went to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals~- He was promoted1 grid I think ff) : he was bought and paid for by Lyndon Johnson,.-~ let this guy Kuhnstler get . /l'J J..J A. Hl'! fn;b1b11 ~ctr ; , 11 /~ away with murder eR-4 I I\\ e. C (?Pr f r11Jr~. ~s U•a4::J..s (I'' / '1 ' ever s I nee. don 1 t understand how the guy gets away with it, His conduct in the Le. courtroom ... -'i-f'any other lawyer, anyplace else, anywhere else· did that, he'd be absolutely thrown in jail. Any judge would throw the lawyer in Jall'-'-:1111'('.,tl\u003c:ljy ho.,, t~;~ qt\u003cy Ol~~d· he did that) ~· got so daM n hJ . , to-!\u003eu;\u003c. - : l,A/ay3 v.1il~ f11~ \"\"'\"\"''o.ti t w1'f.J.. \"·\"\"' :a s,J;gA and o'Ote GQIB~ He parted O'ltel\"-~ lie did11.Lf:.., he c;U..d.i:+J..t stay ~· c: S: We asked Judge Scott ruled in favor of us and ~-----------------~ one thing wanted the court aoout-.'\u003e\" ~-------------- -~------~· Judge Scott, a federal Judge.;\"\"f.r/PV · fo f~ff have you =tkere, Incidentally~/\\ looked up the report of the Flori'da Legfslatlve lnvesti~ gattve Commlttee'l Have you seen that report?. C: Yeah. S: They di'sbanded that organiza.tion._,_._.. _ ·~\"·._.· · _.· --------- all thfs transptred and conducted an tnvestigatton, CRSTA 6A page 27 mjb S: C: S: C: . . . '- . \\ . \\ .' . ' ' \"' ' \\ ' . \\' . . . . ., \"\"\"-\"' . . . ---~-------~-~~ Is there anything that you haven 1·t told me that you thi·ng wi'l \"\",'·. .-. ---~\"----.- . \"-..· ' '\\.., No, except I think it took a while for relations to get l)ack where thet-~ · .,..._ I think they a re as good now as they were before c:d 1 this I ' happened and sti 11 feel the same way I did before al 1 this.~-·-·--------··-'-~ I say I still feel the same way, I was very sympathetic towards theblackpeople and their plight. I'm not as sympathetic today because\".. I· fh/11 k · -;f,,'Jpk is a bad dea 1 , I ~ our education is still the answer to it and some of them don't want to do it, They don't want to work,~nd I think the ' out in California startedthis case where he was denied medical school and somebody was •••• C: '\" S: They don't want it to go to Supreme Court and I think they're afraid that they'll, rule in favor of this boy that's its really going to be a blow to·","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Palatka, Fl. -- Monson Motor Lodge -- St. Augustine Historical Society -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Desegregation of St. Johns County Schools -- Lie-in -- St. Augustine City Commission Election -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1052","record_class":"Item","title":"Rosalie Gordon-Mills : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Rosalie Gordon-Mills, St. Augustine resident and civil rights activist. Begins with her and her family's history, her education, and marriage. While living in St. Augustine, she sees the inequality, but does not wish to get involved in the demonstrations. She details the events in St. Augustine and the dangerous element of the demonstrations. She describes her candidacy in the city commissioner election and her time as a teacher.","UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA ORAL HlSTORY PROJECT Interviewee: Rosalie Gordon .. Mills Interviewer: Diana Edwards September 23, 1990 E: This is an in1erview \u003eA1ith Rosalie Gordon-Mills in St. Augustine. Today is September 23, 1990, and I am Diana Edwards. We can start by figuring out what you should tell me. Feel free to talk about whatever topic that you think is important. Let us start [though) by your telling us who you are., your full name, and \\\\'ho your parents were and what they did. Tell us a bit about your family background. G: My name is Rosalie Gordon·Mills. E: What was your maiden name? G: Rosalie Robinson. Now it is Rosalie Robinson Gordon-Mills. I was born in Tallahassee, about three miles from the downtown area. My parents were from Tallahassee, both of them. B: What were their names? G: Arthur Howard Robinson ond Collie Eliz.a Ferrell Robinson. E: What was her maiden namc1 G: Callie Eliz.a Ferrell Robinson. She was a teacher, and he was a farmer. His specialty was the milk dairy, which he produced and shipped to Jacksonville and other places south for a number of years. She became a teacher because my patemal grandmother was a slave, and she taught right after slavery [was abolished]. Orandrnother's idea to becorne a teacher had developed when she was a maid in the home of very well-to-do people in the Tallahassee area. She had been given the responsibility of taking care or the little girl who was the madame's daughter. E: Do you remember the family's name? G: No, 1 do not. She told me this years ago, but I guess I was too young to really put it on paper and know who she was talking about. Anyway, she said she had had only this one job and had worked for these people as a litlle girl and then as a teenager. When she became old enough to go to school with the madame's daughter, the madame gave her the responsibility of taking care of the daughter•·takjng her lunchbox to school, seeing that she ate her lunch and washed her hands after lunch and so forth, and [making sure she) went back to c.lass. She [Grandmother) was supposed to sit in the back of the clossroom and wait for the madame to come out every day and •akc her home . • 1 • She· said that it was easy to watch what was happening in the classroom, although she [was] sitting in the back of the r()()m. She knew what went on in the front of the room, and she learned a lot. It was against the law for black people to read, so nobody could say that she was learning. She did not tell anybody. But when the lady's daughter got into trouble with her sehoolwork, my grandmother said, \"I can help her.\" The madame said: \"If you can help her, Henrietta, you do that because I need you to help her. We are not going to tell anybody that you know as much as you do and that you read.· E: What would have happened to her if people had known she could read and write? G: Well, I do not know. She might have failed. I have tried to find out from her grandmother if the child would have failed in school had she not been there. She seemed to have thought she was somewhat retarded. There was not that much on retardation at that point Anyway, my grandmother said tho.t she worked hard with her and went to school with her until the slaves were freed. \\Vhen the slaves were freed, my grandmother was well on her way to getting a good basic education. She pursued this business of getting schooling. She was one of the first black women to be given a school, a one--tc.achcr school. She had a lot of pupils and a lot of classes in the same room, but it was a job, and it was a vocation. E: Right. And this would have been right after the Civil War? G: Yes, right after the Civil War. My grandmother had twelve children, and all of them lived to be grown but two. My father was the oldest of the twelve. After he and my mother were married, my mother was intrigued with her mother·in·1aw•s [education and vocation). ~iy mother had been to school because she was not born in slavery, but she lea.med from my grandmother how to get a certificate and how to have a one·teacher school, how to drive the buggy and take care of the kids and get to school on time. I followed the pattern or my grandmother bY sitting in the back of the room by going to school with my mother every day. E: Oh, you did? G: I sat in the back of my mother's classroom, and I leamcd to read and write and all this stuff. When my mother found out that I was reading, she was in shock because she had not taught me anything about reading. She thought I was not quite ready. I had just picked it up from crawling around, playing - 2 - with my toys in the back of the classroom. So I enjoyed teaming that my mother and my grandmother star1ed off with one-room schoolhouses. My grandmother did a lot of this [teaching) when I was very small, but then she gave up teaching because her kids ·were all grown and my grandfather had died. She did not want to keep on working, so she retired. My mother kept on teaching. and she moved on to beUer jobs and so forth. To make a long story short about Tallahassee, when I came along, I went to elementary school at Florida A \u0026. M University [FAMU]. There was an elementary and a high school there in those days. E: Were they part of the education department of Florida A \u0026. M? 0: The school provided the elementary school for the children of the professors. Of course, it was open to anybody else who wanted to send their kids to school in that area. There were a lot of walk·in kids that lived around c.ampus. I did not live near the campus, but I came in as a boarding student with a family on campus and went to the elementary school. E: You were a boarder even in e lementary school? G: Y cs, I was a boarder in the elementary school. Although J was from Tallahassee, it was too far to get from my house to the elementary school, which was beyond the college, every morning. I had great difficulty [getting there] and back home. E: And your mother was slill teaching, so she would not be able to take you? G: Yes, my mother was employed, and my father was busy with shipping his milk, so they had me board-in with this family. E: You have two brothers? 0: I have two brothers. My mother lost two babies in her lifetime. One was about two, and one was about one and a half. So she had three left [al that time]. She had six kids all together: two died as babies, one died as a young man, and three reached maturity. E: Did the two die of one of the childhood diseases? G: Yes. One had whooping cough, and one had pneumonia. They did not ha\\'C any of the [modern) drugs. That left four of us. She lost her oldest boy when he was a young man playing foolball at Talladega College [in Talladega, • 3 • Alabama). He had pneumonia. He played football one day in the rain and developed pneumonia. They did not have sulfa dn1g.s at that point. This was in 1931. So she really lost three children. E: So she had six? G: Yes. E: Arc your brothers younger than you or older? G: I am the oldest child. The brother that died was next to me by ten months. Of the two boys who are living, one is a physician in Lumberton, North Carolina. He is married and has one child. The other is a lawyer in Washington, O.C. He has two children. E: Why did the one go to Lumberton? G: The one· that studied and went to Lumberton wanted to be a country doctor. He always wanted to be a country doctor. As a little boy he wanted to study medicine to be a country doctor. Somehow I guess he did not think of drifting back to St. Augustine. I always wondered about that. He could have been a nice country doctor here. But when I came here after I graduated from college (I am getting a little bit ahe.ad of myself) there were four black physicians here at that point. Now we do not have any. E: There were four? G: Well, there were three ph)\"icians and one pharmacist. They called the pharmacists doctors in those days, so that is why I said there were four doctors. There were three physicians and one pharmacist. Anyway, the brother who is in Washington, DC, studied law because he always wanted to be a lawyer. Let me back up. We came from Tallahassee to St. Augustine when President Joseph A. Collier. who was president of the Florida Memorial College here, came to Tallahassee to deliver a commencement address. !In 1912 it was St. Augustine Industrial School. The college has since moved to Miami.] I was a little gjrl, and my mother had a very good friend on campus who wanted her to meet President Collier because she wanted my mother to have my father sell the farm and leave Tallahassee so that he could make more money and they could give the kids a better education than they could on the farm. My father was not much for that because he had the two white horses and the carriage. Every child had a horse, and he thought he was about as big a wig . 4 . as one could be on the hill in a nice house. [laughter] He thought he was doing very well, but my mother had different ideas. She just said that eash flow was not good enough and that they needed better jobs. So President Collier did come and have dinner with us after he delivered the commencement address that year, and he asked my father, ·Arc you matricd to this beautiful place you have here?\" My father said: \"No, not really. If you want to show me something beUcr, [I would be intcr~tcd).\" E: Whal year was that? G: I was trying to think what year that was. I would have to go to my records to see what year that was. But we were all small. ] was still in high school, and my brothers were seniors in elementary school. My brothers came home to St Augustine with my parents, but I stayed on and boarded and finished high school in Tallahassee. E: That would have been somewhere around about 1920? G: Oh, no, this was much before that. I just do not want to take the time that we have because 1 might be so wrong. It was a long time ago. My brothers were young. [It was probably around 1912.) E: You did not tell me the year you were born. Did you mean to leave that out? !laughter) G: I was born May 6, 1907. E: May 6 is my son's birthday! Those are good people, those May 6 people. G: Right. Beautiful. [laughter) So President Collier did make it attractive for my father to take charge of the agriculture at the college, and my mother [was hired] as a teacher. E: At Florida Memorial [formerly St Augustine Industrial]? G: At the college. They both accepted jobs and moved to St. Augusline. E: Oh, I did not know that was how you ended up here. G: That is how I ca.me here. I did not come here then. That is how they came here; that is how the family came. It was a lot of years before I got here. I stayed on and finished high school and then went to Florida A \u0026. M. I went home summers and then went back to FAMU. They did not understand this - 5 - at Florida Memorial, because they could not understand why I did not come with the family and just stay. I had started my high school there, so I wanted to finish there. Then when I finished, I did not want to come here to go to college. I wanted to go to Boston University. That was in the back of my mind. E: How did you decide on Boston University instead of Collier·Blocker? G: Well, I was more interested in knowing the other side of the coin. I wanted to live in a place that was not segregated. I wanted to go to a school that was not segregated. I just wanted to know what mo.de the world tick. E: Had you ever been up North? G: I had been as far as Washington, DC. That is about mid·way. 111at was about the extent of my travels. E: Had you gone there with your family? G: No. When I was in Tallahassee, I was always elected to be the representath•c of some conference--the Y\\VCA or whatever--and I was a delegate here· and a delegate there. I did a lot of traveling in Tennessee. That is how I went to Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, that is howl went to St. Augustine's [College] in (Raleigh,] North Carolina, and just lots of places. They sent me because I would come back and give a good report. I worked hard on campus as an officer of the YWCA, so I got to travel a Jot when I was young. But I did not go up North. Somewhere deep inside of me was this burning: desire to know the other side of the coin, so I decided that I would keep up this vision and figure out a way to do this. Although my parents had better jobs and had more money, they still did not have that kind of money to send me [to the) North and to pay that kind of tuition. E: Did they think it was a good idea for you to go north'? G: They did not think it was a good idea to begin with because my father had heard how girls walking the streets of New York would fall in those vents on the street and would be carried away to some foreign country and never be heard from again. E: Oh, dear! That is pretty •cary. (laughter) . 6 . G: I still will not walk on a vent in New York. (laughter! I did not have the money, and I did not worry about it. I worried more about getting my father's consent. My mother always thought I was smart, and she was always willing to hc.ar my side of anything. I was not too ambitious for her, but I was much too ambitious for my father. It worried him a lot. I was the only girl and his favorite child, but he did not have the control that he wanted because he could not control my mind. This bothered him, too. So he thought: ·1 will just flatly refuse to let her go, and that will settle that. I do not want to hear any talk about it.\" I heard my mother say to him one night (they did not know that I was still awake): \"If she still wants to go anyway, it will be awfully embarrassing. Don't you think it would be much better to give her your blessing and whatever else you have that you could give her?\" E: Your mother was pretty smart. G: That is right. My mother was a very smart cookie. She said: \"I think that would be so much nicer. She will take care of herself. She is a good girl, and she will come back.\" He said, \"Yes, but you do not kno\\li' what condition she will come back in: My mother said: \"Let's not cross any bridges. Just give her a chance and let her try.\" He said, \"What will she use for money?' My mother said: \"'That is a good idea. \\Vhat will she use for money? She seems to have it all mapped out.\" Well, I had taken typing and shorthand in high school, and I thought I was good. I had taken home economics, and 1 had lived in Tallahalf.Sce. 1lu:re were very few summers that I did not take a whole lot of stuff. \\Vhatever I could take, I would take. I learned how to sew, how to cook, how to type, how to write shorthand, and I thought that some of those skjlls would be salable. I thought if push came to shove, I could scrub floors. I did not know if they paid well for scrubbing floors. Whatever it took, that is what I was willing to do. Somehow it got through to President Collier that I was planning on leaving as soon as I graduated and that nobody was able to talk me out of it. He said: \"I will tell you what we will do. If Miss Felder· (his secretary) ·wants to go on vacation, we will hire ~iiss Robinson to run the oflice for us while she is away. Miss Felder and I v..•ill both take our vacations at the same time, and we will leave her in charge. She will open the mail and answer it, and do the best she can with the situation. She will work with Miss Bloc.ker.\" Miss Blocker was the lady that was sort of assistant president. The two of them had founded the school together. I did, and they paid me well. I used that. Anyway, I had heard that you could get the boat to New York by way of Savannah. If you went to Savannah and took the Savannah Line, you could • 7 - get to New York for half the fare of what you would pay on the train or the Clyde Line out of Jacksonville. I took the train to Savannah and took the Savannah Line to New York. By the way, when the Savannah Linc arrived in New York harbor and I looked out the porthole and saw the city of New York, I thought I had died and gone to he.aven. (laughter] It was so be.autiful. I think someday I am going to get somebody to make a picture of New York harbor coming from the south. You just have no idea how beautiful it is. It was just like one castle arter another. I said. \"'This is really beautiful.\" Anyway, I stayed in New York for a week and then went on to Boston. E: What year was this? G: This was in 1920-somcthing. I have all of this somewhere. I went to Boston by train. E: Who did you stay with in New York? Did you know anybody there? G: Yes, I had some friends that met me at the pier. They took me to their home and showed me a nice time. When r got to Boston, there was a lady in Boston who had been on the faculty at Aorida Memorial, and she met me at the train and took me to the family that had promised that if I came they would provide a room for me until I could find a bcUcr place. They did not want me to stay permanently, but this would be something temporary. I could get registered at sehool and do all !he things you have to do [without worrying about finding a place to live as well). Well, they had to take in African students, and these families would take students in the big cities. They lived in Cambridge about three or four blocks from Harvard University. But I had to ride the $frcci car from their house to Harvard. I had to go to Harvard Square and then took the subway train to Boston University. Boston University was not on the Charles River in those days; it was in the c:ity. Let me back up and tell you something. When I got to Cambridge, to this address on Parker Street where I was supposed to live, I had eighty dollars in my pocketbook. That was between me and my future. [laughter) Can you believe that? Almost any girl with good sense would say: \"I made a big mistake here. This is not going to work. This is just not goin,g to work out: What do you do when you do not have any money and you are about to launch on a college career in a city like Boston or Cambridge? Here were all these people who have nothing but money, and you think you are going to do it? I thought I do not plan to go back home, so I had better figure out how I am going to do this. - 8 - E: I am here. 0: I am here. Here we go. Anyway, it all worked out very well. I had decided before I left home that I was going to work my way [through school). I was not going to ask my parents to even try to take care of me. Well, there was no question about that. They did not have that kind of money. The boys had to be taken care of. I do not know what they were paying to have the boys go to Florida Memorial. That is just too far back to remember, but they were taking care of the boys. They were looking forward to moving oil campus and buying a house in St. Augustine proper, at least building a house. They were not happy with our home situation on campus. Anyway, they were just not in a position to send money. E: Excuse me a minute. I forgot to ask your brothers' names. G; The one in Lumberton is Dr. Arthur James Robinson, and the one in Washington is attorney Albert C. Robinson. The Robinson boys. E: Thank you. I did not mean to interrupt. 0: That is all right. I was talking about the money. My landlady did not ask me how much money I had or did not have. She said: \"The rent would be very reasonable. You can help me a lot if you are smart around the house. \\Ve wilt go from there. You have to get out to see what you can do about your tuition and gelling registered and all that.\" I did, and I found that I just did not have enough money to start anything. E: You did not have enough for tuition, either? G: No. I did not have enough for tuition. Tuition then was $3,000. E: Oh, dear. G: Not only did I not have enough for tuition, I did not have enough for her. I did not have enough for my landlady. E: What did you do? G: I said I would get my records transferred from FAMU, because that had not been done, and I would take a job. My first priority was to find something that I could do. I did find a job. It was not all that great, but it was working after school in the bookkeeping at school and working on holidays. Then I got a lot of other work from other people that I met in the offices at school. They would give me work to take home, so I took home lots of papers to type - 9 - and got them back on time. Then sometimes I gave people in the library a hand. Instead of going to class I just worked that entire winter. That put me ahead. That summer I went to Harvard for summer school rather than Boston University be\u003cause I could walk to Harvard from my house. I decided to go to liarvard University for summer school and just to take some courses so that when school opened in September I would not be too far behind. That is what I did. I met a professor there who was one of my professors, and he said to me ono day: .. How are you getting along here? Do you like it'?• I guess he was surprised to have this young woman from St. Augustine, Florida, in his class. I was an enigma everywhere, first because I was black, second because I was from the Deep South, and third because there were no other blacks in the classes that I attended. E: Not women or men'? G: No. So he asked how I was getting along, and I said: \"I am doing very well in every way but financially. I really need to make more money. J am not making enough money. J work after school and on holidays, but it still is not enough. I have been able to s.ave a little money and get myself in line for school, but I would be happier if I had more money.\" He asked what I could do, and I told him, \"I can do just al\u003eout anything.\" (laughter] E: You are not one for modesty. G: I told him I could do just about anything. He asked, \"Can you take care of a party?\" I said, \"Oh, yes, I can take care of a party.\" \"You can? Can you cook anything?\" I said: •yes, I can cook anything. You just tell me what you want cooked and what you \"'ant served at the party, and I will do it.\" So he said, \"You need to talk with my wife.\" I said all right. He gave me her number and told me how to find her. Their house was between my house and Harvard University. I could walk from her house to my house, walk from her house to the store and back, and back to Harvard. I thought my goodness, this is too good to be t.rue. When I met the lady, she liked me. She said, \"If you can take care or my teas and luncheons, I will give it all to you.\" E: She had to give regular luncheons and teas for faculty wives or something? G: She gave a lot of teas and luncheons and things for professors' wives and for visiting professors. Her husband was writing a book. There was always somebody in that house. They had plenty of money, but I worked for it. They did not give it oway. But they did have it. She was imprC$Scd that I knew how to do so many things, so she said: \"I will tell you what to do first. . 10. Let me concentrate on the luncheon that I am hosting this Saturday. You are oul of school on Saturday.\" (I wu oul of school all weekend.) 'So T will make a list of what I want to serve, and I want you to get it in for me, and then I want you lo tell me whether or not you can fix it If you cannot fix ii, tell me what you cannot fix, and I will tell you who to hire to fix it for you. We will work together Ibis way. When ii is over, I will just give you a check for the whole thing, and you take oul your pay. You pay the bills. You do lhe shopping.\" I did the shopping, T did lhc hiring, I did all of her parties for the entire time I was there. E: The whole time you were in Boston. G: The entire time. E: Which professor was this, what family? G: From that summer until I left. You know, T am old and cannot recall the name, but that is one of the names thal will always [be with me]. I will think or it in a minute. \\Vould you believe that? E: So you had a steady job the rest of the lime. 0: I had a steady job, plus what I was doing at the university I kept on doing. See, this was a summer thing. \\Vhen winter eame and 1 was back at Boston University, T still had to work in the office and lake peoples' work home to do. Then I was so rich that I was sending my folks change: \"This will help wilh the boys.\" (laughter] E: Oh, no. They must have. wondered how you were making so much money. G: What in the world is happening? I said, , have a good job, and I have two or three other jobs.\" E: And you had some left over from tuitjon and stuff? G: The thing about working in those days is you just did not have to be lazy. Once you were smart, you had it made. E: You could get plenty of jobs. G: You could gel jobs, people hired you, people paid you well, and they paid you for what you were capable of doing. She loved to have me around. She loved • 11 • my honesty and my integrity and my manoe.r and the way I was brought up. She just liked everything about me. Both of them did. They did not make it easy. They just treated me like you would treat a person that was hired, but it was so beautiful because I needed them much more than they would ever know. Anyway, that took care of the job situation, and I did not have to worry about having my tultion. I met a man at a party or somewhere [named) Ed Wick. It was just like I had two lives. Nobody on this side knew anything about the Rosalie Robinson on this side··that is, the sorority people [and) Countee Cullen [American poet and novelist prominent in the Harlem Renaissance, Ed.), the poet who took me out with my boyfriend. They did not know that I even worked. E: Really? G: Really. I thought it was wise when most of them had so much. It was wise not to tell them that I had so little. I think it was smart. Even now I sit down sometimes and wonder why it was that I never wanted them to know, and I sort of feel that I was right. E: Probably. G: You can hear your friends talk, and you can size up a lot from the conversation that you have at a dance or at a sorority meeting of whatever. You can fairly well judge what people think. I got the impression that [these) people were not very happy with people who were that poor. E: So you joined a sorority while you were at Boston University? G: Oh. yes, indeed. I wos made into the Alpha Kappa Alpha. l have been an Alpha all my life. I still am. Alpha Kappa Alpha is the oldest black sorority in America. I was mndc by this school into Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. Countee Cullen, who was a budding poet at the time, was one of my best friends. E: How did you meet Cullen? G: They had a place called 464 and [one called) 558. 464 Mass. (Massachusetts) Avenue was sort of a gathering place for everybody from MIT [Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Harvard University, Boston University, Tufts [University), the University of Massachusetts--all the New England area, especially around the Boston and Cambridge area. Those people met at 464 or 558 every Sunday. • 12 - E: That was the street address? G: That was the street addresses of these charity houses, as they were called. They were social gatherings. These were teas, and people who were interested in coJlegc students put on these affairs because in the university you did not see a black face. Countee was at Harvard. This other boy was going with my best friend. Percy Junior was a scientist. He died some years back. He was a budding scientist. He was at Harvard. There was another man from London at Harvard who liked me very much and wanted to marry me and take me to London. He was not black. He was not invited to these affairs because he was not black. But 464 Massachusetts Avenue and 558 ~fassachusetts Avenue were definitely black gathering places, and this is where the black kids hung out on Sunday afternoons and Saturday nights, if they v.•ere free. E: Adults would sponsor these? G: Adults sponsored all these social gatherings. There were always those ladies who were teachers. doctors' wives, lawyers' wives··that scene. E: \\Vhat did you do at these gatherings? \\Vere there readings and so on? G: There would always be a program, and some of the participants were the college students. I was a dramatic reader when I was young. I learned early that if you had stage presence, that would get you places. I had been a public speaker in Tallahassee. I had won a prize in elocution. I won a prize in oratory. I beat out four or five boys in high school for the twenty·dollar gold piece prize. E: So you did not know what I was ta.lking about in the car, right? [laughter) G: I was just listening as you were telling me that you were panjcked (about giving a talk). But this begins early. I had no idea why I worked so hard at this speaking thing at Florida A \u0026. M, but now I realize that it was one of the things that I really needed lo have, and I did. Some seasons in the year the churches would put on programs, would give what they called recitals. People played the pia.no or the violin, or maybe there would be two or three musical instruments. Then there would be a period when they would hnve a reader. They caUed it a reader, but it was a speaker that came in arid did a play-just one person. E: So this was common in churches to have these kinds of events. - 13 - G: Oh, yes, this was very common in churches, and sometimes at 464/558. Girls would come in and do dramatic readings. See, dramatic reading is something that is never done now, but it was very popular in my day. E: People here told me that Richard Twine did these plays at the church. Would that have been the same sort of thing, do you think? G: This might have been the same kind or thing. It was popular. See, this was a meeting place for blRck people, especially. Blac.k students in these white colleges always needed identity, needed people to work with them so they could meet other black kids like themselves from other colleges. That would have been the only way because the schools sponsored nothing. I sang in the choir at school, but I was the only black one. I had a lead [solo] at commencement, and I am not even a singer. (laughter] J do not know why I hod the leod. The song was Good·b~ Fortver. I do not know if you have ever heard it. ·Good·bye, good-bye, good·bye forever.• It went way up there, but I was trained to do it I do not think I had that much of a voice, but I think it was better than (most whites' voices]. See, black people have a gilt when it comes to music. Many of them have this gift, and 1 guess my gift was blossoming at that point. Anyway, I got the lead. But they would have these programs, and they were interesting, and they were helpful because black kids had the opportunity to meet the other people in Boston at that time. They would have never met them otherwise. We knew where they lived. Some or the girls lived in dormitories. Segregation was the predominant thing. If I had had enough money, I could not have lived in a donnitory. E: So even up North. the dormitories were segregated? G: Even up North the dormitories were segregated. Even when I went back to Boston to do my master's degree and I had married and had babies and whatnot, I lived at the Y while I was looking for a place. The dormitories still were not open. I was talking about meeting people and getting on in Boston. I actually had my life in pretty good shape at that point. But I had this terrible thing happen at school. One of my professors--who now I know ~·as sick, although at that time I did not know what his problem was-suggested that (I go back to Florida]. I was sort of upset about not getting my papers back, and he said that they were so poor that he had not given them back because he had not had time to mark all the things that were wrong with them. So he just put them aside and wanted to talk to me about going back to Florida. I hod had black teachers, and he said, '\"You have never had white teachers, have you?· • 14 • I said, •A few in elementary school, a few who were doing work with the college, but most of my teachers were black.\" He said: \"Well, I do not want to put that down, but I will say that you have not been prepared for this, and I do not think that you should upset yourself. Just withdraw and go back to Florida.\" I said: \"Go back to Florida? Is it that bad? You are telling me that my work is so poor that I cannot make it?\" E: What kind of a teacher was he? What course was he teaching? G: He was teaching my major; he was teaching English. That was my major, and if I could not do English to suit him, I needed to go back to Florida. I knew that I was good. At Tallahas\u003ceo I had been good. I was good in English and science because I was taking pre-med. I had concerned myself with chemistry and physics and taking the minimum in the arts so I could do the pre-med. But I did not think I was going to have enough money because I could not work my way through medical school. But I wanted to be ready just in case. So I was good in science and in the arts. But he said I was not, and I had to deal with that.. My first inclination was to just take a whole day and cry because I had had so much invested. He said that I should go back to Florida, and I said I needed to see what corrections he had made so that I could know what was ~·rong with it. I was supposed to be a good student. I-le said, ·wen, there is no doubt you are in the estimation of the teachers you have had, but I do not know how good they were.\" I thought well, I had a problem. \"Anyway; he said, ·1 really have a meeting coming up, and I cannot talk to you any longer. But I want you to give some thought about withdrawing and going back. I will not be able to help you in this course.\" I panicked at first, and then l cried enough to get myself together. My fir\u003ct idea was to go talk with the dea.n about what I had encountered. I was always r.irly able to take care of myself. I said to the dean that I thought I had a problem that I did not think was mine. ·1 think it is my professor's problem, but I need to be given a chance. I had so much trouble getting here and getting this far. I do not think that you would want me to go back to Aorida without having had a chance to try. I do not think I have been given a chance to try. I do not think the gentleman likes to look up and see me in the room.\" He said, \"But Little One (he called me 'Little One'), isn't that an indictment?\" I said: \"Yes, sir, it is, but I do not think he likes to see me in this room. I do not think he likes to look up in my directjon and sec my face. I think it bothers him, and I do not think ii is what I can do or not do. I do not think it would change.\" He asked, 'What do you suggest that I do?\" I said, \"Maybe there is another professor in the university: He said: •tt is past six weeks. There is no way somebody else would take you.\" I said: \"But if you told this - 15 - other person what I have told you, maybe this other person would think that he would like to give me a thance. Jf he knew what went on, he might be willing to help us. Would you be willing to try?\" He looked at me a long time, and he said, ·well, you will come back to my office tomorrow afternoon at 2:00 and let me try.\" He was a good man. I was there at 1:30 waiting outside. He had found a professor that was willing to take me that late, and I said: •tr you have found someone, I will gather all the written [material] that I get back from him and leave it on your desk. I will not disturb you. I will just leave it in your basket. When you see an envelope with your name on jt that is handwritten, you will know it is from me. It is my paper. Take it, and look at it.\" I did not make any B's. I did not make any B's. E: They were all A's? G: They were all A's. E: On the papers in that envelope? G: On the papers in that handful that I put on his desk. The new professor used to write me from London- he went to London in the summer··and he knew. I think he was so hurt to know that somebody would do this to a child. E: Somebody on his faculty, besides. G: I never sa\\\\' the man again until commencement. We had on our caps and gowns. You know how you just flit around. You can fly away! [laughter] I went up to him and said, \"How arc you?\" He looked at me like, \"Is this somebody I should know?\" I said: , am the girl you said should go back to Florida. Don't you remember me?· He turned green. I knew he remembered me to begin with, but I thought I would help him out. But these are the people in the world who stop your world. They stop the world and ask you to get off, and if you do not know how to take care of yourself, you might get off because they have misled you. They have put you down and made you think that you were that poor. But I knew that he had to be wrong because I had been studying all my life, and I could not have been 1hat far on my way and not know how poor I was, or not poor. E: Right. G: I had to know that. Anyway, the dean was so proud that I did very well with this other teacher that year and the next year, and I just got to be so popular . 16 . around the place. You would have thought I owned the place instead of making the grades. [laughter] They would say, lliat is the little black girl from Florida.\" E: So you went out and tried? G: Oh, yes, indeed I did. It had its bad moments. E: What happened to the man from London that wanted you to ma.ny him? G: The-man from London carried this marriage certificate around in his pocket for weeks to catch me at a weak moment. My father had said: ·eome back to St. Augustine with your degree, and let me see you as Miss Robinson, a fine lady that you think you are going to be, and prove to me that you were right and I am wrong. This is what you have to do. You cannot go up North and come back another way.\" To me, that meant getting married, having a baby, disgracing your family, getting sick, and dying. II meant a lot of things. You should have seen how scared I was that I had not ruined something. I was going to die, and my father was going to be mighty upset with me because H was \u003c:old. Oh! Have you ever lived in Massachusetts? E: No. G: There is some wind that never blows anyplace else like it blows in Mas.achusetts. ft goes right straight through you! So I did not many. I went out with a lot of fellows, and I ~·as very popular and was very polite to everybody, and everybody liked me. But like I said, back then I was a working student. Working my way [through school) was my only business. And my very closest friends-not my boyfriends but my closest girlfricnds-­( were my other business). E: What happened to Countee Cullen? G: Countee Cullen was not a fellow who wanted to be serious with a girl. He was good company and a nice fellow, and I did not have a problem with that. He was very lovely to take me out because he always had a taxicab or the car of a friend, so it was always nice to go out with him. He loved to take you out to dinner and all that, so we had a very nice relationship. But you know, I did not keep a single one of his poems that I had. At that time, he was not famous. He was just a friend. So I guess that is the way it goes. E: So you came back to St. Augustine as Miss Robinson. - 17 - 0: I graduated from Boston University and came back to St. Augustine. I was going to teach in New York. I had done the groundwork for gelling a job in New York, and I did not want to live in the Deep South because this segregation thing bothered me. I did not want to be in a place where you could not go into a restaurant, could not take a friend into a restaurant and sit down and eat, like we did today. You could not do that in the Deep South. E: T know. G: Jn the Deep South_, if you were in here talking to me like you were my friend. that was questioned by your neighbors. Why is this white woman going into her house? Why is this black woman going into this white woman's house? E: You can hardly do it today, let alone in earlier years. 0: It is still bad. People still look twice. But this is the thing that I did not wan1, to be in the Deep South. 1 always wanted to live like my daughter lives. She hos two sides lo her life: all the white friends that do not like the black ones and will not come when she hos a party, and all the black ones that do nol like the white ones: and do not come. Then there is another band that likes each other, so she has a beautiful relationship. This is the way she has a dinner pa.rty. She very seldom has an all~black dinner party and very seldom has an all-while dinner party. But if she hos a dinner party and has ten while people and len black people, they all like each other and all know each other and are friends. II makes ii nice. When I go up al Chrislmos·time, she hos ... We have nol talked about the children. E: I wos going to say we are gelling ahead of ourselves. (laughter) G: Anyway, that is what I always wanted, and that is not what I was going to get in the Deep South. So I came back to St Augustine just on a visit. I wos supposed to be here about a month. E: This would have. been 1924? 0: This wos 1928. My father said: \"Why not take a job here for a year and stay with us? You have been away so long. and it would be nice. Then if you want to go back to New York, [you have our blessing].\" I said: \"A whole year? Oh, Lord, could I live in this place a whole year?\" There was a friend that I had met one summer when I used lo come here when I wos going lo FAMU, and she had a little party one night E: What was her name? . 18 - G: Her name was Mary Saunders. She said, ·would you like to come over a.nd meet some or the young folks that are around?\" I said, \"I am very sleepy, but I will come.\" I had been up so long for exams and packing, and I was so tired. Anyway, I went, and among the guests were Dr. Gordon, Dr. Forward, (and] Dr. Mills. This was the second man I married. They were all there that night. E: They were? G: Yes. Dr. (Rudolph N.) Gordon was the children's father. (laughter) E: So you met everybody all at once. G: I met evcryl\u003eody all at once. Dr. Gordon called me the next (day]. It was casual that night. E: Had Dr. Gordon just come to St. Augustine? He was not from St. Augustine, was he? G: No, Dr. Gordon was Panamanian by way of London, where he had gone to school, and by way of Boston and New York and Philadelphia and Washington, DC. These were places where he had studied. But he had not planned to live in Florida. He came here when he heard about making easy money-the boom town. He was going to practice dentistry for a while and then go back to New Jersey. He took the New Jersey board. E: So he came to St. Augustine because it was booming then? G: Yes. E: What year did he come here? G: He must have come here in 1925. He was here several years before I came. I met him, and he said: .. Do not go back to New York to tcac:h. You arc needed here.\" I said: \"A lot or people are needed in a lot of places. You do not have to stay just because you are needed. I do not think that I want (to stay here).\" Well, my father was pushing me to stay, and he was pushing me to stay. On our first date we talked almost all night. E: It is a wonder your father did not send you away then. (laughter) 0: I am telling you, he [Dr. Gordon) took me to a church--he was Episcopalian-­and took me up on the bay front. There is a big house up on the bay front where there are steps all the way down to the waterfront, and you could sit - 19 - on the steps and look at the-moon and see how beautiful the water was. The Matanzas inlet is so pretty up there. I do not think that house is there anymore. Anyway, that is where the church had a dinner; his church had a dinner at this house. The people that owned the house were away in London, and they had left it. So the mission used the house for their dinner, so we went there for the dinner. We went up on this thing to look at the moon, and when we came down. all the baskets were packed up and all the food was gone. E: It must have been a good conversation. [laughter] G: That was the conversation o! my li!e. He asked, \"Can you scramble an egg?\" I said: \"I can scramble an egg. but l do not know ir 1 can scramble an egg in my house at midnight. I do not know what my parents would think about that.\" So he-said, \"\\Vell, I am so hungry, and there is no restaurant; so we went in.side, and I scrambled some eggs and made some toast. \\Ve sat do\"'\" quietly and ate it. I do not need to tell you the rest. [laughter) E: How long was it before you became engaged? G: I guess a !ew months. E: A.nd then you were married. In what year did you get married? G: 1930. E: That was a 1,ittle longer than you intended to stay in St. Augustine. G: Well, I had not planned lo slay in St. Augustine at all, and he had not planned it. But my parents were here, and they began !ailing apart very e.arly, especially my mother. I guess I did not have the courage (to leave them]. First I had a little boy; Rudolph was born. He was my first child. Teaching here was difficult because we were going into the Depression and there was not enough money. I was teaching, but I was not getting paid. E: \\Vhere were you teaching at that time? G: I had only one job. E: At Excelsior [the public school for blacks in St. Augustine]? G: Yes. I had only one job in St. Johns County my whole life. E: Oh, really? • 20. G: That is right. I had one boss. E: So even when you moved to Ketterlinus School you stayed. G: The St. Johns County School Board was the boss. I worked under several principals, and I a.spired for the principalship at Excelsior School after they moved the school to Murray High because I was not particular about going out to the location of Murray High (on the western edge of town). 1 was unhappy about that, and I applied for the principalship of Excelsior. But they wanted to give it to a man. The black people said that Dr. Gordon made enough to take care of me, so they should give the principalship to a man who had to take care of a family. A black ought to have it. That made sense to the school board. See, the school board was not concerned about prepa.ration or personality. They were mostly concerned about who needed a job. For instance. when I got my m::1ster's in guidance, no white person had a degree in guidance. E: So you went back up to Beston after your baby was born? G: I went to Boston University after my children were bom and got my master's in guidance. E: So you had your master's degree when you applied for the principalship~ G: I had my master's degree when I applied for the principalship, and I also had gone back to Tallahassee and taken administration and supervision. I had all that on my certificate when I applied for the principalship. And I still did not get it. E: You did not need the job. G: No, I guess I was happier as a counselor for the la5t twenty·\u003c:ight years. E: And you were broke? [laughter) G: Well, I really was, but I am a great believer in the good lord directing our lives. If we put our trust in himJ and turn our lives over to him, and ask him to guide us, then he takes charge. I always say he can look into the future and see what is good for you and what is not, and what should make your life and what cannot. Some decisions 1 never bothered to try to figure out because I was letting him do it. He has never failed me. He has always made the right decision. I would not have been happy as a principal, not as happy as I was as a counselor, and T would not have innuenced as many lives as a principal as I did as a counselor. So you see, what you think you want a lot - 21 - of times is not what is best for you, but at that time it seems like you are right. And that goes on through our whole lives. Every challenge, the way you meet it, the action you take, the decisions you make often are influenced by the way you really think when you think deep down in your heart where the lord operates. This is not you thinking. He is thinking through you and telling you what to do. That is what they call the \"deep-down\" thinking. Somehow he gets the message over to you, and then you go on from there. I never dreamed a decision. I never said, ·Lord, let me see the moon move\"' or •t.ord, show me a star... That is not the way 1 do it. But it will reveal itself to me what to do just as I am talking to you. l have. learned how to do that. From having had a childhood that was basically made by me, I have learned that it works. h really works. You do not need to make these dee.p*down decisions without any help. E: That is true. So you were still teaching school in the 1960s here in St. Augustine. G: Yes. I was teaching when Martin Luther King, Jr., (was a leader in the civil rights movement). Dr. Gordon pa.'lSed away. I did not go into that part or it I have not even said anything about my children. I will back up just a little .. We were married and had two beautiful children: a boy and a girl. The little girl !Carlotta) wanted lo be a doctor, and the little boy (Rudolph) wanted to be a medical illustrator. We kept them here and sent them to the public school, where I taught, for elementary school and high school. Then we sent them to Massachusetts ror finishing school, thinking that a year in a finishing school would be adequate for my daughter and son to move on to a northern college because times had changed a lot from what happened in the Deep South, especially in the public schools here. I was at Florida A \u0026. M (when I attended high school), which was a little different from a public school in St. Augustine. I think it was a little more thorough, you had a better choice or background, and you just had a better chance 1o get a more rounded (education). Plus you had the laboratories for your chemistry and physics and whatever else you were taking. TI1e chances were just a little better that your training would be a little more thorough. So 1 sent my daughter to Cushing Academy in Ashburnham, Massachusetts, for a year. Then she chose Wheaton College in Norton, Massachusetts, for her undergraduate [education). My son chose Lincoln Univer\u003city in Pennsylvania, which is a black college, for his college. He was very unhappy in Pennsylvania, so he joined the air force. So they were on their ways to making their lives. He was going to go to graduate school and do his - 22 - illustrating, and she was going to go to medical school and become a pediatrician, allhough she later decided that she wanted to be an analysl/psychiatrist because she could have her office [at home) and make her own time. As a pediatrician she would have to leave her babies to go out to take care of other babies, and she was worried about how her own babies were getting along. But as a psychiatrist/analyst she could have her own office [at home) and make her own time. It worked out very well. She did very well wich her medicine and all that, and my son was going to do his illustrating back at Bos1on University, at my o1d school. He had a blood vessel give way in his brain, and he died early. He was not a sick child; he was never ill. E: So he had no warning? G: No warning, he just died in 1967. He had married Marjorie Manning, but they had no children. Titeir father [Dr. Rudolph Gordon[ passed [away) before all of this. He passed in 1959 with his high blood pressure. (I am getting my events mixed up here.) E: Hypertension? G: Essential hypertension, they called it. We did not have the blood pressure pill that we. have now, so he died early. I was a widow for twelve years working on their coJlege and graduate school business and getting them through. He [their father) had established a trust that helped me a lot with the children's graduate school. E: Dr. Gordon was a dentist in town? G: He was a dentist in St. Augustine. I think he did more in the racial thing than any person 1 have met since I have been here in these fifty·odd yea.rs. E: What makes you say that? G: Well, this is how he managed. He said: \"J do not want to be a martyr. I could never be somebody like Martin Luther King or any of those people who want to give their Jives for a cause because I do not want to be a martyr. But,\" he said, \"there is a lot I can do, and I will do what I can do on my level.\" He built his own office building down on Bridge Street and had people come·· black and white--and sit in the same room. E: So he had one waiting room when other doctors had two . . 23 . G: He had one waiting room. Everyl\u003eody had two. He was invited to join the staff at both hospitals, at East Coast Hospital and the Flagler Hospital, and that had never been done before. E: How did he get white patients? How did they hear about him? G: This is how they knew about his being a good dentist: If they were in an accident and their faces were all out of sorts and they had lost all their teeth or some of (their teeth) or whatnot, he could do a reconstruction. He just wanted a picture of what they looked like before this happened, and he would take them into the operating room and fix them up. E: So through his jobs at the hospitals he then developed his private practice. G: Through his jobs at these hospitals the people wanted him. First, if he extracted a tooth for a white person, that white person would tell another white person, \"You ought to go to Or. Gordon on Bridge Street.\" He was up over the Iceberg [Drugstore) then. \"You ought to go to him.\" Then if he had a patient, they would not go to anyl\u003eody else. That is how it built up through the years. He never told white people to come or black people to come. He said that black people would go to Jacksonville to keep from coming to him because they had a feeling that if they could go out of town to get their work done, then it would put a crimp on his style. That was his expression. meaning that he would not do so well if people took their business elsewhere. But he said he never gave them a reason to want to do that. He said, \"I have friends that did not know that I knew that they went out of town to have their dental work done, and I was their friend.\" E: I do not understand why they would do that. G: I do not understand it either, but he said I.hose things happened. During the Depression he said he had a heck of a time trying to keep his books straight so that all the money he made would not be on the books. [Many accounts were on crcditHnever paid··so books looked better than reality. Ed.) This was a very poor community. He said, -White people began to find out about me, and that made it much better because I could then draw from the black community and the white community, and I could make a living: But then the black people got upset because U$ually if he had given them an appointment for 2:00, they would come around 1:00, hoping that they could get in a little earlier. Or if he did not give them an appointment at all, he told them, 'lf you want to come and wait, I will try to work you in.\" Then the room would be full. He just could not win. There would be people needing - 24 - another chair, and the black people would go to the back door and say, \"Which door do you come in here?\" He would say: '\"That back door is my door to sneak off when I have to get a sandwich. You come in the front door where the waiting room is.\" They would say, \"It is full of white people.\" He would say: 'They will not bite you, 1 promise. Just come in and sit down and be nice, and they will be nice to you: So he accomplished that. They sat down in the same room and waited for him, and they did not bite each other. E: This was in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s? G: Yes, ma'am, this was all of that, the 1930s, the 1940s, and 1950s. Martin Luther King had not been here, either. When I went to the doctor with my babies, my last doctor was not a black doctor, and he had a special chair for me in the hallway by the water fountain. He thought that because I was a doctor's wife he could not send me to the waiting room he had for black people because that would not be nice. I was not good enough, I guess, to sit in the waiting room he had for white people only. There was a sign: \"\\Vhitc Only; \"Black Only.\" So he was confused as to what to do with me. E: Why did you go to him? G: I went to him because the black doctors did not practice in the hospital. The black doctor could be your doctor at your house, but he could not go to the hospital with you when your baby was born. No black doctor had ever been in the hospital to practice. E: None of them had practicing privileges in the hospitals? G: Or. Gordon was the only one I ever heard of for the poor. E: So if you did not have a midwife delivery, then you had to find a white doctor that would take you as a patient. G: Right, or a black doctor that would deliver you at your house. E: That was until when? G: Until the 1960s. I do not know if a black doctor could deliver you at the hospital now. I do not know any black doctor that is on the staff or who had been on the staff since Or. Gordon died. He did not deliver babies; he was a dentist--and the only black one, to my knowledge. E: ls there a black doctor in town now? • 2S. G: There is not one now, but there were black doctors, lots of them. But they would not come here because of this. They had no hospital privileges. E: So we lost the people we might have gotten because of that. G: We lost all our possibilities, yes. A black doctor's settling here was completely out of the question. E: And teaching in tho schools. when did they start integrating? G: The black kids went to the high school in the 1960s, I guess it must have been 1965 or something like that. I have to go to the history for that one. E: When did you first have a white student? G: Oh, I did not go as soon as the schools were integrated. I stayed in the black high school. I was head of the department at the black school, so I kept my job as a head counselor. I had my office in the black school. I was not anxious to move over because, like I said, there still were no white people in the county that had a master's degree in guidance, and this was a thing with the school board. They were worried about what to do with me because it was a very long time before they gave me a job and a salary and acknowledged the work that I had done in guidance. E: So even though you h\"d a master's degree, it did not make a difference? G: They did not want to have somebody in the black school that they did not have in the white school, so they managed to get that straight by appointing someone that could do the job, I guess. I cannot remember just how they worked tho.t out, but they did want to have anything in any bJt'lck school thnt they did not have already in a white school. E: What was your sense of the community when black kids first started going to the white school? T guess that is how it was first. How did they decide who would go where? G: The first children, if I remember correctly, that went to other schools were volunteers. They wanted to go; they were willing to integrate. AH the children were not willing. Some really did not want to go. There had been so much fussing and fighting and things. That whole thing was pretty horrendous, those civil rights things: Martin Luther King and the whole business of getting the town integrated, getting the restaurants integrated, getting people to sit down and realize that they would not be bitten by each other. - 26 - E: They did not start the school integration until afler the 1964-1965 school year. G: The law passed; they had to pass the law first. After the law was passed, then the schools had to be integrated. But they did not force it on people. I think they started with volunteers. E: In what ways did your life change? What did you do when Martin Luther King was here when all the riots and mare.hes and so on (were going on]? G: Oh, when Martin Luther King was here in the crisis situation, I was a part or the solution, not the problem. [laughter] And I was proud to have been. E: By saying that, what do you mean? G: They had a lot of meetings. Martin Luther King did not just come here and appear in St. Augustine one day. He had a lot of workers that came here months and months [earlier] to teach people how to handle it, how not to get killed··that is really how to put it-how to march at night without being too afraid, how lo march period, [and] how to go to jail and not feel that your life had ended. My parents told me never to go to jail. They never wanted to hear that I was in jail. So going to jail was a bad thing, and they had to teach them that this was lhe way it had to be done. E: Did you go to any of the classes? G: Yes, I went to all of them. E: Oh, you did, G: Yes. Every time I got out of school, whenever ] got home (I was a widow during this period), I would rush around to get all my things done and gel ready for school the next day so I could attend the afternoon meetings they had for the children and lhe night meetings they had for the adults. E: Did most of the people in the community, in Lincolnville, go to the meetings? G: Yes, but very fe\\\\' of the people who were teachers. I think I was the only black woman who was a teacher. There were one or two black men. See, the threat went around that if you were involved in this, you might lose your job. E: Which was not an empty threat. G: It was not an empty threat, I imagine. Bui I do not think they ever had to prove it. They did not fire me, and nobody was ever unkind to me about it • 27. But they said that I got away with it because I could have taken care of myself in the event that I had gotten fired. I was well prepared and could have moved on. E: So they did not have any way to threaten you. G: Yes. but that would still be the punishment for doing it. I do not think they would have. I knew the superintendent, I knew all the board members, and I do not think anybody would have taken it out on me for being a pa.rt of it. Black teachers were just scared. They were scared of doing it, and they were also not very happy about being involved. I do not think they r~ally thought it was that important for them to be involved. E: Really? G: I think a lot of them thought it was something you let somebody else do. E: Bue were not the teachers and the ministers always the leaders in the community? If they did not take part, [the cause would be losl). G: You thought that, but that separated the men from the boys and the women from the girls. It was a whole different ballgame when it came down to ·Here we are. \\Vhat day are you going to go to jail?'\" See, the k.ids--the young people··really took the brunt of the whole terrible thing in that they were put in trucks and put in wire fence and put in jail, and there was not room enough [for them all). They were really mis1reated. E: The young people went to school. How young? G: Well, whenever they wanted to get themselves into trouble, they knew how lo do it. I cannot remember what they would do to get arrested. You had to do things to gel arrested, like going down to the drugstore and sitting at lhe counter. It v.·ould seem as if I was not there. The memory goes from you if you do not write some of this down. But they found reasons to arrest them, and they really did do it. 1 think that was a bad time for St. Augus1ine. That was a very bad time. But it was needed. People who sit down and say there was no need arc crazy. See, they had never been black. I have been black. I was bom black, and I know what you could do and what you could not, and I know how much it meant to be a second--class citizen, and r resented it. E: How did you feel when you went into a place that was for whiles only? • 28 . G: How would you feel if you went to the library and you were a teacher, and you carried your child, and your child is now a college student in another city, and you carry a child with a book and ask: \"Do you think you have any of this reference material? Could you let us take it home for the weekend to use and then (let us) bring it back (Monday), since you will be closed Saturday and Sunday? Will that interfere with your program?\" and then they shut the door on your foot? You have to move your foot to keep them from doing that, and they hurt your toe. E: And the librarian ~new who you were? G: The librarian knew. E: And this was a public library? G: This was a public library. (Later,) when you could get a card and you were black, I never wanted a card. E: You could not get a card there, could you? G: I thought I would never go in that building again. I do go to the new library, but I could not go back to the other one. That is how bad it was. She said, ·no not blame me-. I just work here: Of course, you know I wanted to hit her. E: Was your daughter with you at the time? G: My daughter said, \"This is the place you chose to call home?\" She tried to chastise me. I said: lhis is home, and this is your home. We just have to work on it.\" She loves St. Augustine, but she knows, too, the price some of us paid to call this home. We paid a big price. If you were black,, you paid it because it was not automatic that you were a citi:ien. You were just somebody that lived here and had a brown face. E: So you think most of the people in the Lincolnville community, anyway, were behind the movement? They wore ready to do (what they had to do)? G: Yes, everybody was behind the movement. Most of these people walked at night. A lot of them went to jail. See, 1 am not non-violent, a.nd I knew I was not. I told the men that were working for King that there were things I could do. I could make contributions, I could help with dinners, I could help prepare for the bigwigs. Martin Luther King himself came, and I was glad to bE' a part of the preparations of the dinners and stuff. But I could not march. I do not march at night (in areas) with bushes where people are going to jump • 29 - out and hit me with a stick h\u003cocause I might try to hurt you. I might try to find out who did that. \"Who hit me?\" (laughter) I am not non-violent. E: You would think that that non-violent part would have been hard for a lot of the men. too. G: It was hard for a lot of people. I always thought it was great. My kids, the seniors, asked me at school that day: ·What day are you going to go to jail? Everybody has their day. You have to be in jail. You have to do something. You have to get arrested.\" I said: \"I am not going to go to jail. They know what 1 can do, and I know what I can do. I cannot go to jail.· This was a day or two before Mrs. [Malcolm] Peabody (wife of Bishop Malcolm Peabody of Boston) went to jail. I was supposed to keep Mrs. Peabody; she was supposed to be my house guest. But I said: ·No. They may throw Molotov cocktails into my window, and I am a widow. I do not wont to be in here alone with Mrs. Peabody and no man in this house.\" E: So where did Mrs. P\"abody stay? [Mrs. Peabody came to St. Augustine in March of 1964 to participate in a Aorida Spring Project 5imiJar to the Mississippi Summer Project. College students on spring break and other people came to St. Augustine to demonstrate. Ed.] G: She stayed with some people down in the area where the recreation center is, the \\Villie Gallimore Center. I cannot remember which house it was, but a nice little lady took her in. She did not have a husband, either, but she was brave. E: She might not have had kids, either. G: It took a lot of courage to do a lot of things then. It was like a political thing. I was afraid I was going to get murdered, but I wanted to do it. I prayed over it, and I had gotten my answer: This is what you have to do. You have to make some sacrifices. E: Now, were you friends with Dr. [Robert] Hayling [the dentist and local leader in the civil rights movement]? G: Dr. Hayling was rooming from me; he rented an office from me. He was from Tallahassee, and he heard that Dr. Gordon had died and that I was looking for a dentist, so he came. In fact, the first two months he was here he stayed with me while he was looking for a place. But I do not think that Dr. Hayling would have had to do what he did-·you know the background of all this-if he had not h\u003coen h\u003coaten by the Klan . . 30 . The whole thing started when the Klansmen thought that he was spying on them (at a meeting in September 1963, three miles south of St. Augustine), and they ran him and a friend up a road that was a dead end. They caught them and tried to murder them. They beat them with chains. He looked a sight. E: Who was his friend? Was he the one that was a barber? G: Yes, Clyde Jenkins. Clyde and Dr. Hayling were in this car together, and they beat them unmercifully. I think that he was so bitter that he decided then and there that if he lived he would do something about it. So that was his every-day dream from then until it was over. You know, it ruined his practice. He did not have a dental practice when it was over. But he did all right where he went, down to the Cape Canaveral area. E: You say he looked a sight after that. G: Yes. They took him to the hospital, and I had a feeling that they were going to finish him. That is the way the Klan operates. E: Finish him at the hospital or at some other time? G: Oh, they might go in and find you. From the things that they had done in Mississippi and all over the place, you knew that you were in danger once. you had incurred their wrath. I called the Alpha (Phi Alpha fraternity] men, the medical doctors and dentists out of Jacksonville--they were my deceased husband's friends--and I asked them if they would send somebody over here and get him out of the hospital and take him to Jacksonville. E: Oh, you did? G: Yes. They came and took him to Jacksonville and took care of him there. So if the Klan came to Flagler Hospital that night to finish him, he was not there. I think that from then on he planned his strategy to get them, to straighten out this situation, because this should not have-happened. 1 do not say that going to a Klan meeting is right, but still the roads are free, and they were in the road. E: Were there a lot of Klan mecting.s in St. Augustine then? G: The Klan had paraded here on several occasions in my lifetime. I know they wanted to keep the threat going that they were bad, real bad, and black • 31 • people had been in the habit of going into 1hcir houses and closing their doors. That had been going on. They had been here before. E: In St. Augustine, do you think it was different than in most towns because there was not one single area that was a blac.k area of town; it was sort of spread out in a lot of areas? G: \\\\1ell, St. Augustine had no black area as such. There is no area in Lincolnville where some white person does not live. E: That is true. That was true then, too? G: That was true then. I think there were more white people in the Lincolnville area then than there are now. But that was not it. The problem was that nobody in St. Augustine had ever tried (to change the situation) because just what a lot of people will tell you was happening (was, indeed, happening). I will give you a b\u003c:ttcr example than I can explain it. When my daughter was at Wheaton, her French teacher's parents wanted to come to Aorida for a visit. Her French teacher told them: \"Look up Mrs. Gordon in St. Augustine. l have her daughter in my French class. She is a nice person. She has been to lhe campus\" (I had been to visit my daughter at Wheaton) \"and you will like her.\" I had talked to them on the telephone, but I had not met them in person. I told them that St. Augustine was segregaled. \"II you come here to live with me, you will have to live as ir you were black. Your white friends in the white community will not visit you in my house, neither will l be allowed to visit you in their houses because black. people and white people do not visit here like they normally would in other places. Also, there is no place that I can take you to eat. You will have to eat your meals at my house or eat your meals at a restaurant in the white community. These are decisions you will have to make. If you Jive in my house, then you will have to eat in my house. You will be segregated. If you live with your white friends, you can live with them, eat and visit with me at my house, and go back to your white friends. You make the choice: Since I was teaching, they thought it would be better not to be here in the house while I was gone to school. (I had a full-time cook in those days.) They wanted to live in their own place and visil both of us, their white friends and black friends. So that is what they did. They took an apartment where they had cooking privileges, and they visited their white friends. But most of their meals they ate here. They did not eat out that much. I had a very good cook, and she did beautiful meals. We all had a good time getting together in the evening. E: Who was your cook then? - 32 - G: She is dead now. She had been cooking for me for nine year$. At various times I had various people, bot from the time we were married until the time my husband died there was always a full-time person in this house that cooked and did the shopping and the cleaning and thing,s around the house. A doctor's wife in the Deep South had lo have a maid. You were nol a doctor's w·ife if you did not have a maid. There was something wrong with your doctor. [laughter) This is really crazy, but is was one of the facts of life. When the children were little I had a maid and a nurse for the baby, for the children. What do you call lhem? E: A nanny. G: Nanny. Yes, ma'am. You had to do lhat E: The people wouid have lhought it was strange [and that if you did not have a maid or nanny], that your husband was a failure. G: And that meant, too, your husband had to do this for himself. This was taking care of his family as a professional. See, we associated with professionals. We had friends in Deland that we spent the night with. The other doctor that used to be here moved to Deland, so we went there and spent the night, and they came here and spent the night. Our friends in Jacksonville, the doctors and lawyers and candlestick makers and whatever, were all professionals. \\Ve had our own little clique of people. E: Do you think lhat made it harder to be a part of the black community here or not? 0: No, we were a part of it, too. E: So it did not set you apart. G: No. We played the game. The only thing was neither of us was accustomed to being close with nonprofessionals. We did not know how to spend a lot or time making small talk. E: You did not go out for a beer or something? G: No, we did not go ou1 for a beer (nor) did we like lo fool around. We did not want to send our kids to visit people that were not home and did not know where lhc kids were. We built a playhouse, and we had lhc children come here and play in lhe playhouse. We had a movie machine and a doll house with dolls and lrains and stuff for lhe kids to play with. But I could be in . 33. charge. I could see who was playing wilh my kids and whal lhey were doing. as well as being in charge. So it was nice. You have to figure out all sol1S of ways to bring up kids in a community where there is no structure. E: What do you mean. a community whe:rc there is no structure? 0: Well. some people just lei lheir children roam 1he streels. E: Even when your kids were young? 0: Oh, yes. Everybody watched everybody'• kidt, but they were always found in the slreet. There were always what you call 'latch·key kids' that wenl home with the keys and would go into [the house] ond wail for Mama to come. Heaven knows what goes on when there is nobody there. That is mostly what I am talking about. H they were not in the t lrcel, they were home alone, and that was just as bad, or worse. E: So you had a good life, even lhough it was restricted in some ways. 0: I had a very good life. On Monday I took my doughier to piano, on Tuesday my son 10 saxophone, on Wednesday my son to piano, on Thursday my daughter to dance dass. I picked up all the dancert, picked up lhe musician that played for lhe dancers, and paid lhc dance teacher. (laughter) They took ballet; that was ballet E: Where did these lessons take place? 0: In the school building. E: Was the teacher white? 0: I had been busy leaching all day, but you hove to bring up your kids. And to bring them up middle class wns a very hard job in a place like this. You have to make your own situation. I mode all the tutus. E: Those sewing skills came in handy. 0: I did not do all the tulu.s. In other words, you have to be innovative and figure out all kinds of ways. People in Washington want to know why my daughter is so versatile? Why is she so smart? Why is she so this? They think that she is the best thing. as her old lady says. since sliced bread. E: Oh, in talking about your daughter we left out 1he fact ihat she is in Washington. Where did she go for her medical school? . 34 . G: She went to Howard University School of Mcdic:inc, and her husband went to Howard University $.:hool of Law (in Washington, DC]. E: Her husband did? G: Yes, and they both lived in Washing1on. B: What is her name now, her husband's name? G: Her name is CarloUa Gordon Miles. She has an office on Connecticut Avenue, and she has a psychiatry practice. She is a psycho-therapist, and he is a lawyer. He is way ahead in that he is now the counsel for National [Public] Radio. E: What is his first name? G: Theodore Anthony Miles. E: And they have lived in Washington since they got out of medical and law school? G: Yes, they have lived in Washing1on since they got out of medical school and law school. They live at 2ll5 Yorktown Road NW in Washington, DC. They have three children. The oldest one is at George Washington University's medical school [in \\Vashington, DC), and the second one, a girl, is in a law firm now. She graduated from Columbia University last year. She did not want to go right on to law school, so she is doing a year in a firm where there are several lawyers in the downtown area of Washington, DC. She is just working as an assistant to get to know what law is all about. The third one is a girl. She is a junior at the University or Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. She is working for President Bush this year. She took a year off to be an intern in the Bush Admini!\u003etra.tion at the White House. E: What does she do there? G: She is some kind of liaison ~rson in the offic-e. She has to arrange to meet people who come to see the president. They have to come to the office where she works first. E: That must be pretty exciting for her. G: It is, very. . 35. E: Which brings me to something we almost forgot. You ran for office here once. Could you tell me about your own political life? G: Let me go back. In 1965, right after the Civil Rights Act was passed, people thought, citizens thought, everybody thought that the black people needed to do something more than just gelling integrated and gelling the Civil Rights Act. They needed to be in the political scene, as well. if St. Augustine was going to thrive and if blacks were going to prosper in this new stale of being. J will not say rr~e. but fiNt .. class citiiens. A group of men from various churches .. . E: From the black churches or black and white churches? G: Black churches only .... came here on a Sunday night right after services and rang my bell. [There were] about ten of them. They wanted to know if I would be willing to be a candidate for the city commission. [ wanted to say, \"'Are you crazy or something?\" E: What was their thinking? They must have had a list and said, \"All right, she is going to be the one.\" G: All of them agreed that I was perhaps the only black person in St. Augustine that could win. E: Wh\u003et made them de\u003cide that? G: Well, I think they had a vision of a person that can be black, can be while, can be purple, can be green, can be red, and still be happy. This was a person who has all these friends who are all of these things. E: You had had more friends in the white community than most people in the black community. G: Yes. You know, people get to know things about you that you do not even know that they know, or you have not even thought that they thought about. But they watch. They know you much bolter than you have any idea. 1 thought: \"How could they think that I could win? I do not know that I ca.n win this thing. I might get shot.\" I was more ¥lorried about getting shot than I was about winning. E: That was probably a reasonable fear. [laughter] G: It was a reasonable fear because they were killing people for less in this crazy place. People were losing their lives. - 36 - E: Did you know people in St. Augustine that were killed? G: Let me put it this way. A lot of people were hurt during the movement, during the civil rights thing. The person that was killed [William D. Kinard, October 25, 1963] was a white man, but it had to do with this whole business. E: That was the Goldie Eubanks [situation]? The one [who was killed] that went by the Eubanks house? G: Yes. They had been climbing in and out of Eubanks's windows. Yes! People would just climb into the window. After the man was killed, people just walked into people's houses to find out what you were talking about. It was just really crazy. They were just trying to find out who did it. I do not think they ever knew who did it, but the [black] people were tired of being harassed. I think somebody had to do it, but I think they thought they were justified. That [the killing of Kinard) sort of brought that era to an end. People stopped harassing black people and taking for granted that they were going to harass them and get away with it. That is what the youngsters were doing [when Kinard was killed]. That is why those kids were driving cars through the black community. TI1at had been going on for some time. Anyway, coming back to me as a politician. That is the last thing I had ever thought of myself, was as a politician. I had always thought that people that ran for office always seemed to have something wrong with them. E: Did you think that, really? G: Y cs, I really did. By the lime the public gets through with them, there is something wrong. They dig up something that really is embarrassing or something. I said, ·1 do not know if I want to do this: They said: \"Do not answer us now. Just think about it.\" E: Which ministers were they? G: These were not ministers. E: Oh, I thought you said they were ten people from the churc,h. G: Otis Mason was the leader. Malcolm Jones was another. Rudolph Hadley was the campaign manager. I cannot recall the rest, but it was that age level of young men. E: There were no preachers with them. They were just laymen. I thought you said that some people had gotten together at the church . . 37. 0: President Royal W. l'\\Jryear was with them. He was the president of the (Florida Memorial) College at that time. E: Right. 0 : They were people like that. There were no preachers or ministers with them, but the mjnisters were in accord. Everybody thought: ·she ought to run because she could win. She can campaign heavily in the white community, and we wilt support her in the black community, and she could be a winner: Everybody thought that I had won after I went through the primary so well. E: Tell me about the primary. What did you do when you were running? What was your campaign like? Who helped you? 0: I had campaign headquarters down on W11.1hington Street, right on the comer where [Olen) Meredith's [law) olfoce is. There was a building there, and that is where my campaign office was. E: At the comer of Washington and Bridge streets? G: The corner of Washington and Bridge, yes. I had all the helpers that I could get. E: People from the neighborhood? 0: All the people from the neighborhood. Dr. Hayling wanted me to have some people from New York··some national figures that were used to going into small communities and taking over the political scene and running it··(hclp out], but I told them no. E: like from the NAACP or something like that? 0: Not the NAACP, but there were a couple other organizations in New York that would send people to take over the southern scene. But I said that they did not belong here. \"These people do not know them. I can do a better job with the people from here.\" So I told them not to have them come. They came anyway, but I did not give them a job. Anyway, they were around, and that was one thing that Hayling and I sort of fell out about. (I will go into that part a little bit later. I will go back to the actual running.) I ran well. I worked hard on Anastasia Island and in the county. E: Did you go door to door? - 38 - G: Y cs, door to door, and lo downtown streets, handshaking and kissing babies. You name it, that is what I did. E: Now, for what [office) were you running? G: I was running for a seat on the city commission. There were several white men running. The·re were no other women in the campaign. So I beat three white men in the primary, so that made it very interesting. E: Very good. That must have put fear in a Jot of people's hearts. G: It did. A lot of people were very happy because most of the white people wanted me to win. \\Vhen I tell you why I lost you will fall out of your chair. I lost because my people were not ready. E: What? The black community did not vote for you? G: The black people turned out, but they just did not work hard enough. They were home getting ready for the victory ball inslead of being at the polls at the last minute. See, we had a card on everybody that was registered to vote. We did our homework. \\Ve registered the people, and then we made a card with their addresses and telephone numbers. We had a box at each polling place, and people were supposed to sit across the strc-et and watch who showed up and mark their card so afterward we could make a survey of who did not vote. \\Ve did not have to mark the cards. The newspapers showed just where the discrepancies among the precincts were. E: And they were right here? G: Right in the black community is where it all happened. E: Oh, no. But you got [votes from] a Jot of white folks? G: I got a lot of white folks in all the white precincts. E: So you got the majority of votes in which precincts? G: I got the majority of votes in the white precincts where I should not have. E: \\Vhat do you mean, where you should not have? The richest area? The most conservative white areas? - 39 - I ~ G: No, I think the areas where the whites were liberal, Jess conservative, and more affluent. I got the rest of the high vote in the Lincolnville area. Several white areas surprised me. I did very well in Ana.s·tasia Island. The interesting lhing was lhe Associaled Press came in here about 2:00 the day before, and they went in the kitchen, in the yard, in the living room, and they had me primping and cooking. I was going lo be all O\\'er the Uniled Stales the nexl day because I was going to win the election. I was going to be the first black woman in the Deep South to sit on the commission. It did not happen, and everybody was in shock. Even the black people who did not vole were in shock. E: Do you remember what the count was at the end? G: I have it somewhere in the attic. I tell you, they were as surprised as I was. E: The newspaper people? G: No, the black people lhal did not show up al the polls were upset They said: ·1 would not be surprised if ~ome of them did not come out to vote.. You know how our people arc. She did nol go to lheir houses. Maybe they thought she should have come lo their house.\" They were trying to give excuses. I learned one thing: Nobody should e\\'er take a vote for granted. Nobody should think that because people like you lhal they are going to vole for you. You never know what 1hey will do once they get in behind the curtain, or maybe they will not even show up at all. So you have to \\\\'Ork just as hard on those that you alre.ady have as you do on 1hose that you are getting. But I did not know that. I believed people. I was willing to stick my neck out and gel myself killed, and I thought they were behind me 100 percent. E: But you looked around, and they were not there. G: They were not there. And then somebody had the nerve to say it was because I did not beg them. That was not lrue. See, I was so pul out when I pulled the cards that they were not chec.ked (meaning the person had not voted). Then I thought why am I doing lhis to myself? I ran well, and I d.id a good job. Oose the book. Bui I made the way for Olis Mason [superintendent of schools] and [Henry] 'JWine [eily commissioner] and all of them. E: Yes, you did. G: I paved the way for lhem, so that was a good thing that I did . • 40. E: Oh, yes. G: That was a good thing I did for St. Augustine. E: Probably Mr. Mason remembers, and maybe Mr. Twine, too. G: Oh, they both remember. They have, I think, a lot of love and respect for me as a person. I think I have always been a lit1le bit much for most men beca.use I am a different kind or woman. I know that. Even some women a.re intimidated by me, and I know that, too. But I try to be a regular, good ol' guy. I just believe in things like they should be, and I believe in hard work, and I believe in doing a job well, and I believe that you should be what you say you are, and things like that. I do not apologize for that. But I think a woman that thinks this way and that dares to be a politician, a teacher, a counselor, a mother, a wife, a citizen, a community worker, and all that- these are a lot of titles for most people. [laughter) E: Yes. Speaking of community work, do you want to tell me a little about the Council on Aging and what you did to get that organized? G: Well, I retired from the school system, and I was no longer (working with people and meeting challenges like I was used to). E: What year did you retire? G: [In) 1971. E: That was a pretty long career in teaching. G: Forty-four years. Where did the time go? E: I do not know, but I know when we go anywhere all your students are out there in town yet. G: You mean my grandkids? E: The grandkids of students, yes. G: I retired from the teaching profession, and I was upset that I was not going to be with my children anymore. I was not going to have anything challenging to face the next morning. I was just at loose ends, and I did not like retirement at all. This is what I am thinking as I am closing my office and sending over to the junior high where I was the papers Crom Ketterlinus. II took me almost all summer to get all the materials like I wanted to leave it. - 41 - You are not coming back, so everything that you do in your office has to be right because there is nobody to ask. You were not there anymore, and you do not want people guessing about what you meant to do with this and ho\\\\' you meant to fix that and whose record is not complete and whatn-ot. So I worked practically all summer to get finished with that, and then when I realized that when school opened in September I was not going to be going back, I did not like what I saw. I did not think anything about the elderly. Somehow that had not even come up in my consciousness. But I was thinking that I would concentrate on Echo House and getting this black studies [a center for black history[ library going. That would take more than enough time and energy because I had already gotten the building. E: Oh, you had the idea for that in the 1970s, in 1971. G: Oh, yes. Not only did I have the idea, I had tho building. I had that building before I started working with the elderly. Well, I went to see some old lady, and her curtains were about to fall off the wall. They had been there so long, just hanging. There was no place to $it, not a clean chair. There were old clothes all over the place and dirty dishes in the kitchen. It was just a bad scene, and I thought: \"Oh, Lord, how in the world can this old lady be sick in here? There must be a program in the world where they take care of people that cannot take care of themselves.\" I got a letter from the agency in Jacksonville-it was not called an area agency then-that sponsored the programs for the elderly, and they asked us to come to the city building for a meeting. They asked me if I would come. I thought maybe something would come out of it. So I went to the meeting, and they were talking about the programs that they had going in Jacksonville, and I thought how nice it would be to have some of these programs going in St. Augustine. I asked why we had not heard about them before. They always tell you they contacted so·and·so, but that was the end of it. I do not know what kind.s or excuses they gave, but I know when information like that goc,s out across the state, everybody receives a notice. But nobody in St. Augustine had attempted to take any action on this notice. That answered my question. We were right at square one. There were several of those meetings, and I attended all of them. A lawyer or judge had accepted the presidency of the little group that wa.s meeting, and he came in to a meeting one day and said that he would not be able to work with us any longer. He had to go fishing. and he did not want to take on [this additional responsibility]. I do not remember his name, but he was a lawrer and elderly. I think he is still alive. Anyway, he said he . 42. could not carry the work on. He wanted very much to do it, but it interfered with his life as a retired person. I sat there and thought, \"Is he kidding?\" He did; he gave it up, and we had three or four presidents before we got somebody that could keep it. Anyway, to make a long story short, the minister from Trinity Episcopal accepted the presidency, and he asked me one day-we were meeting in his office at Trinity··if I would write fa proposal for programs for the elderly]. I had never heard of a proposal for a project for the elderly, to say nothing about writing one. I had not e\"en heard of one. \"Would you get the information? Here is a stack of books. Take these home and study them, and write something for me so that when we go to Jacksonville to the meeting we can show them that ~·e want to have some of these projects for the e lderly in St. Augustine. I am going to a conferern:c, but when I get back I will call a meeting. and you can come in and show me what you have done.\" I left the meeting very heavy-hearted, thinking to myself that I had gone into that room and sat down, and people dumped the hardest work on me, and I do not like this. fl thought), \"What is it that I do or do not do that makes me always come out this way?• Have you ever had that happen to you? I felt so inadequate. As a teacher you know what you are teaching; you know what is expected of you. But here these people were asking me to write a proposal to get some federal money, and I did not even know what was supposed to be in it. So I read those books every night all night. I was buming the midnight oil studying these various Council on Aging projects all over the United States. I am saying to myself: \"Has this been going all the time and people did not know about it, or are these people just acting like they did not know about it? What is it?• E: So there really were not any programs in St. Augustine for older people? G: No, not the first one. I finally got all the books read and started to write. You cannot write until you know what you want to write about. I got the books all read--we are talking about a couple of weeks··and then I started writing. I put it together. When we went to Jacksonville, it passed the first time. It sure did! E: Good. G: The Trinity priest had resigned, and we had to get another president. But I took the proposal to Jacksonville to the right people, to the area agency, and they okayed it. They put it right into the hopper and started the works for getting funds to set up the programs here. I think our first meals were at Aagler Hospital. . 43 . Anyway, I was so proud of writing the proposal and putting it together, of being invo)ved with these people that were working for the elderly, that I ¥.'SS completely beside myself. I had met a new talent, and I was happy doing it, and all these old people were showing up. I realized how many people needed this. We got out and made surveys on how many people needed [the various services). E: You went around canvassing the neighborhoods all over the city'? 0: Oh, yes, this was house-to·house all over the county. E: So people are bused in from out in the county? 0: Yes, we have peop)e in the county. E: Oh, I did not realize that. G: We take meals to the county, too. We do not take all of the county; we take just different sections. We tried to find out first how many people were in St. Augustine. We took different pockets, and found so many people that we could never take care of all of them. We cannot take care of all of them yet, but we are doing a fantastic job. We have fed as many as 168 people out of our kitchen at one time. I think my greatest satisfaction came from getting the building. Jn another meeting they were telling us that we had some communications from Washington telling us that after 1980 we would not be able to get federal funds if we did not have our own place, our own building. So at the next meeting that was placed in my lap. \"Will you be the chairperson of getting the building?\" I accepted the chairmanship of looking for a building, and that took six years. E: To get the funding and to get the building? G: First I had to find the building. Then we did not have enough money. I had to get dressed every day and go out to raise funds because we had to have money in the bank. You do not get people's attention until you have some money. Money talks too much. E: So you took this proposal of what you were doing and went to see everybody in town that had money? G: Not only that, I did not tell them what we were doing. I would have to go back. Like if somebody had given me $1,000, it takes about five visits to get • 44. the $1,000. Some p\u003c:ople would just write a check for Sl,000 Md say, \"I am proud of what you arc doing.\" Another may wrilo a check for $25 and say, \"I am proud of what you are doing.\" Others would promise $700 or $800 or whatever, but you cannot ever get it. They keep telling you when to come back. So raising funds is very hard. That was perhaps the hardest six years of my life, getting enough money in the bank to say: ·we have the money now. We have enough money now. Will you listen'?· Getting the govemment to lislen, lhe slate to listen, lhe county to lislen~veiyl\u003eody lhat you have to work with to get funds. Then, what was worse, the Ching thal really gave me heart trouble, was afler I found the building that we should buy that would meet our needs, then our money did not come up fast enough, and they sold the building at auclion. The people that owned the building needed the money, so they put the bujlding up for sale at auction. And here is somebody that was going to come in and bid on something that you really had your eyes on for some time. I Chink that anybody thal gets involved in buying property from somebody, or buying anything from somebody else, with somebody else's money is really crazy. It is unbelievable. Anyway, I said: ·1 think I am going to die today, Lord. Please help me jusl keep on breathing.\" 1 went to the auction, and ihc other people on counsel said: \"Why bolher? Jusl give ii up.\" A black minister said: \"I think I am going to get your daughter's address. I need to write her to tell her that you are going to have a stroke or something worrying with this. First of all, the people on the board do not think you can do it. The people in the community Chink that you have lost your mind. They think that you ought to give it up. You do not need to struggle like this to do something that you cannot do and you know you cannot do. You know v.•hcn you cannot. I see how tired you are: I just listened. When he finished, I said: \"Do me a favor. Do nol ask my daughter because she is the kind of person thal I am. She will close her office and come here to help me do it, and she cannot afford to do chat right now.\" (laughter) E: So you went to the auction? G: I went to the auction, and they auctioned the building. A woman from Jacksonville bought ii. She had plenty of money. They started pulling (fixtures) out (of) Chat building lhe minute they finished. Somebody would come up to her and ask, ·oo you need so-and-so?· They would have a truck, and they would start pulling the kitchen apart. Somebody else would come and pick up (other parts). I bought all the chairs and tables, and I did not know where to put lhem. People went crazy . . 45. E: Where did you put them? In Echo House? G: No. Do you know the man that bought Marty's restaurant? You know it is nice to have friends. I had been talking to them a lot about raising money, and they had been talking to me. I went there sometimes when I \\\\'a$ very tired and needed a meal. I would sit down and talk. One of the young men said: \"We have a building. We will help you with those tables and chairs. Just put them on a truck and bring them out here. We will store them for you.* E: Oh, that was good. G: I said, \"Now, if I do not get the building ever, what will I do with the tables and chairs?\" \"Sell them,\" they said. -rhey are good tables and chairs. You could sell them.\" E: So you had to look for another building, then, at that point? G: I did not look for another building. I am a little ahead of what happened that night, after the auction. Alter the auction, I did not get to talk to her [the woman who bought the building) because there were so many people. There were just lines of people wanting to know what she was going to do [with this and that). I waited until 9:00 the next morning, which was Saturday. I stayed up just about all night so I would be sure that at 9:00 on the dot I would ring her phone. I asked her if she had any special plans for the building. and she sa.id, \"Not really. I am just investing, and I thought that it would be a good buy. My son might want to make a skating rink.\" I thought seeing how it is suc.h a beautiful building, to make a skating rink out of it would be murder! E: Was this the building on Mission Avenue? 0: Yes. E: Oh, so it is the building. 0: Yes, that is the building. I asked her: \"Would you mind talking to some people about the building? Would you come to us, or would you let us come to you? We have been working for weeks and weeks trying to get it for the elderly: She said: ·1 will come over. I will drive myself over Monday: So Beverly Holland, who was the director of the food $Crviccs, went with me to talk with her. We struck up a friendship that day. She waited until we got enough money. She did not sell the building. During the time that we did not have enough money, she was offered $300,000, and she still held out. But • 46. prayer did that. Child, if your hand is in the good lord's, I am sure it is just right where it ought to be, and nothing will happen to you. E: So your hand was in the lord's, and you got the building. G: Honey, I prayed every day, every night, all day, all night for the lord to help us do this and help us to do that. And it happened. She said, \"Pay the truces, just pay the truces.\" I am trying to think how Jong it took us to get tho money together, but I know it took about six years for the whole process, before it got all settled. We moved on pretty fast after that. The thing that impressed me so much was the fact that nobody believed we could do it Nobody believed I could do it as chairperson. Then, after I did it, everybody was in shock that I had done it, and I still do not understand any of that. E: When did the building open? When was the formal opening for the Council on Aging? G: I should have that date on the tip of my tongue, but I do not. I would have to look that up for you. E: Well, I know I went to a sort of \"thank-you\" celebration, but that was after it was opened, so I do not know the date, either. G: That was the second celebration. That was a long time after. See, that all came about after the presidential award. A group of people [had] decided this was such an outstanding thing that I had done that the president needed to know about it so I could be listed as one of those people on his list for the presidential award or initiative. E: Do you mean President Reagan? G: Reagan [gave me the award for] community initiative. That celebration was held at the Ponce de Leon [Hotel[. I guess we had been in there about two years before that happened. The one good thing is they were trying to decide what to name it The board wanted to come up with a name, and somebody suggested that since I had done everything almost single-handedly, why not name it the Rosalie Gordon Center? Some people were very happy about that. I think this one that you attended was one of those where they were saying we are sorry that we did not do that, but we wanted you to know that we appre-ciated your work. T did not care what they named it. 1 was so happy, I was so glad that it went through all right and that it was a success. I did not care if they named it the - 47 - 1imbulctu. Whatever they wanted to name it [was fine with me}. T did not do it for the honor; that is the point. I did not do all that work for the honor. J did it because I wanted to do it. That was my contribution to the people that needed me. I am just like that. I did not want the award. I do not care what they name it. Somebody said, \"'They are going to name it (in your honor] after you die.\" I said: \"I do not care if they name it after I die. That is all right.\" See, I did ask the people that objected. I was curious. [Someone was asked:] \"Off the record, I wonder what bothered you about the whole thing because you were one of the few people that really knew who did it and how it was done. You were here. You were on the board. First you were a worker, and then you were on the board, so there is nothing that you missed.\" The person said she did not want to talk about it. (laughter] She did not want to talk about it. so I know what it was. It is going to have the name of a black woman in [a) comnlunity that is not predominantly black. Her name is going to be on tho top of our building? It will never happen here. E: Do you think that was the reason? G: I do not have to think about it. I know that is what it was. E: I did not realize that G: A lot of people are very prejudiced in this place, and a lot or people manage to hide their prejudice. You do not really know what they think until they get in a bind, and then they come through for you. She said she did not want to talk about it. E: Speaking of that, in what ways do you think St. Augustine has changed the most as far as integration? II ask that] because it is still very segregated. On a social level there is almost no integration yet. G: I think people that are very prejudiced have to die because it [prejudice] is something [that runs deep]. It is very hard to educate people to think this way, so if they do not already think this way and nobody is helping them to change and they are not making any effort to change, how will the change occur'? It is just like the schools. The children all sit down and eat together, the black ones and the white ones. When I was transferred to the white school and was over the student council at Ketterlinus .. J always carried a student council wherever I go; I set up one here at Excelsior, I set up one- at St. Augustine High, and then I went down to Kellerlinus and set up one there; • 48 . I always tried to have a good student council wherever I am··I asked the president of the student council if he would take a black person to lunch. We would just have a day to take somebody that did not look like them to lunch as my guest. He said he could not do that. And he is the nicest president you would ever want to have. He is the hardest worker. But he could not do that: he could not do that because he did not think that would go well with the kids. He did not think it would go well, so he did not want to initiate that kind of thing. E: What year was this? G: This was 1974 or 1975. II was sometime in the 1970.. Now, today in the 1990s, if you go into any of the schools, most of the little black boys are logelher, and the little white ones are together. Small children, large children, middle-size children. Just go to the teachers, the adults, and see how many black ones will integrate themselves, how many white ones will integrate themselves. E: Not many, I think. At least when I was substituting in the schools I did not see that there was any integrating. G: I will not go into a crowd of people and single out a black person to talk to, but most black people will, and most white people will. Very few white people will come in a room that is filled with black and white people and talk to a black person because it is difficult for them. E: Why? G: I do not really know because I am not one of those persons. I do not have a feeling about how a person has to look. I do not have a thing about what I should do or say. I just like people. I have some very close people that I love that do not look like me, and vice versa. So I would not be a good judge as to what goes on in their minds. But I will say this: they are very adamant about it. They are very determined that you do not have this change because they do not do anything to make it happen. I do not know how much integratlon has really taken place. I think the churches try a little, organi:r.ations try a little, the schools try a little, but I think what most people really want is that it will not happen. E: You go to St. Paul's church? G: No, I am Episcopalian. My church is down on the corner of Lovett and Martin Luther King. • 49 • E: So do white people go there? G: Yes. They do not ·go there· as such, but when we have special occasions and invite them, they come. But very few white people just show up for services. They do sometimes. E: I have fumed up a coupfe o( times for something at the church down the street here, St. Paul's ... G: It is predominantly black. E: .. . and the only time I have seen a white person is when it was a political (function), when one of the commissioners or somebody like that had to be there. The church that I usually go to downtown ... G: Which is white. E: ... I think I have seen a black person there once from out of town. G: So the churches are not doing it. I think the black people are as much to blame as the whites. I also think that there was so much water over the dam about the c:ivil rights thing that a lot of people have not gotten over the bitterness. Black people really had an opportunity to see first-hand what some people thought about them. It is one thing to think what somebody thinks about you, but it is another Ching to think somebody ii going to jump out of the bushes and hit you. That is the differences. Some black people were turned away from churches downtown because they had shown up for services. The excuse of the Episcopal church was that they were not Episcopalians, that they just showed up there because they wanted to prove something, which might have been true. A lot of black people went to a lot of churches trying to prove that they could not go. Be that as it may, it lelt a bad taste. That was an unkind thing to do. Now that people can go everywhere, a lot of people will not. In the South it is crazy; it is reaJJy crazy. My church is a mission. and it is poor. [ c:annot tell you how I wish it were not as poor as it is, and I cannot tell how happy I would be if I did not have to struggle every day just to keep the doors open at my church. E: Do you think if would be less poor if it were not segregated? G: 01 course. It would be less because there would be more members, there would be more people giving and more people sharing. All I need to do is move my membership to Trinity, but I do not want to do that either . . 50 - E: Trinity was, for a time at the tum of the century or somewhere earlier. integrated, was it not? G: Not to my knowledge. E: Well . when I was working on my Twine research I saw the marriage certificate, and the Twines were actually married by the Episcopal minister. G: That is because they did not have a black one. E: Woll, they were Catholics later, so one of them must have been Episcopalian. G: One of them could have been Episcopalian. E: There are a lot of black ministers in town. Surely they would have been able to find a black one. G: Yes, but perhaps they were not going to have a black minister marry them. Sec., the black ministers were not Episcopalians-they were Catholic. So if you were Catholic or Episcopalian, you were married by a white minister because there were no black ones. That is how that was. E: That reminds me of something else I wanted to ask you. You said you did not know Richard Twine, the photographer, because he had left town before you came. But you did s.ay, when J asked you about his sisters who were here in town for a long time, that one had lived down the street from \u0026cclsior school. G: Yes. E: How would you describe the family? G: They were just to themselves all the time. They were just very quiet people who did not associate with people in the-community much, or did not know others. I guess you would say they re3Jly did not know other people. J did not know them, and I think I have been pretty outgoing in this community. I have been a pretty busy bee. E: I think so. G: And I did not know them very well. I do not remember what they looked like. But they did not come to the school or to any of the activities that we had. The school was, I would say, the center of any social activity, like plays, contests, speaking engagements of aJI kinds, musical events. I never saw them • 51 • there through the years. So I would assume that they were two old ladies who were just always happy to be at home. Some people live that way--to the store, back home, and to church. E: And that was it. G: Yes. I have not found anybody that says any different. E: Well, we may not find anybody that knew them very well, then. G: You may not. It is just hard to tell where to go from there. I cannot help you at all. It is terrible. E: Well, to sum up, are there things that I should have asked you that I did not about your life or projects or things you have been involved in, things that were important to you? G: Well, this black studies library ..• E: That is right. \\Ve have not talked about \u0026ho House. G: Echo House is very important to me. I do not have a grant. E: Describe your idea of what you want to do and where. G: This is what I really want to see happen: I feel that black children are not getting any knowledge about their own heritage from any other place. There are people that live here that do not know that ·Bethune-Cookman College is in Daytona Beach and is a black college, and they have never been there. They are old, and they live in St. Augustine. E: You mean that older black people do not know that? G: There are some old black people that live here that have never been there; therefore, young black people here have no concept whatever of where the.y ca.me from or \\\\'hat they [their ancestors] were like or who was out there that did a good job before them and was black. So I think it will give this little city a lift if that could really happen, if it could come to pass. That would be a black heritage thing. E: So you would like to have a library with exhibits and books and films? G: Yes, I would like to have a library and memorabilia of all kinds, and just make it a center for everybody . • 52 - E: And you have a building for that down on Martin Luther King Street. G: That is right. I have the building on Martin Luther King, but I do not have a grant. I do not have money. I really do need a grant, and I really do need money to help with the day-to-day thing$ that I am not able to do. I am not able to do as much volunteer work as I have done in the past. E: I think if you had all the energy that you put into the Council on Aging •. . G: I could do a lot more. I do not have that kind of energy anymore. Because of the drug thing in Lincolnville I cannot get the volunteers that I could have gotten at one time in my life. E: Because people are afraid to be down there? G: They do not want to come because they do not like people hanging around. They do not like that, and I do not like that either. Until we take the building back, what we are going to do is sit aroond ourselves and look stupid, and they will go away to some other area. E: How did you describe that plan? Six or seven old ladies were going to sit down there and chase them away? [laughter! G: Just sit there and look stupid all afternoon, and they will get disgusted. They cannot have a drug transacfion with these old ladies sifting there looking at them. So we worked it all out. E: So who are your cohorts in this? G: I really do not know yet. A lot of people have talked. but when it comes time to sit down there and do the work, now, that is another thing. I think I can depend on at least twelve old ladies to take turru:, three or four at a time. See, you have to do this all day. It is not like you could put in two or three hour.; because the minute you leave they will be back. E: Would you be in the building, or would you be just sort of hanging around outside? G: \\Ve would be in and out, hanging around, just like they do. They do not come in the building, but they break windows and do damage and sit on the fence. E: Now, do you think you would be safe doing that? - 53 - -- - ------------ --------- G: Oh, yes. They would not attack us or anything. It is just that we do not like their being around. We classify them as undesirables. If you do not know them, they seem like strangers with nothing to do. Some people do know them, but it has been so Jong since I was in the classroom I would not know anybody that young. So I am trying to find some grandmothers that have some grandsons out there. (laughter) E: I think that is a good idea. Have you heard of the women's groups that do this thing called \"Take Back the Night\"? The women go in a huge group and sort of march down the streets that are dangerous and sort of take back their freedom to walk on the streets. G: Yes, that is right. E: This will be a grandmothers' march to take back the neighborhood. (laughter) G: Take back the neighborhood, that is exactly what it is. E: That is great. G: There is a young woman that I am going to try to get as the chairperson. and the first time we talked about it, she said: \"Let's just do it. They will be just as curious to know why we arc there as we arc to know why they are there: E: They will, indeed. G: She said, -rhey are there because they are sending us a message.\" I asked her what the message was, and she said, \"'The message is that we need you.\" I said, ·Anybody that is on drugs does not need me because I do not know what to do: Jn the first place, I am so a.fraid. E: Of drugs? Of people on drugs? G: Yes .• I am afraid of the people on drugs because they do not know two-thirds of the time what they are doing. This is the part that scares people. Sometimes if they are fond of dying. I do not think we have anybody up there like that. See, they have arrested so many people, and they are not in the area anymore. So these young people who desire to hang4out are not that bad. They are on their way, but there is a long distance between death and the beginning. Some of them could get well ii they had care. But where are we sending them'? This woman th.at used to work for me had a son that was on [drugs). She took him to Jacksonville twice, and nobody would take him. E: And we do not have a center here. - 54 - 0: No. You talk about the Charter House and all these things you see on television, but you have to have a lot of money. Most of those places are terribly expensive. E: That is what I thought. 0: She said, \"Where would I get that kind of money?\" I said, ·r thought they would take in the poor; but she said, \"No, ma'am, they do not take in the poor.\" E: They are private organizations. 0: Private, very private. So if I could get Echo House in some kind of shape so that I know it would go on in the event of my demise, I think I c.ouJd be happy. I really do. E: Oh, I do not know. I think you would think of some other project. 0: You do not trust me? E: Well, I think as long as you are breathing you will have some project to work on. G: I am sure I will. It is just that I want so much to accomplish that. I can envision the carriage people bringing the tourists up to Lincolnville, bringing them down Martin Luther King, and saying, \"Now, this is the place where a lot of black people put a lot in here to preserve their heritage.\" So many people tell me they have memorabilia that they want put in the house, but I do not dare take it because I am so afraid it will get lost with these crooks breaking windows and coming in when they get ready. So I have to have bars and alarm systems and all the stuff that goes with security. Plus I need a director. I need somebody there all the Hn1e, and that person has to be paid. And the person that is paid needs an assistant that also needs to be paid, so you are talking about some money. But like I said, l might go to sec [comedian Bill) Cosby and tell him what my situation is. E: Now, I forget your relationship with Cosby. 0: Johnnetta Cole, who is the president of Spelman [College in Atlanta), is married to my brother's son. E: This is your brother in Washington or the brother that is in Carolina? . 55. G: This is the brother that is in Carolina. Cosby gave Spelman $20 million. and I was there the night he presented the college with the $20 million. I was also back there for the wedding when Cosby wu a guest and made a toast to the bride and groom. E: You did not ask him for money then? 0 : No. no. They did not even allow you to ask him to pose ror a picture. But I told a friend that I did not think I could 1 .. ve the place until I got a picture of Cosby. She said, \"You really do have to ask\" I said: 'I had to go back to St. Augustine, and I have to have a picture of Cosby and me. You know I do.\" She laughed and I laughed. Johnnetta had told us the night before that he just wanted to be a guest at the wedding, that he did not want to be a celebrity. But you know how people do. They made him a celebrity anyway. But it did not take anything away from the wedding. Do you want to see piclures of me and Cosby? E: Sure.. I am going to have to leave in a few minutes, so let us end this. • 56.","Ku Klux Klan -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Florida Memorial College -- Florida A \u0026 M University -- Excelsior High School -- Ketterlinus Junior High School -- Murray High School -- East Coast Hospital -- Flagler Hospital -- Lincolnville -- Trinity Episcopal Church -- Ponce de Leon Hotel -- St. Paul AME Church -- Desegregation of St. Johns County Schools -- Sit-in -- Night March -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC -- Easter Invasion -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Klan Rally -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Shooting Death of William Kinard -- St. Augustine City Commission Election"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1053","record_class":"Item","title":"Royal W. Puryear : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Royal W. Puryear, president of Florida Memorial College during the height of the St. Augustine racial crisis in 1964. He speaks of his youth and education. He gives the demographics of Florida Memorial and his time as the president of the college. He details the movement in the city and his students involvement in the protests with King. He also gives his opinion on the involvement of King and the SCLC.",". CRSTA l 2A . ·.. SUB: Dr. Royal W. Puryear P.age 1 INT: David Colburn Oct. 1, 1980 JF This is David Colburn, I am interviewing Dr. Royal W. Puryear August 1, in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. . .. ''\\ •·., Puryear, why don't we start a'Qt with your background. Tell me . . about where you, about where you were raised and family and your education. '• ' ,. .-. ' .. I. was born he.re in Winston-Salem,· North Carolina •. I am the eldest of se.ven' .children, four boys and three girls. All of us completed the public schools here. We are all college graduates. I attended Howard Univer.sity, in. W~sh-:. t' ington, D.~., I completed,gly mas~~rs at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana •. [rJDi d special ~tudies in college administration atthe University of Michigan. .· I did my preliminary .studies at Ltf'lrorJ .... The~logical Seminary, Col-umbia · University . . C: What uh, what did your father do, what was his occupation? P: My father was a building contractor {1 \"dT\u003e . o.fL 1 .cip\u003cAIR.tn..,. r-.i decorat+ng-;- C: And your mother, did she work? P: My mother was a storekeeper, in a grocery store. C: What was it like growing up in Winston-Salem as a youth? P: Winston-Salem has always been a very good town to rear a family because it was a two industry city •. ~:J- f2~--1NOL\\lS Tobacco Company a~d Hanes knitting milL My family on my mother's side worked for the Hanes family and my family on the ·other side worked for the Reynolds family. My great-grandfather was one of the fl.:::r. first foreman in the-Audrey Reynolds Tobacco Company. Even though my fathers ()_ .:::r. brother, his father worked the ~ey Reynold's Tobacco Company, ~ot ahy of the .. children ever worked in either of the industries, though we all worked at the homes and families of the two major families in the city. And I would suspect that this had some influence on our education, our interest and concern for the it welfate of community------------- 1 - ,~ • CRSTA 12A11 Page 2 C: What was the Winston-Salem like racially as a child? P: Typical of the age in whi_ch 1 grew up. It was segregated. But you had a concern on the part of the Hanes family and the Reynolds family which led to , an interest in the black community that just does not exist except in a few. cou.ntries and America. ·So that in. the area ·in which I lived,'v~ry fine homes, very good schools, very good teachers, and the location of a state school here; and my sisters attended school,. very important •.. I grew up in a family where .· .. the education. of the boys was more important than anything _else .. 'My Dad and .. :.mother made special sacrifices to see to it that their children rec'eived the .best •. My three brothers attended Hampton; I attended Howard, Washington, f!!• ~ ,~-- - ?-· Did your father put you through school? 'fO ,,._, P: Oh yes, my father. And some friends that wanted to help-\"ou\\butas a building contractor we had no problems, and all of us worked in schoor. In those days there wasn't any such thing as scholarships; 1f there were we didn't know any­thing about them. At Hampton Institute you were assigned a job, and you went · ·· . to school. At Howard I worked a goodly portion of my way. I drove the college ' \", \" ., president and rang the university bell. That was significant in my growing u~ because I attended the church in Washington,-D.C. of a former pastor of the .. · First Baptist Church here in Winston-Salem, Dr. G.o, 6\"'-l!o........_ U} who's family was highly educated with medical doctors and lawyers, and I was in that {HJ'Y home quite often, drove the Sunday schoolAchurch bus. C: _Is that what influenced you into the semi_nary? P: My interest in the semina~y grew out of a background of having worked with the Young Men's Christian Association. I returned to Winston-Salem even though I was offerred jobs at-in Atlanta, New York1 and Washington D.C. The fact that I was the oldest son, there was a necessity for my returning home and being of help with my mother and father in educating the others. I grew up under the 1.Jl.- influence of what I did in college affect~ the other six. So there wasn't a question of how well I did, it was a question of how well I did better than CRSTA l2A Page 3 P: all the rest that I attended school with . . C: Um hum. P: This was always in the back of my mind at the time, competing with the other · . . . - . students in school. , I was the youngest student in the entering college school and graduated at 20. I started teaching here'1iJ Lvrr-Js~o~ ~ SrAkh-­.. North Carolina. So you came back and you started teaching school? I taught the third gr~de in elementary school for one semester. Then to Atkins High School and stayed at Atkins High School from 19.,..January, 1934 · to April;{ 9, 1942. I entered the executive secretari ship of the Young Men 1 s 'J\\ . . . ..!Ji· .' - - -~-- ; . ·Christian Association fo Vicksburg, Mississippi: remained there 18 monthes .. . .. . . . ·. . \\ and w~s promoted to regional, the regional office of the YMCA in Dallas, Texas. This covered a five state area: Louisiana, Oklahoma,Texas, Arkansas. In that . connection i:tt was my responsibility to organize the YMCA, conduct campaigns, , (le~N~t,;.. deal with ~Rel problems. I did part time service with the USO during the Received special training for that. Served on th~ special task force for the armed service~visiting army camps to inspect uso·s~ Hattiesburg, Mississippi, the state of Louisiana and in other areas. ·Barring the five year period in the area office, I was moved to the World Youth Fund, and it was my ·responsibility along with that of Mr. L'/C. \\'ftJ~ (~) to close out an auction, the materials, furniture, articles and any other articles or materials, at all the [v~SOJ USA's all over the world. ·In this opportunity the privilege came to visit all the continents in the world. This was an eye-opening experience. At the same Ct.oi;,eL'I rt-\u003eSt\u003ec.11.ffrl\u003e lvl'T!\\ t~ . . time I was at the YMCA)! have always been eto-se to-tile-Association _Church Wol'Zk:: I worked with St. John1s Baptist Church in DallasJ Texas}--became int~rested, in the ministry during that period church on the road ----~- -~~~~~~- y ----------------· When I left the '.W,i,re, I flew with the influence of the Chai nnan of the regional YMCA. He recommended me to C, !I~\\ c... CRSTA 12A P_age 4 . p: (?' 1)A LLAq, f)ry1NT) Assoc1nn:i/\\J·.-) at Butler College in J.E\\Q-S,-Texas. I remained there for a period ending November of 1948. I went to .. fcoit1··0A Normal Indus.trial. College in St. Augustine; Florida in 1950, June. I remained there until August I. · of 1958. Then with my build and re 1 ocate a college 812 miles, the new 20 million ·dollar plant in Miami, Dade County. C: Why did you leave Butler? P: A new opportunity, larger opportunity. C: Florida Normal was a larger school, was it? P: .Yes, plus the fact that I thought I, was---------- intended _co~ing .· back towards home. C: I see. P: From Texas. C: Right, yea. I want to define that going to Florida was more away from home actually in.terms of being part of your mainstream of urban activity, because the line of activity runs from Washington to Atlanta, from Atlanta to Texas. And the Florida area was)at that time.Joff to the side. C: What ult\\, what did you do in the early years UJl\\. while you wer' e at Florida Normal? P: When I first went to Florida Memorial College in 1950 it was experiencing a period of change. It. had the 1 a rges t ~ d ot~J co l/ eCi c... le v c..{ VOUHIJrH')L 1 'PA!tJ{rd\u0026 . program and occassionally--traded of any college in the United States_. Some 17 different offerings: sheet metal, carpentry. And it is pretty evident that th ead m .r n.1 strat1.o n ha s I\\ 0~1rI- s(,', ,\\-' n- o-r\\- its major goal. Now the greater number of the students, over 800, were in the non-college programs. Between 1950 and 1953 it was my task disassemble and eliminate those p~i\\-$cs 0 ~ ~p\"-·C program~ and to bring the college back to its original purpose. We decided upon a period • C: What was its original purpose? Excuse me for interupting you. ., . ··, CRSTA 12A Page 5 P: Uh Liberal Arts college • It started as typically a church related college for the training of ministers organized by the Home Mission Society of Northern YY\t) 11-Lhouse ·------- Florida Memorial a United Negro College Fund college. But because of monies, o:K because of the change and the times we decided .that Florida Memorial; we would devote all of our energies to training elementary school teachers. This is what we did, and for a period of almost ten years we devoted our attention to specializing and training of elementary school teachers. · And I do not hesitate · · · -fn A1N11.1z .· ·.· · to fee} that we tiWAed-some of the best elementary school teachers in the state .-. ; \u003e ··\u003c , ' of Florida. So much so until when the G \"\" , .,,. .r- ---------------- 19~4 decisions to integrafe public schools in the state of Florida. Our schools were ca 11 ed upon to be the first group of teachers to be assigned. f/o\u003c o f3c4c . .l.. Florida was the first location for secondary school teachers and there were several -------------- elementary school teachers for. We decided after a ten year study..J based on a grant from the Florida Foundatio!) to /jHAJ move the college, Lib'eral Arts 0.Jil.\u003c'.c..1·ww • We had various found-ations come in and survey our efforts and our interests. _C: When did the survey start? P: The survey started in the area of 1957, 156, 157, 158, and it was in 1958 when a foundation executive came to my office one day and said to me 11 Why do you keep this college----------------- St. Augustine\" and I was baffled at this type ·of question because they didn't know the motive behind it. -------------- was that our foundation will not be able to give your college the kind of support that you need, because this conmunity is really not large enough ~u )'/vL this kind of support that you need. Although~ Sf f)~/Jc.~5T/_,.,;Q_ was, had just completed raising $34,000 which represented a very large sum of money, the largest sum of money to my knowledge for any project, even more than the amount of money raised from the United Fund for higher education. St. Augustine CRSTA 12A Page 6 P: was a one man power structure which llla;¥--be /YJn-lJc 11 11vro ft- tourist town .. Our college was unique in a city of that kind. In the early years we . ~,,1) had an integrated faculty while the town had some questions about it, as long as J 12cn(.. _\\ .r/r.7rv .the faculty members 1 ived on campus there was Vet~.y t.,,117u!. _. · · of-·the- , · '\u003cfet4ons. My wife and I were accorded pri vi 1 eges which were not norma 1 to the pattern of segregation • . Um hum Frankly I do not recall any experience J\"J. ff: 0.-v_~v:.~~ that led me to react as I was brought up. · That was a situation with the banker, a young lady, the teller, asked me for my first initials stood for and I took';a' colorful point of vfew in answering her. · As I. told her that I did not know her socially well enough, and I doubted seriously if I would know her socially well enough to, for us to be on a first name basis. The president of the bank was the treasurer of our board and I reported it to him. He immediately took the teller to task. C: Was this Frank Carrol. 6NL-Y . P: Frank Carrol, one of the finest men that I know. He was really the -Re-Aorett-· man in that town J.}J;~ur college i.ro.,JJ. 60μ0~ ~~ rtJ1v ~C)Nt'lR-'f cle6to..ee.... He was not only supportive of the college, he was liberal ·in his view in reference to our education. I could very well understand personally t;;, c,....f,,~ ... /1.is \"\"'r\u003eJH\"'d !...\u003c.. R~,S(bN_r./. \".:;o(\u003c.Jt'l'\\. why the pressures came in 19A4, and thi-s-hap~-eflad 1;e be-dewa:::::tt\u003e my board as a member. C: When did he resign, you don't remember the year? l 6 · P: It was, itwI as , it was very around 1~4, shortly ~~~~~~~~~~~ thereafter. But this never affected the relationship between myself and Mr. Carrol, neither did it affect the relationship between the college and the bank. Even today, I bank with the St. Augustine National, the Barnett National Bank an.d~e St. Augustine F/oe-~in 14 • And the young man who was the courier and drove the president of the bank to our cht-..n..c .. i, meetings CRSTA 12A Page 7 P: is now president of the bank, Edward Cosgrove and if you haventt interviewed him he would be a marvelous person to interview. Have you interviewd Mr. Carrol? C: Yes. P: Mr. Ed Cosgrove would be a marvelous person to interview because he has, he is, he has come through the period just before the Supreme Court decision, has been a part, an active par~of seeing the change that has come to St. Augustine. Now I don It know whether Reverand Wright to 1 d you about n- () h..i ~\" t' ) ··.but one of the interesting facets about the race relations in St. Augustine, ,especia.lly during the crisis of flt- v/51r · 0 f-. t Martin Luther 'King . · was. • • \"'The fact that r·worked with the power structure to the point where \u003e.they, we had come to the conclusion that there was no longer a sensitive thing .. Our students have SAT t N ' ,, \" Wo\"' LO l (\u003et.. I +\"-'-n- ()*~ ?• Power structure has asked me, GO-¥Q~-waftt-to. t~ mai.ntain a separate but equal relationship. at the five and ten cent store . . .get-them-0f-f, and I told them the students ----------and I had as long as they were good students I acted in accordance with the rules and . regulations of the institutioc / I wouldn't o-..5k f\\..t.1t\" v.A'At +\\'l.qn_ tr1lnAc.u..1\u003c.fl.1c1.,..dH2.: activitie;iv;nd I felt ~,,Jc whJ..-- was doing was C-o,1va_c,\u003c:.:1, c. In 19,~4, on the Supreme .. Court decision----------------- This community relative to all other communities. In this community it shouldn't be too difficult to do it because it was a tourist town. 'Once we got one man in that town, and you notice I'm not calling his nam~to decide that it was the proper thing to do. We set September of 19~4 or •ts, I do·~ not recall the exact date.) to open everythin·g, let the students of our cqllege open everything /w~ S1.J--1ws , since they had been the instigators of sitting with the-ei-t-y. We had a dentist there who was very young 1 who felt that that wasn't early enough. Having lived ytAt'l; to be 52 under the system of segregation, it didn't seem a long time to me to' wait two monthJs to do things, and frankly I, it hasn't affected me too much I anyway. • ... , CRSTA 12A P_age 8 C: This was Dr. Haling/ P: Dr. Haling, that used to be, have you talked with him? · C: Yes. P: Well I can imagine the type of reportthat you got from him. Did he tell you about his experience with the KKK? · C: Yes P: Well he came by to invite me to a .wedt:li:ng 6tJe- ;vtt,f..1-1 , and I told him I fl.~t,C/tJC.J.... fA._N hadn't even-Seen-the invitation ~~--~---~~~~~-~~-~~-- and if I did I doubt if I would attend. It was just that simple. C: Was he, does he, I don't kpow if yo~ know him, ibut there is a .su.ggestion that \u003c he went out there and informed the ufuJacksonville television station that he ·. was going out there, and tried to get them to cover the event so that they'd get attention for their movement/,., 5/-. · /lv...\u0026V-,\u003cr\u003e 7 '\"\" \"'- -\"'--~~-~-~~-~~~~--~ P: I do not know anything about that. I do recall my having told him point blank that I didn't intend ~-~~~~-~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~-~ C: P: Uh, Bob .. C: P: he needed to be going to the _-'fr'--'f_1A._1-_\\ IJA.,_:-r_k_l_w_AJ ___ meeting. C: Can I back up for a minute and just ask you a couple of questions about the faculty of the college. Where did your faculty come from and how large was it? P: The college at that time was rather small and our faculty was small. we had -h .. o-..~ J three white teachers, we had _::::.o::..u....:e..=-====__:- - ----__i.J _l_o_ _W_ Vi_· -\"-\"-N_c_\"-_e_c..._k _ of a teacher, and all the_ rest were black. But we didn't have any white teachers ] who even 1 i ved in the community 1~ An.+ tin . ~ We did not have any problem at all with the community until I hired a Chinese man. Dr. Chao or Choa. He is at Patterson, New Jersey, a member of the faculty. He was a specialist in communication, that was the basis of my hiring' him, a PhD in communications. . . -, CRSTA 12A Page 9 P: And this was a~;~ area./b11J.~two lotdt .. S~~cl~versity of Florida, knew math, so he obviously knew something about the new math, that's where ff- Pe-90,~ \\jOL., \\-tvoW : I Um hum. P: And um our f2~c~l-l:=; wl'.\\S Co\u0026-4st-M.1Uy 701N9 ·r-v University of Florida, after the University of Florida also became JIVkcirLiqrt.!. I\"' ,_e.6 rz \"\"\"rto,.J _..eJ·, .~ pn'i'\u003e';.'}Y'.LIL'f I End Side ,.,,. - CRSTA 12A Page 10 P: All of the white faculty had tfuaii\"' PhD's and they were educated, some of them were foreigner's. Dr. fYltttJc\\'\\IA-k was the Administrator of - . . . . . ·. . h -k~rc \"\"e~. Economics' fu.,,,... C-z..c::c.l,asl11-11vr~~~' k~ 5 .,+ u--.;\\- lrf-v~(. ~ ctJ .... Wlt.(,.JlS • Dr .. Choa ft\u003e A\"\"-Ll\u003cU.L ¥\\ . · w had come;\tO be educated r-twb n..c.tT-A-wt:J 1\"1 4.~c#t.•cA Dr. Lee was in the area of history was trained in both China and the United States C: Oh yes P: 1 0 0 c-=\u003c:\u003e. / um he was quite good. My director of music, --+v=-=\"\"'·~.\"'\"\"'\"\".v,,..,__C/~.\".-..- -=---'~--=\"\"Jd~v--·-=--- pc.,-C.1\u003e o_S . . i \" ' while he did not hold a PhD was highly educated~ He acti vel-jl. Jle 4-tv{ ' ' for a while, though his speciality grew with the college choir. He traveled · . . . . ' ·f·· -.· .-~ . 7-: throughout the state with his wife and children. Now we had only one incident in our total travels and that was at Marianna, Florida where·.·· C: They have lots of ~ 1wblevv-.S in there, right? \\ I u · tvA-~ ot ~.,,...\\- -\\-uVJtv ~ P: Marianna, not Marianna. w\"'/1i..--'-~ \"\".....,_ .anet-her .town-=- · C: P: It was in West Florida this side of the.Juh)t would have to be _____ _ name of the town ~~~~~~~~-~- j'/'u~Ml'tL C: What about your students, now how many students did Florida Memoria:l have when ? you arrived? Ariprt 0 \")(.•tr.\"'Tis:v1 • C: Right, where did they come-from? Where did your students come from, where they from Florida and St. Augustine or ? P: Possibly when I arrived at Florida Memorial, Florida Normal Industrial as it was ca 11 e d at that ti me ...,0..1\"\"'\"- \"\"~, .....'-\"----.;;:::::::::::::::------.-.\" \"\"'\"-';;..... The students) 416 possibly 80 percent were from the state of Florida) and from other areas. We probably had more Methodists than we had Baptists. There were ----~----~----~ the more Baptists that we had. ~= Did you have many from St. Augustine? CRSTA 12A Page 11 P: We had a number of students from St. Augustine\u003ebut St. Augustine is typical of ~\"''1 of'~ ~mv,:,,±, ___ _ ' C: Where the students from middle-class black backgrounds, would you say? · P: Oh yes, but we were very fortunate to receive families from the better homes . ~ . in the state of Florida, doctorsf~lawyers' children because we think that our teaching program, our program is especially '\"\" ff\"', ~!'J.\u003c.J-w11 f}netA- • - \u003c then as we move into the different arts we received a grant from the Kellogg b\\A.!\u003e•\"'t.SS . Foundation _._1w_._F_t-_\u003cJ_.-i_1_l\u003eA- _ ~11e to establ i stylin the state. And it wasn't two years before business administration had outgrown all the rest of the colleges. So when we went to Miami . C: What year was that, yotf· went to Miami? P: In August of 1968, the campus had been completed with the air condition4¥l1'. One, two dormitories had been completed, QJJ -ft, Aurn1NtSrn1?rtvt. parts of the gymnasium ---------~-----~---------~ doors opening out to a large sitting area ---------~------ ! had taken this \\...\u003c) ,..., a .~. ..,, \u003c Science ~-------------~ ~ Center, first Science Center, and the teaching building, where all the doors opened to an out, o.utside on the second floor by the offices. Have you ever been on the campus? C: No I haven't. P: If you ever go on the campus you'·ll find the center where all the secretaries, sec re ta ri es C: Did the college move there, now you told me the study started well before the racial crisis but •.. P: We started in 1958 with the idea of a new location because of this question of foundation support and other support. C: Was it, was the, did the move uh gain momentum because of the problems arising in 1963 and '64? P: Not in my church/ . CRSTA l 2A 12 C: Not in your church. P: I would suspect that other people might do that, but I usually give four or five reasons for relocation. Number one was the fact that when I arrived in Florida, the center of black population was in Ocala. By 1965, 1 63- 1 65, the black pop­ulation had moved to West Palm Beach county, Broward county and Dade county, and there was not a single institution in that area that was serving the special inter- We did a special study, and we had selected four areas.· This lot of the racial strife in 1963 you see. This was back / the .' 50 1 s. And Orlan do, where we owned 42 acres of 1 and, uh Duva 1 county had West Palm Beach, we were offerred over 200 acres .·. , . )\"!.·' ,...,. .:\"- . . ·by the ~m Banker, McArthur, but the cost of refilling it was so enormous the __·. ...:;;0-.,..!:o~f:.:;;li5-+-v:::.::. ::-.. ____ didn't even accept the offer. Then because of the straight line location of colleges across the middle part of Highway 4, Bethune Cookman, Ul/'- fl_ you had two colleges in Orlando, you had two collegesl\\in Tampa, the University of Tampa, Florida'~University of South Florida. We decided that we were going ·in any direction it would have to be what would be referred to as a ------ Well there was our first location was at f-\\.-J. ~_,.. -11 /?...SR 9~ and 27th Avenue. Well the government owned l60 acres of land, we actually had option on that piece of land. I cannot explain to you today politically what happened, except to know that if a county, a city, ~unicipalityJor a state1 or the United \\5 . States desired a piece of property which :i.-t-already owne~even though a somebody had bought it, they would buy their interest or take it off of them. We lost · that I think basically because the expressway coming, going east and west from the Pv-. l ti--.t. t+o -Meadow to I 95 across to Miami Beach was between our co 11 ege and the devel opement of ft-Nt\u003e!H(;tt \u003c! Junior College. And I suspect that. some interest of the Junior College had something to do with it because I recall distinctly when we were moved to Miami, faculty members from the Junior College .. ~ f hNP1.,1 J hgL h ~ liu~i.-\u003c,c I 1\u003e''1-S .C.Ype_-e~J- ~ -- CRSTA lt2 13 P; this actually happened. And uh this despite the fact that we had constituted or - organized a group of all the college presidentsr they had welcomed us to the · community. The welcome was of such a nature that we opened with over 700 students from 275. We went in with growing pains, growing pains to the point of we had budgeted $50,000 for relocation which included the moving of faculty. Incidentals of moving whatever .P\\Avi..\"',kil...e,.. that you were going to take ~~~~~~~~- ··and the library books which we would use. It cost us$803,000 to move over here .· . \"~6 . to build special housk for our male students. ·And the enrollment community was of such that, so large, because they couldn't to the University of Miami, .there was no question .about that, . '\"' -k.~-..s ~-e . and they didn't have, even though Florida was very li~eral at that time,.---tfle +~1 !:. f 1 fo ~~A t.1,..Y College -.: Admissions, it had not reached the point where, wh~d, ·had reached people beyond Chicano's, Cubans, anything else except blacks born in America, and that is an honest appraisal. Letrme, let me get us back to the racial crisis. The first incident that seems to occur as I read through the ~ !t.vd1.\u003ep---rt-J\\-s besides some of the early things that took place, was in 163 when President Johnson, or Vice-President Johnson, excuse me, was coming to St. Agustine, that ls th~ firs~ I gues) key developement that occurred. What uh, what involvement did you have in that? P: My wife and I were guests at the dinner, and he came over.to our table and our own governor was with him and he ignored us completely and passed on by. C: Bryant? . P: Bryant. C: Did uh, were you the only black b~ people at the ~~ .•. P: My wife and I were the only blacks in vited to the dinner. ~ C: Was, did Haling bring much pressure on you to try and discourage you from going or? P: He didn't know anything about it and didn't have anything to do with it. ·c: Yea, I know he wrote ... CRSTA 12A 14 r:• . ·, P: I am not sure that, I, I don't recall the time that Haling actually came, I'd have to . . . C: It was about 1960 he came to St. Augustine but he didn't become involved in .. ·any of the racial things i.e.\\:~ ' P: See, when he came to St. Augustine, the man that was there before he was C: Dr. Gordon. · P: Dr. Gordon was a Panamanian1 and 99 to 95% ef-the-__._.'\"-..._......__-=-_._.-_.___ was white. over. And I said to him more than a half a dozen times but Goddammit, to be extremely careful of'fhe bfg difference between being ai/egroe born in ' . . . .· . h£-h~! ~.America and a Panamanian, regardless of what his color was as long asJ\\sJicked back hair. And this man had an access of wide open priveleges to the hospital, which Haling did not have. C: What kind of man was Haling? Why was he uh • . .. P: He was typical of that period, of the 160's. He went to school at a time when ·the characteristics, the teachings, the uprising the students was a normal thing. Now I don't know if anybody told you this or .not, but I'd 1 ike to share it with you. The h\\V-.s\\i'rl'-. movement had really taken over St. Augustine. Their leader, anybody tell you that? C: No. P: The Muslim movement, I'm talking about the violent group, that's why I call them Mooselims and not Muslims, and the leader of the cult was a student on my campus. I had a conference with her C: What was her name? P: I prefer to not give her name because the fact that all of those youngsters were able to get jobs despite the law in the state of Florida that anybody who was engaged in a, in a uprising or that sort of thing would not be eligible for employment or · ~Lr5 schools. I have found the, ~~~~~---,.:-.~~~~~~~ CRSTA 12A 15 P: convenient not to call any names. But um, I talked with her and personally called Martin Luther King myself, because I felt that had his organization, believing in non-violence, come to St. Augustine it would be more valuable. And · .. to have my young people associated with a group with that point of view, it . would be more important than to see the continuation of this group that was \"\"'4~'( ready to burn the town down. And I doubt ~T ti\u003c\"-\"' ~en..1oc..HY if tRey manayecl-the-ma.na.ged-t.Re-wh-:f.tes v-P- ~ ivl,k\"- 1~ ~ to~ ..,,,,..Nin flNo(,J MouJ ;.f. kR-ew-a-Bo~t-:i~. Had a meeting over in the Zion Baptist Church, and a Reverend .Lee, he was connected with the Martin Luther King movement came to the . . ·' ' . ' '. : . ·. community, and from that point o~ they led the activities of non-violent -~· { .~- . ~ effort in ·the city of St.' Augustine. And I remember distinctly when the uh confrontations came. I ca 11 , I have a special conference with Martin Luther w \"'-' (,\"' King at the First Baptist Church,~ at tM-s time one of the leaders of the Ku Klux Klan came. I want to know why nothing but niggers can speak on national television and I asked him if he wanted to be on national television and he said yes. And he came on television 1t1v12 I CPrw's ~l~~.~C: . ? ---~~~~~~~~~~~~- r\\ l fl/\\ e1\u003eJQS r P: _ _._/)1____,r?'\"\"\"t-'-1_o_ _s _1_· ____, that's right, I'm responsible for fi1e1V0S; being on television, First Baptist Church. C: What sort of support did you get from the white leaders, like, like Wolf, like Frank Harrell when things got tough and people like __ fh_'._a_vu_s_,_· __ were P: I had an open door priveleges -----------------· And at no time did.;they show to me personally, but I knew what their attitudes were. I knew the attitude of the community, I knew thei}t Mayor's attitude. C: Um hum, Shelley. · P: That was Shelley. And they mayor's wife had made a very unfortunate mistake which I would rather not mention. I'd have somebody call And we did not have any relationship at all. The only distasteful experience that I had was the occasion when I asked the executive c_0 .,..,_\"\"',}fec.. of ---------- ·, CRSTA l2A 16 P: my board of trustees to meet with some white leaders and there was an agreement not to have television or radio. And they knew what would happen if radio or . I J.,w 1+- tel evi si on showed up. Now ~ow it got to happenAKnow but when we sat down to have our meal in the .courthouse; television came in, the radio came in and then _tL-__ ' · toi¥.-Md-'\\-·c.\u003c-- ew\u0026 e\u0026_ • One of the purposes of that meeting, the results of the purposes of that meeting would have led to some understandings which I think would have been an example for the whole state of Florida. · C: Who was there from the white community? . ' P: .· Th.e main people who . 1could speak. C: Was Shelley there? P: · .;! 1 ,.~J .- F I do not recall if he was there.·. C: · Wasn 1 t tie the real obstacle because of his- such a John Birch follower and uh even though Wolf and the others wanted to end the crisis , · P: I have never been able to understand why a man whose, more than 50 percent of .. his life as a black was as far to C: Right. ---to- '-; -·'- -- the left or P: Far to the right as he is , 1.1 rt-\u003e , so much so until I never had a ny I '--\"' contact with him. ·I remember when they burnt up the brand new car that my minister at the First Baptist Church had, they called up to notify me that they were going to·burn the two cars in my yard, my wifes car and mine, the car I used to drive. And I simply told them what would happen to them if they came on my private property. And there was an attempt to burn a cross on our campus, 01.\u003c.il . .- but we had 47 private citizens in t..fl€ campus, well anned and with the action that night, there was never any attempt made to bother our schools \u003c11 C(Jwtmu;v1Ty ho\\.;. --------- as a matter of fact my college 1i brari an and three hundred dollars and ~-------------------~~------- C: Did your students participate actively with King in the demonstrations in 164? . 4(!. P: They werelibiggest main source. CRSTA l2A 17 C: And they cooperated with King on this? P: They were bright students. It wasn't a question of cooperation. I stayed alone I was the president of the /;.1 sti ~\\-, v...J · The student, I did that even at political activities, the student council, even in Miami and in 5.l-. 4v._r,l.f-.S hc\"'c... . Any politicia~ who was possibly one of the greatest senators in the state of Florid~uh would come to our campus, he would come atthe invitation of the students. I would go to meet him, and I would want to attend. And men would know my position, but I never ------ I was like any other college presi·dent who ever was elected president or ·. . . .\\....../' ·. . . .• . . I felt the need to visit him and congratulate him and ln-v tAIJOfJ ,,,.. _ F fettsn~ 11 '- . '®r ~? him the importance of hisA.contribution to the welfare 0~ ~\u003e iu5 /,·t\"'-l-io#J C: Now uh i...\\.cl-l P: A.nd I had the good fortune as evidenced by the fact that I feel that..:Hl governor~::· Askew named me the first black to the Judicial Qualifications Commission:in the state of Florida, and I remained there until it was necessary for me to leave. -£!d J;..'hl)\"l.CS Nt/W 7 who was the chairman of the board of · \" '\" _;,- ,, 5 of which I am a member J r;;. A- member of that commission. Now 15 ~I! !.CH\u003e-,..,tSSlf,,_j that commission nee'Gs-the__par.JDJ..5.$..:i..O-f.l-ef IN [.,i l\u003cl-Wur . /3Us!N~- Ct:\u003e.., ,J.-.~..J- 1 ft._ state of Florida. And that to me was the icing on my experience in the state of Florida. C: Did you ever meet with King or with Andrew Young? P: All of them, all of them. · C: What was the nature of the conversations that you have had with them? P: Never what their duty and responsibility was. It was always at the level of a +v . \u003c professional. I invited Andrew Young to speak the students, I invited King to speak to the students, I invited King to preach to the students. C: I see, so it wasn't to discuss developements in St. Augustine? P: . Never, I never had anything, I never participated except I went to the public meetings. I don't remember, recall missing any public assembly which was called CRSTA 12A 18 P: by the SCLC. Because I felt that the non violent approach basically was more important, and the only time that I differred with Dr. King was when I had to tell . him that I felt that anytime a movement leads to confrontation~it's time for the organizer to sit down and find out points at which this is responsible, what causes it and let's eliminate that. Now that's as far as I went and I spoke only · · to him. · C: Now you did testify though before the Florida Civil Rights Commission came to ; . ' .· •' ·, . . .., ' '. ....,, .' St. Augustine. I remember that, I've got records of the testimony before that, ,:,and you were very critical of conditions in St. Augustine when you testified at ' ·.·' 't ', that time. · P: I would suspect that uff i would ·be critical at that time because when I employed a Chinese dean, the anti-American activities _c._\"_\"\"\"_·_M_;_J.-f_c_\u003c-_._·_· ·_' · _____ _ wanted my fingerprints, and I went to my attorney to find out why that was nece­ssary, for an anti-American Activies Commission wanted to have my fingerprints because I hired a dean. I had asked the FBI, !~\"\"s'Jo..u ght all the sources of infor-mation including CIA intelligence and FBI. Neither one of them would give me any information on this man, so I had every perfect right to move on my, on what­ever I was able to work on. Now, I don 1 t re~a 11 any of the leaders of the St. Augustine community like the Mayor or Mr. Harrell I don't remember giving any negative remarks. I had the ------------~ on my board, the Executive Secretary Treasurer of the Florida ---------~ Baptist Convention, Dr. John McGuire. I don't remember him being, giving any negative attitude towards the ' s(,,lc,c,~-,~ .... c;~ '1oLJ -(~I C: What uh, why did, did you think when Dr. King left, that he left St. Augustine in bad shape? .\": P: Well, C: Was it worse after he left than before? · P: Yes, it was worse, it was worse because the Ku Klux Klan was ac\"1ff J{, ijfiJC..rw t CRSTA 12A C: Now this, it wasn't worse because Qf what Dr. King had done? P: No But rather because the white leaders refused to leave and let the Klan (talking together) is directly after · . . f\"ltwo.sr ·I see. spoke over the television. It, it upset the total community. And even thos~:people who had 19 St. Augustine conmunity to .retire~ T don't remember any of those people uh ·losing interest in the college. \"ilhey came to vespers on Sundays just 1 i ke they · had been coming all the time ... Because we without question .had the best, the .best speakers, the most int~liectual 'cultured activities in the local ~ommunity. ·And .· '' ~~ ' ' ' we invited all of the people thtrtwe thought would come. I recall one experience that I had, I thought I knew a wh~te minister well enough to _. _____ Dr. ' ' Channing Bias 1 who was head of .the Colored Work Committee YMCA.»by his residence to meet him, and I went through~the !ervice committee C: This was under Seymour wasn't it? ----~--- C: Wasn't his name ? -------~- P: I, I 1 d have to hear it in order tr, remember it. \\ .,.., Co\"\"\"\"''\"'\" ' C: Did, were you asked to be on that biracial/\\ that Governor Bryant tried to form? P: No. C: Now that thing failed, it never e~en was created. P: NO, I was not asked to be on it. C: Um hum, what uh, what did you thi1k of Dr. H~lings role at the end, as ~ou look back on the . • • 3' P: As I look back on it I'll tell yo1 what I told him. I told him, I told him sitting on the political chair, l said I can understand y' our point of view ----------------but I think on account of· the legal trip, ---------------------------------------------' . ~i CRSTA 12A 20 P: I said you're not a Martin Luther King. I said you do more work dealing with people sitting right here in this chair if you keep your mouth shut. And they know the type of work that you can do -----------------­He went from there to Cocoa, went crazy as far as I know. Right, he's still there, yes. What uh, what were race relations like after the· fall of 1964 till when you left and went to college down in Miami? Did things .ever improve again?. Were they better after the. ~ If they did, ·they didn't affect us at the school because it was between that time ',• -- . . ihat they built a sidewalk all the way from the middle of town.all the way out ;,- - .. , . - •' ' . to the camp.us·, they put lights a 11 the way out to the campus, and they paved the . ' -~!:'.'•· -~ . \":. ~-- ; . . street all the way ouf.to the campus, and I think there was some attempt to rear ·a creative atmosphere in the black community that was wholesome. Now I think if ' . - . . you talk to some of the old citizens of the community fun ~~rie like J. A. Webster who was responsible for that. He lives right there on Kings Road. Or Murray who is a retired principal who lives there. Now these are people with whom I worked. We worked together, to the end of resolving the racial strife in the community. I wasn't on the side at ever, the distance. C: Did you work with the Community Relations Service when they came in there? P: You'd have to call some names because I . C: ~harles Grigg was one in Tallahassee. P: If I did I don't recall what happened except that he migh·t have been to my office. I doubt if he had very much from me. · C: Why didn't, why didn't the Catholic Church cooperate, do you have any understanding or knowledge of why they failed to say take an active role and help in the crisis because they were, certainly the most influential church ? C: Well I think it's possible at that time, and oddly enough ('{'Ape~~;;..._ -----...:...·N'M.~ ~J.t\"\"u.-I End of tape '/","Florida Memorial College -- Ku Klux Klan -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Florida Memorial College -- Ocala, Fl. -- Zion Baptist Church -- First Baptist Church -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Visit of Lyndon B. Johnson -- Picketing"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1091","record_class":"Item","title":"Janie Price : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Janie Price, St. Augustine resident, who shares her memories of the civil rights movement and knowing Martin Luther King.","Florida Highway Patrol -- Ku Klux Klan -- Elk's Rest -- Flagler Hospital -- Gainesville, Fl. -- Lincolnville -- Morehouse College -- Old Slave Market -- St. Paul AME Church -- Bombing -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Night March -- Shooting Death of William Kinard"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1103","record_class":"Item","title":"David Nolan : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with historian David Nolan about the St. Augustine civil rights movement and how it is remembered and commemorated both within the city and outside.","St. Augustine Four -- Old Slave Market -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Integration of Monson Pool -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-85","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King at Press Conference","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. mops perpiration from his neck at a news conference in which he announced future plans for the integration move in St. Augustine, Fla., June 17, 1964. King remarked, \"It's hotter in more ways than one in St. Augustine.\""]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1164","record_class":"Item","title":"Memo to Martin Luther King and Robert Hayling from Presidential Counsel Lee White","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["White House Counsel Lee White replies to a telegram from Martin Luther King and Robert Hayling and responds to their concerns about the possible loss of life in St. Augustine, Fl. Lee believes that Florida Governor Farris Bryant has the situation under control with extra deployments of the Highway Patrol to St. Augustine.","Florida Highway Patrol -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Federal Bureau of Investigation -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1210","record_class":"Item","title":"Racial and Civil Disorders in St. Augustine : Report of the Legistlative Investigation Committee : Appendix 19","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Report of the Florida Highway Patrol on the civil rights demonstrations between June 9-July 4, 1964. It describes the pivotal night march on June 9, white segregationist opposition to demonstrations, the night march on June 17 to the Monson Motor Lodge in which Jewish clergy took part, and demonstrations on St. Augustine Beach on June 21, 24, 25, and 29. This document describes the response of the St. Augustine City Commission, the Florida Highway Patrol, the St. Augustine Police Department, the St. Johns County Sheriff's office, and describes the demonstration bans ordered by Governor Farris Bryant.","Ku Klux Klan -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine City Commission -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- St. Augustine Police Department -- Bi-Racial Committee -- Special Police Force -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Ancient City Gun Club -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Night March -- Wade-in -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Sit-in -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC -- Easter Invasion -- Klan Rally -- Klan March -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1215","record_class":"Item","title":"Racial and Civil Disorders in St. Augustine : Report of the Legislative Investigation Committee : Appendix 09","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["A letter to the chairman of the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee from the publisher of the St. Augustine Record, A.H. Tebault, Jr., about the demonstrations in St. Augustine from April 1964 to January 1965 as covered by the committee. Tebault believes outside agitators, both black and white, used St. Augustine for a \"publicity stunt\" to draw media attention to their causes.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- National Council of Churches -- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), St. Augustine Record -- Civil Rights March -- Klan March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1224","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Fingerprints from St. Augustine Arrest","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King's fingerprint card from his St. Augustine arrest on June 11, 1964.","St. Augustine, Fl. -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Sit-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1372","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-02-27","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Parade organized by SCLC held by approximately 75 students who marched through St. Augustine, sang songs, and then returned to the Negro Elk's Club.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Elk's Rest -- Civil Rights March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1390","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-05-26","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King arrive in Jacksonville and was driven to St. Augustine by Robert Hayling and two other individuals. He decides not to hold a press conference. A klansman fired a shot at a Negro automobile. An integration rally was held in the downtown plaza at the Slave Market. After dispersing, this group was followed by the KKK, but police prevented any violence from happening.","Ku Klux Klan -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Old Slave Market -- Civil Rights March -- Civil Rights Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1394","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-05-30","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["MLK's beach cottage safe house is attacked. A night march in progress was stopped due to a court order. White House inquires into KKK activity in St. Augustine. Orderly protest march by high school students took place with no incidents. Mass arrest of juveniles took place for attempted sit-in.","Florida Highway Patrol -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine Police Department -- St. Paul AME Church -- Night March -- Attack on Beach Cottage Safe House -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Civil Rights March -- Sit-in -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1397","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-06-02","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Small march took place around the downtown plaza. L.O. Davis denies that KKK members have been deputized. Director Hoover authorizes survey to determine if it would be necessary to put Hoss Manucy's house under surveillance. Permission requested to conduct surveillance of Manucy's home as well as Robert Hayling's home and office.","Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine City Commission -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- Monson Motor Lodge -- First Baptist Church -- St. Augustine Civic Center -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Home of Robert Hayling -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Civil Rights March -- Sit-in -- Lie-in -- Attack on Beach Cottage Safe House"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1404","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-06-10","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["A march in downtown St. Augustine turned violent. Attacks were made using fists, beating people to the ground before police intervened and marchers retreated. Martin Luther King arrived in St. Augustine and held a press conference and announced that a demonstration would take place that night as well as another on June 11. He was not happy with the handling of demonstrations and urged federal leaders to withdraw funds from the Quadricentennial Celebration because of segregated conditions.","Florida Highway Patrol -- Civil Rights March -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Picketing -- Night March -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1452","record_class":"Item","title":"Memorandum on Klan Activity in St. Augustine","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Memorandum on the activity of Ku Klux Klan in St. Augustine and the possibility that KKK units form other nearby cities will come to town.","Ku Klux Klan"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-182","record_class":"Item","title":"Jackie Robinson Urges Action","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Jackie Robinson speaks at a civil rights rally at St. Paul AME Church during a 24 hour visit to St. Augustine.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- St. Paul AME Church -- Visit of Jackie Robinson -- Civil Rights Rally -- Picketing -- Night March -- Sit-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-224","record_class":"Item","title":"Shots Fired in Empty Cottage","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Report about the attack on the beach safe house in which Martin Luther King had been planning to stay.","St. Augustine, Fl. -- Old Slave Market -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Attack on Beach Cottage Safe House -- Drive-by Shooting"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-234","record_class":"Item","title":"Tourists Return to St. Augustine","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Article written in the summer of 1965 documenting the changes seen in St. Augustine since the civil rights movement of the summer of 1964. Includes quotations from several people who played prominent roles on both sides of the issue.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ancient City Gun Club -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Castillo de San Marcos -- Trinity Episcopal Church -- Florida Memorial College -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Desegregation of St. Johns County Schools"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-244","record_class":"Item","title":"We're Proud of Dan Warren","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Editorial expressing pride in Daytona Beach State Attorney Dan Warren for the role he played in bringing an end to the violent clashes that took place during the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","St. Johns County Grand Jury -- St. Augustine, Fl."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-292","record_class":"Item","title":"King, Manucy Brought Clash","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["In depth piece regarding the events in St. Augustine between June 11 and June 18, 1964. The author assigns responsibility for the violence to Martin Luther King and Hoss Manucy.","Manucy's Raiders -- Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Johns County Grand Jury -- Ku Klux Klan -- Special Police Force -- Bi-Racial Committee -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Monson Motor Lodge -- St. Johns County Jail -- Palatka, Fl. -- Jacksonville, Fl. -- Lincolnville -- Old Slave Market -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Sit-in -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators -- Use of Police Dogs -- Night March -- Klan March -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Use of Cattle Prods"]},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33846","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King at Mason Temple, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33837","record_class":"Item","title":"Father James Lyke, St. Thomas South Memphis Parish, 1969","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33898","record_class":"Item","title":"Pete Sission, Memphis Public Works Commissioner, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33892","record_class":"Item","title":"Mose Walker, Asst. Principal Booker T. Washington High School, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33887","record_class":"Item","title":"Father William Greenspun, St. Patrick's Church, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33924","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. James Netters, Memphis City Council Member, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33931","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King Memorial Speech at Mason Temple, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33914","record_class":"Item","title":"Lewis Berry, Eye Witness to the Shooting of Larry Payne, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33836","record_class":"Item","title":"Frank Kallaher, Memphis Police Officer, 1970","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33893","record_class":"Item","title":"Floyd Newsum, Memphis City Fireman, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33830","record_class":"Item","title":"Henry Lux, Memphis Police Chief, 1972","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33902","record_class":"Item","title":"Luella Cook, Sanitation Strike Marcher, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33852","record_class":"Item","title":"James Manire, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33890","record_class":"Item","title":"Jesse Epps, AFSCME Field Representative, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33888","record_class":"Item","title":"Joseph Leppert, Founder of Memphis Catholic Human Relations Council, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33784","record_class":"Item","title":"Bishop Joseph Durick, Project Equality, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33823","record_class":"Item","title":"WDIA Radio Mason Temple Kick-Off Rally, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33833","record_class":"Item","title":"Gwen Awsumb, Memphis City Council, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33885","record_class":"Item","title":"Calvin Taylor, Organizer of the Black Militants, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33487","record_class":"Item","title":"Luther Ivory, 2007","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33486","record_class":"Item","title":"Henry Turleyinterview in 2007","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33511","record_class":"Item","title":"Mike Cody, 2007","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1566","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Juanita Adams and Arlene Johnson, June 15, 1995","mediums":["spoken word","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Juanita Adams and Arlene Johnson conducted by Jack Dougherty, June 15, 1995 (at Ms. Johnson's home, 7225 N. 86th Street, Milwaukee).","Juanita Adams and Arlene Johnson were two founders of the Congress of Racial Equality's (CORE) Milwaukee chapter. Topics include their choice to become involved with school integration, differences between CORE and Milwaukee United School Integration Committee (MUSIC), personal experiences with racism including threats of violence, the school boycott of 1964, fellow members of CORE, and gender roles in CORE."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1638","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Mary Arms, July 29, 2007","mediums":["spoken word","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Mary Arms conducted by Amanda Winn on Sunday July 29, 2007 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.","Arms, a member of Milwaukee's NAACP Youth Council, discusses her arrest and treatment by the Milwaukee police, protests, the Freedom House fire, the Black Christmas economic boycott, and her involvement with the Commandos including her naming of the group, and the Commando-ettes. Arms also reflects on Father Groppi as a leader, a priest, and a father figure to children."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1668","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Margaret (Peggy) Rozga, August 19, 2008","mediums":["spoken word","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Margaret (Peggy) Rozga conducted by Michael Gordon on August 19, 2008 in Milwaukee, as part of the March on Milwaukee Oral History Project.","Rozga was born and grew up on Milwaukee's South Side and became interested in civil rights while attending Alverno College. She discusses her experience registering voters in Alabama in 1965, the NAACP Youth Council's decision-making process and its national reputation, life at the Freedom House, how the Youth Council became involved with open housing, and Father Groppi's motivation."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_martin-luther-king-jr-002","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr.","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr., Baptist minister and president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, was the most prominent African American leader in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee.","Photograph of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. He stands behind a table. His right hand is raised. King, a Baptist minister and president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, was the most prominent African American leader in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee."]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_6032","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights leaders Martin Luther King, Jr. and Roy Wilkins, promoting voter registration, Atlanta, Georgia, 1959","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Negative envelope: \"Wilkins, Roy; King, Martin Luther; N.A.A.C.P. 1959. 27995.\""]},{"record_id":"usm_hmp_mus-m345-0048","record_class":"Item","title":"Philosophy of nonviolence and the tactic of nonviolent resistance; undated","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["From the Adams (Victoria Gray) Papers. \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;Discusses the philosophy of nonviolence and the tactic of nonviolent resistance. The paper profiles three nonviolent resisters: Jesus Christ, Mohandas (Mahatma) K. Gandhi, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","Electronic version made available through a National Leadership Grant for Libraries from the Institute for Museum and Library Services.","This item is part of the Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive."]},{"record_id":"usm_oh_mus-coh-campbellw-transcript","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history with Will D. Campbell","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history.; Interview conducted on June 8, 1976, with Will D. Campbell.Campbell, born in Amite, Mississippi, was ordained as a pastor at the age of 17. He first became aware of racism during time spent in the military, when he read a novel by Howard Fast entitled \"Freedom Road\". His involvement in issues of race takes a theological approach, with emphasis on alleviating crises and preventing violence.","This item is part of the Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive."]},{"record_id":"suc_mblogan_559","record_class":"Item","title":"Photograph, 1965, Martin Luther King, Jr. with others 2","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["This is a photograph of Martin Luther King, Jr. with unidentified other people."]},{"record_id":"suc_mblogan_580","record_class":"Item","title":"Photograph, no date, Martin Luther King, Jr. with others 6","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["This is a photograph of Martin Luther King, Jr. with unidentified other people."]},{"record_id":"suc_mblogan_581","record_class":"Item","title":"Photograph, no date, Martin Luther King, Jr. with others 9","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["This is a photograph of Martin Luther King, Jr. with unidentified other people."]},{"record_id":"suc_localtvnews_420","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. on voting--outtakes","mediums":["motion pictures (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["On a rainy day the residents of Kingstree come to hear Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speak on voting rights. The clip begins with silent film of the crowd. Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. stresses the importance of voting, particularly in the local primary, calling for a \"march on ballot boxes.\" Attendees include James Clyburn and Andrew Young.","Martin L. King on voting--outtakes"]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_523","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. leading a procession of people past the Alabama State Capitol to demonstrate against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_524","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. leading a procession of people past the Alabama State Capitol to demonstrate against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_527","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. standing in front of the Montgomery County Courthouse in a demonstration against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_545","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. leading a procession of people past the Alabama State Capitol to demonstrate against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_550","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. leading a procession of people to demonstrate against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_1041","record_class":"Item","title":"Fred Shuttlesworth, Martin Luther King Jr., and Ralph Abernathy at the funeral for the 16th Street Church bombing victims","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Civil Rights leaders Fred Shuttlesworth (left), Martin Luther King Jr. (center), and Ralph Abernathy (right) attend a funeral for victims of the 16th Street Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963. The September 15, 1963 bombing killed four young African-American girls."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_1074","record_class":"Item","title":"Harry Belafonte and Corretta Scott King at Martin Luther King Jr.'s funeral","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["View of Corretta Scott King and Harry Belafonte at the funeral of Martin Luther King Jr., in Atlanta, Georgia, April 9, 1968."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_1262","record_class":"Item","title":"View of building in ruins following the 1968 Chicago riots","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["View shows men in hard hats, probably a clean-up crew, standing near the wreckage of a building destroyed in the riots that erupted in South and West Side neighborhoods following news of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Chicago, Illinois, 1968."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_1275","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. in Birmingham, Alabama","mediums":["photographic prints"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. seated at a table with microphones in Birmingham, Alabama, circa 1963-1968."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_103727","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. getting off a plane at the airport in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["On October 30, 1967, King, Ralph Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King flew to Birmingham from Atlanta to serve a five-day prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights protests in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.)"]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108569","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers at the start of the Selma to Montgomery March in downtown Selma, Alabama, probably on Sylvan Street.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Rabbi Abraham Heschel, and F. D. Reese are on the front row; several men, including James Orange, are holding hands in a line in front of them."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108577","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. eating a sandwich with Sheyann Webb at the first rest stop on the Selma to Montgomery March, two miles outside of Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108591","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers on Sylvan Street in downtown Selma, Alabama, at the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, Rabbi Abraham Heschel, and F. D. Reese are on the front row, and several men are holding hands in a line in front of them. The George Washington Carver Homes and Brown Chapel AME Church are visible in the background. Sylvan Street was later renamed Martin Luther King Street."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108601","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers on Alabama Avenue in downtown Selma, Alabama, at the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Rabbi Abraham Heschel, and F. D. Reese are among the marchers on the first row. A Jeep of National Guardsmen is in the foreground. The following businesses are visible: Fulton Finance Company, City Furniture Company, The Fair Store, Kynard Drug Company, Twilight Restaurant, and R. A. Klinner Furniture."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108602","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking with journalists at the first rest stop on the Selma to Montgomery March, two miles outside of Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Hugh Merrill, reporter for the Huntsville Times, is seated on the left."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108620","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers standing in lines on Sylvan Street before the start of the Selma to Montgomery March in downtown Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The following leaders are on the front row, wearing leis: John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, Rabbi Abraham Heschel, and F. D. Reese. A large banner behind them says, \"Hawaii Knows Integration Works.\" The George Washington Carver Homes and Brown Chapel AME Church are visible in the background. Sylvan Street was later renamed Martin Luther King Street."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108621","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers preparing to line up on Sylvan Street in downtown Selma, Alabama, before the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The following leaders are visible on the front row, wearing leis: Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Ralph Bunche. They are passing the George Washington Carver Homes. Sylvan Street was later renamed Martin Luther King Street."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108634","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking with Hugh Merrill, journalist for the Huntsville Times, at the first rest stop on the Selma to Montgomery March, two miles outside of Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ben \"Sunshine\" Owens is seated between them."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108641","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking with Hugh Merrill, journalist for the Huntsville Times, at the first rest stop on the Selma to Montgomery March, two miles outside of Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ben \"Sunshine\" Owens is seated between them."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108642","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers on Sylvan Street in downtown Selma, Alabama, at the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The following leaders are on the front row, wearing leis: John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, Rabbi Abraham Heschel, and F. D. Reese. Sylvan Street was later renamed Martin Luther King Street."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108651","record_class":"Item","title":"Crowd gathered in front of Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama, before the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. is standing to the right of the microphone set up in front of the building."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108711","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Bunche, Martin Luther King Jr., and Ralph Abernathy at a rest stop on Highway 80 in Dallas County, Alabama, on the first day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_118651","record_class":"Item","title":"Journalist interviewing Martin Luther King Jr. as he and others march to the Dallas County courthouse in Selma, Alabama, during a civil rights demonstration.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, and Fred Shuttlesworth are standing around him."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_118729","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking to journalists outside the Dallas County courthouse in Selma, Alabama, during a civil rights demonstration.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Fred Shuttlesworth and Ralph Abernathy are standing behind him."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_118850","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking to journalists outside the Dallas County courthouse in Selma, Alabama, during a civil rights demonstration.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_529","record_class":"Item","title":"L. L. Anderson speaking to an audience during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King, Jr., is seated behind him. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_1764","record_class":"Item","title":"Woman addressing an audience during a meeting at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["R. B. Cottonreader and Martin Luther King, Jr., are seated behind the podium. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_1771","record_class":"Item","title":"Audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama, during an appearance by Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["They are sitting and standing behind the podium; Lula Williams, an SCLC worker from Montgomery, is standing on the left. Martin Luther King, Jr., is seated in the foreground, but only the top of his head is visible. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4504","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., getting off a plane at the airport in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A crowd, including journalists, is waiting at the bottom of the stairs; several people are holding umbrellas. King, Ralph Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King flew to Birmingham from Atlanta to serve a five-day prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights protests in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4528","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held after King, Wyatt Tee Walker, Ralph Abernathy, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4536","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a man while participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4734","record_class":"Item","title":"Edward Gardner speaking to an audience during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King, Jr., is seated behind him. The meeting was held after King, Ralph Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4739","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy and Martin Luther King, Jr., standing at the podium before an audience during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Edward Gardner and Andrew Young, Wyatt Tee Walker are among the men standing around them. The meeting was held after King, Abernathy, Walker, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4740","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy, and Andrew Young sitting behind the podium during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held after King, Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4741","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held after King, Wyatt Tee Walker, Ralph Abernathy, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4745","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., arriving at the airport in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is surrounded by a crowd, and several people are holding umbrellas. King, Ralph Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King flew to Birmingham from Atlanta to serve a five-day prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights protests in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4750","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy speaking to an audience during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King, Jr., is seated behind him. The meeting was held after King, Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_18980","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at the funeral for Carole Robertson, who was killed in the bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_19008","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. at the funeral for Addie Mae Collins, Carol Denise McNair, and Cynthia Diane Wesley, who were killed in the bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Fred Shuttlesworth is standing behind him. The funeral was held at 6th Avenue Baptist Church."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40912","record_class":"Item","title":"Entertainers performing in front of the Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama, at the conclusion of the Selma to Montgomery March in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Left to right: Mary Travers, Harry Belafonte, Leon Bibb, Joan Baez, Noel Paul Stookey, and Peter Yarrow. James Forman is speaking to Martin Luther King Jr., who is seated on the left."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_99091","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights marchers on the south side of the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, on Turnaround Tuesday.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew Young, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., A. D. King, James Forman, and James Orange are visible in the group."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_99132","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy, and other marchers on the south side of the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, on Turnaround Tuesday.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["James Orange is also visible."]},{"record_id":"aru_unequal_182","record_class":"Item","title":"\"The King is Dead: It's All Over Now\"","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Photograph of marchers protesting the death of Martin Luther King, Jr.","African-Americans -- Blacks -- Civil Rights -- Jr. -- Fayetteville -- Washington"]},{"record_id":"aru_unequal_1706","record_class":"Item","title":"Speech by Daisy Bates \"What Price Freedom?\"","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Speech titled \"What Price Freedom?\" referencing the physical travails of the fight for Civil Rights in the South.","Racism -- Segregation -- Desegregation -- Civil Rights -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Jr. -- Little Rock -- Pulaski"]},{"record_id":"aru_unequal_1707","record_class":"Item","title":"Speech by Daisy Bates \"What Price Freedom?\"","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Speech titled \"What Price Freedom?\" referencing the physical travails of the fight for Civil Rights in the South.","Racism -- Segregation -- Desegregation -- Civil Rights -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Jr. -- Little Rock -- Pulaski"]},{"record_id":"aru_unequal_1710","record_class":"Item","title":"Speech by Daisy Bates \"What Price Freedom?\"","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Speech titled \"What Price Freedom?\" referencing the physical travails of the fight for Civil Rights in the South.","Racism -- Segregation -- Desegregation -- Civil Rights -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Jr. -- Little Rock -- Pulaski"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6467","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Audience members are seated in a balcony in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6471","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being fitted with a microphone before speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6472","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The photograph was shot from above. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6479","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., standing with L. L. Anderson and another man during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6481","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A journalist is holding a microphone. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. 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This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6494","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Hosea Williams, and several other men are standing around King. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. 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This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6498","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Hosea Williams, and several other men are standing around him. One man is holding up a microphone. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. 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This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6540","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind King. This image was used in the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. 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This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6553","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Two people are holding microphones. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. 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The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6707","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6720","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6728","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6729","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6734","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6735","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6736","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6745","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Joseph Lowery is standing behind him. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6761","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6767","record_class":"Item","title":"Joseph Lowery speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King, Jr., is seated behind him. The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6778","record_class":"Item","title":"Joseph Lowery and Martin Luther King, Jr., seated behind the speaker during a meeting at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6780","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6788","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated on the stage behind a speaker during a meeting at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6838","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6839","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6845","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6858","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington, \" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6861","record_class":"Item","title":"Joseph Lowery and Martin Luther King, Jr., seated behind the speaker during a meeting at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A man wearing sunglasses is standing behind King's chair and seems to be speaking to him. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6865","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6873","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at the airport in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A cameraman is filming the interview. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for the Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6875","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., leaving the airport in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for the Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6876","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., leaving the airport in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A photographer on the left is taking a picture. A sign above the walkway reads, \"Welcome to Montgomery / 'Airgate to Dixie' / Montgomery Area Chamber of Commerce.\" The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for the Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6880","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at the airport in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The men are walking toward a plane outside. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for the Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7098","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7104","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A picture of Jesus hangs on the wall behind him. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7108","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965; it did, however, accompany the article \"Montgomery Sparked a Revolution\" by Martin Luther King, Jr., which also appeared on page 1 of that issue. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7112","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a journalist before a meeting at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7122","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A picture of Jesus hangs on the wall behind him. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7132","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., William M. Branch, Ralph Abernathy, Ben \"Sunshine\" Owens, and others, greeting a small crowd of people while walking toward a building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The men's backs are to the camera, so it is unclear who is actually in the shot. This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7135","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["His back is to the camera. This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7142","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is dark, so King's profile is a silhouette. This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7150","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7159","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["His back is to the camera. Other images taken this day were later used in the photo spread \"The Men Meet Their People,\" which appeared on pages 2 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 18-19, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No23_1965_12_18.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7317","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Ku Klux Klan rally was held in the city the same day. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article and photo spread that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 16-17, 1967. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No51_1967_12_16.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7319","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Ku Klux Klan rally was held in the city the same day. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article and photo spread that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 16-17, 1967. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No51_1967_12_16.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7323","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to people as they leave Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Ku Klux Klan rally was held in the city the same day. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article and photo spread that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 16-17, 1967. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No51_1967_12_16.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7327","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to people as they leave Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Ku Klux Klan rally was held in the city the same day. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article and photo spread that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 16-17, 1967. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No51_1967_12_16.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7412","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Sheyann Webb is seated beside the podium, and another little girl is seated in the foreground, looking at the camera. The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7414","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7415","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7427","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["F. D. Reese and Sheyann Webb are seated beside the podium; another little girl is sitting in front of the podium, looking at the camera. A cross is hanging behind the podium, surrounded by the pipes of an organ. The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary. The image is slightly damaged."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7428","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["F. D. Reese and Sheyann Webb are seated beside the podium; another little girl is sitting in front of the podium, looking at the camera. A cross is hanging behind the podium, surrounded by the pipes of an organ. The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary. The image is slightly damaged."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8568","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a large, modern church building, probably in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind the podium."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8800","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8805","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and Floyd McKissick, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is holding his wife's hand, but her face is not visible. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8811","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Coretta Scott King, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The photograph was taken from above. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8825","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking at a gathering under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8829","record_class":"Item","title":"Stokely Carmichael addressing a crowd in front of the Neshoba County Library in Philadelphia, Mississippi, during the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is speaking into a microphone attached to a bullhorn. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy are standing behind him. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8830","record_class":"Item","title":"Stokely Carmichael addressing a crowd in front of the Neshoba County Library in Philadelphia, Mississippi, during the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is speaking into a microphone attached to a bullhorn. Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy, and Andrew Young are standing behind him. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8918","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8924","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, Stokely Carmichael, Floyd McKissick, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8928","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8930","record_class":"Item","title":"Juanita Abernathy, Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., Stokely Carmichael, Floyd McKissick, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9398","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and another man (possibly Andrew Young), walking down a hillside toward a bridge during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9624","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is very dark. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_14094","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image is a cropped version of Q19722. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_14126","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image is a cropped version of Q19209. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_6236","record_class":"Item","title":"Curfew over Columbia following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["South Carolina National Guard officers enforce a curfew in downtown Columbia following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee.","Main Street, Columbia, S.C."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_6257","record_class":"Item","title":"Curfew over Columbia following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["South Carolina National Guard officers enforce a curfew in downtown Columbia following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee.","Main Street, Columbia, S.C."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-331","record_class":"Item","title":"Youths in Ancient City Beat Up Cameraman","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Describes a violent clash in downtown St. Augustine involving segregationists, civil rights demonstrators, and photojournalists.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Old Slave Market -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators -- Sit-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-401","record_class":"Item","title":"A Clear and Present Danger","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Editorial from unknown source that is critical of Judge Bryan Simpson and Martin Luther King.","St. Johns County Grand Jury -- Bi-Racial Committee -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-408","record_class":"Item","title":"Baptist Executive Beaten On St. Augustine Beach","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Depicts the attack on Elizabeth Miller, a Baptist executive, during a wade-in at St. Augustine Beach. Additionally, the violence perpetrated against several other civil rights protestors is detailed.","American Baptist Convention -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Old Slave Market -- Wade-in -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Civil Rights March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-413","record_class":"Item","title":"City Torn by Racial Violence","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["The violent St. Augustine clashes of June 25, 1964 are described.","St. Augustine, Fl. -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators -- Wade-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-417","record_class":"Item","title":"King - The Fire-Walker","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Editorial that is critical of Martin Luther King's efforts in St. Augustine.","Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-420","record_class":"Item","title":"Professional Police Handling has Defied Violence","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Editorial from unknown newspaper which lauds the cooperation of law enforcement agencies to control violence in St. Augustine.","Florida Highway Patrol -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-162","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from Anonymous Citizen to Judge Bryan Simpson - I","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["An anonymous St. Augustine citizen writes a critical letter to Judge Bryan Simpson and laments the actions of Martin Luther King in the city.","St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-175","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from E.B. to Judge Bryan Simpson","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Critical letter from local citizen to Judge Bryan Simpson. Letters such as this one were sent in response to Simpson's court rulings that favored the civil rights movement. Because this letter was written by a private citizen and never intended for public view, Flagler College has decided to withhold the name of the author.","Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-176","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from E.B. to Judge Bryan Simpson","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Critical letter from local citizen to Judge Bryan Simpson. Letters such as this one were sent in response to Simpson's court rulings that favored the civil rights movement. Because this letter was written by a private citizen and never intended for public view, Flagler College has decided to withhold the name of the author."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-190","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from L.T. to Judge Bryan Simpson","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Critical letter sent from local citizen to Judge Bryan Simpson. Letters such as this one were sent in response to Simpson's court rulings that favored the civil rights movement. Because this letter was written by a private citizen and never intended for public view, Flagler College has decided to withhold the name of the author.","Night March -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-196","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from E.P. to Judge Bryan Simpson","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Critical letter sent from Alabama citizen to Judge Bryan Simpson. Letters such as this one were sent in response to Simpson's court rulings that favored the civil rights movement. Because this letter was written by a private citizen and never intended for public view, Flagler College has decided to withhold the name of the author."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll5-111","record_class":"Item","title":"Paul Good Recordings : Tape 5 : Audio","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["This is a transcript of the fifth in the series of journalist Paul Good's tape recordings in St. Augustine during the summer of 1964. This tape consists of four parts: Part 1: Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking to a mass meeting (00:00:04); Part 2: Unidentified speakers addressing a mass meeting (00:02:35); Part 3: Paul Good interviewing Andrew Young (00:06:08); Part 4: Paul Good interviewing Martin Luther King, Jr. (00:18:57)","Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Commission -- Attack on Beach Cottage Safe House -- Civil Rights Rally -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll5-112","record_class":"Item","title":"Paul Good Recordings : Tape 5 : Transcript","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["This is a transcript of the fifth in the series of journalist Paul Good's tape recordings in St. Augustine during the summer of 1964. This tape consists of four parts: Part 1: Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking to a mass meeting (00:00:04); Part 2: Unidentified speakers addressing a mass meeting (00:02:35); Part 3: Paul Good interviewing Andrew Young (00:06:08); Part 4: Paul Good interviewing Martin Luther King, Jr. (00:18:57)","Paul Good Recordings : Transcript for Tape 5 Part 1: Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking to a mass meeting (00:00:09) Martin Luther King, Jr.: …and creatively making it clear as we're singing our song that you aren't going to let anybody turn you around. And this was a beautiful witness and it took courage. It took a fearless quality. It took a heroic quality and so I want to commend you, the heroes of St. Augustine for carrying out this struggle the way you have carried it out and the way you are carrying it out now. You are proving to be the creative spiritual anvil that will wear out many physical hammer and pretty soon the Klan will see that and they’ll come to see that all of their methods and all of their violence will not stop us. For we are on the way to freedom land, and we don't mean to stop until we get there. We’re going all the way. [Applause] They think that this will stop the movement. I got word way out in California, that a plan was underway, a plot was underway, to take my life in St. Augustine, Florida. Well, if physical death is a price that I must pay to free my white brothers and all of my brothers and sisters from a permanent death of the spirit, then nothing can be more redeeming. [Applause] [Unintelligible] we’ve long since learned to sing anew with our foreparents of old, “Before I’ll be a slave, I'll be buried in my grave and go home to my Father and be saved.” [Singing] Part 2: Unidentified speakers addressing a mass meeting (00:02:51) Unidentified Speaker One:“[Unintelligible] and said to me that, “You’ve only been in the house now in the city just a couple of hours or so, left last week, last Wednesday night to New York City and San Francisco, San Diego and back to San Francisco and down to Los Angeles and then over to Fresno and back to Los Angeles and then to Phoenix and then to Chicago and then to Atlanta. And with just a few hours in the city of Atlanta you are now going to take a flight down to St. Augustine, Florida.” She said, “Some time ago I raised this question with you and I want to raise it with you again. And I think about your family, me, and the children and I think about your church congregation and I think about you and I think about your health, I wonder are you really that dedicated or are you just a damn fool?” [Laughter] Well, this afternoon when we took our flight out of the airport in Atlanta, the flight was crowded, and we could not have seats together, so this gave me the opportunity to ponder this question over and over again. And as this jet made its way from Atlanta into Jacksonville, I thought and pondered over this question, “Are you really that dedicated or are you just a fool?” And I almost decided that it was the latter, until I came into this church and had the privilege again of looking into your faces and I know that it is not the latter. I only pray and I only hope that it is the first, that I am dedicated. If not, I pray that God will enable me to be dedicated, because I know that the clock of time is faster ticking out and America does not have much time left. Unidentified Speaker Two: And Lady Bird and I, we are from the same state. [Applause] And it was a Negro woman, a Negro woman that gave Lady Bird her name. That's a mighty fine name, Lady Bird. I want Lady Bird and LBJ to do something about the people who gave Lady Bird her name. Part 3: Paul Good interviewing Andrew Young (00:06:23) Paul Good:What is the biggest thing that inspired them to continue that march into what seemed like certain violence? Andrew Young: I don't know and I think this is one of the things that as a minister I just retreat and say that somehow God got ahold of 'em. I don't think it was a rational decision, nor was it an emotional decision in the sense of, that they were excited or whipped up in any way, but I think it was a profound spiritual decision that they made or that grabbed them or gripped them and I don't understand this any more than you do, I guess. Paul Good: Do you think that the basic faith of southern Negroes and God is vital to the movement? Andrew Young: Oh I'd say that this is the basis of it. Especially in dangerous areas like St. Augustine or over in Mississippi. There is and has been a profound faith that has helped Negroes to get through all along. And without this I don't think we could have, I wouldn't feel free to encourage people to take these dangers unless there was a great deal of faith on my part. Paul Good: As you walked down the street that night that you can remember, what were your thoughts? Were you praying or how did it go for you personally? Andrew Young: Well I think I was perhaps more calm than I've ever been, because I had a feeling that when the majority, I think, if you make a decision on your own you can always question it or doubt it, but when hundreds of people make the same decision with you, there came over me a feeling of peace and contentment that even if we were going to death, this was a decision in which God was involved in and it would work out all right. Paul Good: Do you have any theory on why the whites didn't move? Andrew Young: I have two. One is that they were awestruck by the quiet and the prayer and the dignity of the procession and then the other is quite cynical, that they were operating on orders from the local police. And I don't know which is which. I would imagine that both might be true. Paul Good: Do you feel that the local police and the county police are in fact intimidated by the Klan or infected by the Klan? Andrew Young: Well I don't know, say, that the county police are in control of the Klan. Paul Good: It’s hard to say which is in control of which? Andrew Young: Yeah, that I really think that certainly local authorities in St. Augustine attempted to use the Klan-like element in town to control and curtail demonstrations. Paul Good: Well, now given this situation which doesn't show any immediate signs of changing, and given the attitude by city officials, well, one question, let me put this in right here. The city manager told us yesterday that the Negroes have not, Negro leadership had not approached him to try to arrange any conference, any talk back and forth, is that right? Now he said that you were in his office along with Harry Boyte last week. But that you were there simply to declare what you were going to do, not to ask for a meeting of minds? Andrew Young: Yes, we haven't made any contacts yet, mainly because every time we made contacts and attempted, they assume that it's because we're weak and we're running out and I think that our policy has been that there's got to be some neutral person to serve as a mediator. We've always let everybody know that we're willing to negotiate, to talk at any time. I went up to the man personally yesterday as soon as, after the judge annouced this, asked us to have a moratorium. I asked Mayor Shelley, “Wouldn’t it be possible for us to use this six to eight days creatively in negotiation and dialogue?” And he said, “Well, what do you want me to do?” And I said, “Well, if you would call together the restaurant owners and the motor court operators and just get them to sit down with one or two of us and talk about the situation.” I said “I'm sure they’re reasonable men. We will be reasonable men and I’m sure that this whole situation could be resolved without further demonstrations. He said, “Well, why don't you go to them.” He said, “I'm a public official and I don't want to be in the middle of it.” Now, he is in the middle of it as an elected official and the problem is that without the backing of the political power structure and the police forces, I would think that the merchants in this community would be afraid to move too far. Paul Good: Well alright, now given this three-pronged situation, the police force either intimidated or infiltrated by the Klan, city officials who refuse to take any active part in arranging conferences between the Negro and white communities, and the fact that business men feel intimidated and with no leadership coming from city hall refuse to act on their own. How can you see the situation in St. Augustine being resolved? Andrew Young: I don't know yet. There are several possibilities for outside help. There was a fella down here from the Justice Department, I don't know what he was doing. I know him and I’m sure if there was anybody, if he talked to any people in the white community that wanted to talk, he would feel free to call me up and we would get some people together. There are also some people within the Negro community that have pretty good relationships with individual white merchants and we're going to have them make some contacts. And I think any time anybody in the white community wanted to get on the phone and set up a conference, they all know Dr. Hayling's address and phone number. And it would just be a matter of a phone call and we would be anxious to respond. Paul Good: Well, now this of course, as all this is off the record, unless any part of it you want it on, numerous whites have told us that a stumbling block here is represented by the person of Dr. Hayling, that they refuse to treat with him and they cite various things that he allegedly said and did with them in the past. Would there ever be the possibility you suppose of different leadership coming in here or by taking Dr. Hayling out would that seem to be a retreat on the part of the movement? Andrew Young:Well I think, that everywhere we've been, we’ve had this, that Birmingham wanted to negotiate, but they refused to negotiate with Fred Shuttlesworth. In Albany they wanted to negotiate but, at times they didn't want to talk with Slater King or Dr. Anderson. That what you’ll always find in every Southern town is that the one leader that starts, gets blasted as being a rabble rouser and irresponsible and they almost never want to deal with him and yet he is the one that probably has made all of the initial sufferings to bring things this far and he is the one that the people respect, so that any negotiations that take place with anybody other than him is really ridiculous, because he has the attention and the ear of the people. Now I think that there may be some ways that we can work around this. I think it’s not necessary for him to be be in on everything but as the local community leader he would have to approve of almost any terms of negotiation and frankly Dr. Hayling is perhaps a much more reasonable man, much more rational man than most of the kinds of local leaders. Usually you have to be, well to really stir up a town, you have to have a certain, almost, I use neurotic advisedly, that you have to be kind of crazy to take on a Bull Connor. And for Fred Shuttlesworth to just get so upset that he had to buck the whole Birmingham power structure, it takes a certain kind of aggressive explosive personality to do this and we realize the difficulties in negotiating with this kind of personality, but at the same time if you look back in the history, all of your leaders and especially all your prophetic leadership, it comes out of this type of person. So that, but you'll also find that as soon as there is some kind of response from the white community, that this person doesn't want to be this way. That if Dr. Hayling was very mean and bitter, it was because he'd been beaten by the Klan, and if any white businessman downtown had been beaten up by a group of Negroes, he would be impossible to negotiate with too. Paul Good: You know the city manager charged us yesterday, that Dr. Hayling had deliberately entered the Klan meeting and had not been dragged in by the Klansmen. Andrew Young: Well actually what happened was, they were driving around there and driving around to see what was going on and some Klansmen got behind them and there was a Klan car in front and Klan car behind kind of jamming them in and they turned off the road trying to get away from these cars and actually speeded up a little bit before they realized where they were. They were on a road that was leading into the Klan meeting and couldn't find a way to turn around, so they were, when they stopped, they were pulled from their cars and dragged into the Klan meeting. Paul Good: Okay Reverend Young I'd like to ask you this last thing. This will just be for the record because we might use this on radio today. As the situation now stands with a Federal judge in Jacksonville going to mull over the weekend a decision whether or not to permit night marches, and whether to rescind the St. Augustine curfew on teenagers, things seem somewhat in abeyance as far as the movement goes here. Dr. King is coming into town tonight of course. What do you see, what direction do you see the movement taking in the next few days? Andrew Young: Well I'd say possibly two or three possibilities. One is that some really meaningful negotiations might begin and this is always an important part of a non-violent movement. The second is that we would have an increase of day-time activity if the negotiations aren’t possible. That we would begin to do more picketing, picketing with larger numbers of people, that we would increase our sit-ins and we'll carry on in early morning and day-time movement. This will be much easier now because school closes today. It was difficult to do anything other than at night. Also with school closing we'll have college people available and there are several groups from New England, from New Haven, Yale students. There’s a, the chaplin of Amherst College is here now with one or two students. There's a group from Boston University that's willing to come down and we could carry on as extensive a day-time movement as we had night-time movement last week. Paul Good: Have you any idea the numbers that might be coming from the north? Andrew Young: No, and I think this sort of depends on us, and they’re waiting to hear from us in terms of how many we need. Paul Good:Do you have anything concrete on which to base the possibility of some kind of meetings between city officials and the group? Andrew Young: No, we really don't. I think the press here has been acting sort of as messenger carriers back and forth as they talk to us and talk to them. And this is always one stage that you go through. I'm going to make a few phone calls this morning and see if I can’t see some people individually and have some of the other members in the Negro community see if they can do this. Paul Good: For the first time you do feel at least hope even though there’s nothing concrete on which to base it, base that there might be a meeting of minds? Andrew Young: Well I think we oughtta to see this as a blessing, that we have six days in which there could be a meeting of minds. If there is, if there is no meeting of minds during these six days, I think it means almost a total non-violent war from here on and we don't want to do that and I don't think St. Augustine businessmen want that and so I think that the alternatives to negotiations are so fearful for both of us that this will encourage us to go ahead. Part 4: Paul Good interviewing Martin Luther King, Jr. (00:18:56) Paul Good: Reverend King, given the near violence in recent days and the fact that the Ku Klux Klan is exceedingly active in St. Augustine, do you intend to continue with the demonstrations? Martin Luther King, Jr.: Oh, very definitely. We are determined to carry on this struggle in St. Augustine until the conditions there are rectified and until we can bring about a meaningful settlement. We are determined to see that segregation is broken down in the major hotels and motels of that city as well as the restaurants and also to gain better employment opportunities for Negroes and to get Negro policemen. Paul Good:Do you have a plan in case the judge fails to issue an injunction against the demonstration ban? Martin Luther King, Jr.: No, we’ll face that when we come to it. We expect that decision to come through in the next few days and after the decision is rendered, then we will determine our course of action. Paul Good: Has the White House been in contact with you Reverend King regarding this? Martin Luther King, Jr.: Yes, I’ve been in touch with the White House several times since last week and I have been assured that they will keep their eyes on the situation and that they are working to see that there will not be a breakdown of law and order in the community. Paul Good: Did you talk personally with President Johnson? Martin Luther King, Jr.: No, I did not. At the time President Johnson was in Texas, but he had just communicated with his special assistant, Mr. Lee White, and asked him to stay in close touch with me and the situation and I’ve talked with Mr. White on three different occassions since that time and he said the President is very concerned about the situation and is keeping in close touch with him. Paul Good: Have you mentioned the fact that when President Johnson was Vice President he promised to try and establish a dialogue between white and Negroes in St. Augustine? Martin Luther King, Jr.: No, I have not presented that to the President yet. I plan to do it next week. And I think that we should get a real response from the President on this because I know he is concerned. Paul Good: Will you try to communicate with the Archbishop in St. Augustine? Martin Luther King, Jr.:Well I don’t have any definite plans on that now, but as the days unfold we will be communicating with several levels of leadership, the commission that’s planning the Quadricentennial, including Henry Ford, the president of the University Pittsburgh and others. We will ask them to support us in these efforts and we will also get in touch with foreign nations that will be participating in this occasion, so that we hope to bring a great deal of pressure to bear on the community to do something about the problem. Paul Good: After you left St. Augustine last week, the beach house in which you had been staying was riddled with shotgun and rifle blasts. Do you intend number one, to return to that same house, and number two, Reverend King, do you have any personal fear for your safety? Martin Luther King, Jr.: Well, I haven’t made a definite decision about returning to the beach house. We will decide that later this evening. I have lived with these problems a long time now. And I live almost every day under the threat of death and I’m sure if I thought about it all of the time I wouldn’t be able to do anything. I’d be completely immobilized, so I move on in the faith that this is a righteous cause and that I am giving my service to something that will ultimately triumph and I am consoled by that, rather than going into all situations with a deep sense of fear. Paul Good: What’s your reaction to a statement by St. Augustine mayor Joseph Shelley that you came to St. Augustine merely for publicity purposes? Martin Luther King, Jr.: I’ve never been in a movement yet when the local leadership and the power structure did not raise this question, so I don’t respond to that. I’m sure that we are here for very serious and sincere motives. Paul Good: Will you try to speak with the mayor? Martin Luther King, Jr.: Yes, I plan to speak with him next week anyway if I don’t see him this week. End of recording.","Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Commission -- Attack on Beach Cottage Safe House -- Civil Rights Rally -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll5-113","record_class":"Item","title":"Paul Good Recordings : Tape 6 : Audio","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["This is the sixth in the series of journalist Paul Good's tape recordings in St. Augustine from the summer of 1964. This recording consists of one or more short speeches given by Martin Luther King, Jr.","Civil Rights Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll5-127","record_class":"Item","title":"David Nolan Talk on St. Augustine Civil Rights History","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["This is a talk delivered by historian David Nolan that outlines the wide variety of primary sources he found and used to assemble a history of the St. Augustine civil rights movement. He also tells stories from the movement and ends the talk with a Q \u0026 A session.","St. Augustine Four -- St. Augustine Record -- Monson Motor Lodge -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- Woolworth's -- Ponce de Leon Hotel -- Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge -- Elk's Rest -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Mass Arrest of Rabbis -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Integration of Monson Pool"]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_28","record_class":"Item","title":"Janice Kelsey","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Janice Kelsey discusses her experience participating in the Children's Crusade on May 2, 1963. She outlines the effect that her arrest, and the Movement as whole, had on the rest of her life."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_32","record_class":"Item","title":"Deenie Drew","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Deenie Drew discusses leaving New York to work for the Red Cross in Tuskegee. She then moved to Dynamite Hill and joined the movement with her husband, John. They were close family friends with Dr. King."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1068","record_class":"Item","title":"Al Lingo : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Al Lingo describes his activism in the St. Augustine civil rights movement. Among his many activities in St. Augustine, Lingo is perhaps best known for his role in integrating the Monson Motor Lodge pool.","Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- University of Texas -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Lincolnville -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Wade-in -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1412","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-06-19","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Detailed report about the mass arrest of rabbis in front of the Monson Motor Lodge as well as the attempted integration of the Monson pool. Hosea Williams arrested for refusing not to give a speech in front of the Monson while leading a march.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Johns County Grand Jury -- Monson Motor Lodge -- St. Johns County Jail -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- Mass Arrest of Rabbis -- Civil Rights March -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Sit-in -- Use of Police Dogs"]},{"record_id":"gsu_ggdp_6094","record_class":"Item","title":"Annie L. McPheeters oral history interview, 1992 June 8","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"utkn_volvoices_volvoices-2205","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["digital images","photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King, Jr. at Memphis airport, 4-68","This object was added to the Digital Preservation Network in November 2017."]},{"record_id":"utkn_volvoices_volvoices-2209","record_class":"Item","title":"MLK at Mason Temple","mediums":["digital images","photographs"],"dcterms_description":["MLK speaking at Mason Temple, 1968.","This object was added to the Digital Preservation Network in November 2017."]},{"record_id":"utkn_volvoices_volvoices-1868","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks at Freedom Rally, Memphis, TN","mediums":["digital images","photographs","prints (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks at Freedom Rally in support of local candidates.","This object was added to the Digital Preservation Network in November 2017."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_200576","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a mass meeting at a church in Birmingham, Alabama, the night before an attempted march to city hall.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_200623","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy at a press conference at the Gaston Motel in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_20713","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Social Change, correspondence and printed materials, 1975","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of correspondence and documents related to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Contents include a copy of a letter from Coretta Scott King to AFL-CIO President George Meany encouraging cooperation between civil rights and labor groups and emphasizing full employment as a shared goal, as well as planning materials for the 1976 celebration of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday, which incorporated full employment as a major theme. Also includes a program for the August 1975 retirement celebration of Martin Luther King, Sr.","The records, 1964-1979, of the Southern Office of the AFL-CIO Civil Rights Department consist primarily of correspondence and related reports, surveys, statements, and newspaper clippings. Much of the correspondence is between Director E.T. (Al) Kehrer and various AFL-CIO departments, notably his superiors Don Slaiman (1965-1974) and William Pollard (1974-1979). There is also substantial correspondence between Kehrer and the AFL-CIO state and city labor councils in the South; apprenticeship and training programs; a wide range of groups and persons concerned with community action and social reform issues, principally in the field of civil rights; and political figures."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_14488","record_class":"Item","title":"William Pollard [Executive Director], correspondence, 1977","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of correspondence of E.T. Kehrer with AFL-CIO Civil Rights Department Director William Pollard. Topics include reports on Kehrer's activities in Alabama and Mississippi, plans for the 1977 and 1978 celebrations of the birthday Martin Luther King, Jr., organized by the King Center, and the 1977 strike of sanitation workers in Atlanta.","The records, 1964-1979, of the Southern Office of the AFL-CIO Civil Rights Department consist primarily of correspondence and related reports, surveys, statements, and newspaper clippings. Much of the correspondence is between Director E.T. (Al) Kehrer and various AFL-CIO departments, notably his superiors Don Slaiman (1965-1974) and William Pollard (1974-1979). There is also substantial correspondence between Kehrer and the AFL-CIO state and city labor councils in the South; apprenticeship and training programs; a wide range of groups and persons concerned with community action and social reform issues, principally in the field of civil rights; and political figures."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_27854","record_class":"Item","title":"AFL-CIO news releases, 1963-1971","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Shortly after the merger in 1955, the AFL-CIO set up a Civil Rights Department, which was designed to investigate various fields of civil rights activity.","The Records, 1963-1972, of the Civil Rights Department of the AFL-CIO Southern Region consist primarily of printed material and correspondence of private groups, government commissions, and committees from organized labor, working in the various fields of civil rights activity--equal and open housing, school desegregation, human relations, and fair and equal employment opportunities.","Consists of press releases of the AFL-CIO on various topics, as well as statements, speeches, and press conference transcripts from AFL-CIO President George Meany and AFL-CIO Secretary-Treasurers William F. Schnitzler and Lane Kirkland."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_28762","record_class":"Item","title":"General correspondence, 1965-1972 and undated","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Shortly after the merger in 1955, the AFL-CIO set up a Civil Rights Department, which was designed to investigate various fields of civil rights activity.","The Records, 1963-1972, of the Civil Rights Department of the AFL-CIO Southern Region consist primarily of printed material and correspondence of private groups, government commissions, and committees from organized labor, working in the various fields of civil rights activity--equal and open housing, school desegregation, human relations, and fair and equal employment opportunities.","Consists of correspondence of E.T. Kehrer with various labor, civil rights, and social service organizations, primarily the League for Industrial Democracy (LID) and the Episcopal Society for Cultural and Racial Unity (ESCRU). Topics include LID's 1967 conference and Summer Labor School, federal public school funding and desegregation, and the 1965 killing of Episcopal civil rights workers Jonathan Myrick Daniels."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_32","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Clarence Thomas, Jr.,2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including Clarence Thomas, Jr., risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"gsu_ggdp_3778","record_class":"Item","title":"Sybil Elizabeth Russell Vandiver oral history interview, 1994 January 25","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"gsu_ggdp_5148","record_class":"Item","title":"S. Ernest Vandiver oral history interview, 1994 January 25","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_15","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with John Maguire, 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including John Dolan, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"uwg_phc_sanders1","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Carl Sanders, 1987 April 27","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["Carl Edward Sanders was born in Augusta, Georgia on May 15, 1925 and attended the University of Georgia until enlisting in the U.S. Air Force during World War II. After the war, he returned to school, earned a law degree and moved home to practice law and start a political career. In 1954, Sanders won a seat in the Georgia house as a Democrat representing his home town, and advanced to the state senate after one term. In the senate, he spent two years as floor leader for Governor Ernest Vandiver and two years as president pro tempore. In 1962 he was elected the nation's youngest governor at thirty-seven. Governor Sanders concentrated on education and the environment, as well as working with Presidents Kennedy and Johnson to comply with civil rights laws in a transition towards desegregation. He ran for governor again in 1970, but lost to Jimmy Carter. Sanders has remained active in law and business, as well as behind the scenes in politics, and currently resides in Atlanta.; Interviewed by Dr. Mel Steely and Ted Fitz-Simons on April 27, 1987, in Sanders' Atlanta office.; Sanders begins by noting the most important aides on his staff as well as describing what makes for a \"strong\" governor. He then goes into the \"mechanics\" of how he deposed George L. Smith, and the most important black leaders with whom he served. He spends some time discussing the impact of television during his campaign. Dr. Steely asks about education and university improvements throughout the state during his tenure, and he talks about his relationship with Mayor Ivan Allen and their cooperation. Sanders also goes into great detail about his relationships with the Kennedy brothers."]},{"record_id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol6no8","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern school news","mediums":["periodicals"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 6, Issue 8. February 1960. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_55623","record_class":"Item","title":"Name files, Kennedy - Lomax, 1961-1982","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Name files for Ted Kennedy, Coretta Scott King, Lonnie C. King, Jr., Martin Luther King, Jr., Martin Luther King, Sr., Charles Kirbo, Thomas Bertram \"Bert\" Lance, Robert S. Lane, Fred LeClercq, Elliott H. Levitas, William S. Lee, Elaine Wiggins Lester, John Lewis, and Michael Lomax."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_102497","record_class":"Item","title":"King Week","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists primarily of promotional materials, invitations, and agendas for the 1983 celebration of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday organized by the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_101154","record_class":"Item","title":"King Center for Non-Violent Social Change","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of press releases and publicity materials of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change, as well as correspondence of E. T. Kehrer and Coretta Scott King. Also includes correspondence and promotional materials of the related Full Employment Action Council (FEAC)."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_102641","record_class":"Item","title":"Negro Georgia Voters League","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of a 1970 letter of the Georgia Voters League (GVL) announcing its June 1970 convention in Macon, Georgia. Also includes a 1966 political flyer opposing the GVL, its affiliation with Martin Luther King, Jr., and its endorsed candidates."]},{"record_id":"fbi_foia_levison","record_class":"Item","title":"Stanley Levison","mediums":["federal government records"],"dcterms_description":["This FBI file consists of security investigations of Stanley Levison from the 1950's through the early 1970's. Levison was a key advisor to Martin Luther King, Jr.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"gych_rogp_085","record_class":"Item","title":"Tyrone Brooks, 02 September 2009.","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Tyrone Brooks discusses his family and childhood in Warrenton, Georgia, and his early start in civil rights activism. He recalls meeting Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and picketing segregated businesses. Brooks recalls his work with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and friendship with Hosea Williams and Ralph David Abernathy. He comments on the Montgomery bus boycott, the inception of the SCLC, and Dr. King's teachings based on Ghandi's non-violent civil disobedience. Brooks discusses the SCLS's relationship with other civil rights organization such as the NAACP and the planned sit-ins in Greensboro, North Carolina. Brooks discusses his friendship with Lonnie King, a student civil rights activist. He recalls being arrested over sixty times in the course of civil rights protests and his participation in the Poor People's Campaign. Brooks recalls fasting in a Washington, D.C., prison. Brooks recalls his experience with Bloody Sunday in Selma and its influence on politics in the South. He also discusses how the Voting Rights Act and Civil Rights Act changed Southern politics. Brooks discusses the importance of SCLS's need to adapt to present-day issues such as education and economic development. Brooks explains how he became interested in the politics, his campaign for State House, and his time in legislature. He discusses his involvement with the changing of the state flag, judiciary reform, and the Moore's Ford Bridge lynching case.","Tyrone L. Brooks was born in Washington, Georgia, on October 10, 1945. He grew up in Warrenton, and at age fifteen volunteered with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Brooks attended Howard University, Atlanta University, and the Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government. In 1967, he became a full-time staffer at SCLC. In 1980, he was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives as a Democrat. He has sat on numerous committees, including Economic Development and Tourism, Governmental Affairs and Retirement, and Appropriations. Brooks has served as president of the Georgia Association of Black Elected Officials and is a member of the Georgia Legislative Black Caucus.","Finding aid available in repository.","Interviewed by Bob Short."]},{"record_id":"pth_bcja_metapth595508","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King: Jobs and Freedom in 1975","mediums":["speeches (documents)"],"dcterms_description":["Text of speech delivered by Barbara Jordan regarding Martin Luther King's legacy and the ongoing difficulties facing civil rights in the United States. Handwritten edits can be found among the typed text."]},{"record_id":"mus_sovcom_99-159-0-34-2-1-1","record_class":"Item","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph [Southern Conference Educational Fund minutes]","mediums":["minutes (administrative records)"],"dcterms_description":["Image of minutes from a Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF) Board of Directors meeting held on April 26, 1963. This page outlines the activities of SCEF field secretaries and editors.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_941","record_class":"Item","title":"News film clip of Martin Luther King speaking at UW-Milwaukee, November 23, 1965 (with sound, 2 of 2)","mediums":["moving images","film"],"dcterms_description":["Footage of Martin Luther King answering questions at UW-Milwaukee. He says that fair employment legislation is necessary to deal with a segregated justice system and economic problems.","UWM Student Union (Milwaukee, Wis.)","Daily footage. November 23, 1965, segment 2."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_johnson-signs-voting-rights-act-001-2","record_class":"Item","title":"Johnson Signs Voting Rights Act","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act into law on August 6, 1965, as a crowd, including Martin Luther King, looks on. The law prohibited racial discrimination in voting procedures. Today Georgia voters must be eighteen years of age and legal residents of a state county.","Photograph of U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson signing the Voting Rights Act into law on August 6, 1965. Martin Luther King Jr. stands directly behind him. Other civil rights leaders and politicians stand in the background."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-7591","record_class":"Item","title":"Emancipation Meeting Flyer","mediums":["fliers (printed matter)"],"dcterms_description":["This flyer advertises an \"emancipation meeting\" cosponsored by the SCLC and featuring Martin Luther King Jr. as the speaker. The SCLC organized \"right-to-vote\" marches and registration drives in Georgia during the 1960s.","Image of a flyer advertising an \"emancipation meeting\" cosponsored by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and featuring Martin Luther King Jr. as the speaker.","The text of the flyer reads as follows: \"Come one! Come all! to an emancipation meeting! Held at Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church, Saturday, January 2, 1965, at 4:00pm. Main speaker Dr. Martin Luther King. We need each other! The man who thinks he can got it alone is worse off than sheep without a shepherd. Together we can motivate why we choose to emancipate and liberate our people who are denied the right to vote. Dallas County Voters League, Affiliate, S.C.L.C.\"","The SCLC organized \"right-to-vote\" marches and registration drives in Georgia during the 1960s."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_ph-151","record_class":"Item","title":"--Yes sir, Governor, you just go right ahead an' talk! / Baldy, [1963 July 15].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford \"Baldy\" Baldowski cartoon depicts Ross Barnett holding a briefcase labeled \"Ross Barnett's Racist Record,\" shaking hands with Strom Thurmond (D-S.C.) while Roy Wilkins and Martin Luther King of the NAACP and SCLC respectively, dust off his seat labeled \"Senate Commerce Committee's Civil Rights Hearing.\" People labeled \"Public opinion,\" and \"Pro-rights groups,\" and George Wallace looking on during Senate Civil Rights hearings 1962."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_137767","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1987","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of documents and programs relating to the 30th Annual Convention of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in New Orleans, La. The theme for the conference is \"1957-1987- 30 Years of Achievement through Struggle, Challenge, Leadership, Commitment.\" Other intiatives highlighted include the Civil Rights marches, housing projects, public policy symposium. Also included is documentation of activities relating to the anti-apartheid movement, which includs boycotts, their relationship with the AFL-CIO, and their legislative agenda."]},{"record_id":"bcas_p15728coll1_9296","record_class":"Item","title":"David Pryor speaking at event for Martin Luther King, Jr. memorial","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Project was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission"]},{"record_id":"bcas_p15728coll1_9297","record_class":"Item","title":"Jim Guy Tucker at event for Martin Luther King, Jr. memorial","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Project was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission"]},{"record_id":"ugabma_walb_walb00019","record_class":"Item","title":"WALB newsfilm clip of Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy leading a kneel-in and being arrested in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 27","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WALB newsfilm clip from July 27, 1962, Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy leads a kneel-in at city hall in Albany, Georgia, during which he prays for the community, its leaders, and the leaders of the civil rights movement before police arrest him and his fellow demonstrators. The clip begins with a silent portion in which groups of African Americans get out of cars near city hall and walk towards the building. Rev. Abernathy exits one of the cars in a group with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Dr. William G. Anderson, Slater King, and Reverend E. James Grant; president, vice president, and member of the Albany Movement respectively. The demonstrators line up in front of city hall and are met by local police, led by Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett. Pritchett gives directions to his officers and to those in the kneel-in as cameramen and reporters surround the group. The sound portion begins with Pritchett informing the demonstrators that they are under arrest. King appears to ignore the statement and asks Abernathy to pray. Abernathy prays for the city of Albany; the city officials, including the mayor and chief of police; and the members of the police force. Pritchett then interrupts the prayer, directing his officers to round up the demonstrators. Abernathy continues to pray for peace in the community, and for a willingness in the city officials to negotiate with the leaders of the African American community. He prays that those attending the kneel-in will not feel hate or animosity, and for their leaders by name, including Anderson, King, and Reverend Benjamin Gay, chaplain of the Albany Movement, who is not seen. The end of Abernathy's prayer is not recorded. The clip continues with Pritchett again informing the group that they will be arrested if they do not leave. The demonstrators begin to move towards city hall and King stops to give a reporter a prepared statement he did not get to read. The clip ends with cameramen and reporters watching the demonstrators enter city hall. Abernathy, King, Anderson, and others came to city hall with the goal of speaking to the city commission; when they were informed that the city commission would not meet with them before the next meeting  scheduled for August 7, they began to pray. A second kneel-in, led by Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) leader Charles Jones, took place at city hall later in the day;  the participants in that event were also arrested.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WALB News Film collection.","Title provided by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"aar_wsfa_1329","record_class":"Item","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D004.0006","mediums":["color films (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["The following segments are included: 0:00:01: Silent footage of several civil rights demonstrations in downtown Montgomery, Alabama, the week before the Selma to Montgomery March, most likely March 15 through 18, 1965. The clips appear to be out of sequence, but much of the footage depicts college students demonstrating through marches and sit-downs at the Capitol (where counter-protesters are also present) and in a nearby residential neighborhood. Also included are extended scenes of a march led by Martin Luther King to the Montgomery County courthouse on March 17 (the day after mounted law enforcement officers violently dispersed about 600 SNCC demonstrators), as well as the rally that filled Washington Street when the group arrived. King then met with local officials for several hours to discuss the previous day's events, and when he returned to the crowd outside, he shared the news that Judge Frank M. Johnson had ruled that the Selma to Montgomery march could proceed. Among the civil rights leaders visible in this footage are Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy, Jesse Douglas, James Forman, James Bevel, and Kiyoshi Kuromiya. 0:06:31 Inauguration of Governor John Patterson Wallace in Montgomery, Alabama, on January 19, 1959. The footage includes the parade down Dexter Avenue and a portion of Patterson's inaugural address (audio at 0:06:48). 0:07:27: Judge George Wallace at the Federal Building in Montgomery on January 26, 1959, for his contempt hearing. Wallace had been cited for his initial refusal to turn over voting records from Barbour and Bullock Counties to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, but he was found not guilty because he later complied by indirect means. Judge Frank M. Johnson expressed suspicion and disapproval of Wallace's motives in the resulting court order, the text of which was published in the Montgomery Advertiser on January 27: \". . . This court further finds that, even though it was accomplished through means of subterfuge, George C. Wallace did comply with the order of this court concerning the production of the records in question. As to why the devious methods were used, this court will not now judicially determine. In this connection this court feels it sufficient to observe that if these devious means were in good faith considered by Wallace to be essential to the proper exercise of his state judicial functions, then this court will not and should no comment upon these methods. However, if these devious means were for political purposes, then this court refuses to allow its authority and dignity to be bent or swayed by such politically generated whirlwinds. The defendant, George C. Wallace, is ordered to be and he is hereby found not guilty of contempt of this court and stands discharged.\" (The affidavit submitted to the court by Wallace on January 26 is available at https://digital.archives.alabama.gov/digital/collection/voices/id/3214.) 0:07:58: Silent footage of a meeting of the biracial Alabama Advisory Committee on Civil Rights at the Federal Building in Montgomery, Alabama, on September 9, 1959. The meeting was held to discuss the recent report issued by the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, with which the committee ultimately agreed. Seated, left to right: Dr. Robert A. Lambert of Fairhope; Louis Eckl, editor of the Florence Times and the Tri-Cities Daily newspapers; Dr. E. B. Goode of Mobile; William H. Swann, assistant to state advisory committees, who presented the report; Douglas Brown, mayor of Ozark (chairman); A. G. Gaston of Birmingham; Mrs. Fletcher McLeod, church and civic leader in Montgomery; and Mrs. L. H. Foster, wife of the president of Tuskegee Institute. 0:08:20: Governor John Patterson making a statement about the first report of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, which was issued in early September 1959. (For the full text of the report, see https://www2.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr11959.pdf.) 0:08:52: Various scenes in the House and Senate chambers and different committee rooms at the Capitol in Montgomery during the 1959 legislative sessions. Much of the footage is silent, but the common theme throughout the audio segments appears to be education funding. Included here is a portion of Governor John Patterson's first address to a joint session of the Legislature on January 13; debates and public comments about a proposed cigarette tax increase (accompanied by numerous clips of people smoking); and message from Governor Patterson on the status of the \"school relief bill.\" Among the other individuals shown here are former governor Jim Folsom (the segment begins with a silent clip of his farewell address to the Legislature on January 13); Lieutenant Governor Albert Boutwell; House clerk Oakley W. Melton Jr.; Senate secretary Earl Speight; Representatives McDowell Lee, Charles Adams (new speaker of the House), and Woodrow Albea; and Senators Vaughan Hill Robison, Walter C. Givhan, Roland Cooper, and Larry Dumas. 0:15:08: Party at John Patterson's gubernatorial campaign headquarters on an election night in 1958. It is unclear whether this was shot during after the Democratic primary on June 3, or during the general election on November 5. The footage is mostly silent. 0:15:38: John Patterson speaking at a rally in Greenville, Alabama, during the 1966 gubernatorial campaign."]},{"record_id":"grady_crppg_crppg","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights and the Pulitzer prize in Georgia","mediums":["photographs","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["This digital exhibition celebrates the centennial of The Pulitzer Prizes by featuring Pulitzer winners with ties to Georgia. It has a special focus on Pulitzer winning work that has promoted civil rights."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn56535","record_class":"Item","title":"African statesman Haile Selassie visits Martin Luther King, Jr.'s grave.","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["African statesman Haile Selassie visits Martin Luther King, Jr.'s grave.","Reporter: Lane, Gloria (Journalist)","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn23270","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights activist Hosea Williams addressing a crowd of picketers and conducting an interview with Dick Horner regarding civil rights advocacy and negotiation, Atlanta, Georgia, 1973 August 6","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia, August 6, 1973, Hosea Williams addresses a crowd picketing outside a building, differentiates grassroots and direct action activism from civil rights-related negotiations administered by more moderate civil rights organizations, and aligns his ongoing efforts with the work of the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","The clip begins with several silent shots. First, an elderly African American gentleman sits and leans up against a pair of crutches. This is followed by several shots of busy city sidewalks and crosswalks populated mostly by African Americans. Next, Hosea Williams, the executive director of the DeKalb/Metro-Atlanta branch of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) speaks into press microphones amidst a crowd of picketers, reporters, and cameramen. He is standing at the entrance of a building, and is wearing a handwritten protest sign hung around his neck (it is not fully legible, but includes the words \"Metro-DeKalb SCLC\"); an African American cameraman is filming events with a camera wrapped in clear plastic to protect it from the rain. It is not clear what building is being picketed. Two Atlanta police department station wagons are shown parked along the curb; next, a group of protesters carrying umbrellas walk along the sidewalk in the rain; they are wearing signs around their necks (the text on the signs is not legible).","The next shot begins with sound. Hosea Williams is seated behind a desk. Speaking to reporter Dick Horner, Williams describes the civil rights advocacy process as he sees it. He explains that, in order for organizations such as the National Urban League, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the YMCA to be able to effectively negotiate civil rights causes \"at the table,\" there must be enough pressure created by a social demand for change. This pressure, Williams states, can only be cultivated through direct action in the street, which Williams generates by leading marches and demonstrations; he notes that \"power is never relinquished; it is always taken.\" After direct action efforts successfully elevate the social pressure necessary to engage government officials and business leaders; these leaders will in turn negotiate with members of the aforementioned civil rights organizations and ultimately respond to demands. Williams asserts that his activism is consistent with the efforts led by the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., whom he acknowledges as his teacher; he points out that \"Dr. King was out in the street. He taught me what I am doing.\" Williams emphasizes that he is continuing King's work.","The last shot in the clip is silent; it is taken from behind Hosea Williams' desk. The back of Williams' head is shown as he continues to speak and gesture with his hands. Reporter Dick Horner is seated at the opposite side of Williams' desk, holding a microphone. The shot ends as the camera zooms in on Horner.","In 1973, Hosea Williams, executive director of the DeKalb/Metro-Atlanta branch of SCLC, participated in more than nineteen strikes throughout the city of Atlanta, either as a strike coordinator, or as a consultant for others who sought his experience in handling labor disputes. The previous year, Williams founded the Poor People's Union of America to further combat racial discrimination and unfair labor practices in Atlanta-area businesses, and to help secure job stability, pensions, and health care benefits for Atlanta's working poor. By continuing to direct public attention to economic and labor disparities through nonviolent direct action, Williams upheld the late Dr. Martin Luther King's legacy by continuing the anti-poverty work that King had committed to at the end of his life.","Reporter: Horner, Dick","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38005","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter interviewing Mayor Maynard Jackson on the impact of the Civil Rights movement, Atlanta, Georgia, 1980 January 3","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from January 3, 1980, Atlanta, Georgia mayor Maynard Jackson speaks about the impact on the Civil Rights movement on the country and on his life.","The clip begins with Mayor Jackson sitting in an office in a high-backed leather chair. A female reporter begins to say something to Jackson. He interrupts her to suggest that she close the door to block excess noise. After a break in the clip, the camera focuses on Jackson's hands. The reporter asks Jackson about the impact of the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s. Jackson points to politics as the \"last nonviolent role for the masses of people.\" Jackson explains that while he does not believe in violent social change, he does believe \"that politics, even though it is imperfect, affords the best opportunity for change. The Civil Rights movement made possible the laws that made possible the political change we are now seeing.\" The reporter next asks Jackson if he feels the Civil Rights movement is still alive. Jackson responds that the movement is still alive and in a new phase focusing on fulfilling promises and producing change. Asked about the future of African Americans in the Civil Rights movement, Jackson predicts a growth in African American political activity. He points out that there are ninety-seven African American mayors in the United States and over two thousand African American elected officials. According to Jackson, that number represents about one percent of all elected officials in the United States. He expresses his confidence that those numbers will grow, saying \"we have no where to go but up. And I'm confident that we are going up.\"","Next, the reporter asks Jackson about the role of Martin Luther King, Jr. in the Civil Rights movement. Jackson calls King's role \"profound\" and \"the backbone of the advances we have made.\" Jackson refers to King as \"a friend of all people\" and \"a friend of my family for many generations.\" Jackson does believe in the conspiracy theory about King's death and he blames a few white people who did not understand King for killing him. Jackson recounts that his daughter Brooke was born the day King was buried. Jackson says he left the hospital and joined the march to Morehouse College. He says that during the march he began to realize his work as a lawyer was not enough to bring about the social change he hoped to achieve, so he entered politics, qualifying in an election against United States senator Herman Talmadge less than two months later.","Maynard Jackson, grandson of the Atlanta community leader John Wesley Dobbs, was the first African American mayor of a major Southern city in the United States. During Jackson's three terms as mayor of Atlanta, he worked to increase opportunities for African Americans in the community and to foster biracial cooperation.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43704","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of mourners honoring Martin Luther King, Jr. on what would have been his 40th birthday, Atlanta, Georgia, 1969 January 15","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from January 15, 1969 in Atlanta, Georgia, mourners honor Martin Luther King, Jr. on what would have been his 40th birthday.","The first section of clips is silent. The clips open with a shot of cameramen focusing on Coretta Scott King then zooming in on her sitting at a table with others. The next clip shows the sons of Coretta and Martin Luther King, Jr., Martin Luther King III and Dexter Scott King. The next scene shows U.S. Representative Julian Bond and Civil Rights activist John Lewis in the crowd. The next shot shows people heading toward Ebenezer Baptist Church. The next clip shows attendees inside the church and then a shot of Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy addressing the congregants.","Then next clip is the first with sound and shows Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy, president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, addressing the attendees. His words are transcribed below:","\"So we say to the nation today, Martin, let James Earl Ray or whoever was responsible for taking your life, let him live. But you may be assured, Martin, that even though the world did not know who you were until my tongue cleaves to the roof of my mouth and my right arm shall lose its (unintelligible) and my feet shall get so tired that I cannot run, I will move through the streets of America. I will move through the highways and byways of the nation. Even I will go abroad until the world knows who you were.\"","During his speech, the camera cuts to Harry Belafonte among the attendees. After his speech, the camera cuts to the crowd giving him a standing ovation.","The next scene shows Coretta Scott King beginning to speak with, \"My husband would have been forty years old.\"","The camera cuts to a shot of Georgia House of Representatives member Julian Bond.","The next clip shows Coretta addressing reporters. Her speech is transcribed below:","\"So on Martin's birthday we set out on a tremendous adventure and invite all of you to share it with us. For the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Center does more than pay homage to a man. It is an experiment in hope in a time of fear. It is an act of faith when men refuse to believe. It is a realistic attempt to carry on an idealist's fight, the fight for which my husband lived and died, the fight for a world in which all men on this earth might one day be free, free at last.\"","Next are more crowd shots of people outside Ebenezer Baptist Church.","The next scene is a group of four women singing in the church: \"I know he loved humanity / I know he died with dignity / He laid down and died for his friends / For his friends / He was someone like Moses / He went to the mountain / He viewed the promised land.\"","The next clip shows U.S. House of Representatives member John Conyers, addressing the crowd at the church. His remarks are transcribed below:","\"And now we have had among us this great Black American leader of whom we ask the Congress to do no more than to set aside one day out of the year so that we can, with everyone around the world, say we recognize that great spirit that has walked among us. It seems to me that this is a minor thing to ask of my fellow colleagues.\"","The next clips show crowd shots.","The next clip shows Cleveland Robinson, president of the Negro American Labor Council, AFL-CIO, addressing the crowd. His remarks are transcribed below:","\"We are saying that on January 15th each year we shall assemble in every nook and corner of this great country and we shall take stock of ourselves and we shall remember this great drum major, and see how well we are doing in the light of the things he wanted done. And we shall march forward with this spirit and in this manner so that governors and mayors and congressmen and president will see the necessity of just giving, giving this day to America. Thank you.\"","The next scene shows the crowd giving him a standing ovation.","The last clip shows Coretta Scott King leaving the microphones and a reporter offscreen saying, \"Thank you very much, Mrs. King.\"","Title supplied by cataloger.","Supporting information was taken from the following source:","Coffin, Alex. \"Spare King's Killer, Rev. Abernathy asks.\" \u003ci\u003eThe Atlanta Constitution\u003ci\u003e 16 January 1969. 1. Web."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44230","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and reverend C. S. Hamilton speaking to a mass meeting, Augusta, Georgia, 1962 April 3","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Augusta, Georgia on April 3, 1962, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. promotes a \"second emancipation proclamation,\" and Reverend C. S. Hamilton, local civil rights movement leader, speaks to a mass meeting.","The clip begins with Dr. King, who is in Augusta with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), declaring that United States president John F. Kennedy should issue an executive order outlawing segregation in public facilities, something King refers to as a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation.\" Kings comments are also recorded in WSB clip 38276. After a break in the clip, the camera focuses on the listening audience filling the Tabernacle Baptist Church in Augusta as well as on King, although no audio is recorded. The clip breaks again before showing an outdoor scene with people walking on a golf course and standing around the green, presumably at the Augusta National Golf Club where the Masters Golf Tournament is held each April. Back in Tabernacle Baptist Church, African Americans fill the pews and crowd in the organ loft in a mass meeting. Reverend C. S. Hamilton, president of the local branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), tells the congregation the plan to integrate and attend the Masters Golf Tournament on Sunday. The audience responds with applause. Finally, Dr. King explains that the first Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential executive order. Although Abraham Lincoln outlawed physical slavery, King asserts that segregation \"is nothing but slavery covered up with certain niceties of complexity.\" The audience applauds again.","African Americans in Augusta protested segregation beginning in 1960; in 1961 under court order, Augusta bus service was desegregated. Local NAACP officials organized protests in April 1962 that led to some racial rioting in the city after a white youth driving in a black neighborhood was shot and killed. King spoke several times about a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation\" hoping that president John F. Kennedy would issue an executive order making segregation illegal before the centennial anniversary of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. Several lawyers worked with King to prepare documentation supporting such an executive order which was presented to president Kennedy. While Kennedy never issued a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation,\" he did promise civil rights legislation after the July 1963 integration of the University of Alabama which became the 1964 Civil Rights Act signed by president Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn45220","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. responding to charges of communist influence in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 July 26","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia on July 26, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. responds to charges that the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) employee Jack O'Dell is involved in the Communist movement. The clip's audio is inconsistent and some statements may not be recorded completely.","The clip begins with a silent portion in which Dr. King is seen with SCLC leaders, Reverends Ralph D. Abernathy and Wyatt T. Walker as well as reporters who are taking notes. Reverend Walker appears to take notes, and King appears to be speaking while a photographer takes pictures. A car, possibly from a news station, appears through the window with two African Americans standing beside it. An unidentified man off-screen comments on someone helping the organization with public relations; the comments are incompletely recorded. Next King appears to answer a question about Jack O'Dell, an African American who worked for the SCLC for a time and was accused of Communist connections. King reports that SCLC has not employed O'Dell since June 26 of that year after a meeting held with eight members of the organization's executive committee. King also states that someone, presumably O'Dell, \"took the fifth amendment\" when he appeared before a Senate committee meeting held in New Orleans. In response to a reporter's question, King confirms that O'Dell is the only person who has been involved with the SCLC who has been called before a congressional committee investigating Communist influences. He emphasizes that although O'Dell appeared before a congressional committee, he has not been convicted of anything. King reports that O'Dell worked closely with the Communist party in Louisiana at one time, but was never a member of the party. Following another reporter's question, King replies that SCLC did not know of O'Dell's alleged communist connections until articles appeared in the New Orleans \u003ci\u003eTimes-Picayune\u003c/i\u003e and the \u003ci\u003eBirmingham News\u003c/i\u003e. When SCLC found out about the allegations, King continues, the executive committee discussed the issue with O'Dell, accepted his temporary resignation, and initiated an investigation. Asked about the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee, King stresses that he was only at the school once in 1957 or 1958 for four hours and while there shared the platform with former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt and theologian Reinhold Niebuhr. However, King asserts if he had been a student at the school, he would not be ashamed of it, since he thinks the school \"was doing a very significant job in training leaders for the integration struggle.\" King condemns the school's closure as \"simply another design of a state in the South seeking to block the civil rights movement\" which used \"a so-called trumped up moral charge to outlaw it.\"","The Highlander Folk School was founded in 1932 by Myles Horton and Don West as an adult education center training people to work in the Labor movement; in the early 1950s, the focus shifted to civil rights work. King spoke at Highlander's twenty-fifth anniversary during the Labor Day weekend of 1957. His presence was documented by photographer Ed Friend, and photographs of King at the event were published in the Georgia Commission on Education's propaganda piece, \"Highlander Folk School: Communist Training Camp.\" In 1961 the state of Tennessee revoked the school's charter and confiscated its property.","Next, King suggests that the causes of street demonstrations aid the Communist cause more than working to remove the conditions. He affirms \"as long as you have segregation and discrimination alive in this nation the Communists will have a convenient propaganda weapon.\" He praises people who work \"through street demonstrations and other nonviolent means and legal means to get rid of segregation and discrimination\" and suggests that they \"are rendering a much greater service to democracy than the individuals who through their adamant attitudes continue to hold on to these conditions.\" King also declares that Hosea Williams, leader of the Chatham County Crusade for Voters in Savannah, Georgia, is not connected with the Communist party. He suggests that if the Crusade for Voters is housed in a building owned by an organization accused of Communist connections, the Crusade is unaware of the connection. King emphasizes the organization is \"committed to all of the things that those who are opposed to Communism are committed to.\" Finally, King reviews Jack O'Dell's relationship with SCLC; O'Dell was recommended to SCLC after his work with the Bronx Committee of Citizens for Kennedy by the committee chair; after allegations of communist connections, the SCLC board asked for O'Dell's temporary resignation pending investigation. King asserts that after the investigation revealed O'Dell \"had no present connection with the Communist party nor any sympathy with the philosophy,\" he was brought back to the staff until May 1963 in Birmingham when SCLC realized O'Dell's employment \"could be used against the organization by segregationists and race baiters\" at which time O'Dell sought other employment. King stresses that SCLC does not have connections or sympathies with communism and that the principal of nonviolent demonstration is opposite the philosophy of communism. The clip ends as the lights for the press conference and the microphone is turned off.","A common attack on the civil rights movement was the allegation of communist influences or connections, such as the attack on Jack O'Dell. Influential national leaders including president John F. Kennedy and attorney general Robert F. Kennedy repeatedly warned King about maintaining connections with \"known Communists\"; King preferred to discuss allegations with people rather than clandestinely removing them from organizations or influence. Allegations of communist influences on King and on the SCLC led to surveillance and wiretapping by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43747","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American attorney Donald Hollowell speaking to reporters about the imprisonment of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. from Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 October 27","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this October 27, 1960 series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Atlanta, Georgia, African American attorney Donald Hollowell speaks to reporters about the imprisonment of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. after his October 19 sit-in arrest at Rich's Department store in Atlanta and efforts to secure his release.","The clip begins by showing a parking lot; a sign on a back wall indicates there is a shop to the left. Next, attired in a hat and standing outdoors, attorney Hollowell reports that lawyers filed a motion to vacate the imprisonment order against King. He indicates that although he informed DeKalb County officials of his desire to have King at a hearing scheduled for that day, county officials reported that they had already submitted papers to have King moved from the over-crowded county prison to state custody at Georgia State Prison in","Before his lawyers were able to file the writ of habeas corpus objecting to King's imprisonment that they had prepared, King was moved to Reidsville at four o'clock in the morning. On October 19 student-led demonstrations at several lunch counters around Atlanta led to massive arrests. City officials arranged an end to the sit-ins that included a release of prisoners arrested on city property. However, King and others arrested at Rich's Department Store were arrested in DeKalb County and were out of the city's jurisdiction. King had been arrested in DeKalb County in February 1960 for driving without a valid Georgia license and sentenced to four months in jail; the judge suspended King's sentence and placed King on probation. DeKalb County officials asserted that the sit-in arrest violated King's probation and ordered him to serve his sentence. Although the judge at first refused to allow King to be released on bond and had him transferred to Georgia State Prison, pressure from a variety of sources including the campaign of presidential candidate senator John F. Kennedy led the judge to release King into the custody of Hollowell on two thousand dollar bond later in the day on October 27.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53566","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Ralph Abernathy speaking as the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference following the death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 10","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Abernathy assumes leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference after Martin Luther King's death","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36372","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of response to comments made the day before by President John F. Kennedy about the relationship between city officials and civil rights workers by Asa D. Kelley, mayor of Albany, Georgia, 1962 August 2","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Thursday, August 2, 1962, Albany, Georgia mayor Asa D. Kelley, Jr. responds to President John F. Kennedy's comments from the day before, agreeing that the Albany City Council should negotiate with local African American leaders.  Kelley states that it has always been the city's policy to solve local problems by working with local leaders and not with those who have contempt for local, state, and federal laws and restraining orders.  He condemns \"outside agitators\" including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. \"and his coterie who jump about the South like so many fleas on a hot griddle and cause racial rashes where none have heretofore existed.\"   Kelley says the commission feels they should not negotiate under any circumstances with outsiders who have announced their intention of \"turning the city upside down.\"  As part of their efforts to block \"outside agitators,\" the city obtained an injunction from federal district judge J. Robert Elliott on July 21, 1962, temporarily barring any mass demonstrations in Albany.  Chief federal appellate court judge Elbert P. Tuttle reversed the temporary restraining order against demonstrations Tuesday, July 24.  Judge Elliott held a hearing regarding the city of Albany's petition against civil rights demonstrations Monday, July 30 through Wednesday, August 8, but no decision was reached at that time.","Title supplied by cataloger.","See related clip wsbn35280 for President John F. Kennedy's comments.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer. Transfer comp reel tape 1."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41646","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights movements and Albany city officials entering the Federal Building in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip, several groups of civil rights movement leaders and Albany city officials are shown entering the Albany Post Office and Federal Courthouse in Albany, Georgia, late in July 1962.  Individuals identified in the segment include Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett; Dr. Martin Luther King and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); and Charles Jones, local leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) efforts.  Also shown are attorneys Donald L. Hollowell and C. B. King with his head still bandaged from a beating he received July 28 from Dougherty County Sheriff D. C. Campbell.  On Saturday, July 21, 1962, federal district judge J. Robert Elliott granted a temporary restraining order against King, Abernathy, and Dr. William G. Anderson, president of the Albany Movement, barring further mass demonstrations in Albany.  Judge Elliott scheduled a hearing regarding the restraining order for July 30.  Civil rights leaders were able to get chief federal appellate court judge Elbert P. Tuttle to dissolve the restraining order on the movement on Tuesday, July 24.  King, Abernathy, and Anderson were arrested with other demonstrators July 27 for praying outside city hall.  Anderson was bailed out of jail so that he could appear on \"Meet the Press\" July 28; while King and Abernathy remained in jail until Friday, August 10.  Judge Elliott's hearing regarding future demonstrations began July 30 and recessed Wednesday, August 8; no date was set to resume the hearing.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55999","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a peace and civil rights rally, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 6","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Atlanta, Georgia, dated April 6, 1969, civil rights and anti-war demonstrators protest the Vietnam War with a march and rally on the Sunday following the one-year anniversary of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination.","The clip opens with Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy marching in the street amidst a crowd of African American and white demonstrators; this shot is silent. Next, demonstrators march down the street, this time with the Georgia state capitol building in the background. A row of demonstrators march down the street with their arms linked together; behind them, protesters carry both homemade and printed signs that read \"War profit is blood money,\" \"Honor Dr. King end racism,\" \"Support your boys in Vietnam bring them home now,\" and \"Dr. King died April 4, 1968 for all mankind.\" This is followed by another shot of Abernathy's place in the procession; next, participants in the march move past the state capitol. A demonstrator carrying a bullhorn leads the crowd in singing \"We Shall Overcome.\" Next, at another location on the march route, a crowd shouts chants of \"Peace now;\" this is followed by a group of young men carrying a large banner along the route that reads \"Southwide mobilization,\" presumably representing the organization Southwide Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam. Next, African American and white demonstrators are gathered together at an outdoor rally. Members of the audience raise their right fists in the air; a voice emanating from a loudspeaker says \"We are not divided.\" The last shot in the clip shows demonstrators at the rally breaking into applause; the camera pans back and forth across the audience.","On Easter Sunday, April 6, 1969, a march dedicated to King was held in Atlanta to commemorate the one-year anniversary of his assassination. The march began at Ebenezer Baptist Church on Auburn Avenue, paused at the state Capitol to pick up vigil-keepers, proceeded through the Five Points business district, and ended at Hurt Park, where Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy and others addressed approximately four thousand participants at a rally. Some of the other speakers at the rally included Dave Dellinger, chairman of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam; Luis Melendez, an organizer for California grape pickers, and Jeannette Rankin, former Georgia congresswoman and anti-war activist.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33747","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encouraging participation in the March on Washington, 1963","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip possibly from the summer of 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encourages participation in the August 28, 1963 March on Washington. In the clip Dr. King stands in front of a United States flag on the steps of a building surrounded by people. He announces a \"nonviolent, peaceful march\" on Washington, D.C. and urges that representatives from every state participate. He affirms such action \"will place this whole issue before the conscience of this nation\" and asserts \"we are determined to be free in '63.\" Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other leaders of the civil rights movement organized the 1963 March on Washington to encourage Congress to pass civil rights legislation under its consideration. The march happened on August 28, 1963 and was called a success although few in Congress changed their votes. The march was the event where King made his \"I have a dream\" speech. The civil rights legislation was signed by president Lyndon B. Johnson in July 1964 and became the Civil Rights Act of 1964.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34922","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. outlining several goals for the upcoming Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, Atlanta, Georgia, 1957 April or May","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from April or May 1957 probably from Atlanta, Georgia, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), outlines several goals for the May 17, 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. sits on a couch and speaks to an unidentified reporter in an office or a living room. King's reply to the reporter's question on the purpose of the pilgrimage is interrupted with several audio breaks. King first indicates that the pilgrimage, which will be held at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C., will demonstrate the unity of African Americans seeking civil rights and will protest \"the violence and terror\" that accompanies the struggle, especially in the South.  He also reports that the pilgrimage will bring attention to the civil rights bill in Congress. King claims its passage is being blocked by a small minority.\u003cp\u003eSoon after its 1957 creation, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), an organization of African American ministers promoting civil rights, announced plans for a prayer pilgrimage to Washington. Pilgrimage sponsors included the SCLC and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), as well as other civil rights leaders. An estimated twenty-five thousand people from thirty states attended the pilgrimage, held on the third anniversary of the United States Supreme Court Brown vs. Board of Education decision outlawing segregation in public education.\u003c/p\u003e","Slug title: Rev. King","Slug title: Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer.","Cue sheet includes: \"F.M. #9232.\"","First slug title taken from paper file cue sheet; cataloger created other slug title."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42712","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver speaking to reporters about the civil rights movement in Albany, Georgia from a press conference in Atlanta, Georgia, 1962 July 30","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip, Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver answers reporters' questions about the Albany Civil Rights movement at a press conference held on Monday, July 30, 1962.  As governor from 1959 through 1963, Vandiver opposed public school integration with the campaign motto \"no not one.\"  In response to questions in the press conference, Governor Vandiver asserts that former governor Marvin Griffin demonstrated his financial ignorance by imposing an $80 million tax increase for state operations.  Vandiver then condemns civil rights demonstrators as \"instigators\" and criticizes the nonviolent movement for disregarding the law.  To illustrate his position, he states that comments made the day before on \"Meet the Press\" by Dr. William G. Anderson, president of the Albany Movement, show the movement is looking to incite unrest and violence.  Vandiver affirms that local authorities and the seventy-to-seventy-five state troopers in Albany are keeping the peace.  If there is violence, he will send in the Georgia National Guard to remove the agitators from the area.  His comment in response to a question about New York governor Nelson Rockefeller's request for federal intervention in Albany is not recorded; Vandiver does confirm that there have been no inquiries from Washington regarding the situation.  When asked, Vandiver implies that no federal or state intervention will be needed because the Albany Movement is losing its influence; only three people participated in Sunday's demonstrations.  After intermittent protests since November, 1961, the Albany Movement announced on August 16 that they would no longer organize demonstrations and would instead focus on voter registration efforts.  Vandiver concludes that people in Georgia and the nation are growing \"sick and tired\" of Dr. Martin Luther King, whom he considers to be a self-aggrandizer, troublemaker, and opportunist who is exploiting the situation in Albany for his own personal gain and political capital.  Political leaders, both within Georgia as well as around the nation, viewed civil rights activists, especially King, as \"outside agitators\" who provoked violence and encouraged disorder and \"subversive activities.\"  On the other hand, movement activists defined their activities as \"passive resistance\" and worked in communities with strong local support.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn49971","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstrators protesting against the legislature for refusing to allow Julian Bond to serve as well as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking to the audience, Atlanta, Georgia, 1966 January 14","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from a march held in Atlanta, Georgia on January 14, 1966, marchers protest the Georgia legislature's refusal to allow Julian Bond to serve in the House of Representatives, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to the demonstrators. Chanting \"Freedom!\" as they march, the crowd follows cars with headlights on; the marchers are bundled up in warm clothes. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King walk with the demonstrators who wave and cheer as they surround the capitol building. The group is also seen in front of Central Presbyterian Church, across the street from the capitol building. An African American man, seen from behind, appears to speak to state troopers. King's comments from a podium in front of the crowd are not completely recorded. He declares the participants \"reaffirm the sacred right of freedom of speech and the right to dissent\" before the clip breaks. He asserts that as people who love America, demonstrators will seek moral representatives in government and encourage morality in the country. The crowd cheers as he repeats the refrain \"we love America.\"  The clip returns to a silent section, showing crowds in front of the capitol building, people stepping over discarded handbills, and troopers lined up on the steps to keep people out of the building. Troopers in helmets watch as demonstrators cheer and walk into city hall. Julian Bond, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) communications director, was elected to the 136th district of the Georgia legislature in November 1965, one of ten African Americans elected to the legislature that year. After Bond publicly endorsed the SNCC anti-Vietnam statement and said he respected those who burned their draft cards, members of the House of Representatives voted one hundred eighty-four to twelve to not allow Bond to serve in the House on January 10, the first day of the legislative session. Later that year the United States Supreme Court ruled that Bond's statement was within his first amendment rights, and the Georgia legislature had to seat him. Bond served as a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1965 to 1975.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51358","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. criticizing the Vietnam War and praising Muhammad Ali for being a conscientious objector, speaking from Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, Georgia, 1967 April 30","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Ebenezer Baptist church in Atlanta, Georgia on April 30, 1967, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. criticizes the Vietnam War and praises Muhammad Ali for his stand as a conscientious objector. The clips begins with a series of silent shots showing the exterior of Ebenezer Baptist Church; inside the church, the camera focuses on the congregation and choir. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) leader Stokely Carmichael sits in the congregation wearing sunglasses. Dr. King, co-pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church with his father, Martin Luther King, Sr., speaks from the pulpit. Sound begins as Dr. King comments about his hopes that young men who object to the war will seek conscientious objector status. He then praises Nation of Islam member Muhammad Ali for his stand against the war. The previous day in Houston, Texas, Muhammad Ali refused to accept induction into the military, was stripped of his boxing title by the sport's officials, and faced jail time for his refusal to serve. After a break in the clip and a brief silent view of the congregation, King calls upon \"young men of America\" to take a stand on the issue of the Vietnam War because \"tomorrow may be too late.\"  \u003cp\u003eKing's philosophy of nonviolence reached beyond the civil rights movement to include all social interactions. Like many civil rights workers, he was an outspoken critic of the Vietnam War and frequently urged audiences to pursue peace instead of violence.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42929","record_class":"Item","title":"Compilation of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. commenting on the continued segregation of the Lovett School as well as his return from the Nobel Peace Prize trip, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 December and 1966 June","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this compilation WSB-TV newsfilm clips from December 1964 and June 1966, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. comments on the continued segregation of the Episcopal-affiliated Lovett School in Atlanta, and Atlanta residents welcome King back to the city after his trip to Norway to accept the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize. Segments of the clip, especially the footage after King's arrival in Atlanta, are silent.","The clip begins with Dr. King and his wife, Coretta Scott King, walking up the steps of a building, presumably the Lovett School, with Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) minister Andrew Young. Later in the clip, Reverend Albert Dreisbach, a white priest and Reverend Robert Hunter, an African American priest are seen speaking to reporters. The men were both members of the Episcopal Society for Cultural and Racial Unity (ESCRU) and had engaged in a ninety-eight hour fast to protest the Lovett School's continued segregation. Next, Dr. King comments on the continued segregation of the private Episcopal school. June 4, 1966 is the most likely date of this event. Coretta Scott King and Andrew Young stand behind King as he speaks to reporters. King says he is unaware of legal moves to force the school's integration and believes it will take pressure on the trustees from the supporting Atlanta Episcopal Diocese as well as \"people of goodwill all over the country\" to effect change. He comments that many of the trustees are leading business people who accepted commercial integration after the lunch counter demonstrations in 1961. King believes it is \"quite tragic\" that these people will integrate their businesses but not their personal or religious lives.","The Lovett School was founded in 1926 and in 1957 became affiliated with the Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta. In 1963, after public schools in Atlanta began integrating, the Lovett School denied admission to three African American children, two members of the Episcopal Diocese and Martin Luther King, III. In response, the Diocese disassociated itself with the school, and in the fall of 1963, Episcopalians from Atlanta and around the country picketed the school. In 1964, 1965, and 1966, members of ESCRU protested baccalaureate services for the school held in the Cathedral of St. Philip through demonstrations and fasting. In the fall of 1966, the school announced an admission policy that did not consider race or religion.","Interspersed with the comments about the Lovett School are images of Dr. King as he returns to Atlanta from Norway after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in December 1964. Inside the airport, well-wishers hold a sign with the slogan \"Happy landing Nobel Peace prize winner.\" Outside reporters interview Dr. King who is followed by Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy of the SCLC. The camera also focuses on a white minister in a clerical collar and a white man. Andrew Young and Coretta Scott King also stand near Dr. King.","Later Dr. King and others exit the airplane, and Dr. King holds one of his daughters while his son is nearby. People wave and clap as Dr. King exits the plane, and an African American policeman stands behind him. Inside the airport well-wishers shake hands with Dr. King while photographers take pictures. A white man and an African American woman walk behind King with a sign with the slogan \"Bon Voyage man of peace.\"","On October 15, 1964, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was informed he was awarded the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize. He traveled to Oslo, Norway with his wife and friends in December 1964 to receive the prize, leaving Atlanta December 4 and returning December 18.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53567","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reverend Ralph D. Abernathy speaking to reporters about the Poor People's Campaign, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 18","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia on April 18, 1968, Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy speaks to reporters at a press conference about the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's plans for the Poor People's Campaign.","The clip begins by showing a podium with symbols on it. Next reverend Ralph D. Abernathy, head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), is seen standing with other African American men in front of a microphone; at one point Reverend A. D. King, Dr. Martin Luther King's brother, is seen among the men. Abernathy, wearing a turtleneck and a jumpsuit, announces SCLC will begin the Poor People's Campaign on Monday, April 29 in Washington, D.C. as had been planned before the April 4 assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Abernathy reports that he has agreed upon plans for the campaign with other SCLC leaders during recent meetings held in Clayton County, Georgia. Abernathy indicates the purpose of the \"militant, nonviolent\" campaign is to force Congress to recognize the \"national emergency\" and \"to deal with the issues of poverty and racism in the United States.\" He emphasizes that the crisis is that \"millions of poor people are desperate for decent jobs and secure incomes.\" The campaign will begin April 29 when Abernathy and about one hundred others will meet with national leaders and \"present our demands for redress of our grievances.\" After these meetings, Abernathy reports that he will return to Memphis on May 2 where he will begin the march to D.C. by placing a memorial at the Loraine Motel where Dr. King was assassinated; the clip's audio fades during his comments.","Abernathy announces that in addition to the march from Memphis, other marches will begin in Mississippi, Chicago, and Boston. The clip breaks and Abernathy asserts that Dr. King's sacrifice for poor people will not be in vain. He declares the intention to challenge racism and oppression of the poor. He lists several examples of challenges to underprivileged people in the United States and elsewhere; his comment are not completely recorded.","Following a break in the clip, Abernathy stresses that the country must begin healing and putting its \"almost limitless resources at the service of people instead of things.\" Abernathy invites those who \"really believe in the dream of the founding fathers ... and the dream of Martin Luther King\" to participate in the Poor People's Campaign. After these statements Abernathy answers reporters' questions, indicating that the campaign will present specific, predetermined demands. After a clip break, Abernathy asserts that the Poor People's Campaign isn't a \"health campaign\" or publicity stunt. The clip breaks again and Abernathy reports that he anticipates thousands of people will come to Washington, D.C. before the campaign is over.","Following the April 4, 1968 assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) voted that reverend Ralph D. Abernathy take over the organization's leadership as had been outlined by Dr. King before his death. Abernathy and SCLC leaders led the Poor People's Campaign which included a live-in demonstration in Washington, D.C. from May 2 through June 19, 1968.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn45682","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of an interview with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. following the assassination of president John F. Kennedy in Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 November 22","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Atlanta, Georgia on November 22, 1963, an unidentified reporter interviews Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. following the assassination of United States president John F. Kennedy. The reporter suggests that Dr. King's support helped President Kennedy get elected and asks King if he regrets that support in light of Kennedy's assassination. King recognizes that some African Americans voted for Kennedy because he called King's wife while King was imprisoned. However, King feels that Kennedy \"created a climate of civil rights concern in Washington and in the nation,\" as evidenced by the civil rights legislation he introduced. The clip breaks, and King is seen sitting in a room in front of a window although the clip does not record what he says at first. When asked about previous attempts on his life, King responds that he has taken a philosophical position to the threat, recognizing \"that unmerited suffering is redemptive\"; he indicates he would be willing to die if his death brought more freedom to the country. The reporter thanks King and the clip breaks. Next, the reporter asks King how he heard about Kennedy's assassination. King reports that he heard the news while he was on the telephone with a member of his congregation; afterwards, he heard more about it on the television. He relates that the news \"was very shocking and upsetting\" and that he began thinking about several meetings he had had with the president earlier in the year. Asked about a pleasant memory of Kennedy, King recalls a time Kennedy took him on a tour of the White House. While in the Lincoln Room, King suggested the president issue a second emancipation proclamation freeing African Americans from segregation. King notes that Kennedy was not offended and adds that he appreciated the president's sense of humor. King and the reporter repeat part of the exchange about the election before the clip ends. In October 1960, while King was held in jail by Georgia's DeKalb County, presidential-candidate Kennedy called Mrs. Coretta Scott King to express sympathy. Many African Americans, aware of Kennedy's gesture, voted for him in the presidential election a few weeks later. Kennedy was shot in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40933","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. leads freedom march at Washington Monument (August 28, 1963). King receives Nobel Peace Prize (December 10, 1964).","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42194","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to a reporter, after being indicted and arrested for tax fraud in Alabama, in Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 February 17","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Atlanta, Georgia on February 17, 1960, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to an unidentified reporter about fear, sacrifice, and taxes after being indicted and arrested for tax fraud in Alabama. In the first clip, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. tells the reporter that while he knew he was being investigated for tax fraud in Alabama, he did not expect for the grand jury to indict him or that he would be arrested that day. King confirms his willingness to go to jail, hoping his \"willingness to suffer and accept this type of sacrifice\" will arouse the \"conscience of many citizens of our nation.\" The reporter mentions comments King made the day before in Durham, North Carolina at a mass meeting supporting student-led sit-ins in the state before asking King more about the indictment; there is a break in the audio during the reporter's question. Citing the recent closing of the Highlander Folk School by Tennessee officials, King points out that many areas in the South use tax charges to \"harass individuals working in the area of freedom and integration and brotherhood.\" When asked if he is ever afraid, King replies that while he has not totally overcome fear, he is strengthened \"from the realization that in the struggle we have cosmic companionship and that the cause is right.\" The reporter asks King about rumors that he moved into an $85,000 house when he moved from Montgomery, Alabama to Atlanta, Georgia. King acknowledges the rumor but counters that he is renting his home and that the only property he owns is a 1954 Pontiac. He also reports that his taxes have been investigated two or three times before; when he announced that he was moving from Montgomery to Atlanta, the state of Alabama initiated another tax audit. While the Alabama auditor who reviewed King's returns made it clear everything was in order, he also recognized the state's pressure to bring a charge against King.\u003cp\u003eThe second clip records only a portion of the reporter's question about King's nonviolent inspiration. King recognizes the influence of the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi and asserts \"the method of nonviolent resistance is one of the most potent, if not the most potent, weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for freedom.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter King's February 17 arrest, he willingly returned to Alabama to face the perjury charges (according to King biographer David Garrow, \"the first time Alabama had ever prosecuted someone for perjury on a tax return\"). Testimony began May 25, and on May 28, an all-white jury returned a not guilty verdict, clearing King of the charges.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55976","record_class":"Item","title":"Plans made for demonstrations and protests on Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday.","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Plans made for demonstrations and protests on Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday.","Reporter: Gallman, Abe, 1942-","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn04787","record_class":"Item","title":"Lewis and Young Spoke to H. Of R. Committee Considering Holiday to Honor King","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Lewis and Young Spoke to H. Of R. Committee Considering Holiday to Honor King","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35351","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of George Huddleston, Jr., Alabama congressman, suggesting connections between communists and civil rights workers in Washington, D.C., 1963 May 13","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from May 13, 1963, Alabama congressman George Huddleston, Jr., Birmingham-area representative, speaks to reporters from his office and suggests that Communist connections in the Civil Rights movement warrants congressional investigation into desegregation efforts in Birmingham, Alabama.  Huddleston asserts that Jack O'Dell, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s executive assistant, \"is a self-admitted Communist party member.\" He suggests that the House Un-American Activities Committee and the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee should examine \"those racial disturbances which have occurred in our city\" for \"subversive background[s] or subversive motive[s].\"  King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) were assisted in their efforts by Jack O'Dell, who had attended Communist party meetings but never became a member of the Communist party.  The allegation of \"subversive activities\" and ties to the Communist party were frequently used by segregationist leaders in an attempt to discredit King and the Civil Rights movement.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38278","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the memorial march and public funeral services for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 9","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["This WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia on April 9, 1968 shows scenes from the memorial march and public services at Morehouse College for the assassinated Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","The clip begins with a reporter testing a microphone, and the camera focuses on the sign for Ebenezer Baptist Church. Cars park and drive beside the church building. Mourners line the sidewalk next to the church and on a hill across the street. An African American man carries flowers into the church. The funeral procession, led by police on motorcycles, drives through the rain. As the black-colored hearse pulls up beside the church, mourners crowd the vehicle. Nuns in habits stand under black umbrellas; children stand near policemen in dark uniforms.","For a moment, the clip includes a segment in which a white hearse is parked in front of Ebenezer Baptist Church, a white police officer directs traffic, and there is no rain. The clip returns to the black hearse parked near the church and the pallbearers carrying the casket inside the building. Among the crowds outside the church, some climb on telephone poles to see above the throng. A wreath of white flowers hangs on the church above the sign.","After a break in the clip, men appear to carry the coffin out of the church. Crowds march from Ebenezer Baptist Church to Morehouse College. Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy and singer Harry Belafonte walk with Coretta Scott King, Dr. Martin Luther King's wife, and the King children. The marchers sing \"We shall overcome\" as they walk down the streets behind the coffin which is on a wagon pulled by two mules. The family chose to have King's body transported on a cart pulled by mules during the 4.3 mile march from Ebenezer Baptist Church to Morehouse College to represent King's struggle for the world's poor and the upcoming Poor People's Campaign. As they pass the Georgia capitol, the group sings, \"Ain't gonna let nobody turn me round.\" Later they engage in a chorus of \"Everybody wants freedom\" and chant \"Freedom!\" Minnesota senator Eugene McCarthy and New York senator and presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy and his wife, Ethel, are among the marchers. At Morehouse College, crowds listen to off-screen speakers. One man says, \"May we share the hope and faith of Martin Luther King and of Jesus Christ of Nazareth.\"","African American policemen in dark uniforms walk near the mules as crowds sing and fill the street. Some of the marchers wear light arm bands. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) provided demonstration marshals who wore white arm bands during the march and controlled the crowd.","Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968. Officials estimated between thirty-five thousand and fifty thousand mourners gathered around Ebenezer Baptist Church during the funeral service held there and an estimated one hundred thousand participated in or gathered around the funeral procession to Morehouse College. Several dignitaries spoke at the Morehouse service, including Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen; SCLC leaders Andrew Young and Dr. Joseph Lowery; Roman Catholic Bishop John Wright of Pennsylvania; Deacon Charles Collier of Ebenezer Baptist Church; and Mrs. Rosa Parks. Pallbearers for the services included friends and fellow SCLC members Bernard Lee, Hosea Williams, Albert Turner, Jesse Jackson and Andrew Young. King was assassinated April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee where he was supporting a sanitation workers' strike.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38276","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking of African American civil rights, including voting rights, Augusta, Georgia, 1962 April 2","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip, given in a church in Augusta, Georgia, April 2, 1962, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. shares his call for a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation,\" and presents the goal of doubling the number of registered African American voters in the South. King describes his October 1961 request to President John F. Kennedy to issue a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation,\" symbolically freeing African Americans from discrimination and marking the centennial of President Abraham Lincoln's initial declaration. King also addressed the issue of African American voting, saying \"one of the most significant steps that the Negro can take at this hour is that short walk to the voting booth.\"  The statement was made in advance of intensified voter registration efforts by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and their work with the Voter Education Project (VEP) with the goal of doubling the number of registered African American voters in the South. King proposed that every Southern church should have a social action committee with the motto of \"Every member ... a registered voter.\"  King quips that \"even Mr. Roy Harris respects votes.\"  Roy V. Harris, Augusta native and former Speaker of the house in the Georgia House of Representatives, was considered a \"master of white-only, rural-dominated politics\" and was known to staunchly support segregation. The selections of King's comments end with affirmations that although those in the movement may face violence, jail, death, and slander, ultimately, \"we shall overcome.\" After a period of applause for Dr. King's remarks, reverend C. S. Hamilton, leader of the Civil Rights movement in Augusta, speaks about the plans for the week of the Masters Golf Tournament, including mass meetings celebrating the week and newspaper sales.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41688","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Wyatt T. Walker, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and an unidentified young man speaking at a mass meeting, Augusta, Georgia, 1962 April 3","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from April 3, 1962, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) leaders Reverend Wyatt T. Walker and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as well as an unidentified young man from the Augusta National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Youth Council speak to an audience in Tabernacle Baptist Church in Augusta, Georgia. The clip begins with a piano playing while the camera focuses on a podium. An unidentified young man pledges that he and the other members of the Augusta NAACP Youth Council will \"fight hard and continuously without fear from any side\" in order to help African Americans. He indicates that he will recite a poem that is not recorded in the clip. Next SCLC executive director Wyatt T. Walker speaks to the audience about the relationship between the NAACP and the SCLC, as well as about the work and the financial needs of the SCLC before asking the audience for financial contributions to SCLC. The clip breaks, and the audience sings a slow version of \"Rise, shine, give God the glory\" before the director asks the congregation to stand and sing \"We are climbing Jacob's ladder.\" After the singing, Dr. King begins his address by quoting the statistic that the majority of the two billion, eight hundred million people in the world are not white and they live in Asia and Africa. King reminds the audience that while in the past the people in Asia and Africa have been \"dominated politically, exploited economically, segregated and humiliated,\" things have changed. He points out that in the past twenty-five years, the number of independent countries in African grew from three to nearly thirty. King asserts that these newly independent countries in Africa \"are saying that racism and colonialism must go\" and they refuse to \"follow or respect any nation that will subject a segment of its citizenry on the basis of race and color.\" King suggests that those who fight against segregation \"are working to make the American dream a reality and these persons may well be the saviors of democracy.\" He proposes in order to \"save the soul of America,\" people must reject segregation since it relegates a person to the status of a thing and \"is a cancer in the body politic which must be removed before our democratic health can be realized.\" King recognizes the progress made so far and seems to indicate more must be done; the clip breaks and the rest of King's comments are not recorded.\u003cp\u003eCivil rights efforts in Augusta were led by the Reverend C. S. Hamilton, pastor of Tabernacle Baptist Church and local NAACP president. In early April 1962, he led over one hundred young African Americans to test segregation at lunch counters. They found most lunch counters accepted their presence without imposing racial bars; Hamilton next announced plans to equalize job opportunities and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. made his first formal appearance in Augusta. By the end of the month, picketing at a grocery store that refused to hire more African American cashiers and butchers led to violence, and a white sixteen-year-old boy was killed. The death of the young man apparently shocked the community and ended the violence. Augusta African Americans continued overcoming racial barriers; in 1963, local parks integrated as did voting places, and Brenda Cohen became the first African American at an all-white school in Richmond County.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42468","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Georgia governor Lester Maddox addressing some of the logistical concerns about the funeral of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 8","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB newsfilm clips from Atlanta, Georgia on April 8, 1968, Georgia Governor Lester Maddox addresses some of the logistical concerns about the funeral of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., scheduled for the next day. Governor Maddox, apparently responding to a reporter's question asking if he will attend King's funeral, replies that his responsibility as governor to preserve the peace requires him to be in touch with law enforcement officers during times of potential unrest and prevents his attendance. In the second clip, the governor is asked by an unidentified reporter about a suggestion to close schools during the funeral. In the final clip, Maddox asserts that it would not be in the best interest of Georgia's children to do so. He also believes that it would be unwise to do so at a time when city and state resources are focused on the funeral.","Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was shot on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. Funeral services in Atlanta took place on April 9 with a private service held at Ebenezer Baptist Church in the morning followed by a march to Morehouse College where a public service was held. Estimates on the number of people visiting Atlanta for the funeral ranged from 50,000 to 300,000. About 120 million viewers nation-wide watched some part of the televised services, and many businesses throughout the nation closed for the funeral. The states of New York, Connecticut, and Colorado declared legal holidays for the services. In Atlanta, city employees were sent home at 10 am, and state employees were sent home at 2 pm \"for security reasons.\" While city and state leaders worried about potential violence in Atlanta, there were few incidents.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53927","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of activities organized for Poor People's Campaign participants visiting Atlanta and a Poor People's Campaign rally with speakers Coretta Scott King, Ralph D. Abernathy and Hosea Williams, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 May 9","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip dated May 9, 1968, Poor People's Campaign participants traveling by bus make a stop in Atlanta before heading north to Washington, D.C. A caravan of tour buses drives along a highway; demonstrators serve themselves food inside of the gymnasium at Morehouse College; Alberta Williams King addresses a large group of people in front of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthplace at 501 Auburn Avenue in Atlanta; and Coretta Scott King, Reverend Hosea Williams, and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy speak at a Poor People's Campaign rally at the Atlanta Civic Center.","The clip, which is approximately ten minutes long, opens with a procession of tour buses driving down a highway. This is followed by a shot of a tour bus parked on a street, and then by a shot of an African American man helping passengers off of a bus. Next, a line of people gather inside of Archer Hall (Morehouse College's gymnasium), and serve themselves food from a long row of tables stocked with casseroles and prepared dishes. Next, Alberta Williams King (Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s mother) speaks to a large group of people, predominantly African American, who have gathered outside of King's childhood home on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta; she recalls some of her son's childhood activities in the neighborhood. As she speaks, she rests her hands on Reverend Howard Creecy, Sr.'s shoulder. The clip jumps, and for a moment, she appears to be taken over by grief. After another jump in the clip, the crowd gathered on Auburn Avenue sings \"We Shall Overcome.\"","The next shot is taken inside of an auditorium (presumably the Atlanta Civic Center) at a rally, where Coretta Scott King addresses a predominantly African American audience from a podium. She appeals to Atlanta residents to set an example for the rest of the nation by eradicating hunger, unemployment and inadequate housing, and notes \". . . right here in Atlanta, we are challenged to do something about these problems because we have the opportunity to become a model city to set the example for the other cities of this nation.\" Here, she is presumably speaking about Atlanta's participation in the Model Cities Program, an urban relief initiative administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development that emphasized community engagement, urban rehabilitation,and robust social services. In 1968, Atlanta became one of the first eleven cities selected to participate in the program. She addresses women directly, noting that they have a \"special role to play\" in fulfilling the dreams of Martin Luther King, and of instilling \"true values\" in their children. She warns her audience that the struggle will become more difficult, and recites Langston Hughes' poem of struggle and perseverance \"Mother to Son,\" in which an African American mother informs her son \"Life for me ain't been no crystal stair.\" Invoking the faith and determination of the poem's protagonist, King concludes that such qualities will bring about a new world \"where men can really be free and live in peace.\" She receives a standing ovation from the audience as she leaves the podium. This is followed by several shots of the audience, interspersed with a brief shot of Reverend Hosea Williams speaking at the podium. As the camera captures shots of the audience, the audio track includes fragmented comments from Williams on the loudspeaker about traveling from Marks, Mississippi (one of the points of origin for many Poor People's Campaign participants), and a demonstrator being punched in the eye by a policeman. Coretta Scott King is shown seated in the audience listening to Williams. Due to constant breaks in the footage, none of Williams' comments are captured completely.","Next, Reverend Ralph David Abernathy addresses the audience at the podium. He notes that he has marched approximately forty-five miles in the past several days, and remarks on his extensive travel and public speaking engagements in the four weeks since King's death. He states that he and other civil rights activists are \"sick and tired of going to Washington\" to demonstrate, and remarks that this is the last time they will be returning. Abernathy then enacts a scenario where President Lyndon B. Johnson asks his aides to look outside the windows of the White House to determine if demonstrators are approaching outside, and they confirm the arrival of Poor People's Campaign participants in increasing numbers. President Johnson then orders his aides to \"look out of the east window and see if anybody is coming.\" Abernathy says that he can hear them saying \"Mr. President, there is a number of them coming out of the east.\" Continuing, Abernathy says that he can hear President Johnson say \"run over to the west window and see if anybody is coming from the west . . .\" The aides report \"Mr. President, they're coming up out of Milwaukee. Father Groppi has a group [a reference to the Midwestern Catholic priest and civil rights activist Father James Groppi]. They're coming out of Chicago, they're coming out of Cleveland. They're coming out of St. Louis.\" Abernathy then says that he can hear Johnson say \"But I want you to check the far west and see if anybody is coming from the far west.\" His aides then report back \"Mr. President, we see a whole Indian reservation coming from Colorado.\" After a jump in the clip, Abernathy once again portrays Johnson's staff exclaiming \"In fact, Mr. President, they're coming from the east, they're coming from the west. They're coming from the north, they're coming from the south. In fact they're coming in such large numbers that no man can number.\" The clip jumps and Abernathy continues, noting \"every day I look in the mirror, I love Ralph Abernathy more and more,\" a sentiment shared by his children and his wife. The clip jumps to a quick shot of the audience applauding Abernathy, then loses sound; the clip concludes with a silent shot of Abernathy continuing his speech.","Following Dr. Martin Luther King's assassination on April 4, 1968, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference vowed to continue work on the Poor People's Campaign in his memory. Cooperating with other civil rights and relief organizations, SCLC members planned a six-week event in Washington, D.C. that lasted from May 2 to June 19 to emphasize the plight of the nation's poor and to persuade the passage of federal legislation that would improve the economic and social conditions of the impoverished. SCLC leaders organized several regional caravans to travel to Washington, D.C. A delegation of approximately five hundred people from Mississippi and Alabama arrived on buses in Atlanta on May 9 to rest before they resumed travel to Washington; food and lodging were provided by private Atlanta residents and members of local churches. While in Atlanta, Poor People's Campaign participants viewed King's birthplace and original burial site at South-View cemetery (his remains were transferred several times after his initial burial; as of 2011, they are at the King Center), and attended a preliminary rally at the Atlanta Civic Center. The crowd at the rally drew an audience of approximately thirteen thousand people, and included speakers Coretta Scott King, Ralph D. Abernathy and Hosea Williams; musical performances were provided by Diana Ross and the Supremes, the Temptations, Stevie Wonder, and Gladys Knight and the Pips. Poor People's Campaign demonstrators traveled onward to Washington, where they lived in Resurrection City, a tent settlement on the Mall, and protested at numerous federal agencies on behalf of economic justice. The Poor People's March on Washington, held on June 19, signified the end of the campaign.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Title originally read \"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Coretta Scott King and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy speaking at a Human Rights rally, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 June 17.\" Further research of events depicted in the clip determines that the event was a Poor People's Campaign rally which took place on May 9, 1968. Reverend Hosea Williams also spoke at the event."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42464","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Robert F. Kennedy, senator and presidential candidate, answering reporters' questions after arriving for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s funeral, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 8","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Atlanta, Georgia on April 8, 1968 presidential candidate Senator Robert F. Kennedy answers reporters' questions upon his arrival in Atlanta for the funeral of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The clip begins with a private airplane landing at the airport in Atlanta. Senator Robert F. Kennedy greets people as he exits the airplane. Speaking to waiting reporters, Kennedy asserts that the assassination of Dr. King will \"make it much more difficult for our country and our society to progress.\"  The clip breaks and catches the end of a reporter's question to Kennedy. In response, Kennedy stresses that the country \"can't tolerate violence\" and needs to deal with the violence as well as the injustices that often lead to violence. He also emphasizes the importance of jobs as well as communication between African American and white citizens. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was shot at the Loraine Motel in Memphis Tennessee on April 4, 1968 and buried in Atlanta, Georgia on April 9. Kennedy, who worked with King while serving as Attorney General during John F. Kennedy's presidential administration, was one of the officials who attended the funeral.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55380","record_class":"Item","title":"Abernathy wants Jan. 15 set aside in memory of Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Abernathy wants Jan. 15 set aside in memory of Martin Luther King, Jr.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"suc_localtvnews_479","record_class":"Item","title":"MLK celebration at Perry--outtakes","mediums":["motion pictures (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["Footage is of a celebration of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the 1963 march on Washington, [likely] at W.A. Perry Middle School.\n \n40 seconds of Renee Carter interviewing a man about Allen University. See also: AWAR 220, 222","Sound","Film: 16mm. Sound. Color. Reversal: positive. 1.37:1 (Academy). Magnetic. Acetate."]},{"record_id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol11no10","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern school news","mediums":["periodicals"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 11, Issue 10. APril 1965. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."]},{"record_id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol8no5","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern school news","mediums":["periodicals"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 8, Issue 5. November 1961. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."]},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33922","record_class":"Item","title":"Mary Kay Tolleson and Ann Geary, Members of Memphis Catholic Council on Human Relations, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-ayoung_48335","record_class":"Item","title":"1981-05-28, Andrew Young Interviewee: Atlanta, Georgia:","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew Young Interviewee: Atlanta, Georgia, 1981 May 28 [Box 139, Item 14, Side 1 and 2]. Topics include: The 1981 mayoral race, Maynard Jackson, the 1970 Congressional Campaign, the Black Panthers, Martin Luther King, Jr."]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-ayoung_48351","record_class":"Item","title":"1981-05-28, Stoney Cooks Interviewee:","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Stoney Cooks Interviewee, 1981 May 28 [Box 139, Item 15, Side 1 and 2]. Interview with Stoney Cooks. Topics include: Bernard Lafayette, Selma (Alabama) Movement, deaths in the Movement, SCOPE project, Meredith March, SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) organization, Martin Luther King Jr. and his desire for administration to run SCLC, \"Black Power\" and Stokely Carmichael, Young's influence inside SCLC, Hosea Williams, Randolph Blackwell, Bill Rutherford, Chicago Movement, Al Raby, staff involvement in Vietnam Peace Movement, how MLK was addressed by staff, and impressions of MLK."]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-ayoung_48413","record_class":"Item","title":"1981-05-31, Andrew Young Interviewee: Atlanta, Georgia:","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew Young Interviewee: Atlanta, Georgia, 1981 May 31 [Box 140, Item 3, Side 1 and 2]. Topics include: Dorothy Cotton's comments in My Soul Is Rested on women in the Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s problems with women, Ella Baker, the decision making processes of Baptist preachers, decision making within SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Converence), King's decision making process, Hosea Williams, the involvement of children in the Birmingham (Alabama) Movement, Jim Lawson, assassination (of Martin Luther King Jr.) in Memphis, other cities during the time of Birmingham, conditions in the Albany (Georgia), Americus jails, Diane Nash, Randolph Blackwell, Young's mayoral campaign, and Fred Shuttlesworth."]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-ayoung_48407","record_class":"Item","title":"1981-07-25 and 1981-07-28, Walter Young and Stoney Cooks Interviewees: Atlanta, Georgia:","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Walter Young and Stoney Cooks Interviewees: Atlanta, Georgia, 1981 July 25, July 28 [Box 140, Item 16, Side 1 and 2]. Walter Young talks about his brother Andrew Young, their parents, his Civil Rights work in Plaquemine, LA, his move to Atlanta, the differing cultures of New Orleans and Atlanta, and President Jimmy Carter. Stoney Cooks talks about Andrew Young's time in the United Nations and the events leading up to his resignation."]},{"record_id":"suc_p17173coll18_37","record_class":"Item","title":"Septima Clark--outtakes","mediums":["motion pictures (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["Septima Clark, often referred to as the \"grandmother\" or \"mother\" of the Civil Rights movement, speaks to a class of African-American university students on her civil rights experiences. Seated at a table next to University of South Carolina professor Dr. Grace McFadden, Ms. Clark recounts activities with Rosa Parks; the start of the Montgomery, Alabama Bus Boycott; and escaping from a fire-bombed church in Mississippi. The poor audio quality in the early portion of the piece is caused by irreversible degradation of the 16mm film element's magnetic soundtrack."]},{"record_id":"suc_p17173coll18_155","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King speech in Charleston, SC 1967--outtakes","mediums":["motion pictures (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["Exterior scenes of Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and others walking towards the Charleston airport terminal and of the party driving off in an automobile. Long shot of County Hall. Interior scenes show the audience and a group of dignitaries on the stage (including James E. Clyburn). Dr. King reaffirms his commitment to nonviolence. Initial moments of the speech are silent. Restored version includes content previously known as WIS 5020."]},{"record_id":"suc_p17173coll18_209","record_class":"Item","title":"For the people march: For MLK Jr.","mediums":["motion pictures (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["SCETV �For the people� program 170.\u0026#xA;March for Dr. Martin L. King Jr. Day\u0026#xA;Voice of Dr. King - film shows people with banners and placards and marching in Columbia, South Carolina on Jan 15, 1976 Speeches outside the state house by the Rev. Matthew McCollom; Dr. Oscar Butler; Redfern II; Willie Williams; Fred Jolly; Jessie Taylor; Isaac Williams. Shots of the marchers. Jim Solomon talks about civil rights."]},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0168","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio Recording of Andrew J. Young Speaking on the Black Vote in Texas, 1980s","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0216","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio Recording of Radio Show Special Event \"King, from Atlanta to the Mountain Top\" a tribute to Martin Luther  King Jr., 1987  Part 3","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0268","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio Recording of Andrew J. Young Speaking on Martin L. King Jr.'s Legacy and the Civil Rights Movement, undated","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"ere_c137_57048","record_class":"Item","title":"Ebony Herald, Volume II, Number I","mediums":["newspapers"],"dcterms_description":["The Ebony Herald, Volume II, Number I, Minority Greek Council Hold Coronation Ball. This issue is undated. The Ebony Herald was the first minority publication of East Carolina University. It was printed from 1975 through 1984. Date approximated."]},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-865","record_class":"Item","title":"Television program titled \"Mayor Andrew J. Young on Martin Luther King Jr.\", 1980s Part 1","mediums":["television programs"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew J. Young discusses the legacy of Martin Luther King Jr. and his involvement in the civil rights movement."]},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-499","record_class":"Item","title":"Video Recording of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Annual Commemorative Service, January, 1991","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"gych_rbrl1750ohd_002","record_class":"Item","title":"A life of public service : a conversation with Judge Griffin B. Bell, 15 June 2004.","mediums":["interviews","oral histories (literary works)","histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Griffin Boyette Bell was born October 31, 1918, in Sumter County, Georgia. After attending Georgia Southwestern College for a time, Bell left to work in his father's tire store in Americus. He was drafted in 1942, serving in the Army Quartermaster Corps and the Transportation Corps at Fort Lee, Virginia. Upon his discharge in 1946, he enrolled in Mercer University Law School, and became city attorney of Warner Robins before graduating or passing the Georgia bar exam. Following his graduation he worked in Savannah and Rome before joining in 1953 the law firm that would become King and Spalding in Atlanta. His interest in politics led to his appointment to chief of staff for Governor Ernest Vandiver and his subsequent involvement with the Sibley Commission, organized to oversee desegregation of Georgia's public schools. In 1961 President John F. Kennedy appointed Bell to the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, and he spent 14 years on the bench, returning to King and Spalding only to be nominated U.S. Attorney General by Jimmy Carter in 1976. He served in that position from 1977 to 1979, returning to Atlanta to practice law. He led investigations of E.F. Hutton in 1985 and the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, and also served on the Commission of Federal Ethics Law Reform at the request of President George H.W. Bush.","Interviewed by Bill Shipp.","Bill Shipp interviews Griffin Bell about his career and his tenure as U.S. Attorney General (1977-1979). Bell comments on the integration of Georgia schools and the University of Georgia, the Kennedy presidential campaign in Georgia, and Martin Luther King's releases from jail in Georgia. Griffin discusses the abolished county unit system and on the E.F. Hutton and Exxon Valdez cases. Bell recalls his time as an attorney supporting the civil rights movement, his relationship with Charlie Block, and the confirmation of Judge Alex Lawrence. He reflects on the estrangement between President Johnson and Richard B. Russell and his own confirmation as attorney general. Bell discusses his time as attorney general under President Carter, attending the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, and his support of President George H.W. Bush. Bell also weighs in on the Iran-Contra affair, his role in the Florida Election Controversy, and the Watergate source Deep Throat.","Related collections in the repository: Richard B. Russell Library Oral History Collection; Reflections on Georgia Politics Oral History Collection (ROGP 015) Griffin Bell; Harold Paulk (Hal) Henderson, Sr. Oral History Collection (OHVAN07) Griffin Bell."]},{"record_id":"wtu_eopi_6682x5682","record_class":"Item","title":"A.G. Gaston","mediums":["interviews","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["Filmed interview with A.G. Gaston conducted for Eyes on the Prize. Discussion centers on the Birmingham campaign of 1963 and his efforts to reach a negotiated settlement between civil rights activists and the city government, including Bull Connor.","The original interview elements, 16mm negative and 1/4\" audio reel to reel, were preserved during 2010-2016 due to the generosity of a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Thanks to a grant from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC), the preserved films were digitized to create 10-bit uncompressed HD files and the original 1/4\" elements were digitized to create 24-bit 96kHz .wav files. The picture and audio were then reassembled at the Film \u0026 Media Archive."]},{"record_id":"geh_byd_5015","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Birth Home","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["View of the dining room inside of Martin Luther King Jr.'s birth home in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia.","In 1929, Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in the two-story, Queen Anne style house at 501 Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia. King lived there with his family until 1941. Restoration of the King birth home began in 1974 as part of the National Park Service’s plan to establish and administer the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, which includes the birth home, Ebenezer Baptist Church, and the civil rights leader’s gravesite."]},{"record_id":"geh_byd_5016","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Birth Home","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["View of unidentified individuals touring inside of Martin Luther King Jr.'s birth home in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia.","In 1929, Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in the two-story, Queen Anne style house at 501 Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia. King lived there with his family until 1941. Restoration of the King birth home began in 1974 as part of the National Park Service’s plan to establish and administer the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, which includes the birth home, Ebenezer Baptist Church, and the civil rights leader’s gravesite."]},{"record_id":"wau_ohcweb_394","record_class":"Item","title":"Goodwin (Terenz) interview","mediums":["oral histories (literary genre)","sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["United States","Tape 1 Side A - the first one to two minutes of the beginning of tape was cut off due to audio distortion. The continuation of the interview on Tape 2 comes to an abrupt end. Larry Gossett interviews both Mr. Terenz Goodwin and his wife together. Mr. Goodwin speaks briefly about his days as a black, professional baseball player. The Goodwins talk about their lives in Walla Walla, Washington and then discuss the Central District neighborhood in Seattle where they lived for many years. They both speak of their working experiences in the 1920s and beyond. Mrs. Goodwin worked at Bon Marche department store for a time while Mr. Goodwin recounts his experience working on ships, at Dodge Motor Company, at Ben Paris restaurants, and at United Airlines. They discuss the few job opportunities there were for African American men before World War II and the involvement of African American men in pimping. They also discuss the migration of poor whites and African Americans to Seattle during World War II. Gossett asks the Goodwins what their opinions are on the Civil Rights movement, the Black Power movement, and on race relations in the United States. They discuss Martin Luther King Jr. and Gossett argues with the interviewees about the tactics of African American youth and the Washington state educational system. This accession is part of the Afro-American project.","To request a high resolution or uncompressed reproduction, or to obtain permission to use any portion of this item, contact the University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections. Email: photos@uw.edu. Please reference the Digital ID Number."]},{"record_id":"utkn_volvoices_volvoices-1876","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mrs. Daisy Bates address Freedom Rally","mediums":["digital images","photographs","prints (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mrs. Daisy Bates address Freedom Rally. In background is banner with photographs of candidates (L-R); Russell Sugarmon, Benjamin Hooks, Roy Love, Henry C. Banton. Mrs. Bates was leader of the Little Rock, Ark. NAACP movement to integrate Central High School.","This object was added to the Digital Preservation Network in November 2017."]},{"record_id":"utkn_volvoices_volvoices-2206","record_class":"Item","title":"MLK at Mason Temple","mediums":["digital images","photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks at Mason Temple, 3-68.","This object was added to the Digital Preservation Network in November 2017."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1426","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-07-17","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["SCLC tests integration of restaurants around town with varying levels of success. One attempt at Pappy's Seafood turned violent. MLK returns to St. Augustine and announces at press conference that marches may need to resume because the KKK can not run St. Augustine.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- Florida Highway Patrol -- First Baptist Church -- Pappy's Seafood -- Rusty's -- Santa Maria Restaurant -- Kayo Gas Station -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Civil Rights Rally -- Picketing"]},{"record_id":"wau_ohcweb_119","record_class":"Item","title":"Spearman (Vivian) interview","mediums":["oral histories (literary genre)","sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Mrs. Spearman discusses her childhood in Seattle (ca. 1906-1915) where she lived with her parents, sister and two brothers. Mrs. Spearman speaks about her experiences in elementary and high school with predominantly Italian and white student bodies. She also discusses her heavy involvement in church life at Afro-Methodist Church and other volunteer work. She talks about relationships between Jews and African Americans, and Southern African Americans who immigrated to Seattle during the Depression. Her husband discusses stevedore work and unions during World War I. Mrs. Spearman talks about her feelings towards current African American national figures such as Adam Clayton Powell, Joe Lewis, and Martin Luther King. In addition to Mrs. Spearman and interviewer, voices on tape include Mr. Spearman and an unidentified woman. At (28:24) intermittent audibility issues begin. Malfunction of recorder causes audio to speed up. Subject timestamps: (00:25) Spearman family history, (1:57) Father's work as asphalt paver, (3:32) Spearman family home and neighborhood, (4:15) Attendance at Rainier School, Franklin High School, (8:00) Activities at African Methodist Episcopal Church, (13:05) Development of YWCA in Seattle, (15:58) Views on integration within church communities, discussion of relations between black and white communities, (23:10) Race related incidents in Ballard, (24:30) Attendance at Franklin High School, (25:08) Work at dress shop while in high school, (27:00) Italian students at Franklin High School, (28:00) Vivian's husband speaks about union activity during WWI, (30:52) African American teachers and lawyers in 1920s, (33:20) Treatment of African Americans coming to Seattle from the South(38:10) Political career of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr, (40:10) Marcus Garvey, the Garvey Movement in Seattle, (44:20) Jailing of H. Rap Brown, (45:20) Views on Cassius Clay, Joe Lewis, (48:00) Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King, Jr., (48:40) Vivian's husband describes childhood fighting incident in Cleveland, (53:40) Discussion of views on education and training of African American youth, (58:40) Housing prices, neighborhood integration issues. At (28:24) intermittent audibility issues begin. Malfunction of recorder causes audio to speed up. This accession is part of the Afro-American Project.","To request a high resolution or uncompressed reproduction, or to obtain permission to use any portion of this item, contact the University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections. Email: photos@uw.edu. Please reference the Digital ID Number.","1 sound cassette, analog, stereo"]},{"record_id":"dlg_efhf_efhf","record_class":"Item","title":"Ed Friend's Highlander Folk School film, 1957: Part 1","mediums":["unedited footage","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent film taken by Ed Friend for the Georgia Commission on Education at the Highlander Folk School in Monteagle, Tennessee in September 1957, groups of white and African American men and women leave the Highlander Folk School library; an interracial group swims in a pond; and still photos show more integration at the school's twenty-fifth anniversary celebration. The film is in two parts; the first section, shot in color, shows the swimmers and the library and the second section shows black-and-white still photos taken by Friend.","The clip begins with white and African American men and women leaving the Highlander Folk School library. Some of the women wear skirts and dresses while others wear shorts; many of the men wear short-sleeve dress shirts. Among those identified in the clip is Aubrey Williams, a white man in a bow tie, who waves as he leaves the library. Williams had been the director of the National Youth Administration under President Franklin D. Roosevelt and at the time of the Highlander anniversary, was publisher of the Southern Farm and Home magazine. Charles Gomillion, dean of the African American Tuskegee Institute, also exits the library. Gomillion was influential in African American voter registration in addition to being president of the Tuskegee Civil Association. Later, Rosa Parks and Southern Christian Leadership Conference leaders Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy walk out of the library together. The three from Montgomery, Alabama pause at the door and also pose with folk singer Pete Seeger and Charis Horton, daughter of Myles Horton. An African American man leaves with two white women and puts his hand on one of the women's arms. At one point a woman in a pink dress approaches the bicycle parked beside the library and wheels it away. An African American man, possibly Abner W. Berry, editor of the Harlem edition of the communist Daily Worker, uses paper to shield his eyes from the sunlight as he leaves the library. A white man, who appears to hold food and drink and is followed by a child, walks beyond the library. The section ends with a view of the library building. Next an interracial group swims in the pond. Several children splash in the water; many of the girls wear swimming caps. On the shore an African American man and a white woman walk towards the water from a bench. A platform anchored in the pond provides a resting place for another interracial group. Part one of the clip ends by again focusing on people entering and exiting the library. Several people stand near a station wagon with the slogan \"Findlay Street Neighborhood House, Cincinnati, Ohio\" painted on the side. Among those near the library is a pregnant woman who leaves the library with a man and another man who stands near the doorway with a clipboard. Several African American women in Sunday dress leave the library; others are seen wearing name tags. Rev. Maurice McCrackin, a pacifist minister and activist from Cincinnati, precedes a man with a camera who leaves the building.","Myles Horton and Don West began the Highlander Folk School in 1932 as an adult education center to teach the principles of self-organization and governance. During the 1930s and through the first part of the 1950s, the school focused on helping labor unions organize; about the time of the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court decision, the school's focus turned toward civil rights and integration. The school developed programs to teach literacy and help citizens prepare to register to vote through its citizenship schools. It was influential in training volunteers for the 1964 Freedom Summer in Mississippi. Long accused of communist connections, Highlander was shut down by the Tennessee state government in 1961. The school then moved to its current location in Knoxville, Tennessee as the Highlander Research and Education Center.","Title provided by cataloger.","\"Integrated in All Respects\" is a project of the Digital Library of Georgia in association with the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies and the Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_200619","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy at a press conference at the Gaston Motel in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_200675","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy at a press conference at the Gaston Motel in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Wyatt Tee Walker is standing behind them."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_200689","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy at a press conference at the Gaston Motel in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_200784","record_class":"Item","title":"Demonstrators gathered at the A. G. Gaston Motel in Birmingham, Alabama, before a protest march to city hall.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Among the marchers are Ralph Abernathy and Martin Luther King Jr. (who did not participate in the demonstration)."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_200980","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy at a press conference at the Gaston Motel in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"uwg_phc_maddox2","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Governor Lester Maddox, 1986 April 17","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["Lester Maddox (1915-2003) was born to a working class family on September 30, 1915 in Atlanta. He dropped out of high school to work, and received a draft deferment during World War II due to employment in an essential industry. He opened the Pickrick Cafeteria in 1947, and became as widely known for his segregationist political commentary, as for his food. Maddox ran for office several times with no success, but became known nationally after a picture of him and supporters holding axe handles turning away black patrons ran in papers nationally in 1964. In 1966 he entered the Democratic primary for governor and defeated liberal former governor Ellis Arnall. Maddox managed a victory in a tumultuous election that ended up being decided by the overwhelmingly Democratic Georgia legislature.; Surprising to many, Maddox governed in a more moderate manner than expected and appointed more African Americans to government offices than all previous governors combined. He backed prison reform and secured more funding for the state's university system. Maddox could not serve a consecutive term as governor, so ran and won the office of lieutenant governor, where he often clashed with Governor Jimmy Carter. He went back into private business after leaving public office. Maddox died of cancer in 2003.; This interview is conducted by Dr. Mel Steely and Ted Fitz-Simons on April 17, 1986 at the University of West Georgia.; In this interview, Dr. Steely begins by asking Maddox how he came to be involved in politics, and why he continued to run even though he was defeated several times. He states that he is unafraid of controversy, which led to his polarized campaigns. He then discusses some of his strongest supporters and describes the responsibility of being in politics as making a commitment to the people as well as to making Georgia the best it could be. Dr. Steely also asks about Maddox's initial reactions to Vandiver's actions regarding the integration of the public schools of Georgia. He states that he sees himself as an underdog, which is why he chose to focus on prison reform. He states that he considers his biggest contribution to the state of Georgia was appointing African Americans to his offices, and his educational ideas. He also candidly shares his real feelings about former Presidents Nixon, Carter, and Johnson. He later refers to himself as \"a little Republican, a little Democrat, and a lot of Independent\" in regards to his views on the party system. He discusses his take on white supremacy versus the Civil Rights movement."]},{"record_id":"gua_ssn_ssnvol3no6","record_class":"Item","title":"Southern school news","mediums":["periodicals"],"dcterms_description":["Southern School News, Volume 3, Issue 6. December 1956. Taken from the paper: Southern School News is the official publication of the Southern Education Reporting Service, an objective, fact-finding agency established by southern newspaper editors and educators with the aim of providing accurate, unbiased information to school administrators, public officials and interested lay citizens on developments in education arising from the U.S. Supreme Court opinion of May 17, 1954 declaring segregation in the schools unconstitutional. SERS is not an advocate, is neither pro-segregation nor anti-segregation, but simply reports the facts as it finds them, state by state."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_am-1229","record_class":"Item","title":"The Albany Movement / Baldy, [1962 Aug. 1]","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts Martin Luther King pushing a broken down bandwagon carrying Marvin Griffin. A sign on the side reads \"More Graftin' Years.\" A prisoner is also in the bandwagon as well as a man carrying papers labeled \"Waste,\" \"Deals,\" and \"Cronyism.\""]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_am-1421","record_class":"Item","title":"--You dropped something-- !! / Baldy, [1968 Apr. 19]","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts two African American youths running out of a store whose broken windows are boarded up. One is carrying a television while the other has turned around to look at a paper on the ground that reads \"I have a dream.\""]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_am-1662","record_class":"Item","title":"--Yassuh, mister King, us'll get right on it! / Baldy, [1964 Dec. 4].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts Martin Luther King sitting in a plantation chair on a porch. J. Edgar Hoover is standing in front of him."]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_am-625","record_class":"Item","title":"--The signs, stupid! Follow the signs! / Baldy, [1968 Mar. 30]","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford Baldowski cartoon depicts Frankenstein, labeled \"Mob fever,\" carrying Martin Luther King, who has a sign reading \"Peaceful Protest March.\""]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_ph-325","record_class":"Item","title":"--Course I didn't mean everybody! / Baldy, [ca. 1964].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["Clifford \"Baldy\" Baldowski cartoon depicts the Liberty Bell, labeled \"Symbol of America Everywhere,\" about to collapse as Uncle Sam is ringing it. Martin Luther King, Jr. is standing to the side holding a sign that reads \"Out of Vietnam MLK.\""]},{"record_id":"dlg_bald_ph-780","record_class":"Item","title":"--It's th' James Earl Ray case!-- / Baldy, [1973].","mediums":["editorial cartoons"],"dcterms_description":["The Clifford \"Baldy\" Baldowski cartoon depicts a man in winter clothes pulling a block of ice with a rifle, briefcase, papers, and books frozen inside out of a freezer."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9245","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9268","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Stokely Carmichael, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9277","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, Floyd McKissick, and others at Tougaloo College in Mississippi during the \"March Against Fear\" that Meredith began.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9347","record_class":"Item","title":"Two white men in front of the Best Mattress Co. building, observing the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Confederate flag is hanging from the top of the building. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9354","record_class":"Item","title":"Woman sitting on the ground at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["She is fanning herself with the comics section from a newspaper. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9355","record_class":"Item","title":"Woman sitting on the ground at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["She is fanning herself with the comics section from a newspaper. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9484","record_class":"Item","title":"Andrew Young, Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The photograph was taken from behind the group. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9528","record_class":"Item","title":"Several people standing in a circle during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["They seem to be singing or chanting, and some of them are clapping. One young man is wearing an Ole Miss shirt. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9530","record_class":"Item","title":"Young girl at a rest stop during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9538","record_class":"Item","title":"Young white man and boys, observing the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The young man is waving a large Confederate flag. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9541","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The photograph was taken from behind. A truck carrying photographers and cameramen is driving in front of the marchers. In the background, a group of white people is observing from the side of the road; one of the young men is waving a large Confederate flag. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9543","record_class":"Item","title":"Group of people standing beside a parked car, observing the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9564","record_class":"Item","title":"Crowd standing in front of a corner store in a downtown area in Mississippi, observing the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9567","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith, walking around at a rest stop.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9582","record_class":"Item","title":"People getting water from tanks on the back of a truck during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9747","record_class":"Item","title":"James Meredith, Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, seated on a platform in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" that Meredith began.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9916","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Hosea Williams, and several other men are standing around King. Two men are holding up microphones. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9954","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, walking to the stage before a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["People in the background are applauding. This image was used in the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"alm_wlohp_0000063","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with Fred Shuttlesworth, 1984 August 9","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","transcripts","sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth discusses his early life and his eventual role in the Civil Rights Movement. Throughout the interview, Shuttlesworth speaks about the role of his religious faith played in his life and his involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1956 Alabama outlawed the NAACP. Shuttlesworth recounts holding a meeting when a deputy approached with a pistol and demanded that that no other NAACP meetings be held. Knowing that he would probably be arrested, Shuttlesworth called a mass meeting at Sardis Baptist Church in Birmingham. There were 600-700 attendees. During this meeting, the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights was formed. This organization was formed to get around the law that prohibited NAACP meetings. Regular meetings continued to be held, with detectives sitting in. He also details his involvement with Bull Connor. Shuttlesworth consistently maintained that African-Americans be allowed to serve on the police force; this request eventually resulted in a confrontation with Connor at the Birmingham City Hall. In this interview, Shuttlesworth also describes the Klan's attempt on his life which he says did not slow down his efforts; his religious faith gave him strength to continue. Shortly after this event, he organized a bus ride in Birmingham, where blacks sat with whites. Shuttlesworth recounts being beaten for trying to enroll his children in Phillips High School. He also describes the constant harassment from the local police department. He recalls sitting in the white section of an Atlanta train station and the mob scene that resulted from this action. In 1958, Shuttlesworth's church was bombed; the person behind this incident was brought trail 22 years later and sentenced to 10 years in jail. He recalls that very few white people were involved in the movement. Shuttlesworth believes that most were afraid to speak up and simply accepted the law. He added that they were also afraid of Bull Connor and afraid of being ostracized. He briefly mentions the involvement of other Civil Rights leaders in Birmingham. Shuttlesworth's organization invited Martin Luther King Jr. to Birmingham. Shuttlesworth says: \"we invited him because Birmingham was the citadel of segregation.\" Shuttlesworth sees the legacy of the Civil Rights Movement as the opening wedge for other movements, like the peace movement.","Interviewed by Marcie Sillman in 1984."]},{"record_id":"cma_thap_10286","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., shaking hands with man, possibly Jim McCoy, with Mike Desmond on his right, surrounded by men and women, including Charles Harris and Matt Moore","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., shaking hands with man, possibly Jim McCoy, with Mike Desmond on his right, surrounded by men and women, including Charles Harris and Matt Moore.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"cma_thap_13526","record_class":"Item","title":"NAACP Protesters in front of shoe store with signs about \"Help Mr. K. in Washington, Hurt Mr. K in Moscow\"","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["NAACP Protesters in front of shoe store with signs about \"Help Mr. K. in Washington, Hurt Mr. K in Moscow\"","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"cma_thap_17734","record_class":"Item","title":"Reverend Cornell Talley, shaking hands with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. at podium of Central Baptist Church","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Reverend Cornell Talley, shaking hands with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. at podium of Central Baptist Church.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"cma_thap_7115","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., at press conference at the University of Pittsburgh","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., at press conference at the University of Pittsburgh","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1069","record_class":"Item","title":"Audrey Nell Edwards : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["This is a video interview with St. Augustine Four member and civil rights activist, Audrey Nell Edwards. Ms. Edwards recounts her experiences picketing, sitting in at Woolworth's, going to reform school, night marches, and meeting Jackie Robinson and Martin Luther King.","St. Augustine Four -- Ku Klux Klan -- Woolworth's -- McCrory's -- St. Johns County Jail -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- Florida Memorial College -- Excelsior High School -- Murray High School -- Lightner Museum -- McCartney's -- Old Slave Market -- St. George Street -- St. Mary's Baptist Church -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Sit-in -- World's Fair -- Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Visit of Jackie Robinson -- Civil Rights March -- Night March -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Klan Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1074","record_class":"Item","title":"Herb Greenleaf : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Herb Greenleaf, a St. Augustine native and former deputy of the St. Johns County Sheriff's Office, talks about growing up in St. Augustine, the civil rights movement, and the movement's aftermath.","Ancient City Gun Club -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Florida Marine Patrol -- Florida Memorial College -- Florida Sheriff's Bureau -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine Police Department -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Flagler Hospital -- Lincolnville -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- St. Joseph's Academy -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Bombing -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Civil Rights March -- Shooting Death of William Kinard -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Use of Police Dogs -- Wade-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1079","record_class":"Item","title":"Willie Bolden : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["SCLC activist Willie Bolden shares his memories of his involvement in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Ku Klux Klan -- Savannah, Ga. -- Old Slave Market -- Santa Maria Restaurant -- Civil Rights Rally -- Civil Rights March -- Night March -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1080","record_class":"Item","title":"Audrey Willis : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Audrey Willis shares her memories about her involvement in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Ku Klux Klan -- Old Slave Market -- Grace United Methodist Church -- Woolworth's -- Old Slave Market -- Attempted Integration of Church -- Sit-in -- Night March -- Use of Police Dogs"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1093","record_class":"Item","title":"Jeremy Dean : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Jeremy Dean, director of the documentary Dare Not Walk Alone. Dare Not Walk Alone was the first film made about the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Florida Humanities Council -- Southern Poverty Law Center -- Flagler College -- Lincolnville -- St. Augustine Historical Society -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_1097","record_class":"Item","title":"Maude Jackson : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Maude Jackson recounts her experiences as a Florida Memorial College student who participated in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Florida Memorial College -- Woolworth's -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Flagler Hospital -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- St. Augustine City Jail -- Civil Rights March -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators -- Police Brutality -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"aar_civildisturb2_1645","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","photomechanical prints"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_alabamaphoto_5591","record_class":"Item","title":"Nelson Malden in the funeral procession for Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["color photographs"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10152","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10178","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A man in the foreground is seated on the stage, listening to King. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10422","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others outside Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, before a meeting.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10430","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Audience members are seated in a balcony in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10491","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The photograph was taken from above. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10498","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., standing with L. L. Anderson and another man during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10508","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind the podium. Audience members are standing and applauding in the balcony in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10516","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., sitting behind the podium during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A clock on the wall advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10517","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10518","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is seated in front of the podium, on the left. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10701","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Hosea Williams, and several other men are standing around King. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10702","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson and several other men are standing around him. Two men are holding up microphones. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10703","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson and several other men are standing around him. Two men are holding up microphones. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10722","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is holding up a microphone in front of the podium. A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_10852","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is holding up a microphone in front of the podium. A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_12790","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This photograph was shot from above; it is slightly damaged. The image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington, \" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9053","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Ku Klux Klan rally was held in the city the same day. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article and photo spread that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 16-17, 1967. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No51_1967_12_16.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9057","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9059","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is holding up a microphone in front of the podium. Albert Turner is seated against the wall on the right. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9061","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a crowd at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white photographs","negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9096","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith is seated beside the podium. He began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9102","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith is seated beside the podium. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9104","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith, gathered outside a large building in Batesville, Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["They are listening to a man speak from the middle of the crowd; he is wearing a hat. Inside the building, most likely the courthouse, federal voting inspectors were registering people to vote. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9106","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9117","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith, walking on the sidewalk past stores in a downtown area in Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9118","record_class":"Item","title":"Participants in the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith, walking on the sidewalk past stores in a downtown area in Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"gsu_lane_13491","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Nobel Peace Prize recognition dinner, National Conference of Christians and Jews, Dinkier Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia, January 27, 1965","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Envelope description: \"National Conference of Christians \u0026 Jews; Martin Luther King dinner, Jan. 27, 1965.\" 1965 Lane Brothers Assignment Book (p. 21) identifies the photographer, W. C. Lane, Jr.: \"Nat. Conferance [sic] of Christians \u0026 Jews; Photo, Martin Luther King's dinner; 81 duplicates; 17 4x5 duplicates; [commissioned] by Mr. McEvoy.\" \"LOOK - XX\"-- at top of entry. \"X Not Paid\"--at bottom of entry."]},{"record_id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1358","record_class":"Item","title":"Birmingham Campaign of 1963","mediums":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the Civil Rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama. The city's violent response to the spring 1963 demonstrations against white supremacy forced the federal government to intervene on behalf of race reform. City Commissioner T. Eugene \"Bull\" Connor's use of police dogs and fire hoses against nonviolent black activists, led by Fred L. Shuttlesworth and Martin Luther King, Jr., enraged the nation. The public outcry provoked President John F. Kennedy to propose civil rights legislation that became the Civil Rights Act of 1964.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1389","record_class":"Item","title":"\"Letter from Birmingham Jail\"","mediums":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the \"Letter from Birmingham Jail\" written by Martin Luther King, Jr. during eight days he was imprisoned in Birmingham, Alabama, in April 1963. King had been arrested along with other civil rights leaders on Good Friday, April 12, for violating a court injunction prohibiting civil rights demonstrations in the city. King's letter was written in response to a public statement made by eight white clergymen questioning the timing and methods of the civil rights demonstrations.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1580","record_class":"Item","title":"Modern Civil Rights Movement in Alabama","mediums":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the modern civil rights movement in Alabama which began with a single act of civil disobedience by Rosa Parks in Montgomery in 1955. It began to fade from the public eye a decade later, following the formation of the original Black Panther Party in Lowndes County. During the intervening years, Alabama was the site of some of the most defining events of the civil rights era. These events transformed the state and profoundly changed America.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"fhm_floh_saunders","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Robert W. Saunders, Sr. / interviewed by Canter Brown","mediums":["transcripts","oral histories (literary works)","sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Robert W. Saunders, Sr., former field secretary of the Florida National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, describes the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. This interview focuses on the NAACP in Florida, discussing desegregation, the Tallahassee bus boycott, Florida politics, and other subjects. Numerous civil rights leaders are discussed in detail, including Harry T. Moore, Gloster B. Current, Roy Wilkins, Medgar Evars, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Virgil Hawkins, and Mary McLeod Bethune.","Interview conducted January 14, 2002 through January 18, 2002."]},{"record_id":"loc_crhp_crhp0094","record_class":"Item","title":"William Lucy oral history interview conducted by Emilye Crosby in Washington, D.C., 2013-06-25","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews","transcripts","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["William Lucy discusses his role in the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) in the 1960s, especially how he and the union supported the 1968 sanitation workers' strike in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1966 Lucy started to work for AFSCME in Washington, D.C., as the Associate Director of the Department of Legislation and Community Affairs. Lucy explains AFSCME's support of the Civil Rights Movement, especially the push to expose the economic exploitation of African Americans. Lucy narrates the events of the 1968 sanitation workers strike in Memphis, discusses the involvement of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and describes the union's strategies. Lucy also discusses his involvement in the Coalition of Black Trade Unionists and the Free South Africa Movement."]},{"record_id":"loc_rosaparks_47611","record_class":"Item","title":"[Rosa Parks speaking at a podium adorned with Martin Luther King, Jr. portraits and fliers, probably for a King memorial event] [graphic].","mediums":["photographic prints1970-1980.gmgpc"],"dcterms_description":["Title devised by Library staff."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r46689p4n","record_class":"Item","title":"Duke Vigil, Tape 4","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["One of five audiotapes made by a Duke student during the Vigil. The student took a tape recorder with him to all of the events of the Vigil and recorded what was said. He then re-recorded the tapes, adding his own comments to them in order to more fully describe the Vigil demonstrations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4vd6q86d","record_class":"Item","title":"Vigil #5","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["At Dr. Knight's House, April 6, Sat. p.m. a. Huck Gutman-on Local 77 Strike b. Questions on the 4 demands c. WDBS Actualities (most same as #4) Mr. Ted Minah-statement on strike Mr. Bindewald-same Mr. Ted Minah-appeal for student workers d. Jack Boger-on what to do now e. Dr. John Strange-same f. Law student, Dave Hunt"]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4xg9gf9n","record_class":"Item","title":"Vigil #2","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Knight at home-talks with Jack Boger and Jon Kinney, commentary by Ken Ross, Dave Birkhead, Paul Robert Conroy. Ken Ross with 20 minute actuality on Dr. Knight talking to the vigil at his home, questioned by Jack Boger, et al."]},{"record_id":"ndd_silabt_r4g738788","record_class":"Item","title":"April 8, 1968 rally on the main quad","mediums":["audiotapes","tape reels"],"dcterms_description":["Ira Sanford, Joan Baez, David Harris."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4w08wr37","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4r20s548","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"ndd_karales_r4vh5cs8m","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs","black-and-white photographs","documentary photographs","gelatin silver prints"],"dcterms_description":["This image is part of a series of photographs taken by James Karales in 1962 as he traveled with Martin Luther King, Jr. and his entourage to marches and speeches in various locations."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_27","record_class":"Item","title":"Dr. Elizabeth Fitts","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Elizabeth Fitts discusses being on the SCLC staff and traveling around the South organizing voter registration. She left college to join the Movement and participated in the Selma march."]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_71","record_class":"Item","title":"C. T. (Cordy Tindell) Vivian interview","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Reverend C.T. (Cordy Tindell) Vivian provides experiences as a child and young adult that encouraged his involvement in the non-violent approach to resistance and change. He describes his first consciousness of race relations, talks about the interrelationships of family, and recalls the reasons why he became a minister. Vivian ends the interview by defining his view of the character of a great leader.","Dr. Reverend Cordy Tindell Vivian, known as C. T. Vivian (1924- ), was born in Booneville, Missouri. He is a minister, author, and was a close friend and lieutenant of Martin Luther King, Jr. during the Civil Rights Movement. His family moved to Illinois when he was six and they lived in a poor integrated neighborhood. Vivian attended seminary at American Baptist College in Nashville, Tennessee. In 2008, Vivian founded and incorporated the C. T. Vivian Leadership Institute, Inc. (CTVLI) in Atlanta, Georgia. He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2013."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40915","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking in front of the Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama, at the conclusion of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The Alabama state flag and Confederate battle flag are flying from the capitol dome behind King, who is surrounded by microphones."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40976","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy and Martin Luther King Jr. during the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is standing behind them, and John Lewis is to the right. (Abernathy and Lewis are wearing leis.) The march took place between March 21 and 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40989","record_class":"Item","title":"Reporters crowding around Martin Luther King Jr. and other marchers in Montgomery, Alabama, on the final day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_1631","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King (left front) and Lonnie King being arrested at Rich's, Atlanta, Georgia, October 19, 1960.","mediums":["photographic prints"],"dcterms_description":["Print verso inscribed: \"Lonnie King, left rear. Martin Luther King, left. En route to jail, leaving Rich's.\" Print verso is stamped with photographer's name (Charles Jackson) and date-stamped 20 Oct, 1960."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_48","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Dr. Joseph E. Lowery (2000)","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Rev. Dr. Joseph E. Lowery discusses his extensive involvement in the Movement in Birmingham, Montgomery, Mobile, Nashville and Atlanta. He served in closely with Dr. King, lead the SCLC, and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama in 2009."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_49","record_class":"Item","title":"Sheyann Webb Christburg","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Sheyann Webb Christburg discusses marching on Bloody Sunday as a seven-year-old. She co-authored the book Selma, Lord, Selma and participated in desegregating her white high school."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_55","record_class":"Item","title":"Carolyn McKinstry (1998)","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Carolyn McKinstry discusses getting involved in the Movement as early as eighth grade by doing clerical work at 16th Street Baptist Church where she saw Dr. King and Ralph Abernathy speak. She was the secretary there through the church bombing. McKinstry participated in various demonstrations before attending Fisk University."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_60","record_class":"Item","title":"Dorothy Cotton","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Dorothy Cotton discusses working with Dr. King to establish the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in Atlanta. She continued to work and travel with Dr. King, including organizing with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, until his assassination."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_71","record_class":"Item","title":"Annetta Streeter Gary","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Annetta Streeter Gary discusses participating in the Children's March, being arrested and returning to school and mass meetings upon her release."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_95","record_class":"Item","title":"Hattie Felder","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Hattie Felder discusses being arrested at the Easter Sunday demonstrations in 1963. She remained active and went on to participate in the Movement Choir."]},{"record_id":"gych_rogp_126","record_class":"Item","title":"T. Rogers Wade, 28 January 2011.","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Related collections available in this repository: Reflections on Georgia Politics Oral History Collection, ROGP 002 T. Rogers Wade on Herman Talmadge; T. Rogers Wade Collection of Herman E. Talmadge Materials; T. Rogers Wade Collection of Herman E. Talmadge Materials, Series IV. Audiovisual Materials.","T. Rogers Wade was chairman of Herman E. Talmadge's 1980 re-election campaign, as well as a former administrative assistant and chief political fundraiser for the senator in Washington, D.C. Upon returning to Georgia, he was named vice president of Watkins Associated Industries, a national company with major holdings in transportation, development, seafood processing, insurance and communications. In 1985 Wade opened the Atlanta offices of Edington, Wade and Associates representing over half of the Fortune 100 companies from throughout the United States and Europe. He was a founding member of Leadership Georgia in 1972 and in 2010 he was asked by Governor Nathan Deal to serve as Chairman of his Transition Team. He is currently on the boards of the Georgia Research Alliance, the Georgia Trucking Association, the U.S.O., the Georgia Chamber of Commerce, the MILRA and is a trustee of the Richard B. Russell Foundation. Prior to retirement, T. Rogers Wade was President and CEO of the Georgia Public Policy Foundation from 1997 through 2009. He is currently Chairman of the Board of Trustees of that organization and senior partner of Capitolink Inc. Wade has also been active on the boards of the Gordon College Foundation, the P.A.G.E. Foundation, the Fanning Leadership Institute at the University of Georgia, the Advisory Board of the College of Engineering at the University of Georgia and was the recipient of the Public Policy Foundation's Freedom Award in 2011. He was recently appointed as Executive Director of the Governor's Defense Initiative. Wade attended the University of Georgia, where he met his wife of nearly half a century, the former Marcia Bryan, of Tampa Florida. Rogers is a member of the Rotary Club of Atlanta and he and his wife are longtime residents of Sandy Springs.","T. Rogers Wade discusses his early life in Chattanooga and reflects on his interest in politics. Wade discusses his relationship with Senator Herman Talmadge and reflects on Talmadge's character. He discusses committees Talmadge chaired. Wade recalls Senator Talmadge's family, including when his son drowned in Lake Lanier and his relationship to his mother, who lived to be 100 years old. Wade recalls Senator Talmadge's involvement with the Watergate Committee. He discusses Talmadge's frustration with the cover-up versus the break-in. Wade discusses Talmadge's work in rural development including paving roads, picking up children with school buses, and bringing electricity into rural communities. He recalls Talmadge's friendship with Martin Luther King, Sr., and discusses Talmadge's interaction with racism as a political issue. Wade recalls an audit of Talmadge's campaign accounts and discusses the missteps which lead to an inquiry by the Ethics Committee. He recalls the \"overcoat\" financial scandal involving Betty Talmadge, who had been divorced from Senator Talmadge for several years at that point. Wade discusses Talmadge's struggles with alcoholism and his continued difficulty with the loss of his son. Wade comments on the 1980 senatorial race between Talmadge and Miller that lead to a run-off. He recalls each candidate's hesitation at being in front of television cameras and the hesitation voters felt about Talmadge's public admission of alcoholism. After Talmadge's defeat, Wade recalls working with the Commodities Trade Commission and the Georgia Public Policy Foundation. Wade discusses water resource conservation and the state of government and political parties in Georgia.","Finding aid available in repository.","Interviewed by Bob Short."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1034","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Carl Diederichs, November 13, 2007, part I","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","transcripts","sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["St. Elizabeth Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; St. Boniface Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; South Side--Wisconsin--Milwaukee"]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-10464","record_class":"Item","title":"Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech","mediums":["speeches"],"dcterms_description":["A handwritten copy of Martin Luther King Jr.'s acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize is included in the Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr. Collection. King delivered the speech in Oslo, Norway, in 1964.","This photograph shows a handwritten copy of Martin Luther King Jr.'s acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize. This letter is included in the Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr. Collection. King delivered the speech in Oslo, Norway, in 1964."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-10465","record_class":"Item","title":"King Papers","mediums":["color photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Atlanta mayor Shirley Franklin (second from left) examines a display of Martin Luther King Jr.'s papers at Sotheby's auction house in New York City. Franklin led the effort in 2006 to raise $32 million to purchase the papers for Atlanta. Also pictured, from left, Xernona Clayton, Andrew Young, and Carolyn Young.","Photograph of Atlanta, Georgia, mayor Shirley Franklin (second from left) examining a display of Martin Luther King Jr.'s papers at Sotheby's auction house in New York City. The papers are displayed in an enclosed glass case. Franklin led the effort to raise thirty-two million dollars to purchase the papers for Atlanta. Also pictured, from left, Xernona Clayton, Andrew Young, and Carolyn Young."]},{"record_id":"fug_flaac_npa2807","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. legacy (npa2807)","mediums":["moving images"],"dcterms_description":["Segment 7 Title: [Martin Luther King, Jr. Legacy] Date: ca. 1982 Reported by: Beth Blechman Duration: 00:01:26 File name: NPA2807 Original format: 3/4\" umatic videotape. Intermediate format: Sony Beta SP. Digitization completed by: Total Video (Gainesville, Fl)","(Funding) Funded by the University of Florida Libraries' Department of Special and Area Studies Collections and the Digitial Library Center.","University of Florida. Institute of Black Culture"]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_m-9561","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Coretta Scott King, sitting beside Ralph David Abernathy (right) at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, speaks to the press after the assassination of her husband, Martin Luther King Jr., in 1968. For nearly forty years after her husband's death, King continued to promote their shared vision of equality and nonviolence.","Photograph of Coretta Scott King, sitting beside Ralph Abernathy (right) at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. She speaks to the press after the assassination of her husband, Martin Luther King Jr., in 1968. An unidentified man sits on the left. The speakers sit at a table in front of the pulpit. For nearly forty years after her husband's death, Coretta Scott King continued to promote their shared vision of equality and nonviolence."]},{"record_id":"noa_sohp_a-0077","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Rita Jackson Samuels, April 30, 1974","mediums":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Rita Jackson Samuels, coordinator of the Governor's Council on Human Relations in Atlanta, Georgia, offers her thoughts on the changing racial dynamics of her home state. She gives the most attention to measuring the progress of African Americans in Georgia during her tenure and that of Governor Jimmy Carter. She also discusses at length the installation of a portrait of Martin Luther King in the state capitol, a move which she initiated, and describes its symbolic importance.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"noa_sohp_b-0027","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Laurie Pritchett, April 23, 1976","mediums":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Laurie Pritchett describes his involvement with the civil rights movement in Albany, Georgia. In this interview, Pritchett attempts to alter his public image as a racist police chief, expressing his profound compassion for blacks. He explains his complicated friendship with Martin Luther King Jr. and discusses his efforts to place blacks on the police force in Albany in the mid-1960s. After he left the Albany force, Pritchett helped African American causes as police chief in High Point, North Carolina. Much of the interview, however, explores Pritchett's use of King's strategy of nonviolence. His innovative application of passive law enforcement allowed Albany to stand as a site where the national civil rights movement failed. In December 1961, Pritchett trained his police officers to resist civil rights demonstrators nonviolently. This training often frustrated King's passive resistance tactics in Albany by preventing the negative publicity brought about by brutal police reaction to marches in other towns in the Deep South. Refusing to use the violent tactics of Alabama law enforcement officials such as Jim Clark in Selma and T. Eugene \"Bull\" Connor in Birmingham, Pritchett discusses how his peaceful strategy effectively eliminated bargaining abilities for King and other civil rights activists. Unlike Pritchett, Clark and Connor frequently helped civil rights activists achieve their goals. Pritchett explains that his problem with the protesters was not their interest in integration, but with their massive public demonstrations. He remarks on the incredible power his role as police chief afforded him. He believes sheriffs should be politically elected, exposing tensions between sheriffs and police chiefs.","Title from menu page (viewed on June 24, 2008).","Interview participants: Laurie Pritchett, interviewee; James Reston, Jr., interviewer.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"noa_sohp_g-0017","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Septima Poinsette Clark, July 30, 1976","mediums":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Septima Clark was hired by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to continue the voter registration and community education classes she had taught through the Highlander Folk School. She recalls some of the successes of her work with the SCLC, especially the passing of the Voting Rights Act. The challenges of the work included prejudice against the female leaders in the organization, violent reactions by local police and Ku Klux Klan, and occasional class prejudice amongst SCLC leaders. Clark notes how several leaders needed to learn techniques for serving poor rural people, and she often corrected their misunderstandings. She compares the leadership strategies of Andrew Young, Wyatt T. Walker, and Ralph Abernathy and explains why the organization flourished under the influence of certain civil rights workers like Young and Jesse Jackson.","Title from menu page (viewed on May 22, 2007).","Interview participants: Septima Poinsette Clark, interviewee, Eugene Walker, interviewer","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"noa_sohpcr_c-0021","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with J. Randolph Taylor, May 23, 1985","mediums":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["At the time of this 1985 interview, J. Randolph Taylor was just leaving his Charlotte pastorate to assume the presidency of San Francisco Theological Seminary (SFTS). Taylor begins by explaining the influence his parents, particularly his father, had on him. Until his mother died when he was three, his family lived in China's Kiangsu province. At that point, his father moved the family back to the United States, but Taylor values his early exposure to the non-Western church. After college, Taylor and his wife Arline went to Scotland so he could study the works of James Denney under New Testament theologian Archibald M. Hunter. After he earned his degree, the Taylors returned to America, where he took a pulpit at the Church of the Pilgrims in Washington, D.C. During that time, Taylor became aware of his own racism and decided that \"guilt is not an adequate response.\" With the Reverend Jefferson Rogers, he helped launch the Washington Branch of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and through that organization, he met Martin Luther King Jr. Shortly before King's death, Arline and Randolph moved to Atlanta to lead Central Presbyterian Church, and he formed a partnership between his congregation and King's church. These experiences convinced him only interracial cooperation would solve America's racial problems, but he was one of the only whites involved in the SCLC. He helped found A Fellowship of Concern, a Presbyterian anti-racism organization, as a way to increase the participation of white churchgoers in these efforts. At this point in the interview, Taylor examines how various church organizations, especially seminaries, congregations, and Presbyterian denominations handled desegregation. Taylor believes that his immersion in southern life was an advantage because he not only attacked injustice, but also helped heal the wounds that the civil rights movement left. By 1985, Taylor believed the American church needed to address more than racial inequality, and he explains which areas remain and the theological reasons for choosing those areas. Moving from that topic, he expounds upon his foundational beliefs. One of Taylor's most important denominational roles was when he co-chaired the Joint Committee on Presbyterian Union, and he clarifies how the committee reconciled the doctrinal, structural, philosophical, and racial differences between the church's northern and southern branches. He offers his perspective on the ecumenical movement and its benefits. Over the last half of the twentieth century, conservative evangelicalism grew in influence among the mainline churches, and Taylor considers why it spread, what its benefits are, and what pitfalls denominations must avoid. He ends the interview by looking forward to his new post at SFTS, explaining what he hopes to accomplish there.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"shelbycotenn_mlkinv_evidence","record_class":"Item","title":"Evidence : Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination investigation","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Web site presenting sixty-four images from the investigation conducted by Shelby County, Tennessee, officials into the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Includes images of fingerprint cards; James Earl Ray's tickets for international travel; lists and materials from a white mustang, the vehicle allegedly seen leaving the crime scene; hotel registration; and the rifle found hidden in a blanket.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"shelbycotenn_mlkinv_ray","record_class":"Item","title":"James Earl Ray : Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination investigation","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Web site presenting fifty-five images relating to James Earl Ray from the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Images include photographs, suspect sketches, arrest cards, photo lineups, wanted posters, leases, a suit purchased in Canada, forms, the forged birth certificate, passport and application, and a telegraph from J. Edgar Hoover following Ray's arrest in London.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"suc_idn_idn2362","record_class":"Item","title":"Speech, On the need for clergy to make full use of their position","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Three pages of a typewritten speech that emphasizes the importance of civic and religious leaders to use the powers at their disposal to effect social change. The speech begins with a tribute to the influence of African American educator Dr. Benjamin Mays, cites the Biblical text Luke 19:2, and refers to a statement of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on committing to service in word and deed. The speech asserts that to turn one's back on the responsibilities of assisting one's community is to fail God and the teachings of Jesus Christ.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"wsu_croh_freeman","record_class":"Item","title":"Clarence Freeman discusses the effects of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King on himself and on Spokane","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Clarence Freeman talks about his reaction to the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, and the reaction of the community of Spokane, Washington to that death as well. He also talks briefly about a childhood experience with prejudice in Spokane.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"valdosta_vintp_1539","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter to Supporters of Griffin's Campaign for Governor of Georgia","mediums":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_description":["Marvin Griffin, a staunch segregationist, ran for Governor of Georgia in 1962 against Carl Sanders. Griffin used his segregationist credentials openly and the Confederate flag on his letterhead reflects the famous and controversial change. Griffin's letter mentions Martin Luther King, the C\u0026S Bank and the NAACP. Sanders won, prompting Griffin to say, \"A lot of people that ate my barbecue didn't vote for me.\""]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_16886","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy and others, seated behind Martin Luther King Jr. during a civil rights meeting at a church in Gadsden, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36159","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. leaving the Montgomery airport after his arrival during the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36185","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma for 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36190","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking with reporters at the Montgomery County courthouse after a meeting with local officials in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy is to the left of King, and Fred Gray and James Forman are to the right. The meeting followed a march held to protest the violent dispersal of a group of SNCC demonstrators on March 16. Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders met with local officials at the courthouse to discuss the event."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36285","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking to a journalist after arriving at the Montgomery airport during the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36302","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma for 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_36321","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights leaders arriving at a mass meeting at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. Ralph Abernathy, and C. T. Vivian are among the crowd, which also includes reporters and children. The meeting was held to announce a renewed voter registration campaign in Selma for 1965."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_37037","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. addressing the crowd in front of the capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["King is surrounded by other civil rights leaders, including Lawrence T. Guyot, Floyd McKissick, Andrew Young, Ralph Abernathy, Hosea Williams, and James Meredith. The March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_37163","record_class":"Item","title":"Juanita Abernathy, Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., Floyd McKissick, and other marchers in Jackson, Mississippi, near the end of the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_37179","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., Floyd McKissick, and other marchers in Jackson, Mississippi, near the end of the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_37192","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. addressing the crowd in front of the capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the March Against Fear begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["King is surrounded by other civil rights leaders, including Lawrence T. Guyot, Floyd McKissick, Andrew Young, Ralph Abernathy, Hosea Williams, James Meredith, and Whitney M. Young Jr. The March Against Fear began on June 5 in Memphis. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40644","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy and Martin Luther King Jr. during the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is standing behind them, and Ralph Bunche and John Lewis are to the right. (Abernathy and Lewis are wearing leis.) The march took place between March 21 and 25."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40669","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers leaving the City of St. Jude in Montgomery, Alabama, on the final day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr., F. D. Reese, Ralph Bunche, Hosea Williams, Ralph Abernathy, Juanita Abernathy, and John Lewis are visible among the marchers."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40709","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers in front of the Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama, on the last day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. is in the middle of the crowd, behind and to the left of a man wearing a light hat with a dark band."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_40801","record_class":"Item","title":"Reporters crowding around Martin Luther King Jr. and other marchers in Montgomery, Alabama, on the final day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Bunche, Coretta Scott King, and Andrew Young, are also visible among the marchers."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_10","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Lewis Lansky, 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including Lewis Lansky, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"mum_frohp_23","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral history interview with Krendell Petway Dendy and Reverend Alfonso K. Petway, 2001","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["In the summer of 1961, the Freedom Riders, a group of mostly young people, both black and white, including Krendell Petway Dendy and Reverend Alfonso K. Petway, risked their lives to challenge the system of segregation in interstate travel in the South.The University of Mississippi's Freedom riders oral history project includes interviews recorded in conjunction with the 40th anniversary of that summer."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm652","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm655","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm661","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm663","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm665","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm674","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_moncrief_whm675","record_class":"Item","title":"March, King, April 8, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["April 8, 1968, Hattiesburg (Miss.) march in memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., four days after his death. According to a Hattiesburg American article that day, approximately 1,500 marchers started at East Sixth and Mobile Streets, stopped at City Hall for a prayer service, continued to the Forrest County courthouse for a silent prayer, then returned to East Sixth and Mobile Streets. The march coincided with a weeklong boycott of schools and white-owned businesses and a 3-day work stoppage.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1235","record_class":"Item","title":"1 Dr. Martin Luther King Funeral Statement","mediums":["press releases"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1471","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Margaret (Peggy) Rozga, August 19, 2008, part II","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Margaret (Peggy) Rozga conducted by Michael Gordon on August 19, 2008 in Milwaukee, as part of the March on Milwaukee Oral History Project. The interview consists of four parts.","5th Street Freedom House--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; St. Boniface Church--Wisconsin--Milwaukee"]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_1530","record_class":"Item","title":"Oral History Interview with Mary Arms, July 29, 2007, part III","mediums":["sound recordings","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["This is an oral history interview with Mary Arms conducted by Amanda Winn on Sunday July 29, 2007 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Tape 2, Side 1."]},{"record_id":"gzn_march_546","record_class":"Item","title":"5 John H Givens Jr letter, 1964 January 19","mediums":["documents","letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"gzn_march_940","record_class":"Item","title":"News film clip of Martin Luther King speaking at UW-Milwaukee, November 23, 1965 (with sound and silent, 1 of 2)","mediums":["moving images","film"],"dcterms_description":["Footage of Martin Luther King speaking at UW-Milwaukee. He is seen first speaking to a sold out crowd in the Union Ballroom and also being interviewed at an unknown location. He speaks of the need to solve problems through action rather than analysis and study.","UWM Student Union (Milwaukee, Wis.)","Daily footage. November 23, 1965, segment 1."]},{"record_id":"gsu_ggdp_5233","record_class":"Item","title":"Ray Moore oral history interview, 1987 May 8, 1987 June 18","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"geh_wilson_ahc099235016a","record_class":"Item","title":"Vine City Civil Rights Demonstration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["View of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Reverend Ralph David Abernathy (left) standing in the door of a substandard housing unit in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia where residents were protesting their living conditions.","Religious leaders;","In January of 1966, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., his wife Coretta Scott King, and the Reverend Ralph David Abernathy and his wife Juanita led a protest march in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia to call attention to substandard housing in that area."]},{"record_id":"geh_wilson_ahc099235019a","record_class":"Item","title":"Vine City Civil Rights Demonstration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["View of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (facing away from the camera) and Coretta Scott King, with the residents of the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia who were protesting their living conditions.","In January of 1966, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., his wife Coretta Scott King, and the Reverend Ralph David Abernathy and his wife Juanita led a protest march in the Vine City neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia to call attention to substandard housing in that area."]},{"record_id":"loc_rosaparks_48794","record_class":"Item","title":"[Group portrait of Whitney Young, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Walter Reuther, and Rev. Eugene Carson Blake with heads bowed in prayer on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial at the March on Washington] [graphic].","mediums":["photographic postcards1960-1970.gmgpc","photomechanical printscolor1960-1970.gmgpc","portrait photographs1960-1970.gmgpc","group portraits1960-1970.gmgpc"],"dcterms_description":["Title devised by Library staff.","Photographer credit: Photograph by Samuel F. Yette; (c) Cottage Books, P.O. Box 2071, Silver Spring, MD 20915 (301) 649-5123.","On postcard verso: Strong men -- \"Dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal\" four leaders of \"The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom\" bowed in prayer before Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave historic \"I Have a Dream\" speech at Lincoln Memorial, in Washington, August 28, 1963. They are: Whitney Young, Jr., Exec. Dir., Nat'l Urban League; Dr. King, Pres., Southern Christian Leadership Conference; Walter Reuther, Pres., United Auto Workers; and the Rev. Eugene Carson Blake, Vice Chr., Nat'l Council of Churches."]},{"record_id":"loc_rosaparks_48798","record_class":"Item","title":"[Composite of two photographs, (left) Rosa Parks, three-quarter length portrait, facing front; (right) group portrait of Whitney Young, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and Walter Reuther heads bowed in prayer on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial at the March on Washington] [graphic].","mediums":["photographic postcards1970-1990.gmgpc","photomechanical printscolor1970-1990.gmgpc","portrait photographs1970-1990.gmgpc","group portraits1970-1990.gmgpc","composite photographs1970-1990.gmgpc"],"dcterms_description":["Title devised by Library staff.","Photographer credit: Photograph by Samuel F. Yette; (c) Cottage Books, P.O. Box 2071, Silver Spring, MD 20915 (301) 649-5123.","On postcard verso: Civil Rights Heroes, 20th century -- Mrs. Rosa Parks was arrested when she refused to give up her seat to a white man on a segregated bus in Montgomery, AL, on Dec. 5, 1955. That set off a year-long bus boycott and launched the modern Civil Rights Movement, led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., (center, right panel). Bowed in prayer at \"The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom,\" August 28, 1963, Dr. King stands at Lincoln Memorial in Washington with Whitney Young, Jr., Exec. Dir., Nat'l Urban League; and Walter Reuther, Pres., United Auto Workers."]},{"record_id":"loc_rosaparks_48829","record_class":"Item","title":"National honor for a martyr, Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968) [graphic].","mediums":["photographic postcards1980-1990.gmgpc","photomechanical printscolor1980-1990.gmgpc"],"dcterms_description":["Title from item.","Photographer credit: Photograph by Samuel F. Yette; (c) Cottage Books, P.O. Box 2071, Silver Spring, MD 20915 (301) 649-5123.","On postcard verso: Unveiled on January 16, 1986, this statue of the nation's most famous civil rights martyr stands in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C. Created by sculptor John Wilson of Boston, it is the first statue of an African descendant to be placed in the U.S. Capitol. On November 2, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed Public Law 98-144, making the third Monday in January of each year a federal holiday, beginning in 1986, in honor of Dr. King, who was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, TN."]},{"record_id":"loc_rosaparks_49372","record_class":"Item","title":"[Sixth Annual Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Breakfast and \"Reliving the Dream\" program featuring Rosa Parks, Phoenix, Arizona, January, 1992] [graphic].","mediums":["photographic printscolor1990-2000.gmgpc","photograph albums.gmgpc","ephemera1990-2000.gmgpc"],"dcterms_description":["Title devised by Library staff."]},{"record_id":"loc_voices_ppmsca04293","record_class":"Item","title":"Bomb-damaged trailers at the Gaston Motel, Birmingham, Alabama","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Photograph showing the wreckage of a bomb explosion near the Gaston Motel where Martin Luther King, Jr., and leaders in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference were staying during the Birmingham campaign of the Civil Rights movement.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"loc_voices_ppmsca08105","record_class":"Item","title":"President Lyndon B. Johnson gives Dr. Martin Luther King one of the pens used in the signing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, in the background are Rep. Claude Pepper (center) and Rev. Ralph Abernathy","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["President Lyndon B. Johnson gives Dr. Martin Luther King one of the pens used in the signing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, in the background are Rep. Claude Pepper (center) and Rev. Ralph Abernathy.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"kdl_abrad_19941110","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with Anne Braden, November 10, 1994","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","sound recordings","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Anne Braden, November 10, 1994 conducted by Catherine Fosl and Michael K. Honey.","Anne Braden was a white southern anti-racist activist, organizer and journalist from Louisville, Kentucky. In this interview, Braden shares stories about her husband Carl and discusses his ideas, style and working class background. She describes her background of privilege and breaking from her class to marry Carl. Braden speaks about working, along with Carl, as field organizers for the Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF) and as the editor of the organization's newspaper, the Southern Patriot. She discusses SCEF's split, how traumatic that was to her, and the formation of the Southern Organizing Committee for Economic and Social Justice (SOC) in 1975. Braden's work with labor unions and race relations within unions are also discussed."]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_72","record_class":"Item","title":"C. T. (Cordy Tindell) Vivian interview (Part 2)","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["In these separate interviews, Reverend C.T. (Cordy Tindell) Vivian discusses his involvement in the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s. Vivian was involved in civil rights activities throughout several Southern cities. He played a significant role in voters’ registration in Nashville, Tennessee, and the desegregation of the beaches in St. Augustine, Florida. Vivian ends the interview by discussing non-violent themes and how the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) challenged radical violence that was characteristic of Mississippi on a national level.","Dr. Reverend Cordy Tindell Vivian, known as C. T. Vivian (1924- ), was born in Booneville, Missouri. He is a minister, author, and was a close friend and lieutenant of Martin Luther King, Jr. during the Civil Rights Movement. His family moved to Illinois when he was six and they lived in a poor integrated neighborhood. Vivian attended seminary at American Baptist College in Nashville, Tennessee. In 2008, Vivian founded and incorporated the C. T. Vivian Leadership Institute, Inc. (CTVLI) in Atlanta, Georgia. He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2013."]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_69","record_class":"Item","title":"Willie Ricks interview (Part 1 of 2)","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Willie Ricks describes his involvement in the Civil Rights Movement beginning in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He participated in the movement in several southern locations: Albany, Georgia, Lowndes County, Alabama, Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Montgomery, Alabama. Ricks also describes the conflict between SCLC and SNCC and the differences between each organization.","Civil Rights activist, Willie Ricks, also known as Mukasa Dada, was a community organizer, leader, and a member of SNCC. Ricks was born and raised in Chattanooga, Tennessee. His parents were born in a plantation area of Alabama near Muscle Shoals, Alabama. He actively planned and organized sit-ins, marches and public demonstrations throughout Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama and Mississippi."]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_47","record_class":"Item","title":"Lydia Douglas interview","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["In the interview, Ms. Lydia T. Douglas discusses her involvement with the Atlanta Student Movement and subsequent arrest at a sit-in at the Magnolia Room at Rich's Department Store in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. She recalls her family and childhood experiences while living in a segregated neighborhood in Atlanta. She also describes her involvement as a member of the Committee on the Appeal for Human Rights; remembers attending a segregated public library in downtown Atlanta; and expresses her concerns about the psychological effects of desegregation on the younger generation in the black community.","Ms. Douglas grew up in Atlanta, Georgia and attended Booker T. Washington High School. Her father owned and ran a restaurant in Buttermilk area of Atlanta called Tucker Butler Cafe and her mother was a graduate registered nurse. She received her undergraduate degree from Clark Atlanta University and her master's in Religious Education from ITC."]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_37","record_class":"Item","title":"Charles Black interview","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Charles Black talks about his arrival to Atlanta from his home town of Miami, Florida, to attend Morehouse College and his subsequent involvement in the Atlanta Student Movement. He talks about the planning and logistics of the student's protests in 1960; student attitudes towards getting involved; interaction with president's of Atlanta University Center colleges and universities; getting arrested and serving time in jail at the Atlanta Prison Farm; the structure of the Atlanta Student Movement; the contribution of women to the movement; the involvement with the 1961 Atlanta mayoral election; the desegregation of Atlanta lunch counters, movie theaters, and hospitals; voter registration, and the overall impact the Atlanta Student Movement had on the city and its people.","Charles Black was born in Miami, Florida, and attended Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-412","record_class":"Item","title":"Cambridge, St. Aug. Reach Boiling Point","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["The worsening violence and deteriorating conditions for the civil rights movement in St. Augustine and Cambridge, Md. are described. Martin Luther King's call to non-violence is quoted. In particular, the violence occurring in St. Augustine during demonstrations is detailed.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Old Slave Market -- Holiday Inn -- Cambridge, Md. -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Attack on Beach Cottage Safe House -- Civil Rights Rally -- Night March -- Use of Police Dogs -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC -- Easter Invasion -- Shooting Death of William Kinard -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators -- Sit-in -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-2","record_class":"Item","title":"Mass Meeting : Martin Luther King Speaks at St. Paul AME Church","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Pamphlet containing the agenda at St. Paul AME Church on the evening of Martin Luther King's speech at the church.","St. Paul AME Church -- Civil Rights Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-134","record_class":"Item","title":"Telegram from Martin Luther King to Endicott Peabody","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Western Union telegram from Martin Luther King to Endicott Peabody, Governor of Massachusetts, thanking him for the sacrifices of his mother, Mary, and her willingness to be jailed in St. Augustine for a sit-in.","St. Augustine, Fl. -- Arrest of Mary Peabody"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-136","record_class":"Item","title":"Appeal for Help from Robert Hayling and Martin Luther King","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Open letter from the SCLC's St. Augustine chapter to Gainesville citizens asking for help in the St. Augustine movement.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Old Slave Market"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-150","record_class":"Item","title":"A La Mode St. Augustine","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Journal writing of Amnesia Knox, who details her experiences as a participant in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Bi-Racial Committee -- Old Slave Market -- St. Johns County Jail -- Civil Rights March -- Use of Police Dogs"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll11-178","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter from E.D. to Judge Bryan Simpson","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Critical letter sent from local citizen to Judge Bryan Simpson. Letters such as this one were sent in response to Simpson's court rulings that favored the civil rights movement. Because this letter was written by a private citizen and never intended for public view, Flagler College has decided to withhold the name of the author."]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11173","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. and SCLC director Andrew Young during a press conference, 1967","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"King, Martin Luther. April 25, 1967. 30258. Dendy.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11218","record_class":"Item","title":"Mourners walk through the streets of Atlanta behind Martin Luther King Jr.'s casket, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"King Funeral: April 9, 1968 Davis. 33269. Celebrities: Kennedy, Mrs. John F.; Kennedy, Robert (sen.); Kennedy, Edward (Sen.); Carmichael, Stokely; Chamberlain, Wilt; Belafonte, Harry; Gazarra, Ben; McCarthy, Sen. Eugene; Sanders, Carl.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11331","record_class":"Item","title":"Crowds follow behind the casket of Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King Jr. funeral procession. State Capitol in background. 4/9/1968. J. C. Lee\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_11339","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights meeting with Martin Luther King Jr. and Roy Wilkins, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on negative envelope: \"Martin Luther King. Hugh Stovall 1968\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13390","record_class":"Item","title":"Crowds swarm Wilt Chamberlain as he arrives for the funeral of Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination. Photog: Noel Davis\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13396","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King with her family and children mourning during the funeral of Martin Luther King Jr., 1970","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination\" Caption: \"Father weeps as mother and wife sing during ceremony at grave of Dr. King Jr. From left: the Rev. M. L. King Sr. and wife; Mrs. Coretta King; widow's daughter, Bernice, in center front. April 5, 1970. Staff Photo: Noel Davis\" Caption: \"Rev. and Mrs. King with son's widow, Coretta Scott King. 1970 Occassion was to commemorate death of civil rights leader. July 1, 1974\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13397","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King's children Yolande and Martin arrive at the airport for the funeral service of their father, 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination\" Caption: \"Two of rights leader's children leave plane at airport. Yolande, right, and Martin L. King III walk to car with friend. Staff Photo- Charles Jackson. April 6, 1968\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13456","record_class":"Item","title":"Mourners gather inside St. Phillips Cathedral for a memorial service in honor of Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"King, Martin Luther Jr. Assassination. Date: 1968-04-07. Photog: Joe McTyre. Memorial service for Martin Luther King at St. Phillips Cathedral on Peachtree.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_13587","record_class":"Item","title":"Gov. George W. Romney attending the funeral of Martin Luther King Jr., 1968","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Printed on back: \"Atlanta Journal Constitution Photo. Credit: Guy Hayes. Martin Luther King Jr., funeral.\""]},{"record_id":"gsu_ajc_259","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated at desk, in front of microphones, Atlanta, Georgia, April 26, 1967(?).","mediums":["photographic prints"],"dcterms_description":["Stain, creases, and hair going through King's forehead are all in the print. Verso of the print is stamped \"Bob Dendy\" (photographer), \"Fri Jul 13 1984 J,\" Apr 26 196[7?],\" and newspaper caption is attached to verso: \"At the heart of the suit is a letter by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to Boston University concerning his papers. Both sides agree the letter is valid but dispute its meaning.\" Caption is stamped \"Tue Apr 6 - 1993 J C.\" One of the four microphones on the table in front of King is labeled WIGO."]},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33791","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King and Ralph Abernathy Speak at Mason Temple","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33826","record_class":"Item","title":"Jerry Wurf, President of AFSCME, 1972","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33818","record_class":"Item","title":"Speech at Memphis Memorial March, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33787","record_class":"Item","title":"Bert Ferguson, President of WDIA Radio, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33840","record_class":"Item","title":"Robert \"Bob\" James, Memphis City Council Member, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33927","record_class":"Item","title":"Dump Closed Film Audio, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33824","record_class":"Item","title":"Dan Powell, COPE Region Dir., 1971","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33795","record_class":"Item","title":"Gwen Kyles, Wife of Rev. Billy Kyles, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33923","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Ezekiel Bell, Parkway Gardens Presbyterian Church, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33821","record_class":"Item","title":"WMC-TV \"Close UP\" Program, 1969","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33790","record_class":"Item","title":"Bill Ross, Memphis AFL-CIO Labor Council, June 4th 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33896","record_class":"Item","title":"Charles Holmes, Public Relations Dir. for Memphis State Univ., 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33925","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Braxton Bryant, Dir. Tenn. Council on Human Relations, June 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33847","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Harold Middlebrook and Grant Harvey, COME, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33817","record_class":"Item","title":"Rabbi Wax Speaks to Mayor Loeb, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33499","record_class":"Item","title":"Judy Wimmer, 2007","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33724","record_class":"Item","title":"Al Bell, 2010","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_oid16_33545","record_class":"Item","title":"Jim Lanier, 2006","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"abj_bplsb02_8126","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. scrapbooks, 1956-1969","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Newspaper clippings compiled by the staff of the Birmingham Public Library’s Southern History Department on King’s civil rights activities"]},{"record_id":"abj_p15099coll2_58","record_class":"Item","title":"James T. Montgomery, M.D. interview","mediums":["PDF"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Montgomery, physician to Reverend Fred L. Shuttlesworth, recalls his memories of Reverend Shuttlesworth's activities in Civil Rights."]},{"record_id":"abj_p15099coll2_1231","record_class":"Item","title":"Dallas County Sheriff's Department Civil Rights Surveillance Recording. Tapes 2-3.","mediums":["open reel audiotapes","MP3"],"dcterms_description":["Tapes #2 and #3, location unknown, January 25, 1965 (16 minutes). Recording opens with King talking","discusses court injunctions relating to voter registration and movement car pools","violence perpetrated by “white people on the lunatic fringe” and his theory that white guilt drives much of the white violence","discusses an incident that day in which Annie Lee Cooper, an African American woman who had been waiting to register to vote became involved in an altercation with Sheriff Jim Clark and others (this incident is discussed in the books Protest at Selma by David J. Garrow and Selma 1965 by Charles E. Fager)","references the Montgomery bus boycott and tells the crowd “there are some difficult days ahead. It’s still midnight in Selma.” An unidentified speaker introduces the hymn I Feel Like Going On and announces that Ralph Abernathy will speak next. Recording ends."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_157","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. King is in Columbia to address a meeting held in his honor at the Township Auditorium."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_38","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. addresses a crowd in Kingstree","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers an address at the Tomlinson High School athletic field to encourage voter participation in upcoming elections. King calls for a \"march on the ballot boxes\" by South Carolina voters to protect and expand civil rights.","415 Lexington Avenue, Kingstree, S.C."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_34","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks in Kingstree","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers an address at the Tomlinson High School athletic field to encourage voter participation in upcoming elections. King calls for a \"march on the ballot boxes\" by South Carolina voters to protect and expand civil rights.","415 Lexington Avenue, Kingstree, S.C."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_35","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks in Kingstree","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers an address at the Tomlinson High School athletic field to encourage voter participation in upcoming elections. King calls for a \"march on the ballot boxes\" by South Carolina voters to protect and expand civil rights.","415 Lexington Avenue, Kingstree, S.C."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_6237","record_class":"Item","title":"Curfew over Columbia following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["South Carolina Highway Patrol officers enforce a curfew in Columbia following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_5820","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. commemoration","mediums":["black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["A group of supporters of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. march south on Main Street to the State House to commemorate the second anniversary of the civil rights worker's assassination in Memphis, Tennessee."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_6240","record_class":"Item","title":"Piggly Wiggly store closed following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["A Piggly Wiggly store is closed following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4 in Memphis Tennessee. Unrest following the news of King's death has resulted in damage to the store.","2300 Marshall Street, Columbia, S.C."]},{"record_id":"src_p16817coll21_6238","record_class":"Item","title":"S.C. National Guard officer enforces a curfew over Columbia","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["A South Carolina National Guard officer stops a motorist from entering Columbia during an imposed curfew following the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr."]},{"record_id":"apm_lastmarch_lastmarchcr","record_class":"Item","title":"King's Last March","mediums":["transcripts","sound recordings","articles","documentaries and factual works","letters (correspondence)","photographs","black-and-white photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Web site companion to a radio documentary of the same name produced by American Radio Works. The site covers King's condemnation of the Vietnam War; organization of the Poor People's March and the fight against poverty; the 1968 Sanitation Workers' Strike in Memphis, Tennessee; the Federal Bureau of Investigation's surveillance of King; and the power of King's speeches. It links to audio files, documents, and photographs and provides a transcript and audio version of the documentary.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_102857","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. addressing an audience at a voter rally in a wooded area in Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["King traveled around Alabama the week before the 1966 May primaries to encourage voter participation in the upcoming election. His tour was mentioned in an article (\"King Criticizes Panthers\") on page 67 of the Birmingham News on April 27, 1966."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_102870","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. addressing an audience at a voter rally in a wooded area in Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["His daughter, Yolanda, is behind him on the right. King traveled around Alabama the week before the 1966 May primaries to encourage voter participation in the upcoming election. His tour was mentioned in an article (\"King Criticizes Panthers\") on page 67 of the Birmingham News on April 27, 1966."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_102874","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. addressing an audience at a voter rally in a wooded area in Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["King traveled around Alabama the week before the 1966 May primaries to encourage voter participation in the upcoming election. His tour was mentioned in an article (\"King Criticizes Panthers\") on page 67 of the Birmingham News on April 27, 1966."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_103802","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. getting off a plane at the airport in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["On October 30, 1967, King, Ralph Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King flew to Birmingham from Atlanta to serve a five-day prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights protests in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.)"]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108570","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. talking with Ralph Bunche at the start of the Selma to Montgomery March in downtown Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew Young, Rabbi Abraham Heschel, and F. D. Reese are visible beside them."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108574","record_class":"Item","title":"Crowd gathered in front of Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama, before the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["F. D. Reese and Martin Luther King Jr. are standing at the microphone set up in front of the building."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108575","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers south of the Edmund Pettus Bridge after crossing it on the first day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The following leaders are on the front row, wearing leis: John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, Rabbi Abraham Heschel, and F. D. Reese."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108584","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy and Martin Luther King Jr. with other marchers on the first day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108666","record_class":"Item","title":"John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., and others on Broad Street in downtown Selma, Alabama, at the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["They are passing City National Bank."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108673","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking to a crowd gathered in front of Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama, before the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy is standing behind him on the left."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108674","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. standing among marchers at a rest stop on Highway 80 in Dallas County, Alabama, on the first day of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Also visible are John Lewis (standing behind King) and Rabbi Abraham Heschel (seated toward the front center)."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_108682","record_class":"Item","title":"Marchers preparing to line up on Sylvan Street in downtown Selma, Alabama, before the start of the Selma to Montgomery March.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The following leaders are visible on the front row, wearing leis: John Lewis, Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Bunche, Rabbi Abraham Heschel, and F. D. Reese. They are passing the George Washington Carver Homes. Sylvan Street was later renamed Martin Luther King Street."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_1772","record_class":"Item","title":"Audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama, during an appearance by Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["They are sitting and standing behind the podium; Lula Williams, an SCLC worker from Montgomery, is standing on the left. Martin Luther King, Jr., is seated in the foreground, but only the top of his head is visible. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4532","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy and Martin Luther King, Jr., standing at the podium before an audience during a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Edward Gardner and Wyatt Tee Walker are among the men standing around them. The meeting was held after King, Abernathy, Walker, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_4756","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., arriving for a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["slides (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The meeting was held after King, Abernathy, Wyatt Tee Walker, and A. D. King were released from a prison sentence that had been ordered during civil rights demonstrations in 1963. (In 1967 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that they had to serve their time in jail.) The prison sentence was discussed in The Southern Courier for November 4-5, 1967 (\"King in B'ham Jail: 'Small Price to Pay'\"), and the subsequent mass meeting was covered in the issue for November 11-12, 1967 (\"It's Like Old Times in B'ham\"). Both issues are available online (not on the ADAH website: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No45_1967_11_04.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No46_1967_11_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_19009","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at the funeral for Addie Mae Collins, Carol Denise McNair, and Cynthia Diane Wesley, who were killed in the bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["The funeral was held at 6th Avenue Baptist Church."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_86711","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at the annual Men's Day celebration at New Pilgrim Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_86746","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at the annual Men's Day celebration at New Pilgrim Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_amg_99096","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights marchers walking toward the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, on Turnaround Tuesday.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)","black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Andrew Young, James Forman, A. D. King, and James Orange are visible in the group."]},{"record_id":"aru_unequal_1705","record_class":"Item","title":"Speech by Daisy Bates \"What Price Freedom?\"","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Speech titled \"What Price Freedom?\" referencing the physical travails of the fight for Civil Rights in the South.","Racism -- Segregation -- Desegregation -- Civil Rights -- African-Americans -- Blacks -- Jr. -- Little Rock -- Pulaski"]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_king-march","record_class":"Item","title":"SCLC Leaders Marching","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Ralph David Abernathy (second from left) marches with Coretta Scott King and Martin Luther King Jr. (center) in 1966 on the Georgia state capitol. All were influential leaders during the early years of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.","Photograph of several influential leaders during the early years of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference: Ralph Abernathy (second from left) and Coretta Scott King (center), marching in 1966 on the Georgia state capitol with Martin Luther King Jr. (third from right)."]},{"record_id":"usm_hmp_mus-m320-0042","record_class":"Item","title":"Student voice, Vol. 5 no. 18; 29 July 1964","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["From the Zeman (Zoya) Freedom Summer Collection. \u0026lt;br\u0026gt;Newsletter of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Vol. 5, no. 18. Covers political strategies used in voter registration efforts in Mississippi, including the work of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Also includes instances of harassment against civil rights workers in Mississippi and articles about civil rights work in Alabama and Louisiana.","Electronic version made available through a National Leadership Grant for Libraries from the Institute for Museum and Library Services.","This item is part of the Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive."]},{"record_id":"usm_hmp_mus-m357-0077","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King at Communist training school; April 22, 1965","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["From the Dahl (Kathleen) Freedom Summer Collection. Postcard mailed to Kathleen Dahl on April 22, 1965; image taken by Edwin Friend at Highlander Folk School in Monteagle, TN during Labor Day weekend 1957, features Martin Luther King, Jr., Abner W. Berry, Aubrey Williams, Myles Horton and unidentified people attending a \"Red workshop in race agitation.\" The opposite side bears printed caption describing the image.","Electronic version made available through a National Leadership Grant for Libraries from the Institute of Museum and Library Services.","This item is part of the Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive."]},{"record_id":"suc_localtvnews_91","record_class":"Item","title":"Septima Clark--outtakes","mediums":["motion pictures (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["Septima Clark, often referred to as the \"grandmother\" or \"mother\" of the Civil Rights movement, speaks to a class of African-American university students on her civil rights experiences. Seated at a table next to University of South Carolina professor Dr. Grace McFadden, Ms. Clark recounts activities with Rosa Parks; the start of the Montgomery, Alabama Bus Boycott; and escaping from a fire-bombed church in Mississippi. The poor audio quality in the early portion of the piece is caused by irreversible degradation of the 16mm film element's magnetic soundtrack."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_521","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. leading a procession of people past the Alabama State Capitol to demonstrate against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_529","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. leading a procession of people to demonstrate against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_535","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. addressing a crowd in front of the Montgomery County Courthouse in a demonstration against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_536","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. in front of the Montgomery County Courthouse in a demonstration against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965. Martin Luther King Jr. stands beside the speaker."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_571","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. in a crowd during a civil rights demonstration against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_583","record_class":"Item","title":"Civil rights demonstration lead by Martin Ruther King Jr. in Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. addressing a crowd in front of the Montgomery County Courthouse in a demonstration against police treatment of voter rights demonstrators, Montgomery, Alabama, March 17, 1965."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_1073","record_class":"Item","title":"Aerial view of Martin Luther King Jr.'s funeral procession","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["Aerial view of Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.'s funeral procession in Atlanta, Georgia, April 9, 1968."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_1076","record_class":"Item","title":"Mourners and flowers at MLK funeral","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Mourners gather around a display of memorial wreathes and flowers at the funeral of assassinated Civil Rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., in Atlanta, Georgia, April 9, 1968."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_1261","record_class":"Item","title":"National Guardsmen stand watch near Water Tower around time of Chicago Riots","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Two armed National Guardsmen police the area around the Water Tower (visible in the background) around the time of the Chicago Riots that broke out in South and West Side neighborhoods following news of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, in Chicago, Illinois, April 1968."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_1276","record_class":"Item","title":"National Guardsmen with two African American boys during the 1968 Chicago riots","mediums":["color transparencies"],"dcterms_description":["Armed National Guardsman standing in front of two African American boys around the time of the riots that broke out in South and West Side neighborhoods following news of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination, Chicago, Illinois, April 1968."]},{"record_id":"kai_chm-pp_1277","record_class":"Item","title":"View of a partially demolished building, other ruins in wake of 1968 Chicago riots","mediums":["color slides"],"dcterms_description":["A group of people examine a partially demolished building and the ruins of other structures destroyed during the riots that erupted following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in Chicago, Illinois, April 1968."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6468","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Audience members are seated in a balcony in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6480","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A journalist is holding a microphone. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6482","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Hosea Williams, and other men, walking through a parking lot toward Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6485","record_class":"Item","title":"L. L. Anderson greeting Martin Luther King, Jr., as he enters Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is standing outside the door, but his face is not visible because he is looking down. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6497","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson and several other men are standing around him. Two men are holding up microphones. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6501","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson and several other men are standing around him. Two men are holding up microphones. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6511","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind King. This photograph was shot from above; it is slightly damaged. The image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6524","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Hosea Williams, and other men, walking through a parking lot toward Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6542","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind King. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6544","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams is seated behind King. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6559","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Albert Turner, and other men are seated on the stage behind him. The photograph is taken from above. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6561","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Hosea Williams, Ben \"Sunshine\" Owens, and several other men are standing around King. Two men are holding up microphones. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6564","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Hosea Williams, and several other men are standing around King. Two men are holding up microphones. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6567","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson is standing with King. Two men are holding up microphones. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6568","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, walking to the stage before a meeting at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["People in the background are applauding. This image was used in the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6571","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6573","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is holding up a microphone in front of the podium. Albert Turner is seated against the wall on the right. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6582","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated and speaking to a couple during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6583","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated and shaking hands with a man during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["R. D. Nesbitt, Sr., is seated beside King. This image was used in the article \"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6600","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, standing and talking to one another during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6605","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated and shaking hands with a woman during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["R. D. Nesbitt, Sr., is seated beside him. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6636","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., sitting behind the podium during a meeting at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A clock on the wall advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6654","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Maggie Street Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Norman Lumpkin, news director for WRMA radio, is holding up a microphone in front of the podium. A clock on the wall behind King advertises Ross Jewelers, on Dexter Avenue at Perry Street. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article (\"'Things Are Not Right in This Country'--King\" by V. English, B. Wilcox and B. Labaree) and photo spread (\"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\") that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6675","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6676","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6694","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["His hands are raised in front of his face. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6695","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6703","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6709","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6710","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6711","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6718","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Joseph Lowery is applauding in the background. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6722","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6731","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6739","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6743","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6749","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated behind the speaker during a meeting at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6750","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated behind the speaker during a meeting at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6758","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6759","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6764","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6766","record_class":"Item","title":"Joseph Lowery speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King, Jr., is seated behind him. The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6769","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6781","record_class":"Item","title":"Joseph Lowery and Martin Luther King, Jr., seated behind the speaker during a meeting at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is streaked. It was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6789","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., seated on the stage behind a speaker during a meeting at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6837","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6841","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6843","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6844","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6856","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6859","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington, \" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6868","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at St. Paul AME Church in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6872","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at the airport in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A cameraman is filming the interview. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for the Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_6879","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., being interviewed at the airport in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The men are walking toward a plane outside. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for the Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7103","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7109","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7113","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others arriving for a meeting at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7123","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Harrison Street Baptist Church in Greenville, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A picture of Jesus hangs on the wall behind him. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7131","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., William M. Branch, Ralph Abernathy and others, greeting people after getting out of a car, probably outside First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7133","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["His back is to the camera. This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7138","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7141","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The image is dark, so King's profile is a silhouette. This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7143","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building, probably First Baptist Church in Eutaw, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["People outside the building are watching and listening at the open windows. The image is dark, so King's profile is a silhouette. This image was probably taken for (but not used in) the article \"Dr. King Sweeps Through the Black Belt,\" which appeared on page 1 of The Southern Courier for December 11-12, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No22_1965_12_11.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7164","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a church building.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["His back is to the camera. Other images taken this day were later used in the photo spread \"The Men Meet Their People,\" which appeared on pages 2 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 18-19, 1965. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol1_No23_1965_12_18.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7320","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Ku Klux Klan rally was held in the city the same day. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article and photo spread that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 16-17, 1967. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No51_1967_12_16.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7325","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to people as they leave Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Ku Klux Klan rally was held in the city the same day. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article and photo spread that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 16-17, 1967. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No51_1967_12_16.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7326","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to Williams Gary as he leaves Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Ku Klux Klan rally was held in the city the same day. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article and photo spread that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 16-17, 1967. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No51_1967_12_16.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7328","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to a woman as she leaves Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Ku Klux Klan rally was held in the city the same day. This image was taken for (but not used in) an article and photo spread that appeared on pages 1 and 3 of The Southern Courier for December 16-17, 1967. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol3_No51_1967_12_16.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7424","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["F. D. Reese and Sheyann Webb are seated beside the podium; another little girl is sitting in front of the podium, looking at the camera. A cross is hanging behind the podium, surrounded by the pipes of an organ. The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_7430","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A cross is hanging behind the podium, surrounded by the pipes of an organ. The meeting was held a week after the Democratic primary."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8569","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a large, modern church building, probably in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Ralph Abernathy, Edward Gardner, Hosea Williams, and other men are seated behind him."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8570","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a large, modern church building, probably in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams, Edward Gardner, Ralph Abernathy, and other men are seated behind him."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8571","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a large, modern church building, probably in Birmingham, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Hosea Williams, Edward Gardner, Ralph Abernathy, and other men are seated behind him."]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8795","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A Mississippi Highway Patrol car is driving alongside the marchers. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8796","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Andrew Young, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8799","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8801","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., addressing an audience in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8803","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., Floyd McKissick, Stokely Carmichael and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["King is looking to the side and raising his hand. A photographer is kneeling in front of the group. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8806","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Floyd McKissick, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8823","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking at a gathering under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["A cameraman is filming the interview. The image is streaked. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for the Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8831","record_class":"Item","title":"Stokely Carmichael addressing a crowd in front of the Neshoba County Library in Philadelphia, Mississippi, during the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["He is speaking into a microphone attached to a bullhorn. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy are standing behind him. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8869","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8917","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8919","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience under a tent during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8925","record_class":"Item","title":"Whitney M. Young, Juanita Abernathy, Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, Stokely Carmichael, Floyd McKissick, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8926","record_class":"Item","title":"Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, Stokely Carmichael, Floyd McKissick, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8934","record_class":"Item","title":"Robert L. Green and Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to Mississippi Highway Patrol officers during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8940","record_class":"Item","title":"Robert L. Green and Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to Mississippi Highway Patrol officers during the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_8941","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., Andrew Young, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi, begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9605","record_class":"Item","title":"Juanita Abernathy, Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., James Meredith, Stokely Carmichael, Floyd McKissick, and others, participating in the \"March Against Fear\" through Mississippi.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["James Meredith began the march on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, but was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out. He was not able to rejoin the march until June 25, the day before it ended in Jackson, Mississippi. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_9656","record_class":"Item","title":"Floyd McKissick, Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy, Andrew Young and others, standing in front of the Neshoba County Library in Philadelphia, Mississippi, during the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["Young is holding a bullhorn. The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_11973","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience in a small church building.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_12117","record_class":"Item","title":"Whitney M. Young, Jr., speaking to Martin Luther King, Jr., while seated on a platform in front of the state capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, at the end of the \"March Against Fear\" begun by James Meredith.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["The march began on June 5 in Memphis, Tennessee, and ended on June 26 in Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith was injured by gunshots shortly after setting out, and he was not able to rejoin the march until June 25. The event was covered in the issues of The Southern Courier for June 11-12, June 18-19, June 25-26, and July 2-3, 1966, which are available online (not on the ADAH website): http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No24_1966_06_11.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No25_1966_06_18.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No26_1966_06_25.pdf and http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol2_No27_1966_07_02.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_14112","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking to an audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama.","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["L. L. Anderson, Albert Turner, Hosea Williams, and other men are seated on the stage behind him. The photograph is taken from above. This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington,\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf"]},{"record_id":"aar_peppler_14150","record_class":"Item","title":"Audience at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama, probably listening to Martin Luther King, Jr., speak","mediums":["negatives (photographs)"],"dcterms_description":["This image was taken for (but not used in) the article and photo spread \"Rallying Support for Poor People's Stay in Washington\" which appeared on page 3 of The Southern Courier for February 24-25, 1968. The issue is available online: http://www.southerncourier.org/low-res/Vol4_No08_1968_02_24.pdf. The image is very dark."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1039","record_class":"Item","title":"Bryan Simpson : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Bryan Simpson, federal judge who presided over many St. Augustine civil rights court cases. Recounts his involvement in the civil righs movement. Focused on his protection of the protesters, and views of civil rights leaders. Also expands and shows the brutality of L.O. Davis and the KKK.","Civil Rights-St. Augustine 2A Interviewer: David Colburn Interviewee: Judge Bryan Simpson May 24, 1977 sjm S: There, there are two or three main sections which you may have gathered from reading Mr. Ku.!rl'stler's connnents, also from other sources. The, the first, the first things that happened down there, do you want me to start off with that? Or would you rather ask me questions? C: Well, I was just going to ask you, the first one I was just going to ask . S: you was, were you involved in any of the 1963 goings-on? That was before­!/( Iv ,/, iv~ {\"-f-;l· 1A,.,.., I Well, that was, that was when they took, they got h.a.ilillg and beati~ piv •. everything. C: Right. S: Well, that, that came out, they never brought any action in this, in the district court, United States court, with reference to that. C: I see. S: But it came out in the following spring, in 1964, in the suit against L.O. Davis, the sheriff, which was one of the main, the main pieces of litigation. That styled Andrew Young v. L. (), Davis ------ _____ §: C: Right, the ambassador- S: Ambassador to the United Nations. But he was, he was an assistant of Martin J~'$ Luther King~at that time. And he, he was, he was arrested and beat up on and all sorts of things, so they, they, one of the early suits was Young v. Davis, one of the main suits. The early suits were numerous arrests for, this was about Eastertime in 1964-- C: Uh huh. Right. 2A Page 2 sjm S: Early April, I guess, or late March, 1964. C: Late March. S: Attempts to integrate eating places and motels, to a limited extent, but more, more eating places than anything else. And that's when Mrs. Peabody, the, the mother of the then governor of Massachusetts, Endicott Peabody, she wa.s amcmg the ones arrested and she'd been wrfttf:'J.1 up in her, that week, about her reasons for going down there. They, there were, oh, I don't know, a couple hundred arrests, I would guess, I don't want it to come out and be sure about it on paper. And they sought, Kuifi.stler, William Kutfustler and s,·l)'l()n,..., Tobias f:i~a:tt\"\" from Miami, they were representing these plaintiffs, they sought, they filed petitions to remove all the cases involved in these aA::1rests·, wfti'Cli were, I· guess would oeen returnable to the county (court .Jof' the county judges court. I'm not certain which. Judge Mathis, John Mathis was the judge of that court. C: Right. S: And I had hearings for two or three days and determined that the cases weren't removable under the statutes which had been stood. Apparently, Kuenstler apparently looked to ·the fact that later they, I was reversed for the remainder of those cases. But that was because they, the court of appeals applied the '64 Civil Rights Act retroactively. C: Oh right. S: @ ~--~~~~~~~-- opinion on that appeal and I had, at the time, at that time, I, my recollection is, and it's filed, you'll have to ferret it @ I out. But my recollection is that I permitted a Sl1.f)\"\" 5££2 (?) bond whileFhe, ~ \\ f I while the refusal to, while my dismissal of the case was in this court, was 2A Page 3 sjm pending and that, that held them up, you see. They didn't go back at that time. C: Right. S: And they, those cases now,they'd arrest them, they'd be, typically they'd be a mixed group, two or three white ladies and a couple of colored ladies. Now Mrs. Peabody, she had the, she had the wife of a black Episcopal bishop somewhere in New England. C: Yeah, Massachusetts. S: Massachusetts, I guess, with her, and one, I don't know, one or two other ladies, maybe another minister's wife. They, they were, they were arrested for trying to eat, for going in and sitting down in a restaurant to eat. C: Uh huh. S: I c\u0026J\u003e 0·17 And there were, that, that was more or less typical i-rt/those offenses and there was no special violence involved at that time. C: Did you handle many cases like that before the St. Augustine confrontation? S: I never had anybody try to remove a, try to remove one of those things. It C: was a new concept. I think in Kubstler' s chapter he says that I was1 At ,;vc/~.141. t!J) He spoke to me and came to my office to me before the hearing and I told' him I'd be interested to heatjvhat they had, see what they had to develop. That this was something new to me, that they could remove these, this type of case. And so, after hearing them a day or so, and hearing thei~ arguments- (What do you want, Ken? It'll keep, but thank you very much. Give the bank- ,..,-~·~ v.:_-\u003c book and stuff to Mrs. -- • Thank you, Ken). Well, I've lost the thought, I'm sorry, but-aJ You were talking to Kuenstler about the- 2A Page 4 sjm I I ' /~.;,_·; _.,.. ,.. -;'',7'.VI, hIi /11 ~7- C', / ;f•.(; 7 r 1~1,v-~.:.!: S: And the hearing. And they, they have some, they got hassled around a little bit at that time, they got shoved around in the jail and first agreed to, they had a , as I recall a, a representative of a Miami r;;; ol::\u003ending company or some out of town bonding company -!At., .f,~Jl-r _,who said they·' d take them and then the next morning kicked that, released the people, rciv . @ and then the next morning they wouldn't even - fl.c.-v $for1r/ • 'U±d 5,fflaf'\\ and Bill Ku~stler around in the office a little bit and so on. That, that's I think you've covered that once that I know about. That was covered pretty thoroughly in the testimony in that case. Then later they started, it would have oeen in late May, they, they started marching down there and marching at night. C: Right, right. S: C: S: C: S: And that, that is the basic, the~ march~ Hi 5'°'\"c \\,f\\ [( d'wi:~, - then they were told by, told by the sheriff and the chief of police and so on that they couldn't march anymore. And they, then, we had this, had this suit involving, and that was, that was joL1':5 v. Davis- Right. and the, the incident fl,v/,rJq (\\;i Robert~\" I heard testimony for several days in that case about Dr. Cleaver ~{~1 not Cleaver- Jle-.r.,l.,.1@ Robert .HaJ..e#, yeah. q /ill~ Dr. Robert Ha:-1-ay_ being beaten up and when they were bod of(« f'..I(·,, ,.,uf,,,~, trying to spy on somebody aincl appare1tdy- he and one or two other blacks ·:·· were trying to spy on c, t l?t r\u003c n1 cc J, 11n and they caught them and they rou~h 0 ' 1(1 } l\\ LU '.'-) gave them a pretty/time. And if I recollect, 1 1it doesn't appear in this couri but perhaps in the St. Augustine local state or county court, they, 2A Page 5 sjm C: S: 1L.1 they wouldn't make any CC!)C' against {iJ., ll c 111 people .. ~made J-4 some --Ct1-SC'-) --against ~against the blacks- Right. ' •, J-/.1-'i /,.111 @ That was the, well, that's when, that's how, that's how the Hale~ thing came in, that incident came in. And there, there was a, there was another thj_ng that came out during that, during r: hi's story about h±s case, sJ~rised that that hearing and Kue1\u003cstler and ' .6) I would ask £., (}. 15avis when he was on the stand about these special deputies that he had. Well,- C: I was wondering that myself. S: Well, you know, I guess time' s gone by enough . to talk about this a . little bit, but the FBI has spies everywhere and lately I've heard it said back in later years, C: S: So this was a, these, these people told me, had told me, had come and told me that, that they had information. I couldn't reveal source or talk about it, of course, but I had informa~ion from some\u003e. one or two of K.lan the older agents in the FBI office that some ~eople from Jacksonville MAtlvc.~t were messed up in with Davis and.Mi.hu.se-and everything down here in St. Augustine and,,, )said that he had, he had Klansmen, their information was that Klansmen were his special deputies. And they said that they've im­it-ported the Klan down there, they.· called ~something like the- C: Ancient City Hunting Club? S: Ancient City Hunting Club, or Gun Club or something or other, and that was what I was trying to get out of Davis and then I finally, finally 2A Page 6 sjm Davis come back the next day and bring me a list of deputies and that's /.,. M1\tlvc..'-/ when Hoss M:i:riuseJ.s name came up, for example. I told him, \"I want to know,.know about those deputies.\" And he didn't seem to know anything about them. He estimated he had twenty, or thirty or forty and I said, uMy information, you have over a hundred.·Get me a list.\" And he brought · .' a list, and it weighed like a hundred and forty or fifty, and he said those were the ones that he had deputized during the, during the Easter-time, that that wasn't all the special deputies. He didn't know how many special deputies he had, no idea. Well- C: How did one get to be a special deputy? S: Well, he, he, he testified in that proceeding that anybody that'd come in and volunteer, he'd make them a special deputy. He hadn't, he claimed not to have any list of questions. fhe. /,~.I . and so. on, and there was · ow:f' no, no control ~hem. Now remind me to talk about the, the deputy sheriff Lance matter after I get through, because that comes into this. Lance was one of those special deputies. Nothing, nothing very concrete came out of that. The1the, going back to the, well, this was in Andrew Young's proceeding that, that the special deputies matter came out. And it's very involved and I, there was another connection, there was a connection, ,J\"c.c./::3.cJ'JllJ!f! .. @ or thought to be a connection between a bunch of Klansmen, the a.e.tual a r:. .:r rec id I; bunch of Klansmen that I tried in late June and up, r wonld sall it?2July the fourth of 1964. It was either Saturday or Sunday and we had the trial going(/NC/, ,,(or,t! and the jury said they wanted to stay and work on the fourth or on Sunday or both, whatever it was, and they came in with a , they couldn't agree and I had to declare a mistrial. These people were charged ·------- ------------------------------------ 2A Page 7 sjm with dynamiting the home of, out in Lackawanna of the first one, of the only little black child that had gone to Lackawanna school, gone to the, that had happened a year or two before, two or three years before mayfie. But under the integration order, one child put in the, put in the Lackawanna Primary School, the elementary school in the fall. He was a little first grader. They, they had the women parading out there f/,~f @l 4 ./(hrt~ -~ti /v !A·,;~ ru(lr1-t. //, and they had signs up, \"Niggers '/ \" / I?;\\) , {./h·•'\"S V:.W C:·~rhafl1/:,, Q1./(,{f/; •. .:J\" \"·.'1The little six year old kid couldn't read, you 0 /ii! know, but it must have been a fi 11s/e..;v !;_·;to him, what the sign said. So I finally this group, they got together and we tried these people for dynamiting that house and we had, we had, I can't think of his name, I 1 . {ttt l! 1.1 :7( (\"(i.'.I .(;.,/, ./ rw-μ.., an experienced man from Indiana or Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, somewhere right in that part that was a, he was an accomplished /(o'Sf.Cf'--4115 dynamiter. He, he pled guilty) {))'1\\\\io.u1 ~)fl1t\".!I,;,\"~· He pled guilty and ·-' he pled guilty, and testified in the first trial against these people. Now, after the mistrial, I tried my ·best to, I told the U.S. attorney, I said,\"I'm going to try it again.\" And he wanted to try it in the fall. I said, well, I said,\"Maybe this doesn't have anything to do with it, but you're a Democrat and that Lyndon Johnson's running here in this fall election.\" I said,\"You try this thing a month before the election, it will bring a lot of, bring a lot of racial feeling, bring a lot to the surface that might react unfavorably on the President.\" And I said, \" He's,he's a Democrat and that might interest him.\" And so they didn't try it until -{: 1ter, after the election. Finally~hef~ried it in November and the people fi;;, -....;:... .. -\"\" were acquitted. They had a , they had a ---------- dry run, and ----------------------------------------------- ···- 2A Page 8 sjm this government witness wouldn't, wouldn't testify and we, I let him use the, I let him use his prior, tes.timony at the prior trial and that was, that was one of the points on the appeal, whether, whether he could testify again or not. And then, then he brought, pushed con-viction proceedings which I decided against him and he claimed that the FBI had made him promise all kinds of things, you know to, to get his plea of guilty set aside. It turned out, he was the only one, only one that got it. These local Klan types, they, they got away, but there was there were indications that you couldn't, couldn~t ';t\"eally put your finger on at that time and it'd oe impossible to put them down in very concise order now, wi:th the time passed and my memory being what it is, But that, these people were tied in with the Sl, A1Aci1,1S}i11'.e.- hb'c.h, and old Davis, and this, I'm not clear on this in my mind, but Davis arrested, v1ere. the Florida East Coast strike was going on and there w~ome rewards out for people that were connnitting acts of sabotage against the railroad, putting dynamite all over it and blowing up the trains and so on. They had big rewards. This William whatever his name was, Davis had him and he thought he had gotten himself a, and q 11M/t/t-1 I think Mi~use was in with him, I don't know, but they thought they had captured him. The East Coast saboteur. And it was all linked in together with this Klan trial that this fellow was a witness in here in Jacksonville and I'll get, get, they were, the FBI was monitoring the Jacksonville Klan thing and that's how they got up·enough.evidence to indict these people for the dynamiting of the house out there, the parents of, the mother of this little boy, and also they, they were getting some feedback in there about\\ St. Augustine thing 2A Page 9 sjm from the same, same thing going on, see and it tied in with the, tied in with the dynamiter. Well, the, let's go back to Young, Young v. Davis. r;Q #7\u003e fbtN 1.{) :I brought another, f I Now that went on for several days lf11d brought this suit and we had, we had a hearing and I told him that, I said,\"I'll get this out as quickly as I can, but I'd like to ask for committment that you don't demonstrate during the time I have the case II on the advisement bench, it turned out to be about a week or ten days, nine or ten days, I forget, the order came out on the ninth of June. And they agreed, they went out to confer, and they agreed to that. Then \" rf~'I -/-J E ir.f,,, ft_,.n,;e. '~~· I enjoined the marchers. I, I enjoined them-first with the marchers. Davis, and Dr. Shelley was lhe t»~ Voe= l\\r'\\c\\ 1'-1\\fC- .forcw.Jlcn )~.c d\\ie\\ o\\ ~,.,l1c:,\u003c'.'s r....,_;r,(' ~-'-'-\"'----,11-..\u003et..J:;;;._-,~'---'----'.;..o..~ C: ~~~ S: Stuart Virgil, Stuart, yeah. And of course, one thing, we got hot to start bringing in these people march at night and the people in pickup '1:\u003e trucks with bicycle chains and ax J:;l..(i\u0026.J ·~nd ball bats and so on would assemble on the square and ,V, 0~ ,tln-11 @and fight them and they brought the Florida Highway Patrol down there. We had another, another bi.g hearing about that I recall . t:16Mf //1;;v t; 1tL. And I refused to t II ti to them ----------- @ C: There must have been a lot of.pressure on you then, because I think Ol I everybody was, well,Jithe whites were hoping you'd put a ban on the demon-strations. S: Yeah, yeah, right, well, then I, I got, I don't know where that file's 2A Page 10 sjm here or not, but I have stacks of you know, poisonous, poison pen mail, threats and everything else. I wonder with these people coming in and they would assemble from, they weren't all of them, they weren't all of them, many of them localj, A0,,_,d;•·' people. They'd get a couple of pickup trucks loads eorrJ\u003e ,\\,orv\\ Oc?l b , Cr\"'~''[.: ui 1 c. Pzd:'.1..+l:c·, ._:1(,rl2 or ::::::,;,: u.)\\crt\u003c: o vc\u0026 Jk{,\\ 'c( t6Y1\\J.. Q·Y~Cl ~t·~t\\_\\:d f) ('1.-/t:t,,. (fl\"C(; .,..,, '\";'t'! ·~\"',f':.1~l't•·'\" .C: I was wondering what you, you hear ~lot of St. Augustinian people say that there really wasn't a St. Augustine protest, it was people from outside. Did you have that feeling too? S: Well, it was people, it was people from outside. King, King went in there, King started it and King was, King was tickled to death to get out of there with a dog bone, really. I couldn't, all I was trying to do, the main thing I was trying to do was to get a biracial committee formed down there and let them deal with these blacks. And you couldn't get anybody that would agree. They wanted to have a secret committee they wouldn'·t, wouldn't let-1-)n/y Ari\"'' f;:, f;j And, well, Pope the senator, he came over and talked to me rcnJF-one night about what to do, and I said,\"~, you can take the lead in this thing.\" No, he couldn't do that. You'd have to have some, if you're going to lead you have to have somebody to follow you and so on, see. Well, finally, a banker there, can't remember his name­C: I'm, I'm not sure which one it was-Frank Har\"old? S: Frank Hatold was one, and then the other man, the other banker who's- C: Wolfe, was it Wolfe? S: Wolfe, yeah. And they finally got some sort of conunittee, they got some sort of a, at least a front of a committee together. And what, what saved the situation, I, I, what, you see the first thing, the first thing that people like, people like King would want, would be to make, they're making 2A Page 11 sjm a, they're making a protest and they're making a non-violent protest, I \u003cf} lJ··A1,·-{ tr.If -f}iQ, w~PIFN S but they won't al~ys wil:l-:i:ng bodies to get beat on and to make as much noise as they can; C: They get the publicity- S: They want, they want, the thing they'd want would be if you could, to say, well, the state of Florida can't have it. Get the President to send troops in or something,see, which, which would have been a, which would have been a bad mistake /N, /N, ~St. Augustine - people y I they wanted everybody to go away, and just play like it didn't h~ppen. C: Why do you think King went there? Do you have any-? S: Well, I'll tell you why. Because I think what triggered it was the /lay_/ '\"f f(_y Civil Rights Commission in, I'm not sure but what they included that ~ incident in their report, but theys they, their report that they filed in the fall of 1963, it said St. Augustine was a tinderbox and so on, and that it had to, something had to give, and thaS ~hat people weren't, blacks weren't getting a claimed to be the fair shake and that it was a terrible thing, for what c: (1tf IN flflle.,r'/c1-.- ® oldestA.permanent white settlement or whatever they called it. And I think that's what called it to, to these outsiders' attention. It was HosrA Williams and King and Young, they had four or five others of these black non-violent, you know, students, southern- C: Southern Christian Leadership Conference. S: Yeah, the slicks and the snakes. They had another one Southern Non-Violent which are snakes, I think, I don't know, they had a nickname for all of them. But, that's what brought it on. The, the situation as far as the Civil Rights Act was in '64, was passed and signed, right about the first 2A Page 12 sjm C: S: of July and that's right when things came to a head. I had issued a 5-~0 tJ Cill/Stt ~ order against the government for- Banning the marchers? I ,-;_) flt he.~ k b\u003eI 1srn£J b~~~i~~' the marchers. I thought that there had to be -- Mvo'fl/(fr we1Jlten days ahead lo slow n'''~F @on a certain date, why, it should be held in contempt. I thought maybe things would settle down a little then. Couldn't have a , you know people say,government ignores +de.,\"{ 14-ttle court orders and.so on like that. Vot.. eol /o -le.Irr. 5:'01»F ~ u ~ /JJF//ft'.~D· ON ffi.;;_,~,c, n.l. t/ir.t, Or yoiA. i~lS 1 /c.co .... Q'\" a ~ql;:.I' !~;?'\" re4/ f41 cf,jCYJkN0t;1, C: Are you and Bryan~ weren't you and Bryant-fairly good friends at that time, or is that? S: We had been friends, yeah, he pad, he practiced law in.Ocala and I, when T came on the district bench in 1950, I used to go twice a year, and hold court down in Ocala for two or three weeks, whatever it is. They have a courtroom, courtroom down there and we had an Ocala docket and I'd go down and meet all those Ocala lawyers pretty well,and Bryant was a Rotarian~a ~ itlfWluo\\ Rotary Club down there, Ci11d J'd 5U'Orn121fKdN~, we, we LA)Crc -fr1cn~l(,.I· (pi; ~.~~~~~- __,, He, he had one of his close friends here in Jacksonville during that week or ten days we're talking about call me and ask me could he, he and I talk unofficially, and I said, \"Come on over, I'll meet you at 'Your friend's house.\" And we had a meeting one night about two hours, trying to figure out where, where we were going, where we were getting to. We, we were not, we thought differently, but we were not unfriendly, in a personal sense •• , C: Uh huh, sure. 2A Page 13 sjm S: ••• at all, see, and I was trying to help them, I was trying to help them figure them, figure things out. One way is to, to get passed off with the-well, the thing they were, the thing they were protesting about getting into, getting into motels and restaurants and everything was covered by the Civil Rights Act. So now the next, the next thing was, they started trying .to integrate those motels and restaurants with the force of law oehind them with Title Two of the Civil Rights Act to back them up. And so we had a bunch of those cases. C: I wonder if I could back up just a second. S: Yeah, yeah. C: Do you think what King was concerned, do you think it,· he was trying to use St. Augustine to get the Civil Rights Act passed? Did you sense arty of that with Young? S: I don't- C: Was trying to pressure S: I, I don't know that King thought that way. C: Uh huh. S: King was, King was a, he was a terrific inspirational leader, you know, and he, I can hear him now. \"I have a, I have a dream,\" you know, there, when /?:/1 the, at the Washington Monument -~1{.·t hat peri. od. He, he was, he was a .terrific inspirational leader, but I don't think he was much of a thinker and a, and a planner and I, I would question whether he, but that may have, that's certainly ~ possiblity. Now I wouldn't like to think that he was simply going all over and trying to stir up as much interest and concern for the plight of the blacks as he could. I, I, maybe they, course he was, ------------ --- ' --- 2A Page 14 sjm course I'm sure he examined the passage of the Civil Rights Act. I, I don't know, he probably testified up there. I don't know that, I don't think they would call him in, but you know there was a good deal of testifying, testi-mony about people say, this, talking about Title Two testimony, people say well, the department of black, Department of Justice lawyer- -Break- C: Yeah, I was going to ask you , one of the other questions I was going to ask you. You, were sharply critical of Davis for the conditions in his jai1.. Now I wonder if you might, how, how did you know that conditions were that bad then? S: There was a suit, when that was, I tell you, there was a suit, and I'll try to think of the name of it. It's one of these cases, when, after the first of July, when, when they, when they started making these steps to integrate the various restaurants, and getting, those people getting arrested, again, you see, they1 f/.rsr NrRE , these were locals. I suppose they were being di-rected from outside, but going in and try to, go and sit down and-I'll tell (:\"\"\u003e, I . / . ~ ,.1. ,,Mf rvcN. · you one of those instances - _/,·r1r. ,/ or /iJc/rr/ .;... -r/.t hr'J-11:·;\u003c·1 :And, as I recall, there was also some marching and demonstrating about this same time, and when this, these, these problems brought on a , they brought on a lot of, a number of arrests and they, I'm not sure which and I couldn't tell from the testimony whef~ff~e£:~-af@, the jail set bonds or whether he had a direction from Matthews the judge to set bond, whereas the people that were, outside people that were demonstrating and trying to, trying to integrate, trying to integrate restaurants and motels- C: Uh huh, right. 2A Page@ sjm S: We were setting bond a hundred and fifty, two hundred, three hundred C: S: C: S: C: S: dollars then. That was a cinch for them. Now these local people, they get done arresting them in, in July there, so they were setting bonds at three thousand, thirty-five hundred. Good heavens. Out of sight f.or these people. Well- They brought a suit that, that they claimed that the excessive bail; t1NOke Iii£ (DJ . //mrr:c/r .. wt- wif/..excessive 'Dail, and also cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment by the way they were treated in the jail. And that's when I criticized· the jail conditions in the, in tlie order in that, in that case, in which r~ Were they that bad, just out of curio;sity? They were pretty bad. They, they had a, everybody was, blacks and whites, males 01.M,idt They'd keep themVthere in the ball and say that was {f)_ They sent them he had a, he had a compound where [Ji and females - '1-.rl,./la./fi.ad to stay. chain in July all day, and they'd to court so they'd let them have exercise, they'd stay out there if it was hot, they'd stay out there if a thunderstorm crune or whatever. And then you had them packed in like sar-dines in some places at night and that sort of thing. C: I see. S: That was the, that w~ the basis a{ {~(i-..@I, let me, I think •••• •- -'-___I f .1111 \u003c;/1;:' 1P J ,,.,,~,..' . J'l~1•1L \"f b-'· +h.f f\"~.pf~.,.,t:r /\\Brock. Now Brock was the, Brock was the - C: Here's, here's a reference to it-o S: Brock was the man that ran the M,tl.nson Motor Lodge. 2A Page 16 sjm C: Right. S: And he was the one that was pictured throwing acid in the pool colored people jumpi11g·in the pool and him running around to throw acid in it, and so forth. I, now this may be, ~in4v. Matthews may be the, the- -V-C: It says here in, in Freedman's book, that you, that there were two cases two suits referred to you and it said that in the, in the second opinion, you described the, the high bail:requirements and then you also described the conditions in the jail. S: Yeah, well now, does that, does that have a footnote citation or anything to- C: It doesn't have any,. I don't see any reference- S: Any reference to the name of the case, well, it's one of these. C: Reference to the case. Somehow the Plummer case rings a bell, but I wouldn't swear to that one. S: Plummer, it might be Plummer. She was a, she was one of the local protesters, and it may have been, that may have beenfoven brought in her name. Well I think it may have been, I know that Vance, the sheriff- Here's, here the, the 11/l contempt scene against Vance came up\\/the Plummer case,'cause here's, here's Q~/@ 18 the, here that material is, the .f.e1H; findings and the addition -In /;M fact. That went on, that went Supreme Court somewhere, about my right to turn, turn in his badge fv,,. 0,,/at,7 \u0026 C: Uh huh. That's where Strom Thurmond denounced what you did on the floor of the Senate. S: Yeah,I think, yeah it was in- C: 'Cause the court upheld you, didn't it? 2A Page 17 sjm S: Well, yeah. My, my court upheld me, the fifth scdor upheld me, and then the, then the, the Supreme Court and I'm, I'm not certain whether they heard it on the merits and upheld me, or, or whether they denied a petition for certain, and that's the way it- but anyway my good friend, Justice Black -.hi\u003c,~ rY . -k\u003c!l\"1(l~ y (' ct ·~a biting, sharp dissent about em:rtYt.o..ok-ht'lif over the, usurp1~~ was of functions of state and everything, well, this fellow Lance ~) wtt\u003eI' \\..j.· p....rd one of these vdt,.01ker ci.i.evltS He wo11 ld.a.!..V°~d that's all in that stuff there. -K-im-b-al-l -- was one of f.eli7 ef thri.ocal (nurse or she worked the people, I think, one of in some /rl4Ybt- ~ or in some I clerical capacity, I don't know, she ••• This Plummer, Plummer against Brock was the suit where they compla\\i.ed about the, the refusal to serve, see. C: Uh huh. S: A number of places, we took testimony about him and- C: Right. S: They, the testimony all was that, we _-_. ___ __,f.~h'-'\"\"~~-r~1 because the, the Ancient City Hunting Club and Gun Club when the M~sy people were running around threatening ..vl...t vr:, $(..(.,, • I think what it amounted to, ·the result was an injunction enjoining them to serve and enjoining these other people from interfering with- C: Right. S: People who wanted to be served. C: That was after the passage of the Civil Rights Act, wasn't it? S: That's, that's right, that's right, that's right and that's what the Plununer case basically was. 2A Page 18 sjm C: Uh huh. S: And then Vance, there was some, some white person, some white man from outside and I don't know what his, whether he was a preacher, lawyer, r;,_,,,, otfr1.~t'f:. K somebody came in down there and this colored man named ~-bm:k; I know they call him Thunderbird- C: Uh huh. S: The colored people, they'd call him Thunderbird, I found out his name. He met the man and·he drove him to this eating place, the Chews, run by same people called the Chews. C: Chews, right, Chew' s Restaurant. S: Well, they had a different name then, I believe. But anyhow, he, he followed them and chased them all around, all up and down back streets, and finally, he, he said something to him while he was there, and then when he left, he followed them. Well, it wasn't any, there wasn't any reason for this volunteer deputy to be doing that for any reason except ~r~ to intimidate Thunderb~ and that was the basis for telling him that he'd have to turn in his badge 1and he probably violated a Civil Rights That's Plummer, that's, there's got to be, King v. Mathis, maybe this is the one. I'm trying to find the one where what you asked about, where they, where the jail con-ditions- C: Right. S: Things get away from me. I thought I never would forget any of this. It C\u003eV\\ wentAfor the,the ••• this was not setting bond, I guess. King v. Mathis. C: That wasn' t, wasn' t the Young v. Davis, was it? 2A Page 19 sjm S: Young v. Davis, the original Young v. Davis was the, and here's that \"I! I file, was the, was the J-,-w_1_n_1·_r._e._.',c.._.c_c_.( -~--o-\"-{:-·o:..._.-;:,_;: :_·' -'\"'_c_I~ ··,_n,.,tt_-__ (j C: Right. S: Now, it may have, I don't think, I think they would have filed another Crn.rrJ e. II suit. Here's one hotel, Williams 0-5011\u003cs1 £..::...,:i.c-ft , I don't know what that is. That, that's just a aflooj!'f_ ;f;,sf(7)¥ewis Con\"'ell, proprietor, ii . and individual doing business by the name of Santa Maria Restaurants, so that's just M11n0Jhor DllC o)'.Hic integrating. There were, there may be a, +~v f l1't: ci ,... (!i}) there were maybe a dozen separate ones of those cases, p.r-Gbab±-y fifteen JI . I • I ' /I 1/ I lj or more in which similar orders went out, ./-/.,\"-1 ~ i.Jt,Af c,(( lr11;{.1 nr,,,4, welt+ J,.. M-1 [Jf1i•N? , io rot\u003eic a I flio•e- Cflf(J- \u003eon?r:1 .. 1'ii.'N!:, - hnu: s-omcwhutr .@ vf:Rj fa'j • • • f haf s ,'w ,,-rfo-r-rv c- _... somewhsx:.e. C: You know, it really seems in looking at the events that went on, that,J.1\\f\\1 you really kept the lid on events there that if, if they, if it hadn't been- S: Well, somebody else, I, I don't know, another judge might, might have just said, well this is, all this mess, and swept it under the rug. I, I didn't feel; my conscience wouldn't let me do that. But ~ou kno'.A), h1;,.,\\fo- ::(.O,;~cl 1;,!(S u.ou Cid c1 La•r L.1J:,c h•\\ you don't want, you wish you never picked i:-t' up, but ') © you.can't let go. This was a~======:___ C: Davis had no restraint on h:im from, 'cause Shelley was pretty much agreed with what he was, mayor- S: Yeah, well, Shelley was the mayor and, and Davis was of course a different chain of command, but they were all working together. C: Right. 1/rr\u003c.\u003c;)i I S: Grego~y Stewart was the- 2A Page 20 sjm C: Was the police chief, yeah. S: Was the police chief, but, we had, there was a lot of dealing with, two or three hearings on, where the highway patrol people had come in: and they had them in there. They had a bunch of them, the governor did, ~f1/~11:J1\"d~i,.ror-clrJf!iJa\"'{they~~~:_r{.n' t maintain the, couldn't maintain ® order, 1-/rU'J fo · ' \"·\"' · · · an injunction against banning marches after tlli's, J:'~ t!F.clar:, , I just can't, can '·t put my finger on what I'm looking for. I know that it's· here. C: That was, when they came up to, and questioned you atrout thei'l'.' aO-i;I.ityto control events the'l:'e, wasn't that when you saitl tlla,t tll'ey ouglit to start arresting some of those other people instead of..,.. .and the two most, the one aoout the marching and the other one and this one about the, the economic violations by the~ C: Yeah, here's the reference to the 90 degree temperatures and . the storm and the fact that he kept them in the compound during these times. S: - /le, hE/j h1rrr /-,;r • I don't remember whether it was a man or a woman 11 1 I .;hf 1 CqVfJ,'I; fir Jzer/ ·ll; .• j') ilV e:• ,,p/uu: tJif.FJAsit down. They had one cripple in there, too. ii C: One polio victim, right, on crutches. S: Was that a woman or a man? C: Yeah, it was a woman. And then you have the reference to the sweatboxCS. 2A Page 21 sjm S: Well, that, that's the one there5' that's al()1tf f/ie, El~Jdh cu'\u003e1rf'J0\"1{JV/.rtfJ C: Right. S: thing of sort. You know, you get mad as the dickens when you come along the street and somebody's run the windows up and left, left a little old dog in the hot sun- C: Right. S: . 'And then you think about human ·beings and I think I said in there . .(/,~.( ./6, ·s i\u0026l{,.,c, ~.A lvrt1t•a CttVr! V11.:sf;.,? /.-r. 6 s I v v f.; 'but these weren't, these weren't {orc(11U: rs or even people from other states, they were -------- ------ hometown. 11\\i•J\\~, H_f CY\\_(. And there was then, they'd be_ lV\\ Jk~ fuff\\',Cd\\('I 0-::pl;.,\\S\\.-, -T':lw::.;., f:,rccl IS 1.PhC1c .\\:.{ ·~~vtv'c.\\iun L»o-:. \"' ,,\n.rd. -::L cd,.cl l.C•v\\CC -ror Z1. V\\c\\ - C: Right. S: And had a hearing on, on that, because, he wasn't, of course he wasn't -r .... f//e. ''1rt/c · tfli ~ + C: S: 1 -/h £17F on this, he wasn t defendable and waen II I' t?d .1. M\"'·\"'' nNV rff;lM'ttr/e- or er, - vo re.sine... f T , • tlv ro.v1ElJ-r· '.// t ·ll)rrc people, but he was, I said he was in, acting as-e-OURSelor.\\hne f,,;:::,,., ;, I t(_J} cf. I. ·.,ow .,,,.l'\u003c.~ ' f ({1 • ~ .. ,,, t:t\"' \"5..v£ /,;..., 6 ~ ·That was one of the points in the appeal, whether or not he was, whether or not you could punish him for contempt when he, when he was \u0026 I. 1i1\u003e1ci'\u003eJ,.,.e ,.rf _.,,... (.;.11,, ,_ '1 think JJr.r 1~ .. ~·~~- c Ci f~ (Alf\"J{l 5li /.1. ~he opinion of/:,r;11:r:d /Hr. Lance and as I say, I c.01,,td ~oo\\c I{ can't, I can't recall when the_, when the, whether J~.__.c_ S:up.-c.\\\")'1..£. ~~ the\u003e t;; on-ftrtl'J or ,),r/lu1 I crt\u003c'l\" i! . fAt:t of:,,w black filed the strongest sentences in (J:•r e...t\"rc11tl I Yeah, I've read it, I can't remember either, to be honest with you. J A I .(,/ C:r·n Tlr i\\ procedure ;n;. \\f ··1 f , r11 '-' l _ 2A Page 22 sjm C: S: Right. And it's some of these things, somewhere. ,w• -/r'a c·tI \u003cl.j::;.:,- Now, for some reason, an~I don't know why, there's a, and these are all filed, but, there are a bunch of, I don't know why I had these Xerox copies, and these are simply Xerox copies of the Supreme Court slips. And I suppose they're all the different-1964, about that time. against Maryland, Bowie against the City of Columoia. Several copies of the same thing. Whatever, they're, they're, if they, if nooody wants them, throw- them away, because they're, they're in the books now anyway. C: Uh huh. I'm sure they'll be glad to have those. S: Well, they, they, if they don't want them, they can throw them away then, they're not much value to anybody, they're just, but they were, I wanted 6'l IJNclfhts· l1:/s ~Er /d/,1,( r::.'_J f./A:\"1r: them at the time for some purpose that I can't even recall.A I had a huge @' /,{ / ' I/'~( \\.J.fr or ~of') y' file of them.a1rt!/1 ,.,,4 /,.// n,,/ fr/Irv what they re going to do to you. I C: Uh huh. S: That's my first wife, she's dead now, but she knew how to handle them. ,1 /21\"-Y S't\\I. She'd say, \"Yes, thank you, so nice to call,\" and,~ I~' tt\"May have your name and who's calling?'' And then say, \"We appreciate having your views\", or something like this. I told her just be polite, e;J ,;{r f'fi,\" lui /! p,,,., •. they'd hang the phone up, they'd get so mad at her for- C: Being nice. S: Being nice to them. They told me that, this is an aside. During this time, when they, I guess it was when the.people were coming in from outside. I had a friend in Ocala who called me up one night. He ran a big truck stop and had waitresses there, and one of his waitresses was married to L __ 2A Page 23 sjm C: S: @ somebody ------------- right next to him said, \"You better :r :Si1l~J watch out, those people are going to try to kill you.'·' A \"Can you tell me 61 who they are?\" He said, No.\"J,,5e;a;dm .. il.o\u0026f;q~i \"I don't know what to do.\" I ' \" fJ:) ' (JNJJNi said, \"I guess t-~.s4 acf,,.,\u003c~ v,, .. c .. .J r/ill. 0 · The FBI came to ilee me. They had some communicated threats from up in Georgia. and Montana. ________________(! !;_}_~· They had the names of these people. I said,\"Well, can you give me a picture of them? They got an arrest record, can tell me.\" fforrl ovtl?, I had some doubts about it· r.llfr ic.; · /fo.;~~1·~; · · ~(,fr'· · ·hJo or fArf!O- - (1.irt(J /,;/lrc1 ;'.;'c;r S'\"''\"\"'i\"(i. Uh huh, right. -------------- fii;;i .. ..__ ....... several repeating rifles , and a couple of shotguns, I said,\"You want me to put one at each window loaded and then if I hear anything go to that window and shoot, or what do you think I ought to do?\" _Cl£11 , \"Use your c: Si..rC, own judgement.\" Aside from, it's a little hard on your family/\\ this sort of thing is hard on your family. /1)0 .fl1'N£ EvFf? · @ · . I never (I will understand why they want to kill the judge, anyhow. · · · ~------- @ ---------------~·There's some newspaper things here, too, now I'm going to stop talking and let you ask me questions. rc\".Cllii1. C: I just wanted to ask you about,Vy~u answered most of what I wanted to ask you, I just wanted to ask about Kue!h.stler and Simon. What, what sort of lawyers were they? How did you find them? Both of them are very activist lawyers 2A Page 24 sjm today. I was wondering how they were back then. S: Yeah, well, I'll tell you, Kuenstler was the soul of i.Jlticz.-\\ conduct :Mb'L @ in the courtroom, very professional. So was ~ Simon, all through C: S: this and somewhere along the line, I think Kue%:stler changed, between this time and the time that he took part in the Chicago Seven trial and some of the Rap Brown business and all of that, I, I think that the symptoms changed constantly. He, he got into this thing, as he ~ells in his book ,+ there, that he got into it pretty much by, started intoAby accident, and got interested and kept on going. And at that time, he was, he was, I think a different person, now, I, I say this Because ·we have a, how long · have you been at the university? Five years. \\\"i\\CI'.) b:! it;\\• This may have been a little before then, butA~here was a, some trouble in (11'C\\ 9\\r\u003c';'.I Gainesville,f, I think it was the wife of a professor down there, and she and the, encouraging some activity on the part of black people. I, it's, it's kind of out of my mind and I didn't sit on it, there was an appeal and I suppose that it was, I don It know whether it was' was ::J;,,/,p Crir51,,.rf/ lJ Ao ttJ.,S ml/ @; 1'\u003e1~Y J -- // (:,· or after Arno, after Arno was on there or when maybe it W\u0026S MIJE: brrrJ Ir::-\u003e; IJ1iar/r\u0026,,/ ,~ \u0026 I just don't ·remember. \"'iThey had an appeal ·:fa.AF or0urd hEtff i·t was with . . . , - . '• ' 0 ' ..... ' .... ~ . I a panel of 011\" co~rt. -1/)fi Co.,{ cff{1'l1'''\u003eby then ~~lrthe Court of: Appeals. They· had ...:._ _ .::::=::::=::::==========-@-= -------5/i:/ir;-. s:tt 'he-Pe in Jacksonville in . ~~;:01 this Gainesville case __-_ -.::.::_-.::.::_-_- \"_~ This i'S something I couldn' t imagine Bill Kuenstler doing in the time that I had all these contacts with him over that five or six months. He had, here again, the FBI came and told me they didn't know who to, who to tell. I wasn't going to sit on the 2A Page 25 sjm panel, but I was a li'~t 1.\u003c.1'f resident ~ judge and there was three judges @ coming in from outside and so -------- told me. They hadn't had somebody for a little meeting that they had in Gainesville with these these appellants, the people who appealed the case. They'd been, whatever, whatever rights they were trying to enforce fA~//iifYThey'd been turned J-down by the district judge and they were appealing and they told me that Ku~stler had, had appeared at the meeting two days befo~e of the group in Gainesville. I can't rememoer what it was all about now. And he told them, he said, \"I want you to come to J·acksonvi'lle · -111~1/ ·a 5t;u// ' I ti v,,~ ttrtI '''/lt»' , ru ' JI J· / (1P ON{ I t•'r // - H.e sa1\"·d' 1.~Mak· e S\"v \"me no 1··se. II v Well, the iuea of an ethical_lawyer wanting to try to intimidate or influence a court that way, that, that was shocking to me/.Jr1/fI) JJttf§r ./Jr I(.,,,/,.\"/ /; /'./Olv ../--'1t; //flcmv{'y Griffin Bell was on the panel and I told Griffin about it, and I said, \"Griffin, I'll tell the marshal to have some extra men in the hallway and I'll tell the FBI to have some extra people, we'll have a few people in the courtroom and tell the marshal when, when the seats in the, it's a real small courtroom q,r ;r ,,,._,1,-e r.f.;.,t ~ when the seats are in there filled, not to let anybody else in _..::::::::==:=:=:=:=:::::::~re;J.,=~ny other sug-gestions, let me know. But the information is that they're going t~come //'I _•t .I ./ U\u003e· I ii l. CC!••, rO •..., ~'-\" in and try to raise a disturbance and rrrc.{,• \"' ,·/ i /~,/:Mr around the court- ® house and so ----,,- ---- said, \"No, ,So, , ~' 'If you I don't think anything e!\"::e. hear anything~ why call else ----- me,\"·and this was Thursday or Friday before they were to start the session on Monday and Tuesday, Monday or Tuesday of the following week (I;;:/ they did. They (,iJ came in (t!lf;t1 !/....,, There was I.Jo! and it was one other 2A Page 26 sjm regular judge, it was old judge Phillips, R.A. Phillips who was former chief judge of the tenth circuit. He was up in his eighties, he lived down at Lakeland and retired, you know, and he'd sit about, would have court about once a year, cl @) -------~-·-~ :f C1: Jv (•Nr.dc/ CCWPf' t11) I u Jcafso1\u003euil/c _, ' :E-i\u003er a year or two before he died. And he was there, · :r Yt!'l·~1Efn6ra G,-,·({.r, J 0! ,1~q·: . .. ; lh t\"~{ (f_,\"i) fra .... 3 f'.[ ato, . ../ (u',l.i pi,;IJ.-,1.1 \u003c'\"''i - Ari ervrr J1l,1 ' 'What, what re you, what' re u , ; you going to do , ,r( 1,;f,r·f ,,irl\" J 1 'v !':'~; ~'c, · \"\"\" ./ /)/I , h //,;.~ \u0026 6 ~ --\"-~,,~{~~~~-===========~under control, see~------~~~~~~~· But that, that to me is a, that to me is a-· C: Yeah. S: Is an indication of a, of a change in a man~ ov.f/ook · · , and he, he, he got so, he was no longer, he, he was no longer disinterested attorney re-presenting a client, but he was part of the movement h:im,self and acted, acted like he maybe wished he was black or something, you know, so he could protest and all that. He, he'd take on a coloration of Rap Brown or Stokely Carmichael or somebody- C: Uh huh, right. S: Rather than be, hold himself aloof from it. And he showed some of that in the, in that- C: Chicago Trial. S: Chicago Trial, yeah. C: Did, did this fellow Earl Johnson come before your court in any of these cases at St. Augustine? S: Peripherally, peripherally and I, I'm sure, I was a witness in one or two of them, and we had, we had some matters involving an instance of, they I I L 2A Page 27 sjm C: S: J,,h · ~ c,or.i1.J\"\" they would, this .fr/:~~ •. /;lci/l:,,, l' 'kind-bf judge, he'd. try to hassle these \u003e out-of-state, out-of,state lawyers. You know, he'd make a practice of:-1';..J Florida, t wru/./ /,_s-lr1 i /o yr1.1,)rr And they, they would __.A...·. 1~0-1~1.r:_._r~::~·c~I_@ I I see. some of my friends who were in a l'J1rr /;MJ - Florida Bar at that time, v that if, if, the day that c·/ J.,{r(r. /flt,;,1rj2~ . -GatyJ. t/zr '//;fh Or I .;.)..' \"'O'-..J_J,..___--_-_-:_-:_-::.==--~..,... \"\"'o'--i\"\"\"'~\"--.(1-_._fV\"'\"..o. .m \"'----®-r_Jacksonville . to Tampa· t-,u11lcl volunteer their services, come in and help the people that needed help in the court h.. JF.1p~1r: :., .dac: c110~1~ •• with things that these out.,..of..-state lawyers ~ ,_ I· was· ;;f~,:f.b'ij ~ enforcing the:i;r rules about, you know-, any· i;rules about you can't appeal because you're not a member of, member ·of the Florida Bar or some .... thing. But I said, \" (),.,/,, if you don't, 1 111 have, I'm going let, I) let them in the cases, __ e There, there was a, that summer of '64 and maybe the next year, too, they had,they had two or three organi-zations,_ __l_ a_wy_._e_r_s __ for constitutional, something LC, I don't know, they had initials, and, and there was a fellow named Arnstein that was here for two or three weeks and ~g.rnstein ended up the permanent man tlf/C\"I? llV ) · ( (PVJ). • • • f~ h h d f LC 11 otusi'uNC\\ \"\"\" 'M1ss1ss1pp1 or t e same, ea o , 111t: Lawyer' s Con-stitutional, now I don't know what the rest of it was, and then there was another organizationaA/11/r/;,~,;n«'rc/ Melvin Wolf, if I recall Ji)..O-l·fi (,Jty//:· from New Jersey or Manhattan and New York and Washington -----------·- They, they would come.in relays, they, see this, this, these guys would give their vacation time, they'd take their 2A Page 28 sjm vacation time and come down here and, and pay their own expenses and try to handle these cases for these, these people that were protesting and acting out their protest by trying to integrate +Ji,·;.\u0026( ·' 4tvrlt:o .And they, well, - C: I'm just, I'm just curious as to why, I mean there was, there were a S: lot of judges hearing cases in the South at this particular time, but why, what was it about your background or your education or whatever, that made you render the decision that you did, that, that, that pro-tected the rights of the demonstrators, whereas so many other judges were finding against them. I, I don 1 t know, I canr t answer, except to say that, th· atT·c.4~£ ·tz c, 1,o ctl Io '•'8 tt.l:t,. .I Ji my concept of,I mean the first case with any racial overtones that I C\"'r.l Y'fh1r.1,iI, riJ b~t :i1~\\' nteres t e d , I was __,C_1...:..r \"\"'C~1.A.. ..1. _I. _\"r'--.-.u...\"r \"''' --\"I· .......'. .. _ and thi. s was· pre- Brown, it was back at the time of the Virginia case where they said they had to let blacks ride on the I .,t •' But they had, they made a police case on the black .f..-wfrc? ~l''\"the railroad s ta tio n he re in Jacksonville --'-r-'-·i-'_,.1.1~·.,,.f\"\"~' ~~~_../ \u003c..:..' __;•::..;.~·-'-, ,_{_-\"4,._1;....;1·{ ,'--'./ ,\"\"\", --\"'.,J~/,..:..,: /;..;·, -..._. _.lj....._.). . ,\"\"'''\"'\"1' .._r.._.tJ'--------~- 1 \\ And I don' t know if ;./- cv~r appealed T?tre./tn d . ../:'. ~h a. tever O· r/t/ __-- .L./1 I1 f I/ f'\"{\",l f'''' . ,.-;.I · L1·1/r 1,· , \".·· ··. ,• /•, ( t7-/,;.1 ,J1u 11. ,1. c; • v p @'' fnrl J;/,Nfat or another black lawyer, at that time ;~; r /.C Per. : II l/r~i { o/~•,r;;•f from the police court from the municipal court throug1},the /.-\"':,_/ to the circuit court. And ---====:::..-~~'--JIU~~/.6.~~€~.___:===:=::=::::::::::::::=::=:=:==:=:::__~ 7 / I think they fined, fined the man or fined the two of them fifty apiece for fining someBody a hundred dollars. And they had paid it and then tried to take it to court. ( And t/tEJ ON I-hr /l/fl,'i!J I suggested 2A Page 29 sjm C: S: to the - tJ! -1-Af\u003cfjlv, fnrge tNs c?N oor.\u003e/v,J/ o/y ,,zmv#7 had A I , / //lfilkd 0/11£ of #r k.:.-vct1s,J:hought about this, but it seems to me that, I've r T\\ got a grave question about whether I can hear, hear this, because it seems to me that they're attempting to ~?+$¥1~,~~·'H.__L~~~~ -I.fir: y wF/lE 5ftJ~FiJfcfur or five hundred dollars, they /'mJt? £1EC\u003c',/,Ar. \u003cCr-·ifEA!CE5(!) ' ; there, what is there to appeal?\" paid the fine, what is . /t'lir !Mi And I sai• d, 11 I . /· zi n,,•,. .~ ;;,nI ,. ., :J,1•... J,, , p~in.i on @ t?b(lul ,J/f1~ t1r..1ll{?TYou'll come back a month later or two, sometime after z; 1 unc h and gi· ve meo,, t~:ltJP ffU.s0 1.1 ':f\"r/.; r ,..i4i ,1. \" S o t h ey· came b· ac k and t h ey ~ --~--~~~~~~~--~--~~~~~~---~ something's already done, you know, like a man that's electrocuted and wanted to appeal, what, what, what's he got. Right. to.(~~('£ 'vr Iii · @ So, I, Icu11901/1d/t that s bt:/fllg rf::'/,'r:vFD that I, not having to, not having to stick my neck out- C: Right. S: I'm only a circuit judge and, and I was appointed a circuit bench in 1946 and had to run again in '48, I don't know whether it was before or after elections, I had to run. He, he just, it was right about along that time /' II L {./J•f @ (.JcL.,£E.·-1-;-=====:__I.f7:'£.F\"J.l~f'.:...,lfZU.r££ftl,7Wl~!QO£.!fl\u0026'.J:......:.P..:.::..C1~\"- you know. · effect on me, and that's the, that's the attitude of elected officials. I've had, I've had school officials, elected school board members come and tell me,\"You've got to, f d ;+· . We've got to have somebody to blame.\" C: Right, right. S: /Je r;d ·fo eyo telling people next election that damn son of a bitch (I (! down there in the Federal Court made, made us do it. We didn't want, we 2A Page 30 sjm to mix your children with those blacks, but here we are\", see. And that, ©· t h· at ' s sort o f , an d 1' t ' s sort o f a ;I, 1,gt.z.- {qir[ atti't u d e, i' t' s t h e way, customs @rd · ®.:alk to older people and say, \"W~ll, these people outside they don't understand what we know about them down here in the South,\" and all that kind of thing. C: Uh huh. S: And, and we gradually wake up tf 5 VtJtf ao 7 0 fl/rt o.afi .lf,11-I i'/1;1Jd z; @ Now I think, .. A-f/;······d,·J/·/ _/ 7 v;:;i.. cro111 fJL?\"/ air ,.:1.1/ .,.~ c;/ y~\"'\" w,./t1.,5lo..,!0'-there 's not much,), not much doubt about what the Supreme Court means when of ow cc/.lsM .. -1.'lt~ t11..J .fir /Jw.t or r?li'F 41,.,y,e( ;t.;4_r, they write a case like Brown, and some of the other rcici(j/ cases. That you're going to, if you don't There used to be, there was a ~hC Atlanta Constitution- C: S: Uh huh. In the late nineties or eatly 1900's. Well, his son, John Graves, second -',';) /'.t ~-:\"~:\"{ ((j·· ____ .._;:;_;;;_,.-_---_=-.-.-,-- ---second ---·-----·~·-- • 'But he was editor of Jacksonville r,' .T ') ~} for quite a few years_ _~ ~-=-~-'-'ffi~~~E,~bJ~·~/,~,~J1tL'---------·He had moved to a 0£ 'ioVf\" 0 paper by the time this happened. I knew him (,c\u003e'?\u003c well ---\"--------------------~h~'~r'.~hw'fp·---1(;.;~J.acksonville,. John would say to me, §' ______ __,--....,--··--- he said, he said he didn't mind people -----'-----------------------------~ /,.,]1 so /1.·u;v fqe-IJm~1 ..f..'t)n V/ running to meet him. C: Well, thank you. I appreciate it","Ku Klux Klan -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Ancient City Gun Club -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine City Jail -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Klan Rally -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1043","record_class":"Item","title":"Hamilton Upchurch, Frank Upchurch : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Hamilton Upchurch and Frank Upchurch, local St. Augustine citizens. The Upchurches discuss life in St. Augustine before and after the '64 movement. They discuss St. Augustine's tourism industry, white responses to the Cvil Rights Movement, personalities related to the movement and general facts about life in St. Augustine.","CRST.A 3A Subject: Mr. Hamilton Upchurch, Frank Upchurch Interviewer: DA v1]) Co/£'-tn.N 1/25/78 sj I : U: ~ \\ vJ '\"'~J'- l ){-~1'l,\\ I guess, basically, VJ ~was with you, and your family. How long you and your family have been in St. Augustine. We've got,H (A\"\"\"- ~-v \u003c:J.L AtA]\"'-~l-1r1-t.. 1..J 171 .. ,S itt'J 4 -tkt(t.__ ti\u003cll'I\\~ ~e~t.. I I .t1:: catr-Lt ..lH:rrt. to practice I ~w bc_Pon...c... I wAS J:::JOJ'?..I\\,) I: What did your, what sort of occupation, why did your father phone [;J~!lrl-u L/l1tci;f/M·c,~[guess I could ask him that, since ~l!. ~--~-----~~ ~ U: He, uh, had been practicing law in FernAndina and Jacksonville. He was asked to join a... (o.w ~in..V\" ~---~-------------~~---~- I: Now yourself, o/here were you educated, where did you go to school? U: All right, I was educated, with preparatory education for scho_ol in Bellbuckle, Tennessee. And then I went into the service, immediatley after that. Upon return from the service, I went to ,,.; ~ the University of Florida for uh, to obtain a B.S. degreeU/194,8', --(] {?f.I f f\\J/'l\"-Went a-l:-efi.g to law school at the University of SS? 1967. Graduated Law School in 19 ·. I: What, how would you describe the community of St. Augustine that you grew up, in it? U: I think the community was somewhat It was not typically small~~t was a little bit more sophisticated than the average small ,C~n tr al · Florida townlt\\ -'-/r J _4 \"_....___J _w_ ~_ _l_6 --_J-. _________ a great deal of tourists for the pu1... c.,,,r:''-\"'- r 11 , n r--.- :;-·1 ~ t-on.. 111\\.t'J S(rJ..'{ o~ '- ;-u·~·w, ._. deal of tourists at that time,+ \"' rw.k ould income was high~ southern tradition, but a little hit ---~-------- CR ST.A 3A sj page 2 more desirable place to live~ -Ji~_A_w~~~~-the average town. It has so many of the advantages of a large town, with its proximity to Jacksonville, and to Daytona, and to the resort to the ocean. I: You know, you said it had a lot of the southern traditions. I'm INeAC.. just curious as to, in your mind, what, what~ some examples of those southern traditions that existed. U: Well, because I grew up here, there were segregation, was clearly defined, and not contested. Although St. Augustine was, did not have a black town, a white town, as such, there were blocks, just one or two blocks of blacks, immediately in, adjacent to white areas, of the better class ~l,J__.~~lk~_ON--~w.\u003e~~-·They were sprinkled about town, and I think its because of its age. That was were servants lived, behind the better houses. And I can name three or four places in the community, and as people's ability to have servants stopped, they continued to live in harmony, almost as unsegregated 1 s ~ f'/, ql\"\"~ type of community. Which I think~~~~~~~~-' at that time, for that size community. -}J,.tlf F: I think it was too. I've never seen another community_;:...-.t-t- had such a pattern of residential desegregation I: But besides race, is there anything else that exibited southern tradition, so to speak, gave examples of southern traditions. Was, was the pace - · ~ C\u003e,__,....:=:, -\"\"\"'== ? You always hear about the I~~'- = pace of the ..wfri:1:.e being leisurely. r I .ri n~ rAc\u003c' \u003c\u003et\" I :12 ., .. H\\$. JL U: :ud\\.-e-wfta-:t-?- In other words, 1()1'2.Q..., - air con di tioning.1 \"'The people who were fairly well off all worked in the Many of the shops in St. Augustine closed in the summertime. The major hotels closed. They would close, and went to Michigan, and CR ST. A 3A sj page 3 other places in the East. They had summer shops there, that was their skill at work. 5lovis ~ ~. And consequently things pretty well slowed down. For example, our Sunday school let out in the summer, just like regular grade . r ' I {- \u0026 Ji-J -It\u003e 1-vu11.lS.{- -f:~f)j)QJ school let out in the summer. U?\"'\"'{lt\u003el'r01 • \\\"(. · F: Things really slowed up in the summer. In winter, we would be packed. It was a complete reverse. I: Was there any social hierarchy? Some, when you read about the old southern communities, there was sort of the, the vermin, uh, professional business community who formed the entire social hierarchy in the community, was there that? U: No, I don't think so. I: Yet, yet, interesting enough, your father came here, and he, he, obviously, there must have been some real opportunity because he became very active and influential in his, in his own career. U: He was successful as an attorney. I think the, there was much more social class then, than in other periods. Your professional types and some business types, and then those that were, uh, married or inherited money, and didn't work, formed a social 5-tnA ~c._ ~, and then there were ~~;;00 ,........,,.., 0 C\u003e..J\"=/' ... ,,(btV° And it was much more stilted when he used to work. For example, my mother never referred to her next door neighbor as anything other f\\,_ (',\\2 L \\5 1t-) than Mrs., and Mr. Today, you know this backyard part~, and you're running over there borrowing a cup of sugar, and whatever. But, when I grew up, although we were not picky people, but they refer to each other as Mr. and Mrs. He worked the rail; ~\" .c~.Jv;~ fl. w I'\\.. A; 1•., , \\\"' '1 c ri ..no-t: wlnle he :was ..a:way •. Nobody felt,,.· and we went to the same church. But, were great people. Their children o..\"'J- 1'-\"'t hri0 ·fl,,1'1_ A\"'° J.:. CR ST.A 3A sj °\"n_ t sfi II page 4 school friends today. But, it was that formality, and that is a southern tradition.. Along that same line, these are things I remember as a child. There were certain people that uh, many of the wives did not work, that were among my mothers friends. And the style was to have tea, to dress to the ±tc+l in the afternoon, and you could call on friends, make a formal call, where you wore hats, and gloves, and you were seated by a maid, and left your calling card if the lady of the house was not there. And, we did that, or you sat around in the afternoon, fully dressed, awaiting calls 'by others on you. Again, a custom. I: Uh, as you were brought up, were you aware of any racial problems at all in this community? U: No, nothing prior to World War. II. HA,Lft.l{:r I: How about after the war? Uh, say before this .fellow Ha-1-6)' came here, were there, were there any difficulties, not so much was there any violence, but, I guess that what I'm trying to ask, is was it apparent that things were building towards, say '63~h64? ~ NV-.' '.:\u003e Y'/\\ '\"' l) In~ U: Ye ah. · [ wo._l l e;..__? In retrospect. For example, we had a colored college here, called Florida A Baptist, a black Baptist school, that, uh, It 1r.HIV'+- ON __ • a few years on back. That school was having, before the war, and after the war, was totally segregated, totally from the black students. But they were, as I look back on it now, and then the references to them, the administration and faculty at that time /:,/o.-c,,k L._ was, they were pushing tteabl:\"e .•.. An that, they were endeavoring to get black-white, uh, contact through programs t{_Ju,_~., A,.,\"\\) \u003c;\"o -hii.:?.:ll. ,--- CR ST.A 3A sj page 5 I : They'd put on a musical program, or something, and always invite white business leaders, and you would go. ----------~\u0026e~Then, after the program wasn't totally /2~~ ~ fhov..t.l+I a lot of the segregated~mr~~~~~~~~~~~nobody b~ anything aJoDvd-~1t e-f value': But, other than, the reference, occasionally to a black as being a P'· ~s.\" +1 pr. aware of pa ob krcs 1 n..ert/(t 1 ·) I think I was not lu,1h { Ji...':\u003e./- b(!i}.otJ_L. _. _.. \\_-{_A_~- -====--__o_ c._tt~_n._~·_·t_. _ How about there was a fellow who's now over in Gainesville, a Called ['116'~~ c ~ Negro fellow, I ~ .. ,....,..::\u003e (;J111c~'~ r· ~ __. He was minister here. I have talked to him, he claimed a lot for himself, and I'm not quite honestly sure what to believe, in terms 0£.i sort of {Vt.G R..o mobilizing the .J..egal community. But, I was wondering if you were aware of his presence at all. You might not have been involved in any of that, but if you were . U: I knew a lot of the names .:of, but I was not aware of it. There was no overt actions to try to break down any of the segregated +n,rr\"rfrmv; pi'l1~c. Iv l9\u0026~.) \"16;\" . ..μ.osl:-t~, I can see. I was just I : very , and if there was any, it was one -------------~ or two individuals .that were particularly But, not in any particular portion In other words, Kl~\"' o-.M(\"-. IA':\u003e the p-hrn was not ~ The re was not , 1+- 0 ..,,._/\\_.,. 0 _._.6'--'-....._.. ,/\"_\\, .,.,---\"'=\"\"'------·~---_ .. pre-World War II, I was not aware of any plan of action, I'm sure they had an organization, but it wasn't called on to do the ~rLeA+·J. Well, that fits with the picture that I know. C1et's put this a -- ... -------·----\"1. little close~}:: \"\" 1c,•v)pL.o..,t] U: ~ut it right here if you want to. Put it on the desk if you'd like.:J I: You were active, as I recall, in the Chamber of Commerce, was that CR ST.A 3A sj page 6 correct? U: I : Were you, uh, president in '64, or '65? U: Probably, I don't have these facts. I: Yeah, I think it may have been '64. I was just, uh, as president, what specifically was your role in the 'commerce? What function? ? u: Did you have ... Well, President of Chamber of Commerce was just a one year term, and you had an executive director, presided at meetings, and most of your policy is pretty well set. The Chamber of Commerce, that~ really a misnomer. ) Its more tourist than merchant. The Chamber of Commerce, although it works toward the industry, and other things of that nature, but it~ more tourist oriented than anything else, it~ more supported by tourism, or tourist attractions, so, I can't, other than try to get additional members. I was not aware of any particular programs underway at that time. I: Were you actively soliciting new'busin~ss for St. Augustine~ trying to attract a small business or co~p~nA1toiJ U: Subcommittees of the Chamber were working in that area, especially tourists. I understand its all volunteer, with busy people. A real small staff, that pretty well operated the Information Center, and Executive Director, and the secretary, c,._p,JQ f\u003e1VS1Ncn. 1 /IJ0v--1r\u003c.1~.., ~J_ o..'H-i:.vr-p1* ~.,_, run~ down things. I: Did the, uh, was the Chamber aware of the racial problems in '63, was it involved in '63? '63 they, Hailing~ started the sit-ins, and then the white fellow, William Canard was, was killed in the fall. And Hailing, for some reason, got himself out of~his ~Ian meeeting) Was the Chamber aware that CR ST.A 3A sj this thing might somehow get out of hand, or did it just see that as a local problem? It might just \u003c;1\"\"mel-'2 , quiet down. U: I think at that time, they attributed the problems to a , an individual, on the local level. And, I thought~·~ ------ c./ c:\u003e '-\" \" along this line. I'm not conscious of having any thoughts But I think the general concensus was, there was I: Yeah. Well, I suppose maybe I oughta ask, did you know Hailing, other, did you ever meet with him? U: No. I: Uh-huh. But did you, but you got the sense, definately, that he was responsible for much of the problems of '63 and '64. U: That's right, I got the impression that he was a leader at the time. And he saw a great deal of, detected some unrest, but no way to mobilize it. And, there was a movement, I'm sure tiTat, ------ a counter-movement within the black community, we've always let on great here, let's don't make waves. And then there was a militant type that wanted to make waves, based on some I: You know, it seems to me, and I, I don't know if you can accurately reflect on this or not, but it seemed to me that Hailing had support from the College. Support among some young Negro kids, who were at the high school, and a few, what seemed like a very few older Negro citizens who lived here. Am I at all accurate in this~ /at least this, I've seen it through the records of U: It's probably accurate. I: Um-hmm. U; Of course, the black community in St. Augustine had been I - I CR ST. A 3A sj page 8 I think our ratio-was low, for Butler County ~~~~~~~~~~~ I think its something like twenty percent. That may not be an accurate figure. I had it So\"\" tv-1~ ;...., ~) V\"'' WP +t~+ tlnA-'~ ~be.\"\"\".+ P.16.lt\"I 4,..,,1::1 tlHn \"': r..: '.(.,-. ... -0 ihe state average is maybe ~or~ercent. ,...A((,L But, I got the impression,.~ have seen figure~ that the ratio of black to white had been 1e.f.f.1N6 9ne~hfL cJ+bu\\A~~ bf~c .. A1.\"\u003e h~,l btc..i j111N(,. down, in numbers. Some because there was no industry type, no machinization of the agriculture, and no industry types of jobs. r: Yeah, we' re smaller, but within a whole lot 3 VV\\~lkh.... its eighteen, St. Augustine, at that time, when state-wide it was l.i..1. 't{ ltt.. tv. ... ~~ tNq f't1:_ ,~ ........{ -- 21. 8, almost 22 percent. But I think you're right, I think it ~ d.e c/1~1,...r;. - was de-fined because of the nature of St. Augustine being a tourist ,-uJ. Ce.11.rh.fL, industrial relat.e-d jobs. One of the things that kind of baffled me, is that I see St. Augustine as a real progressive community. You could, just because it had a history of racial segregation, to me, does not mean its not a progressive community. It was caught up in its history, it had its pattern of residential segregation that seemed to pull to t-h€- . c._ rn..u~ /e.,..,..._ with race relations. It had, the community had begun to voluntarily desegregate its schools, and I wondered, how did it, how did this thing, how do you, why do you see it engulfing St. Augustine the way it did? It was almost chaos in '64. U: Well, I think you had a small, very militant counter C...oc.-v::..c:.... vJ\\,.,.\\\\-C. within the b.l.aek community, all rednecks, a popular term, that would meet every advance in the black community by~a. counter action. We, what I thought was the real thinking of leadership of this CR ST.A 3A sj page 9 I : U: community, almost became And caught in the middle, and had a lot of its so called friend$, or drinking buddies, who were redneck. I hate to use that term, but it saves a lot of words. Um-hmm. It had a lot of /u the black community, and just hated to see it. It took more overt steps to revert it. And just stood by almost with your head in the sand. This was the great majority of people that I think were Just really became Two really poor With that, Law enforcement I: How'd the Chamber, what was, did the Chamber try to initiate any any action to, Uh, ... ? U: No, the Chamber. I : You. U: And I guess I get blamed myself as much as -·' '7 {)Vo- /-rAJr;vJ. _. I went all week and became Mayor in '67. But, I wasn't thinking about it at the time. And I was serving on the Chamber as a The Chamber dropped efforts to improve. vJ *\"' ~ c._.o~ YI-\\ eY2C{. • 5 -\\--\"\\ 't (' \u0026. the.~~...s..t.at..e- completely out of COrJC.C•~N~o. Tlv( WCV2..e,. gr@ ates t , they hated to see it i;oL1.yt. f?nl)Gt'2,tf;'f15 • ____ ....:...._ ____ . ' coucer~s, strictly they knew it was going to hurt business. But as far as anything the Chamber thought, there was nothing I: Thats one of the tfuings that kind of baffles me, really, because, CR ST.A 3A sj page 10 eighty-five, the figure I've seen is eighty-five percent of the community was dependent in some way on the tourist industry. And, which took a real beating according to the statistics from the lCA~h\\lu Jt S\";iN 'l'f\\i'\\r.ttl'l M\"l110 .. \u003c\\L VYION()•rttclllT] fort. Um, in, you know, as the months progressed from the spring to the summer, it was obvious that it was getting worse, and I wondered why either of the commission, or -€avDr. Shelley, or the Chamber, or some other part of the leadership of the community wasn't saying, \"Listen, we simply can't afford it. Whether the community wanted it or not, we just can't, economically, afford to continue.\" U: Well, one thing we haven't talked about. This commimi ty has got {).... ... ..:t-ft.e., is very conservative. It was then the John Birch Society, you don't hear much about it any more, but it was an extreme right-wing. A really good, Christian people. And, anything you pll.() Y1c'~C'°') t.Vti.J (,.J blA\\l S\u003c'...SS IUN'S I S.U.WocS.e.d., ~ ~t • Socially anywhere, mean real '1..,, ,/\\ -/.'.'\\ ~ ,/~--- /-\\' ,::\\----,.(\"\\. \\.VU~ e-'-/~v '----'. ·· ··~ v ·· anyway conciliatory, you were ostracized by this, I good friends 5i'o+-_c- .:._I;_{-c_Yt--_£~0'--v--.-·--'\"·-·-------- you were ostracized by this extreme right-wing. And they said, this time is bigger than your pocketbook, and so those that wanted to make a concession, so to speak, for economic reasons, to save the tourist industry, were really set upon by the extreme right­handed friends. Or, this redneck government, with which they were left not R.dc:....~J. , but had the same goals. ---~---~ I: Um-hmm. Do you have any idea why the Birch Society was influenced by,\u003c:I know Dr. Norris, I believe at the time was the head of it. Uh, do you know why they were so influential? CR ST.A 3A sj U: Well, they were ... page 11 I: Were they, was it, sort of the Kennedy thing that got them, I don't know, seems, seems like the Birch Society begins to flourish with the Kennedy administration reaction to it, and then grows even more in the Johnson administration. rr,,C1-1,..1~y eit.\"\" U: I think it came from Ga!penter, that there was a Communist behind every bush. And in th.W movement, of social change, was Communist\u003ctii J\"''?p/12.e .. J. And, I think a lot of people just kept ~ ~ 1 c..-\\-- with fear of being lab led a liberal, -11~.:....;;;...-- I: Go ahead. U: And, very few people really spoke out on it, and I know one or two that did, and they lost ~ome friends over it, two really close friends. A man I have referenced to, I'm sure you wouldn't mind him speaking, is Dr. Jackson, a well I: Um-hmm. U: Originally from Michigan, well-respected veterinarian. Although He was ------------' and,~ he endeavored to have some informal type of bi-racial committee, with his lectures. And he went through a hammer's hell, with his friends. just really didn't speak to him, thats all, because, not that he wanted to completely change the ... F: ,.w~-- I: Um hmm. U: the community, but, I felt sorry for him, for a while. I didn't come to his defense. I: Um hmm. .J.-o U: I continued to speak w.i-\"eh him, but an awful lot of people just CR ST.A 3A sj page 12 didn't do a damn thing, either way. And I think that the pressures were definately Why it I: Do you have any thoughts as to why Martin Luther King, and . [Sov.-\\J,...t.,,.,_, C.i-n.1s./-1A,.., l-is nr,• ~~flll\" CurvGnc.,ce J 5 C LC.. came to St. Augustine? U: Sure. I thought, I think it was a secluded building for our %t'.A\"\"J12~\"--centennial, in '65. There was goiing to be some media attention focused on St. Augustine, we didn't go overboard as to ' as celebrations went. And, consequently, he would ride that, as well as the media coverage that he had anyway. Jhe first white settlement in the United States would be a great place to kick off this really radical departure. I: Um hmm. U: Over ~ivil ~ights act. I: Um hmm. U: Wherever they'd _jμo'--4r~w,__~~~ the settlement, all the doors in restuarants and motels would be open. I: Um hmm. U: I don't think he became the cause of any so-called hardship cases, or mistreatment, on behalf of the black community. Just those \u003e.'·.~l . certain things. 5\\: \u003cJ I: Ther·e was some accent, I know, made by James .Draco Lamonson, who got an inordinate amount of criticism for what happened at his motel, a lot of which, as I see, wasn't really his fault. And it seemed to me, on occasion, he tried to get things, tried to restoreA°\" sort of normal relationship. U: He did. That, now thats the example of what I'm talking about. arock was in the middle. He was damned if he did, and damned if CR ST.A 3A sj page 13 he didn't. There was going to be black pickets in front of his D~J place, orAhe took the blacks in, there were going to be white pickets in front. And so the people that were really I: Um hmm. U: I mean, if you're traveling through town with your family, you I : don't want to ruin your vacation, have your car messed up, or your sleep disturbed. And so this, this poor guy was getting it from both ends, and he was in the middle, he had a big mortgage payment, and he was just totally frustrated, he didn't know which way to turn. The thing is, one of the things that struck me, he, he did make an effort to get the motel and restuarant owners together, and they had some meetings, and Noel Pope\\~~\\ was asked to be sort of their spokesman, and he did, and yet the thing never seemed to get off the ground, and I was, you know, again this goes back to the business sort of thing. The thing that struck me was, here was an opportunity for the business community sort of come together as a group. People who weren't directly involved in this sort of activities, and those that were and get these /took elements out of St. Augustine, the Klan, from, seemed like f J k . 11 IA.· d . Ki~C. rom ac sonvi e, to me) ~n ~' an d , yo. u . k.n. ow. , estab l.i s h relationships that the community could live with. And yet, it didn't come together~~didn't seem to get off the ground, nor dfd it, nor did the whole white business community seem to come together. And, it also seemed to me they got little cooperation from Dr. Shelley, who was mayor of the commission that day. I wonder if you had any thoughts as to, if I'm right, first of all, CR ST.A sj and why this might ~ave been. page 14 U: I've got some ideas about it. Thats the weakness of law enforcement. ·The Sheriff, Chief of Police, Chief of Police Burgess )-/e_t.rJAf\u003cS , was extreme right wing, and he doesn't say too much about it now, but at that time, he saw Communists behind every bush. He didn't think there was one there, he saw them. And, stop him in the street, and he'd refer to \"they're\" doing this, and \"they're\" doing that, but he couldn't put a name on who \"they\" was. But, he, and the Sheriff, was the two only law enforcement agencies we had. Uh, were not instrumental in fairly enforcing the law. It was not to hear this. They, they couldn't have designed a system any more favwrable to King's movement than the way they did. I: Um hmm. U: I had occasion to meet W~th the sheriff, I believe of Selma, - - '-,- -------- Al ab ama, or one of the places who had just had problems with King. I: Um hmm. U: And I forget his name, now, but it, he was a big one. And, I asked him a question, law enforcement. He said, \"I sent word to the white community, and I sent word to the black community, that I was going to put my foot in their Gu'l. \u003e\\J! ... ~ t\" collar, and there were anybody who was ,.._, ~c.C:-nR-n1.es.5 , I ~~~~~~~~~ didn't care wh_at Co\\o'Q, II ~\\\u003cctJ And~ had St. Augustine ~aking a~-fair attitude toward all lawbreakers, a firm law enforcement ...• We were running into a lot of problems. With that, the redneck element and the right wing element, and law enforcement, were working to put this fire out. And not to a fair concept, but CR ST.A 3A sj not to a fair administration of justice in I: Um hmm. page 15 Cgun Ly • ....._ ----- U: And, that was clear, because you'd have a demonstration get out of hand, black guy would be arrested, and his bond would be a hundred dollars, white guy, ten dollars. You think we joke. I: Uh uh. U: I can't accept that \"S'\\-1--v-.~\\-'°,.J end side one CR ST.A 3A side 2a page 16 sj o....c. e.e 1\"' t-' U: I can'1ei ther ten dollars or a hundred dollars, if you and I were whipping up on each other, I: Um hmm. U: The bond ought to be the same. Unless there's good reason, thats just bullshit. I: In, uh, you know, in, yet in 1965, when a few of you were celebrating the 400th anniversary, or on the eve, really, I guess it was going to happen in within a week. And, King was saying, from afar, out in Atlanta someplace, wherever he happaned to be, \"If things don't coG\u003el off completely there, I'm, I'm going to come back.\" And there were just some periodic, it was maybe a beating here or theTe, by a few of the rednecks, really, and not downtown, they happened to be around the peripheries of the community. But he said if things didn't calm down all together, that he would come back. And, what was significant to me, was that, Dr. Shelley, on the front page of the paper, The St. Augustine Record, warned both sides that violence of any sort would not be permitted, people would be prosecuted, they could count on a heavy fine, and a stiff jail sentence. U: person. I: And, uh, then the, I think it was either the next day or the day after, the sheriff, Sheriff Davis, also appeared on the front page of the paper, saying literally the same thing. My thought was, my question, I guess it is, could that sort of thing been done to Davis in 1964, to force him, the community forced him, either through Shelley, or through some other able white leader-ship, or was ag~in, the division, I guess, as you mentioned, CR ST.A 3A sj page 17 \"') - between this right-wing~ and the rest of the community so difficult? U: Well, the statements that you're talking about, in the newspaper, wAv\u003cL that was the second or third w4ftg of this thing. The tail end of it. F: Yeah, right. U: Had the first, uh, wave, or trouble been met with that sort of -/1,c;'r a firm statement, -44; was not tongue in cheek, and I'm not convinced it wasn't tongue in cheek F: Right. U: Because the \\_Y.!.1m1,.,,f}t.. Jod,e.+~ would reflect this I : kind of strong law enforcement. But you've got to remember that Davis was immensely popular at that time, and I'd been the prosecuting attorney, and had an awful lot of trouble with \"DAvts. qtvc_, J,.. e.,, /,.I ~ N'TC D --these cases in warn.i+l.g convicted, we got convictions, but I got good reports, and cases he didn't want convicted, the records got lost, the evidence _got lost. It was just a real horrible thing' and I had occasion to go to Tallahassee to XI! \"j~ c,J/11 ~$,) to Tv..lJ.5c.. 13n.y,,.\"'1- Jo te.Jl cA_~o~+ -ff,r:\u003et f1t1wr,r; . lJe had no staff here. A lot of people in the State's /l+fo._. ... q's office was not near 1 y as we 11 eq ui ppe d ___________[_ o.._s i_t:-=\u003eIJ'-- is now. And we were constantly after the sheriff to do his, \u003c.job. But, he had this great popularity. _._U~~;:__kJ_~~s------~ an extremely personable guy, with this element that I'm talking about, and he even had a in his life, ·he just had a magnitude. He sure was lax when it came to him personally. I\\- w '?\\ '\u003e 'j 1:h .. , .,.. _l)'-' I t' s 0 they t ottl\"d me _·0 _v.._\u003cl_\"\"_· ------- 9weiJ that ~ the popularity,it CR ST.A 3A sj page 18 was very difficult, if not impossible to control. U: Yeah, He, when he'd go in there and draw eighty percent of the vote, a group of businessmen can't go through and say, \"Look, now you'd better shape up.\" And in a very nice way, he, he wouldn't / t skr-J J-v '-1) and he wouldn't But he was eventually removed. Its a long time to I: I, I've heard that, that Mr. Wolf, when your father work~d sort of behind the scenes to try to ease things, uh, I'll ask your father this as well, but, I was wondering if you were familiar with~,~~/, any steps they took behind the scenes to. I know Mr. Wolf was particularly committed to the celebration of the quadracentennial, that he was very active in it. U: He was also in the position, along with about six or eight other \\,-If-) N\"\\-t ~t. {-...:\u003e men, that I had known, that had they *n-e-wrr, and I considered them leaders of the community. Guys that had been the mayors, guys that have been in the Senate, that had amassed personal fortunes, and were now letting sons and relatives, friends go under the table, on a day to day. These guys were your senior citizens with plenty of influence statewide and concerns ( = _ A nationwide. There's many things that -flt'! c..u1. •. U ht\u003c111c.Jor1\u003c \u003e ~\"'* c;; ':::::::\u003e didn't do, simply because they thought it was a bad dream, that it woald all go away. They didn't want to be labeled as a μ10ue17. 7 'l • ,, as a nigger-lover. Or to have a cross burned in their yard. And, as you look back on it, it seems simple or trite that that could influence the people. But it was really influential, it I l 1 ' was a big thing to them. Ta avoid theJ b ~G labe~f a nigger- ~ lover. ) CR ST.A 3A sj page 19 I: You~ ... U: I don~t know if your other interviewees have expressed that opinion or not, but I really think that, that, uh, these elements VvL 7rcA-~\"\"' \"e­effective leadership. Your have a tendency to quiet your I: Is, was it meant, was it kind of a small town nature of the U: I : \" -, ,_ community that sort of made it difficult to un-, say\\ take this -.. ·, · ... '·.\\ .. '-,·\", independent stand? I know in Little Rock, for example, there, the business community there, you don't hear much of, you never hear much about this. I guess its up to us historians to publicize more. The business community in Little Rock, which clt-J, is a much bigger community, ~take this sort of independent stand, I was wondering if it was sort of the small community of St. Augustine that made it difficult. ., (_,\\,_\\S: o\\- r~\\l\u003c.-L • I think so. Every, you know, its not ybur g~aper p!ac;_~_, its not the sheriff. Every job had a name and a face, and we knew this. Everybody is so well known, it makes it a lot more difficult. Just a reflection. I've seen the figures, but I was wondering do _;ik; you recall, kind of in a qualitative way, how bad business was hurt, in '64. U: I'm sure that '64 and '65 the :touri~t industry was hurt. The rest of the business, I was not aware \u003cif ttre _~___,'li--\"\"\"(_'~_er_c._T_ic._c._c._1-._A_\"'_i_f} I: Uh huh. :rr: The '65 are up:·here too, I mean the quadricentennial, it appears to me, never, as a consequence of '64, became what everybody hoped it would become. Is that an inaccurate reflection on my part? An inaacurate picture? It seemed like it was. U: I think that, uh, yeah. I think its trouble to a new program, CR ST.A 3A sj page 20 its true. I'll give you one example, and this, again, was \\!) o.. S l'l.-\"\"'P. \" { C1,·h zcr\"' s surf ace dancing. I was attorney for, im , Georgi a,-a ci ti~ei'l that was trying to get a federally G'\\: \"\"c ..... _ chartere:J savings and loan association. There was only one in the town. Only one savings and loan outlet. We had, it was a tremendous lot of red tape, but you had, eventually you had to go to Washington, h r\"'\"\"*\" ON c. h~Ar\u003c..JN6. ]-took about a week, you had to try a need and necessity. We did that, in '64, early spring of '64. Then, the hearing officer made his report, to the homeowned bank board, and they granted the charter, or denied it. We'd been denied once before, in '6Z. All right. We had a much better application, much better, the evidence looked much better, the need looked great. By sheer coincidence, the hearing officer's reccomendation, all of our briefs, old transcripts, hit the desk of the federal Yomeowned Pank fioard on July the second, and that was the same day, within a day or two, of the passage of the f.ivil Rights A.ct. And, he would deny it. Okay. And I, just, some years later, made the same application, and it was granted, and c,...1c. t.JC,~~ t-o\"\"'rl1tr-r,,,dtJ doing a great job. But tha~s not the point. The hearing officer later became a private attorney, and got out of the federal work, and became an attorney, doing nothing but savings and loan applications. And I ran into him in Atlanta, and he said, \"I've always wanted to talk to you,\" he says, \"You know, I favorably recommended your application in '64.\" And I said, \"Well, I'm relieved to know that, I thought it was a good application.\" And he says, \"But let me tell you, St. Augustine could ~ave not gotten the Red • l,.J 1~·.(... Cross in July of '64) lf you could wc:rs-h it off the map with a CR ST.A 3A sj page 21 hurricane,\" he said, \"The federal government wouldn't have given a damn thing, because of this \" And I believe that. Thats just a one person example. And I think it carried over into '64. For example, another example, have you seen the cover of the, I just happen to have one, did you ever see this ,• \u003es \"\"-~ of the (Jeographic? ----'~'------ I: No, I didn't. U: All right, this came out in February of '66. Its a beautiful section on St. Augustine. This is just a reprint. But, this fellow, Connolly, that wrote it, this assistant editor \that came down here, was here, and this was keyed to be published prior 0r coincide with the celebration, which would have been in September, '65. And because of the racial problems, and this being a non-controversial magazine, they held it out, and did not publish it in this-C'~ome of the greatest advertising I know of. But it did not hit the newsstand until some five or six Io.At.A.. . months~. But it was keyed to come out in either September or August of that summer, when your real influx of tourists would have been expected. I: There was incredible pressure being brought to fo eo....VL , here in one the . . . . L ll vie.Ii\"''{ \\ -.l ·1 d.tJNl.\\- -H-1~\"f\u003c '1 lt\t\u003e'-l\"\" r,- Ao,_,..:\\· I\\ . A~ A U: ~--,,,..,.,.~question. Thi~fbeautiful piece of advertising which was - I: Um hmm. U: Thats a 1m\"''\"'\"\"\"TL'I respected periodical. I: Rigfit. This is true. U: But somebody got to them, and they held that thing up, and I was CR ST.A 3A sj page 22 I was totaled. /.J- \"\"\",.,~ \"(,.l}c.1\"1-t sfo~.y. I: Well, after, after '65, has it, has there been any problems at all since I saw, I think, one, one egg throwing at a Easter parade, but those were, those people from Jacksonville who threw the eggs. I haven't seen any reference to any problems after, really, '65. U: Not really. You see, the college out here closed. I : U: Um hmm. - \u0026 They were from Miami. Um, Hail~went to Melbourne, or something. And there may be black leadership. There was some [,__ b 11wk:.sfj] brothers) [ v--bnNK. lrJ They, they They've moved away. And I think St. Augustine, uh, segregations have been abolished, but as far as your relationship with the black community 1+1~ v.\\__,,,,__\\- /i-ke d (;JYJS. There are no blacks with responsible jobs. Particularly 1,v -/~ L school, and _:::_5~~~\"'-~t~c::.......:========----~ I: Did it take long for the old relationships to come back, the harmony that existed before, even though it was a different racial pattern, did it take long after the chaos of '64 for those relationships to be restored again, in the community, the white community uptight and the black community as well? U: I think some, within the community. Still bear a label of having , or or tried to create harmony, or racial hi n l'it.!fl'- 1 ------- committee. Although I'm sure the~, there are some scars. I: Um hmm. U: I have coffee every morning when I'm here, in the restaraunt. CR ST. A3A page 23 Any of our friends who want to drop in, but its pretty well in the h~n\u003c?... same group. And this guy who comes in t~e, that, I didn't know this, but its reported that he was very instrumental in helping the media people set up and be in the right place at the right time. He was kind of a early v.i..:c~.y:.. Ran a ptr-.l.J /1~ house next door. Young fellow, attracted me. He's since become ,te_o... \"ift~ ~ •.• a w=t4:t~ and~ well established in the community. And he still bears that label of having cooperated, with not the blacks, but the media. I: Um hmm. U: And getting ready for them, set up. ~e SL.ow u_s ,w a.._ bad I: U: light. ~Z.01 •. + ~If /N -f-l..t- We 11, this, I appreciate your tolerance, a..J...tho.!!gh I have;...an4 \"vt\\'! .,f wanted questions, I can't think of anything else that might be relevant. You have anything else ... ? No, I'd just like to ask you some questions. c ()Yl-{'\\\"i~! Sure.~1 was talking to your son about some of the things that happened. Let me just say, I, I've been over at Florida for six years now, at the University of Florida, and I'm, I've been teaching history for seven years. I went to the University of North Carolina, thats where I did my work, and graduated from Chapel Hill, I: Did you? U: I d J ,...), .. ! ;[' ltl , f t~ ~! I: Well, I'd one of the war before that. Went to Vietnam before I .. U: Well, I went to war, first World War. I: Well, you went to a little better war, in terms of sense of play. CR ST. A 3A page 24 But, uh, I've done, I had, I had written one book on the, on Florida gubernatorial politics in the twentieth century, the study of the governor's office, the campaigns, and that sort of got me interested in race relations in Florida, because I, I always saw Florida while I was doing that work as a rather progressive IN state, and I wanted to find out why. And, and looking at it, I got interested in St. Augustine, and what happened here, and why it happened here, so, basically, I think tha~s what I want to talk to you about. As a man who has been in a leadership position in St. Augustine for some time, and knows it very well. I'd like to talk to you about that. I was wondering, why, when you came to St. Augustine, were you, was your family here already, or did you move? U: I moved down here. Moved to /e11..,AivTJ11vt1 ~~~~~~~---~~~~~~~-1-~~~ 1925. I: Did you come to set up a law practice here, or did you come as a r 4· k'f /II(_ t'l- ? U: I came as a --f-~_n_,_N~'ti...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I: Where did you do your, your work, and where did you recieve your education, your legal education? U: Florida. I: At the University of Florida? Is that where you graduated from after you left Chapel Hill, and went to the war? U: No, I went to Florida first. I : · Oh, I see. U: I graduated ~~~~~~~~~~ live in '-f-A.rc.. Florida, then I went up to Chapel Hill. high school, and I thought it was wrong to CR ST.A 3A page 25 I: If what, could you tell me what St. Augustine was like as, as you were a young man here, as you lived here, you. U: It was very similar to what it is now; hasn 1 t been much change. /Jeoelt Of\\-'-- f f,op/-e_ . ... l.apf t since the, since the restoration I: When did the, when did the restorations start? Was it underway when you were here? w~k ttJ~l\"\"C:) U: No, it was not. It started w en )/e S-fft11-k ti , i-- \u0026~ t - /N T11)1c.,~r'1SSte \u003elnnl-t.f A- Co\"'m rr.sMJ ~ Wtt-F-, 1965, or maybe it was '64. I: It was sort of basically a small community. Were, were there .•.. U: Like it is now, except there's just C-._ tt v..J more people now. - I: Uh huh. Socially, how would you characterize it~ 'Was it, was there U: kind of a, was there a social elite in the city, or was it pretty open sort of city. 1;.,1 -ll\" Is a~;'\"' r er Well, there was a, there was a, it was different, -\u0026t le-a-st to h /Mt-5f- pnop,R+ION rt ft. I'. ~ We had a large po1,,.,__\\\"' or-'··· l~emen-tr-t1;~t--/1\u003efl(.),,...1 we.-YL\u003c- ' minorities. I: Uh huh. U: They feel fY\t.Jt')t ~11'1 fn-; ~ themselves, and when I: Uh, was the business community so, pretty much the leader, leadership of the community? U: No, everybody was about the same ~11 -ft .. t between, ~white people. \u003c:.. - leadership I: Uh hmm. Were the Minoc~ins any, did they~~~~- the city's leaders? CR ST.A3A page 26 U: I : U: - _,_.,,..-- some. fV'I IN' t't~ C, )l'I S Uh huh. What did most, most, where'd most of the ~-gs- C1*- t-reen on the economic ladder, have they held blue collar jobs, some blue collar I: Oh, uh, is, now this, is this the headquarters for the Florida ( n .R.?) East Coast, here is St. Augustine? U: Was, it was. I: When did, when did it move to Jacksonville? U: -Jacksonville. They still call this headquarters. I: Uh huh. They still call this the headquarters, though. I see. Uh, ~as, as you've been here, in the years you've been here, were there any racial problems at all, uh, prior to '64? U: Never. I: How 'bout, how long has that college, that Negro college been out there? That, uh, Florida Memorial College, I believe it was. U: It was here when I came. I: It was here when you came. U: It was for a while, I don't know _e_y_c-..__c_.~__,/7~~~~ I: Um hmm. Do you have any idea when one of the things, that seems to me rather remarkable about St. Augustine is that you have the Negroes and the whites living very close together, in some, some cases, they live on the same streets. There's very little, sort of) segregation in housing. Theres not kind of like a \"Negro . ( -~. town\" and a ,;1White town\", seems to me that both groups live very close together, if not next door to one another. I was CR ST.A 3A page 2 7 looking at the districts, and ... U: _?Ji_l_h1_....._f_l _~ --~-v_1 _~_(_~n_~_v_· ____ population has been here a long time. Um, across from the 01A.1t.. since it was \u003cA, school on out, and vrtty f-1,..,e.. 1-u {/...c1\"'- up there was wh.e-:re,-w·:h-e-cr-e-furtds--went...._ \"/)J-L~ QI,.., (,Nkl'\\ct ~~'\u003e {.,.i\u003c, NAVf'~ ? ..B.ut, uh, Pu. ii. ve ,.,,P-I: Was that~' or something? f,.._n_-1t~IQ.. U: No, p-er yea.Twas about uh, !'fi'('fif!S later. I: Uk huh. U: I: Was that, that, was that a Baptist school? f1,11..V'\\...'(t~'t P-e-r--y-e.a-i:. was f i 11 e d U: 1+-μf'\\S c I Yes, afi.4 a 13opl-t':;,f school~ /lr\"-' K.cno.JA'\u003eA \"'\"'(\\) o-..(!kh l\u003eI i .. n...t\"lr.r-CC~ c, m\u003e\"lN ,vl'H\"\"t 6niA'( C-4 t\"r1L=\". I g-rfrde chan-g.e. f,..JA:\u003e 11.J cJ\"\"\"-\"'i· ~ -,+- fl\\.t,.,.. 6nwr fc.f/ w.-.J wo.(- 'T Lfeotdb/1 F~M I : That was for an ------- U: And, uh, he was arrested for stealing I -1-/-..,..,-k ..up .tliere ,. JN-; Hr.lf.JLL•( C,or 1i,J o (' \"i»-- . Then they had another fellow nameJ. ~e. ON· And Pv...t\u003c..'Jf.r4t1- Lf 17 . Then there was~ L 117 t....i\"l'\u003e ,..,,{- \"\"- hr\u003c1.t Son__'\u003e-(.\"\u003cn~~ Ae \"\",,, /) +n.it:.J.. -J.v o...40/1H ~eG.P..e64/ltHV came, and /\"IA 1~ '( C'Yl~ was, he was um.,- -------- I: Was he in, he was ------ with that fellow /_/qi /Nv\u0026 U: Um hmm. I: Robert Hailing. U: Who was he? I: He was that dentist, theAfegro dentist. U: I, I don't.know him. Wait a minute. I: Yeah, these, the first one was CR ST.A 3A page 2 8 U: Oh, the first one was I: Yeah. U: I don't know much, much about that ~(_ll(\\w I: Okay. When did, uh, when did you become first aware that there was some racial problems here, that, that uh. u:w~~ ... /ri\"'l ia.lrn61'1i f!\\c.,..... 1\"\" I: Tlra t was ~i-d. l'Jo+ u r.-+1 t. In NG a.wv n.1+\u003c:1-'ll- P1ti\u003el:.l-t...,.,. \".('n.c • 1'J.!,,_c.. wasn't ~ I: Well, I was thinking of '63, uh, just to refresh your memory, when 'u~,' 'uh\\,. you had that white fellow, William Canard, who was killed while he was riding around in the Negro area with a shotgun, and, uh, you had the, the uh, Hailing, this fellow, this dentist Hailing, was,·went out to the Klan meeting and got hims~lf all beat up. That happened in '63. Did-they stop? U: Uh huh. I: Uh huh. Uh huh. U: I: So when King came, that was virtually good U: They had, they have a little ifcJi'J..,'t- lfl\"\\O~tN'I\" .t.~ _rHJ'l7H!N(, • a-1-o ng-t-1-me--runn1-n g ·. could walk down before, but When they, when they fixed it so pJ21mr1•~1e7 , we had a, a -±-trdy named I And, uh, he came up last I said, \"hey, And, uh, he uh, he said that he wanted _-h.._~V..J_o_~-~--======----~ 5 /en.Jf p,__,vf s;o ; IV I : \\Ai\"\" l.\" W\\\"\" U: And the perfectly good ------, he went out, and he started CR ST.A 3A page 29 the registration, and started with a. __ 7hri.-ct~c,Ji1 you cfeml).v t;,7n ~in.:\u003e.....- know. Didn ~ t do that much a..dmHH:-s-t ta ti on, I know. Now, if somebody had a, had a, started a demonstration here, I don't -~ know who~was. Bubba told me that the, uh, the NAACP, he said brhu. .# jhr_ he had ~ to it, and joined it. 'cause he thought it was a good thing for the people, and then they kept after his money, and he, he didn't give them any money, just paid his dues, and they broke his windows out. He had a real estate office then. He won't, I told him He went out and put this Some, some militant t-ft-i-rrg/VC..Gno d.dlit- I: Um hmm. U: Least tha~s what he thought, and I think so too. And then they had a demonstration down at the courthouse one day, /p.rt- bt.to'(Q..\u003c?... I : U: the judge. :r don't know why they were demonstrating. r~~hink thats what happened. Robbers in the courthouse singing He~\u003e t I some songs. The sheriff, I was made a deputy :t~ ()...,..r.i.. .. h...\u003c- ~-put him in charge of it, and he got all wild, and It wouldn't have been bad, lot of them were drinking to it, and I COUTS e this thing ~·)1- \\mJ; •. \\T \u003c; !) (,I'\\ J. wasn't no, no violence. ·um hmm. -\\\"~ t~ t..\u003e\u003c'..'~-(... but, there They're mostly child.rert n9w,}\\~children-from1the schoil\u003el, you know. . . I Perhaps I: Why do you think King came here? Why do you think Martin Luther King came here? I U:fi Well, at that time, we were, we were, it was war, we were about CR ST.A 3A page 30 to celebrate our fotir hundreth anniversary here, and they heard there's a whole lot of publicity in the paper for it. 1L- ~e.-..dr..,f ~11'7:\u003e appointed a commision of, that we we~e gonna ' C..\" ...._IV\\\u0026~~ JO ..J going to c~on, . AL \u0026rc1 if {!of.'L it, ~i-n-t.G There were three or four of us planning on pub lici ty. Um, I don't _f(_rJ_o1;-._1_ _= t-'-1l_ ~_{_,t~_•.;;..;'-\"';_;_·,'\"-+f-...{. \"'-\"\" \"'c'\"-'1;1\"\"\"c' .\"•\"\" ..:...~t_· -+-f_,--f-.~.\"'\"c'..:...~---- • r_, -~ I: So he was gonna take advantage of the four hundreth anniversary to get a lot of publicity. U: Get a lot of the publicity. Tha.t., s, that's , that was what I thought. I: Uh huh. U: Least there was any, they had a couple of parades, I went on the government parade, cc3c r ;J ~. CL~-1-o\"Mul;I., ()\\..,.-..__.Q wC\\.lr.l·v_.l tf · l..J~ik. _.;,;;:;:;;,..:::.._;\"-'--_=.;:;:;..;_,.__ ___________ __;_~:;;_;:.;::_:._.:.__ -io t of· people partying, and. . I: Was most of the trouble caused by outsiders, like King, and some~ Klan people from Jacksonville? U: I think practically all the Nc.c.ru.1e-s were outsiders. Now, I've been here a long time, and I know some .Negroes. Um, and I went out and sat out in the fi\"'-rvtv-.oetl-t and watche.d the parade, and I didn't see a s ingleANegro·- that -I-lQl:ew, not one. Now, there had to be, most of them had to be outsiders. And the same thing was true with the white, with the white ones. We were just a stagelwv~ - I .LI I C.ll.IA~fNC. c..,fl -/{,.1-{- W1ts1-i 4- /f;Jyf\"11,.J c / ;.1 Sf /J,,7 .... ·; 1'1N\u003cL 1 \".rt-'1 va-use:d::::fio-o-tfte::~ disturbance. I: Did the uh, did the white people in St. Augustine, I'm sure they must have been angry, at what was happening, did they try, did somebody like yourself, or Mr. Wolf try and get these people out CR ST.A 3A page 31 of here? U: Uh, well the, the uh, newspaper people went in there, and that boy, um, he, he's a young fellow, that doesn't really have much. ffe gave -J-/LL- ,.,~{v-\u003e~i'\u003e\"'f\u003e(\"t / favor~te reporters a ring. And, of course, all the demonstration went there,King went over there, you know, where, where you, publicity. I: Um hmm. U: And, uh, the whole thing was staged in the function. So you see, right over there. He tried to get in a car to follow me, you know, I: Yeah. U: But he refused to let 'em go. He was wrong. reporters \"r .',_,.,... I- 'C'\"'J .,..;. -··,/........., t •, v ...__ end of tape","Bi-Racial Committee -- Flagler Memorial Hospital -- John Birch Society -- Ku Klux Klan -- Murray High School -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine Record -- St. Augustine Chamber of Commerce -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Monson Motor Lodge -- University of Florida -- University of North Caronlina Chapel Hill -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1045","record_class":"Item","title":"Henry Twine : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Henry Twine, prominent leader of the St. Augustine civil rights movement and one time president of the local NAACP. Twine discuss the civil rights movement's origins in St. Augustine as well as major events between 1960-1965.","INTERVIEWEE: Henry Twine INTERVIEWER: David Colburn PLACE: St. Augustine, Florida DATE: C: \\VeH l-\"tn0ught::t:::wcn'.tlc;:l-start\"ln-1963 and you can tel1 me how things got started •. a- fir T: Well, actually t+re first begi·rmfng- at 1'111 io::IF-laglerlt Memorial College, there / were some students who went uptown and sat in~d they called some of the trustees from other cities to come in, and they finally got~them out of ;jail 'l :n·J \u003e h'J'.:.JI d 1 and sq~~ \"t17.. And from then on out the members 'began to pi ck up and I ..+-j-+-.......... ~~· into the city. C: Was this early in 1963, do you remember~about what time? T: do not know when the sit-ins first began, when the first sit-ins actually happened. Al A lot of people claimed that Martin Luther King came and started it, but we were actually then the doing it approximately a year before King.arrived on the scene.~ after ;s.a-\"Y:;;f We. on o c ri v0 NAACP ~ some workers inl'~ had/f NAACP chapter here al 1 the time, so they sent some workers iry f fellow by the name of Lutman and a fellow by the name of Brown, I· cannot think of their first names, one named Brown I think he ·0 ) vY was NAACP, and still ~in service now, and Lutman.\"~o young fellows, I think they came in from around Savannah, Savannah State College, I am not sure, but they --~ .. ~ came in and worked during that summer. And-j\\;~ we began to make demands on -+Jre )l. \\AU'v the city and~~~~the first marches that we had. C: What were race relations like before the sit-ins star~ed? T: Well, as usual,\"~'1m., we thought things were good. The whites as usual, thought /d .. s.-u_,, things were good1and this wa'!5~we made any demands. This is where the troubles t (]Jv:\"r; begin in 0inter....race relations. xfxax~M¥xwaxxmia~kxkexw~wi~xka~ext~ The average dif-black was happily, as it seems, h. b • ~\th 1s us1nes~ ~~ t e f.1 rst ti.m e whistlin' and doing his business and going it-' is h.e asks for a piece of the pie, ~~a about CRSTAUG 13 A LR 2 T: ferent story. C: In terms of.,~f.J. segregation, what was it, was there a segregation in the T: ot c: T: C: T: school system? Oh, everything, everything, everything, not only the school system, ' ~~ other place,f radio station, everything. They were just as loose about it as any bus terminal, and everything else. And separate white and black~· drinking fountains, white and colored at that particular time, and so forth and so on. And there were no colored restaurants uptown, you could not eat at any of the lunch counters, or any other place •. How about the library? Did you us~ the library? ,., •, ho.d I really don't know, now we~ never tried to use the library before, we did try at that: particular time and we were turned away. Not only that but even churches, right now very few blacks can be found attending white churches around How about the Catholic ~/(),!:;. ' church, \u003et!t that intergrated? Or did it have ••. ? 1 · ...•. :r·~i!.i~~rii'~~:'.~J;~ attended 0 \u003c;. Most blacks,~far as I kn~w, St. Benedicks up here on, I would say yes/it wa: segregated in a way of speaking 1 because('!l up until that · ~ 11 d'(v _._. time, .tfp., until the 1960s) the blf!ck kidsl(ttended St. Benedicks School up/\\on Central Avenue. The white kids went to what they called CTS and St. Joseph's Academy. The black kids could only go, I think, as far as eighth grade up there. They had no white sisters at all in the school. But they could only go as far as eighth grade, they usually had to transfer to the public school or if they continued their Catholic education, they had to go up to Rock Hill, South Carolina. So those who had money, or somebody who would sponsor them, ~'t:t'!fff.. . would go up to Rock Hi 11, South Carolina, that was~ the nearest black, ~· ....-=\u0026Ji~ Catholic, \"filit.higher public education, ••b':ldm!~tm~~mtt•EW·'~'­They had to Rock Hill, South Carolina, to continue, you know their grade...,.. school . CRST AUG 13 A JR C: ~ ~hen did you get i nvo 1 ved in \u003cfie:-.t~ the Ji vi 1 Ii ghts group? .,.:_,~ T: Oh, I have been involved, actually~ since I ·came out of service in 1946. C: Excus~.sne:r;;:;;but-·had you lived in St. Augustine all of your life? ~ T: Practically all my life. Actually I was born in Tallahassee, Wffe~~gr~-:\u0026 ~~~~~I came her~/when I was six months old, between here and Tallahassee, and I started school in Tallahassee. And when we moved here permanently, I wo1:.ild say !{heh I was flil~about nine or ten ye:;? old. about third or fourth grade. But,~ first that I can rememberfn what you -o. 'L think might want to call~ Civil Rights struggle was right arourid 1946 or 1947• •lJ!i; ~here was a black lad~i:;'me here with some people,~~:;:;:~ they had a beach cottage and they went to the beach, and this lady was in the t:~ o.re of wo1..',f S water with the kids, the blacks~ nursing the kids, and she was in the water with the kidsf I believe it was late in.the 1940s or early 1950s. ~ i .' .~ this lady went in ~ ~'(} And a.cfrF sheriff the water· with thy hids at what they called a white beach/ (\\\\ Ct:.1 ~. by the name of Noll Carter went down, there and yanked this . , ' woman out of the water. Well, maybe this was in the 1950s, I am not sure of the date, but we had just elected a fellow by the name of· L.O,Davis, Jr,._ .,--,. as sheriff at that time. His father ran a store in the b 1 ack community on Washington Street for ye;:irs. and years/, fa~ both of them were pretty 1ibera1 as far as blacks were conc~.rn1ed;~~em credit and_ doing other favors. c).r·t)J And everybody knew him~ he was a little boy and raised up here. And there Noc I /a.11d he.. was a deputy under him, q~·~~~ Noll Carte/ anked this lady out of the wate~ Well, news spread in tnwn, and meeting at' the a manifesto, or what- I ever the case might be,~-sOfITTroTT'ec;::scrt~=~. and they asked me to read it, -....... .. -,~-~ ---- pg 4 T: But this kind of blew over, kind to demonstrate in other parts of Then we had a young fellow who lives right down the street here by the name of r: bet i C/J\"C,... Henry Thomas,!' he was away going to school l~,i@~--~~~:~~r!Fe, up around Atlanta, and Henry came here and sat in by himself. LriO'~nt'h\\!JiY\u003c!J!ll8t..,.. his 'f~ ~-. 7•\" mother lives right down the street now. He sat in by himself, I He cut the 1 i ghts out on the counter and everybody sa i d~J~R gl: t think a~ ~oo 1 worth 1 s liO' -r j :.:i._.·,~ $.~ . ;·._~_.. he/\\was crazy or somethin and they arrested him. They put 'him in jail, and after they put him in jail they -fit,el ~ o nz.., ·{4/IJ o took him out of the jail one night about l~r~ o'clock and brought him co ... lf' l c o1- down to the hospital for a oelile'clc rer the doctors to look at him and have him committed. lJh,.__,.f;:-dc::UJf'\\ , ~ ~ -~he Mas~ and raised so much sand down there;--~Clibw., some how or£1t1other, $' -=t::: ancl IV ~'\"':ch:,®11!:~.J]lffl~f!l~§l\"--11:-h~~~~;f~l:S,_:;~;tm~-~1!1111i¢i'\\ he . g~~-~~~,~-~f ~~~L::~-~-~~~~-~-~~--~~- he re and went back, he is living in Atlanta now. -;;:~ed the freedom tiUW\u0026 ~riots -........._..,_....__ ___ ,,.. -~~ .. .,.~,·-·r,..,,,_+--~--~--\"-~\"\"~·· -~-.. ~-·-~--·- ~~;;=-\u003cl;-:-) I understand that he is,doing very well in Atlanta, he owns a couple of ----:\u0026cu-1$~ .. ~1 . .· . those~ I believe/ Kentucky Fried Chicken, or some chain outfit, or something there. C: d4q{) what do you think got you involved? ~~hat was it in your background/ 8 ~ your parents, the service~ \u003c- ~ ,:. other than the fact t:b:at... ·tho~ obviously you are black, what got you involved in the civil rights movement? Ii T: Wanting a better life I imagine, wanting things that I have seen other people with, C: T: a wanting to live better, and so forth and so on. I stayed in the service/11ittle better than three years and I was mostly with a white outfit the time I was in the service going to schoo 1 up in New Jersey \"il.1-\"f f' \\· ..· ., -S~~· , LP~\"fc6o\u003em munications . ~a= ~ Q Fort Martin? Fort Martin, right, that was iJre I }'las stationed. fronrihere, ..f_._l rst I went to as far as Utah ~ then back over to /\\ Carolina for a while. + tNo.S I Yeah,f\\out 'S}i~re at c4j\\£}-j_ • I lii~ ~-~t\" fJ\\ff fS-l'CtS Fort Martin and then to North pg 5 C: were in the service? T: After you came out of school? No. ~~rt~~'l)I was in the 437, {ju_~e~of\\ t~tlr~hich ~:Ji llJ\"t\u003e~k ~~ • a= I .,,.f-_ I · k d _a,i;Vv-1{(v(r ~Q,/U._ - • --'}'=1--- fo r the A1 r Force. · · .{/1J..P.Afi \u003c::i'/'J_,~fUcrr-'- wfl'at ever they did around here. And V\\ CJf(];Vvi.-vY\"'-OJ~ then, after I came back home,)\\'about~a year I got married~! was working as a janitor 0 s-h31 to the ThompsonRecord Company. I took the ro Ex.cm j I was luc~y enough·:to pass it)· ,.PnO. J:: ~~ C€J.-v\\ \\;)\u003e.-Id~ Posto.J :;:;;;,.QJ1.AJ-'-~·cr.. .. .; SVv-o~,.I .. (1~--t---\" • Q:: \\/JO~ . C: So there was nothing specific that happened it~ just your desire to have what you CV(...) T: .t£ere ts: a lot of things )LGU:d.:JIM that ~\"'' 7:\u003e1\u003e'1,fh\u003e,} specifically that happened, I J'.flJ4B:m. you S'.e''!'A' the way they treated people around here, I mean as far as putting them in jail, for instance, when a white man killed a black woman right on, right in front of Pantry Pride. ·nw\"t... . This was all during this particular time. _,,..was Adeputy sheriff by the name of Bi 11 Wade, and~ he was involved in a little gambling scheme out here. He had a little joint or whatever and bliJlck/f9l~~:i rl . (/Ut.f I , 1-- ;::..?f\\f\u003c~, went out there and gamb,led . ~ J~e pulled a 1:\u003ei stol and killed them, 1 :.;i)'1m~\" ' ' O ~.i. f·.·111v, o1 l' ~- _Jh .''( Wo '\\.. r/1' 11:1.,r, . . 1-J;r rln \\, ( of_; '\" =' I . . 1 f I , , ,.._,, 1 t./.! J ;_... ... ..} L·-·'\\.. ti ,....'1 f1 ·v 'Lr';t.:r '~'f~~,..· ' .... f ~~;;:.t~~,J.ma/.JJir. pfrr .,rfr~i c,,ko.Jr. There was fellow by the name of Sheppard, and they never wanted to arrest the -~~Y and the black fel lows0 weAe_. ~~ 1l,e_r€.~.e J.a:,.1~'\\. · ~tki?.kf (\\il,i~(}\\/'l.fw+:ll,-_k,\u003e. ~{...tcui)d~-ekr;f:rfind out who he was. Butl -th~ ~eatl') ~ ,~·v._,{aet( ::tG-+6\\4}\\ .a~Js(~or~·l}~ ittrllr1;'4~~JDM. w L-. I O..--:...:-Tut.0A-(UY~nd a 11 the blacks u}+~ ~ ~:gistered~U:lf \"t~e~~; get people T to register, we did not have to much t~ouble registering around here. The only diff-erence though is that if you went to register and if you were not sharp and watching, 0-- they would automatically register you\" Republican if you did not tell them that you wanted to participate in the Democratic primary. Now they would do this to you at the registrar!s o~fice. away and then WHHDi Democratic Party. So you would have to watch them. Now, I have seeru people come have to go back t/.end in a registration slip to get in the 1 , .••• \"·.?I Of course the Republican Party could not participate in the l;Q;~~\\8j( ~J:~~Jt:etjp~~~.;~t;J:tl!'!\"\"l~ffF~'f.;:r;ieuu~Democra tic .-----\"'~. ·\". . primary. pg 6 T: The Republicans there were not strong enough to hold a primar~;RF-there was not that much competition. But in the general electio/~ you could vote either way you want\u003cul 1v · VO f-c.,. C: How about in terms of registrationl'~~::tfromeltt!J.d..-.e, did you find you had to re-register? Did they take your name off the registration list? T: C: T: C: T: C: T: Well, I think they did this in general accordance to the list~- eyery pnce in a while . /\\, 9A\\'l'C0 Ot,,k b)o.U~:::, as they do now . 1'.=t!ili!Ut X«lli I do not think they persistantly ·~I?-· d •:ta~ but I do l not know. do I know~ in North Carolina they did(\that specifically toward blacks. Yes, I worried about that. . 12 v0·ihv,..\\\"\" l/ ?n. L6l',.,..,,' \u003c.\u003e' h~ . l-V /Y) Well, I guess back to 1963, ~you said that flt, i?~cfjrv·Ct--r-- ~~the NAACP, what!' was your involvement in the NAACP at that time? 10-r-t\\CU\\ar e.,\\je ~\\l~ Ot{\u003c'rL'-D rdS OC~ Well I was a member at tliatY time and f.i!iW'il · .11 ffly\"1,13ecretary ~I served on the executive board. lXCJA\"t,0 Now what role did Dr. Hilling play here? Was he the head of the youth council? ~~ll.P 1 . :W~ Yes, /,_,_f®IV\\\\ td youfu- C.;;;ncil ._ '-ibaJ (/.AQ.•\\ O.d . ..- have got NAACP chapters in most cities · .· . \"' -with' mostly elderly peopl)C:he older people_,but they never had an active youth council --~~~---~~~~~~~~ He saw the need for this and at that particular time the older persons who had been in the NAACP chapters kind of underground could not let white people know what was going on and this kind of thing. These kids;;...;:.1\"1..._!r- .. were seeing what was going on with the states and so rf.I ,· \\\\ ! flC\\ forth and they were ~o get out on the street. So we took xkR advantage of this and formed a youth council. C: Was there much interaction between the college students and the youth council or was the r· youth council mostly young black kids from St. Augustine? ~;r;..n-= ,,, ... ~ \\'i•v,'.;.;; 1 i 1 T: Well, ~ young black kids.,,.M.. ~ from: in the city. Oh, there were several kids from$ the school participating. ~they were willing and they participated quite ..... ' ~. ~ .. :.' a bit but afxxru1xsR quite naturally the parents drag home the meaning of the good word/ pg 7 T: )nd CJ.l?J'l'\\Y the administration out at the school and they put the\"\"\"1tttJ:-Von and you get into jail C: you see. pf!:?'f{'v . ';/ When did things begin to get out of hand at least..:iC! the hostile reaction from the white connnunity? Did it happen from the first? T: No, .a:;t\u003e: f\u0026ici~quite natuarally we got a little resistance Xlmm to begin with1but -\\\"!,,. \\ \"e'-j vJf\\\"\"5 6-:::1 0Gr jt:\u003e · \"!f.11* thought maybe this thing C blow E::f:f ove1/a I would imagine so xirax this was on \\-\\ (2.£At.L '-/ their minds. Right around 1964 '11ifj1J£'ilit\\heated up because we began to apply a little pressure. At this particular time we began to appeal to the head of theC'.o::P.:~~)iv(h .. v~ to~e.Bishop at that particular timet(!c;:.,,::;.~~animn~~-lllUIMi~~mSi!l!:f;i .. :£~1!;~., ~~~~~~~~- he had headquarters ... and lived in Jacksonville Beach .. We wrote 1 et t er s to him and then'..,~egan ~talking about this celebration we were supposed to have. 400th Anniversary? T: Right, : 1 ·-ya!'I\u0026'\" tat is where we began to apply the pressure. We began to write letters and we began to get the word out to the news media and so forth. We even wrote to +h-C..-\u003c''Q . . \\ · ,_ . ( . ~4• . J:il e ~tlr Jwa::geaw ~L£8Rlio. ~-\u0026Dh;::iitlfifii:Jorganization of American States. \\ 0 C\\ \\ (jl- d\u003e\u003c ... ,.'(,\\f.J\u003e· T: Right, we even wrote them because~~~~~~~~ ,, people were participatin~ c;.n c)./ 'Q in this·prograu;,-~ and word began to leak outvthat is when we began to take to the all~ streetsxxxW2xhegxRXNi:Xh and King~egan with•8#J ~·!J down in'Florida. C: Tell me about that~ow you get King to come here? Al\\ ri'o,h t· • · E. T: \"\"\"\"!SiEiitibl Well, they were having a meeting down in Orlando, Florida. N~f-tbf exactly what the meeting I forget now HHX was but it was a big one. C: 151 c . .J-n C.,kr~/tJ-Q._,,J Cvh 1$ · I think it was a state meeting -lJ-rT-~~'\\.}...\u003e~-=o,_tJ_·_JJJv_'~~_l_•..J./V\"'\"'~--\u003e' . U ; T: Right, right down in Orlando, Florida. So several of us, Hilling, myself, Billy Eubanks, my wife, about two carloads of us went down and we went to talk with him . d-. . CV\\ or(~'.t-1'\u003e i t.:£1..-l:.\\of\\ .Pr90.f\\ ;~.tel ~ k-~ :A· about the situation.\\-\\e ~ ,..~-~~--- v and we were -Mt c a IS unn and IN~ -eXt · ro,;i --- ---- ---------------------- T: pg 8 ~tz\\rvC1 we needed kRxp some help and ~that particular time the NAACP national chapter just ~rt- -or_i etri tcd did not believe in taking to the streets. It has always been a - :-ma Elli!~ ' b aj}:tcf..:::lccr;vq'Vi .. L.J\u003c--Q.,. CDu-A_:x.) . outfit you know. You go to court and you wm (D:/v'-· ~ but youVdo not demonstrate et 'fly o f1e.. \"s -,a:_ or you are going to get/mt and risk st 1 1g ! s- life. Now this was at that particular stage in the game. So at that particular time the NAACP sent some representatives there. We had most of our officials come here from time to time. ...wti=tmd Father who Gibson I think came here from .. · Miami and Reverend Graham(\\ at that particular time~ was a big wig in the state. I remember ~ they would not turn their books over to the r\\l.--_j.0'-2~.X::~~? ~J '\"' D~,.A. CcJ). o L ... state. They wanted to find out whatC 1 1 a _Q!tt:P. ~the NAACP vJo..s/ state legislature 1 and they refused1 a~d~~h of them. AJ that.particular ~~~k.:.,-,.~_-'\\,/$~:e±::s::t:-J.. I time they came in and tried to talk us out of it ...s., ..o,...,,,ij~l:±zi=_;;:;!J...I~' 2;~P-£~ The., OLAt:j:::\u003e i 111~ , __y/ C: _;£;;JiN' JU!ll lihiitllf§Rl_J~1Ptil• i 1 1,~~national president of the NAACP, .. \u003c\u003e T: :Roy Wilkins? C: Roy Wilkins just retired. T: Yes., ,..:. C: I read something that he sort of censored Dr • 1 H~~~~ {\\(/v. tJt1li\\Cl)..., 5 (}(}-\u003c-., 'l • \\J~ He did. Or~ remarks. This came~uttsome moonies report1or somebody hoJ picked up a rema'f k rt\\h at Helltt~W~-ov made. He said something about-./-whites were really -·- T: ' rt., d-'(' V}.;\u003e;\"\\J./~,._,- (f 0. • c:: r-{\\, f· 'j-t).J ,/ . 'f'-'\\~ ~'O'? and we: made them pretty angry and they began to throw fire-bombs and \\_Q_ Jf they began to shoot at peoplets houses and so forth. In fact they threw some right down the street. ~~Ieu i'~my sister Lilian Robinson, had Bunyan Robinson, lO; (fl rJdte., wvd ? ) her kids were the first kids to integrate the school out in--the p1~; School, hous,out there one that lived next to and they burnt up their there was a deaf fellow night.\u003c'- That is my sister's house. Then 15'\u003c --n-1i::- he r~name of Charlie Bronson. His kids were attending school and we were out there attending a PTA meeting and somebody set a fire in the back seat of his car and burnt up his car right there in the front of -f\\'18J the school. So the whites~after they found out that we were intending to keep on . _.,.., T: C: T: pg 9 C {• ' (! ..... ( ('./ I) 1 . II I c-ffi\\, C j} ,,XJ-(.f .. ,e_;\\ . r../ ', .(t~f Iv- /) this thing/ a.y~ ·. v\"\"' ~ i_.hey came to Hell'O' and Hell6rtJ focvi\\ired/ and he made the remark, I' Shoot first and ask questions later if this is the way it is going to be.'\" ~ i--1t.0'S '6 So when he made this remark thevmedia picked up this thing more and they sent it on s:: the wires. It is like this is what they wan~---they want~ something/and up until -_- that time we had not;~e had tried to be quiet and go about our busines~ with this ~ thing. I was working iJY ~~~Aug us tine 1 '1 - , . there o~ ), ~ · t , ~~ree t a no/one 0 1 f the reporter~~~e by a¥,s~31:rd r/:t t~~;nf:,~~-t~~ ~~J h7~~~1~i/ell wa~~!, \\i~~\u003ehj H~llb~nd what i!s going o~j\\~Lb- know. i\\Lo~k at, ;~is.~ .. Anq I looked1tM''SUt d rh0 e-1,,:.:cJt« .,_v bo..tn::.I the man made a remark so we had ~··vrx·c:J1)2) ff f: · '8 and we tried to assume that it was not so important but it had gone.._, like wildfire at that time. Somebody called fJ I V/. (}/\\/vJ-- 0 n' c\".1-1 re-of the national office) CJvx:t:X,_.. Wilkins being the man r-J.. c1J in a court~ri t:at:ed outfit;.that is when~stated that he would have no part of this. Did he ask you to remove H~ll6~ from the Youth Council? Did he go that far? 0 . +·f10;.Jf- I cannot say for sure but it was something in~ order. ~Wnw;m:et'L 6tfu:w:£~ They wanted to lift~- charter and everything else, so then that is when SCr ' ~J we turned to the ·SE , ~went down to Orlando with C.T. Vivian. T t WOI S 0 \u0026X'li'jfL T: Williams• C.T. was the main speaker down there, King wasn't there. I think King was in his room or something. Anyway, I remember meeting with C.T. Vivian/ . Ji? and 1efi'@a. I think C.T. Vivian was the director of branches for the SC(7'or something; and we persuaded. him at that particular time ·to come and take a look here. So they sent some workers in here to begin with and they looked around and and they tho,ught ·.tha t~J~ffiiett~a r1-. they ~H\\~•k . ~ trouble;/}7fiere would not be that much hostility(\\ ~nly they liked what they saw would not have that much problem ~1 was that St. Augustine was promeniently Catholic, this is the birth place you know of Catholism in the United States.e. !!O we sold them on this \\deo ~ ~ .......... pag 10 T: They thought this to be a dominant tourist town and some people accus/.d. us times for ruining the businesses and c;~~~ ~~\" M1..t'.MI .e tourists off and so forth. at But, this was not our intentionf to begin with. Maybe there was some remarks made to organize .a~J'~f:'P'\\i.asc.if.'a'fld'Z'tt~ Klu Klux Klan/1from all over the state. We had somebody from all of the United States here. Here was this fellow a~cus/ed of beating these kid-s with stones. Another fellow out of South Carolin~ ~~~~~~~1~a1e.,,~~ .~e •. died, he had a heart attack • ,,..., ~ ~ -:::~Jtmtfi.E:~yncli:~~- T:~~ey came in as organizers. This fellow out of Louisiana, he had a heart attack and died but he was supposed to come here. He was scheduled to come here, b...:a:;e Uiiii!b~!lllivi•91i~io.. pe was a big man in Louisiana .at that time/ ~a big Catholic man. ~ @'3'.f~llm+ _h.e ~alked about shutting the Catholic schools down and everything • . ·~~.: • :S- w~1fc.d iv ~'\" .J- ·+h(., blod:~~;. oYJ soyrit.t He said ~~;tmd'!!~\"l.i:Jl:~;~1~-€~~\";:~\"\"'~ =~~~~~~~¥i~~~~~tqJ~~~~k~~g:£,B~~· He was supposed.to come here but he had a heart attack and died right before he arrived here. We had some of everybody, a fellow who did some bumming over in Jacksonville, remember the bumming school over there, he was caught right here, he was taking a rose plant or something like that. He worked over here at mobile courtyard. See they would let all elclY\\ev-i+ h 1'dc .. I and all this bad sljm'@t!: and they would come in~. these guys come in here AllJll;I JJr we had the ~ John Bird society, all of the big whigs on the John Bird Society, we had the \\Lu- an o\\ ~Klux Klan )left some of everytloiing that you could name here. C:~ I think the day I came by here I mentioned that I was going to talk T: c: t o 'S2-··k --~R (J~ · n d I d1. d • He will talk to you now~ d.'fitetif~_:;;r, about four or five years !!\"L he wo.uld not ~talk to anybody. turns out that he talked. But he said that 1-t- 1,Nt1.sd1f\\~:1 c0-n- Ju coi1h;t:-,A· I kno., ~ him, And now it L~~~~~~~~~~~ Page 11 C =-~~~lt~_::anot:.{;;e;Vli,i,i'lF,:you.;tt't'f 00t;Pmmen~~ Helling was a very militant -f~(( black, he said that at one meeting they came away shaking~ heads. This 'E T: was he and the city police chief, Stewart, saying that this fellow had all the markings of a black panther. How would you characterize him? tti !! I() 2\\ No#'~ ... pefinitely not1 ~~~~~,..-was raised University, his daddy was a professor there. H~' lling finished school in Tallahassee I think he attended college.·~~ in North Carolina; ;r liffi~i!~~ I do fl,\"-.J r _f'vo\\'Y\\ -n-1~ '-- not know whether he attended ATI or not and then'-'he went t~.?~ That is where he got he got his degree. That is where all the black doctors and ministers had to go at that particular time. We had this meeting up at the Civic Building. We were making certain demands on the city. Quite naturally when you 1-1¥ resisted autom::;=ic­ally at that particular time you were~crazy or you.~re a bad name;. ~· _i;r~ Helling was ,.,.- a spokesma'J ;.Jo he spoke for the ~ommunity.~ tris i~ what happened• _:nytime you resisted automatically you n• (1 f.,,\u003c_. . . were If .-f\"\"t(UJ1 1 m'ld: ~Mt!\u0026lilltille the Black Falcons 1 and we never had · the Black JI _C-:-:,., Falcons here. We probably could have gotten here but fori\"' some reason we w~ tliril-::;} p·e xs\\ s-iTJ(] f I I @know .how the ('(yr.f . .t\u003c\"~·t started. Thetent the National Guard, they sent all the Highway Patrolmen. There were supposed to have been 2000 or 1500 camped out on Butler's Beach~or something/~ somewhere between hete. (/J'IJ Jacksonville were going to invade the city of St. Augustine. You have never it in your life. T;('is was on camera in a way of speaking. And they would catch our people down there every once in a while and if wt,(2.t; f\\6!..E~ they ~Veatch somebody with a knife or a gun or something they would arrest them. But one night they caught some guyf who came up from Ocala, from what the newspaper and from what I understand/they had a bushell basket of annnunition and all kinds of guns. And they put them in jail and they go out they are going to bring them up to have a hearing the guy. They turn him out. And at that time a fellow w.as living by the name of Page 12 Jim Dot. He was pretty wealthy and he owned a couple of famous ship bars. He was a millionare or I imagine he was. He was a big young fellow. That is the way that most of them are that hung out in there where Barnett Bank is now, in that lot. I understand that Dot was the man that was doing a lot of the financing in fact for the community private school that is operating right now in the YMCA building. That is one of the reasons why we are having such a zoo at the Y now. Because the Y was developed by a liberal mayor. Blacks could use the pool, blacks could use the facilities and everything, but they do not even want to do that. They are not very generous with us on the one hand, and on the other hand over there, the Y is even sponsoring a day care center for mothers in the black community. This is well and good for the black mothers to keep their children off the streets while they go out and work and this kind of thing to keep them off of welfare. I am for day care a hundred percent. We need that care, we need somebody to take care of black children, but I also feel black parents, black mothers or somebody in the community in their homes has always taken care of those black kids. Maybe there are not the best facilities in the world, but there are houses. Now all of a sudden the city cracks down, and the Y decides to put in a day care center, saying that it is federally funded. So the city cracks down, and all these people who have been keeping children are closing up. So now the Y punishes us, and they have got the day care center. They have got three to four whites up there, and some whites working, whites directing and all this kind of stuff, and in the black community that is what we were doinq for them. In the mean time the Y is housing this private school. To me, you cannot serve two masters. If you are going to feed me with the right Page 13 hand, feed her with the left hand. We have had a heck of a to do with the Y about this thing. We need a lot more blacks on the bJard of directors. We have got black members at the Y and all this, but there are no blacks in the policy-making outfit at all. If you have no black participation out there, you are going to limit black kids to an alley as a place to go. We do not have anything private, we do not have a private swimming pool. This is the only place we can go where we do have things like that. We deserve to have something besides a softball team, and they have some pretty nice things out there, weights, and softball, and things like that, for everybody, and I think it is really pretty down there. They have tennis courts and basketball courts, and all that kind of thing. C: The William Kinnard(?) jolt that was riding through the black community, did this happen much during this period of time that you know of? T: Sure. I mean this was common practice. C: There were nearly a hundred of them. T: We knew that someone was framing , and they knew it. And then we tried to talk. This was during the time when everybody knew about it. Maybe that week, there was something else that came up. I think his wife was in the school system here. He had two small girls, and they had a big old bJx of dolls at the house, up in Scottsville, I believe. For some reason, I called, or someone called, and told him that they were out riding that night. We had pretty good communications, word of mouth, phone, or someone would get out there in the back yard and holler. I saw the cop pass. Well, they would take this car, we were told, and we believed it, and I still believe it, and they would take this car and they would paint different colors on different days. It was mostly black, Page 14 and they would put a white top on it or a black top, or a black top on a white body, anything on the same car. And this was the car they were operating from, this car and a pickup truck. Now, Roosevelt James, a fellow who lives out on Palmer Street, a fellow who has not been able to get a plumbing licence, they stopped at his house several times to try to find Brady(?). Now Brady never stayed there, they thought he did. They would pass there, just ride up and down the street all night long. So one night they stopped at his house, and they were all out there winding through the rooms. They came by in this pickup truck and when they did, they had a number sixty-eight, he did not want to kill anybody, bird shots in the shotgun, and they unloaded in the squad in his house, and when they did, he just ran out in the street, and man, he did not have his trousers on! And he f---ed with these guys, so what happened, there are these men there, they are out there investigating, so Brady.(?) goes to the school to see if his wife is there, and they see a pistol in her pocket, and they arrest her for carrying a weapon, but they do not catch the guy who is in the truck, they do not do anything with him. We have got the tag numbers, we turn in the tag numbers, we have seen who we identified, we know who is doing it and everything else. We always had to be on the alert to go to sleep at night. So a couple nights before then it had been down the road where Goldie Eubanks lived on the corner. Now, Goldie was very outspoken, and folks could tell he had been there for a number of years from South Carolina, and everybody seemed to like Goldie, until Goldie began to make I I some demands, and then he was a scoundrel. One night my brother-in-law was in the house, and he heard the dog's noise Page 15 out, and he ran out to see what it was about, or ran to the door, and when he did, they took one of these old flambeaux off the street where the city had been doing some work, this was before they had these automatic blinkers, they had little flambeaux, kerosene flambeaux or whatever they worked on, and set it in the back seat of his car sitting in the front yard. So he either had a choice of trying to get his gun and shoot at the guys or putting out his car. So he ran to put out his car and they disappeared by the time the police came about two weeks later, that is when they set the house on fire, but in the meantime, he then was talking on the phone, I do not recall exactly who it was, someone was talking on the phone to his wife, and she got up off the divan, she must have been seven or eight months pregnant, and the divan was across from the door almost to the back of the room. She got up off this divan and answered the phone, and that was the only thing. These guys went out there and stopped this car in front of their house and riddled that house with bullets. It looked like they had machine guns or high-powered rifles. Some of them went clean through the house, literally almost just shot the door clean off the hinges, and she happened to be in the next room, otherwise she would have gotten killed. They killed the boxer dog. He came to the door and was stepping around when he heard the commotion out there. Somebody even saw this and everything, and nobody ••• C: That must have been, I guess, when he made that comment, about arming himself. T: Yes, right. It brings back the time when we had a young fellow get shot right in that center, just some fellow was walking down the street, and he got shot with a .22 rifle right through the heel of his foot. Page 16 C: Why did they go out to the Klan meeting? T: They did not actually, I was supposed to go on with them, they did not actually attend the Klan meeting. Now we had some very good, liberal white people that would inform us, some local people from here and some ministers that had come up from Daytona who we trusted who were at our meetings and would keep us informed and so forth, because we wanted to stay one step ahead of them. So they had been attending those Klan meetings, and they decided that night how we were going to find Jenkins. Well, they were supposed to come by for me, but I do not know what I was on, but anyway they did not come by, I did not go. They were having the Klan when I was out there, and we heard all the time remarks about what all was going on, and Jenkins' stoning the common men out there and whatever else was going on at that particular time. So they went out on the road, out on U.S. 1, and there is a bowling alley right across from the shopping center, that is where they were, on back down there behind the little grade school that is there now. So they just rolled out there out of curiosity to see what was happening, and they went down there and were just standing around, and when they turned around there were so many cars coming from the Klan meeting, they got in this lane of cars that was turning right going back in the woods. Well, these guys were just waving people on, waving them on, you know. So they got in this particular lane, traffic was so heavy from what I was told that I do not think they could get out of it or something, and they attempted to turn around and come back out. Well, after they got down in there, somebody passed the word around, and all these guys had CB's during that time, and we did not have any, and they got down there and they poked him right on down there. This Page 17 is what happened when they discovered they drove him all over the woods while they said the words, \"Niggers, niggers, niggers,\" and this was the cry at that particular time. They pulled him onto the ground, and pulled him onto the stage, and they whipped him. It was awful. You should have seen it, it was really something terrible. I do not know if you have seen any pictures of it or not, but it was something terrible. C: I have not seen any pictures of it, no. T: And then the local doctors did not want to wait on him. They really tried to, I do not know, they told Hilling he needed a dentist. They wanted to break him up, they tried to break his hands, pulling his hands off, his fingers, pulling between his fingers, and then they were going to set him on fire. They really knocked him for one once. C: Some of these white people, did they get the sheriff out there? How did the sheriff know about it? T: The sheriff was there. He was there all the time, he and all his deputies, I mean this was common. The sheriff was, in a lot of cities in the South the sheriff was in the Ku Klux Klan. You do not know who it is under those sheets, ---, you do not know who is in there. Now he is working out there today and tomorrow, but at night he is out there under the sheets. So, he swears that, \"I do not know,\" and so some of these people who were attending this meeting saw what was going on and they slipped away and called. Or they patrolled, I do not know, maybe he was there, I do not know. He was accused of being there, some of the people thought he was there. So they went out there, and they went to get some gasoline, they were going to set him on fire. Page 18 C: Yes, I remember that time. Is it true that they took Dr. Hilling and Houser and the other fellow over to Jacksonville Hospital to protect them, or did they take them over there because they could not get treated at Flagler? T: They could not get any treatment over there. You know, we had a black list, we might want to call it, over there at Flagler. Some of the doctors would see you out there picketing or see some of your family out picketing and tag a label on you. Everybody here knows everybody, and the local police would take pictures. You would be out there picketing, and they would ride by in the car, and everybody would take your picture. So they had you on at the clinic and everything else in town. I mean, you went in a place, and they would look, and they identified you, and you are one of those smart guys or whatever the case might be, and so you just do the best you can to go somewhere else. C: Now, these doctors, many of them were members of the John Brooks(?) Society. T: I would think so, yes. We definitely would think so. They even, I do not know about now, but on this radio news, not WFOY(?), another radio station, every Saturday morning they would have a call-in, some conservative poll, some guy working I guess out in Texas or something, was it not? Right. C: Yes, I cannot remember what the fellow's name is, but ••• T: I can, Hunt. Yes, he was a millionaire or something. He ran the program out of Texas, and his was the only program such as this or whatever the case might be, every Saturday morning on this radio station, to keep people informed of what was going on and so forth, and this fellow was Page 19 highly conservative and so forth, and the government was listening. We had just gotten that to tie, in a way of speaking, city and county against the federal government at that particular time, especially on the conservative programs and so forth. C: Well, I guess that brings us into sixty-four. T: Well, we had meetings with the city. We tried to sit down and iron out our problems. We wanted to talk with them. I knew the guy who was city manager at that time, and we had big meetings set up with the City. C: Was that Barrier? Was Barrier city manager? T: I believe he was, I believe it was Barrier, I think it was. And all the black men used to come, and the city commission and some of the county representatives and so forth, and we would go up there, and there he is sitting up there with a tape recorder. So quite naturally, I mean we do not want to talk to no tape, we want to sit across the table, and they refused to talk with us. So this is the thing that had gone ~~~~~~- with you all now. We had some kids that did some picketing and sitting in. We look back on it now, but at this particular time, they grabbed them, I think, and then put them in jail, and after they put them in jail, they sent them to reformatory school. C: Oh, that was the two young girls and the two young boys. T: Right, right, they were on the corner we are on now, and he has not been exactly himself since then. This was a hell of an ordeal for these kids twelve and thirteen years old, and we had a heck of a time getting them out. It took us six months or eight months to get these kids released from reformatory school. C: That was an incredible development. Page 20 T: I am telling you now, we have been through the mill. My wife was one of the first, she and probably Jenkins I would say, were the first black adults to go to jail here. Mostly the kids were doing the serving. And the kids were easy for it. We kept them ornery. They were well­dressed and everything else, and they were pretty good, and they would go in and sit at the lunch counter, and the whites did not want blacks, and when the blacks were at the lunch counter, and you were open, you would have to serve them, so they would cut out the lights, and all the waiters and waitresses would just walk out, and they would close the door, so they would lock up the place almost, lock the inside. C: Shelley argues that the blacks would lay all over the floor. Is there any truth to that? T: We did have a lie-in. These are the only people who made any time in jail besides these kids, we did have a lie-in, and we did not have any protection to that. This happened at St. George Pharmacy. This only happened one time. A young lady, well, they dropped all these things off the records, I think she spent about thirty days in jail. We had offered her an alternative, she teaches school now down south, and so forth. Now, they will say that the kids who participated, they went on to make them criminals, but this is a lie. Now I can tell you a lot of kids who participated are people who are teaching in the public school system. Some of them are principals and assistant principals and all this kind of thing. They went on to continue their education. C: Shelley would have you believe that this took place all the time. T: I know, I know, I can tell you exactly how many of them there were, four, I think, or five of them. There was only one place this took place, and Page 21 that was St. George Pharmacy. This was the only place this took place. C: How did you get all those people in from the North, those college kids, and Mrs. Peabody? T: Well, these people were interested in, this was the hardest place in the nation at that particular time, because, you know, you had your freedom riots and everything else, and these people followed King, they believed in King. So, actually, we wrote some letters to some fraternities, some white people had come here, some liberal-thinking people, some people who were staying out, but we had contact with the University of Florida, we knew somebody over there. This was Dr. Jones, they eventually fired him over there. And the Homily(?) brothers, I remember them from the University of Florida. C: David Chalmers came over. T: Yes. Homily(?), I think they were from Daytona. And we had a lot of northern students there. I cannot think of some of the names. Some of them lived in housing with us much of the time. Butt Dr. Jones, I remember him specifically. He got arrested over there, and boy, that was really big news when his wife found out about it, that they had locked him up, she called me long distance that night in Gainesville, and my wife went to jail with him, she was having quite a time of it, and eventually they fired Dr. Jones from over at the University of Florida. He fought this thing, he fought this thing for years, and they did spot him everything in the last four or five years, I believe it was. C: Now, when Mrs. Peabody came, and some of those ministers from the North, and those college kids, then the press seemed to come, the New York Times, and the ABC cameras and everything. Page 22 T: Well, the press was following King here when he came here. King was something new. Nolx\u003edy had ever seen this before. This was almost like Martin Gandy(?) you know, the black passion resistance. You offered your body as a living sacrifice, you did not fight back. Now, the northern kids fought them back. Leeland(?) fought them back. This was annihilating women, you fought the white man, but we could not shoot, we could not buy any ammunition, we could not buy twenty-two shells, we could not buy no guns, we could not buy anything around here. We do not have no violence. This was the only way we could do it, and this was King who persuaded us to do it. I bet that Leeland(?) did not like to go along with his ideas, but he had to, because this was King's organization and everything, and he did not want any shots fired. C: After the Easter protests, things seemed to quiet down from then until May, and then they got really hot. What was happening in that stretch of time? Do you remember? That would be from the end of March, actually it would just be the month of April, really. T: Well, during that particular time, King had several commissions, made up of citizens in other places. We had to stop and revamp. We had to get money and everything to get people out of jail. This was, I think, the first time my wife went to jail, I believe, alx\u003eut $250 I think, in fee charges, conspiracy, delinquency and minor trespassing out at the Warners(?) or something. The next time, I think, was $500 or something like this, or $1500. C: Fifteen hundred, that is very high. T: Well, and the next time, it went up to alx\u003eut $7,500 or something like this apiece on fee charges. So then we had to revamp, and we had to reorganize Page 24 We would sit at Leeland's house or somebody's home. We would meet in various homes with the executive board, and all these attorneys would meet. Now, we had pretty good legal advice, from CUsters(?), Guy Simons, Earl Johnson and so forth. And all these lawyers were legal defense, and also Civil Liberties Union. One time we had thirty-seven attorneys in there. C: What were the demands being made? Do you remember the specifics? T: Integrate the lunch counters, this was one of them. Jobs were one. C: I remember that one. T: All right. We wanted to integrate the beaches. We even talked about the churches. C: Plus foods. T: Foods, this was one of the main ones. Cleaning supplies. Fire department. C: One of the big things that Shelley and other whites would claim is that percentage-wise, there was a comparable number of blacks employed by the city to equal the percentage of blacks in St. Augustine. T: Yes, if they pick and choose. Right now, you look at the blacks, and I mean, we have been negotiating with the city right now. In fact, we have some demands up there right now to upgrade blacks, of trying to open up a school or something, so these blacks can move up in their positions. Now we have got one, maybe two black farmers out there at the present time. One fellow by the name of Jones who is in charge of the food, who puts the orders in or something like this, he has got the highest position as a black in the city work force. We do not have any blacks. You go uptown and go up the the city building and find out how many black workers there Page 26 out there twenty-five or thirty years, and he is still patrolling. Fred Waters' salary is below the lowest-ranked white patrolmen who walk. But I imagine his salary is pretty comfortable now, because they have been negotiating contracts, he had to gain approval. It is the union, you know, they have been unionized. We have never had but one black policeman, but they have given those tests, but what happened is this city has its own civil service rules. They are not statewide, and they are not covered. In this city, I mean you make up your own civil service rules. You have got a civil service board that consists of about four or five people, who represent the police department, there is one from the fire department, and I think two or three civilians on it. All these are white people. All right, now they give a civil service exam whenever there is an opening, and if you take the exam, then they have the right to pick the man who they think is best qualified, best suited for the job, as far as I know now, maybe I am wrong, and then this fellow is picked. Now we have had people who have passed the exams, but I admit they did not go to school, and you stay on there until the time falls and there is another opening, after you take the exam again. This is the way they do it, they do not keep stagger slips. C: When King came here and started mobilizing the black community, although as you are pointing out, it was mobilized, when he came here and started holding his meetings, what sort of things did the SCLC expect from the black community? T: Nothing but cooperation, we had told them that we did not have any money. We did not have no anything. C: He just wanted to get as many people on the street ••• Page 27 T: On the street, this was his strategy, to get as many people on the street, fill up the jails if necessary, just offer your bodies as living human sacrifice. Let people see us on the outside, what they are doing to us. See, we tried to keep this thing in tact. I have seen newspaper reporters beaten something terrible there, their cameras snatched and all this kind of stuff. I have seen even some reporters from I believe Sweeton(?) or someplace uptown, I was working up there one day, and some kids went across to Woolworths. They went into the Munson(?) and they locked the door, the Munson specifically, and they walked across the park, the play market, over to Woolworths. And once they got into Woolworths, they guy, Hansen, who was a Holiness minister, he was a deputy sheriff at that time, he arrested these newspaper cameramen, because they had followed these kids, and they had tried to get a piece of the action. He claimed that one of them had turned his camera on and hit him, or hit somebody. He knows better, surely it was accidentally, so he put the man in jail. See, every night, at our tour, we would have a strategy, and we would have something different every night, and we would just try to sit there and iron out, and figure out what was going to be everybody's reaction, how you would react to this thing. The day that the kids went in the pool, this was all planned out. We had these rabbis coming up. They were young rabbis, and they arrested Drew Munson(?). So at ten o'clock the next morning, Dr. King would be down on the seawall, he was there, and we got these girls, they came in from Savannah, Georgia and were good swimmers. We did not have any girls down here who were good swimmers. These were all good-swimming girls. So now when we dive up there, you are going to arrest this knight. They go up Page 28 there, and they arrest Drew Munson. Everything is going, these are all white people. Nobody pays any attention to them. So they arrest them, they arrest all the rabbis, they get all the young rabbis, and they arrest them. So the next morning at ten o'clock they had on their bathing suits, and we had a car arrive up there at ten o'clock. Everything is going very precisely. The car arrives at ten o'clock, and when they arrive at ten o'clock, immediately the police were almost right there. They were all uptown, and they had four all-days going, and these girls jumped right out of the car and jumped right in the pool. The rabbis jumped in the pool, and that was everybody in the pool, and you know that they are going to react. You know this white man is going to react to this thing, because he cannot stand it. He does not want this thing to happen. King was over there on the seawall. They were so busy watching these girls, they do not hardly pay attention. Some of the cameras go over to King, and some of the staff sit there on the seawall. They were sitting, all of them, right there waiting. When the action takes place, they want to see their reaction. A lot of people say that King was sitting back. No, he was not, he was right there on the seawall. Someone could even have pushed him over on anything, or whatever. You could have shot him, anything you wanted to do to him at that particular time, and then this when this policeman, a fellow by the name of Henry Bennett, he jumps out of the police car and tells them to come out, and they do not come out, and he just cannot stand it any longer, so he jumps over in his uniform. C: Is that when Watson threw that acid in the water? T: Well, maybe the same day he threw the acid in the water. The next day, no, they put alligators in the pool, but we did not want to go to the pool Page 29 that morning, we had something else to do the next day. Right, the next day or so we went down to St. Augustine Beach. We stayed my wife back there. She said she did not swim, so she was not going down on the beach. And these guys were working at Fairchilds, and they came right through the gate, and they let them off in some kind of way or other, and they had all these axhammers in the trunks of these cars, and they passed them out down there, and we chopped some wood. 'Ihe axhammers, boy, they worked some kids pitifully down there. A young white woman, I never will forget, I cannot think of her name, but she would be walking around with broken bones. Another boy, we had to send this one on back home, they had beaten him so much, and then that boy had a concussion; and he wanted to stay, but we just said he just could not afford to stay, we sent him back home. We had a lot of other white kids who came, we had a boy who came who was tending flowers, I think, I forgot. Gary Oswald was his name, he stayed here with us. Gary just could not take it. He got sick. Man, he was so scared, he just stayed in the house. He would just stay in the house, lock the house. Usually he was in the house. He would just lock the house all day, because this thing lit him up. I mean, all right, we had been accustomed to it all our lives. We were accustomed to police jumping out of their cars, a blackjack in one hand and a pistol in the other hand, and knock us upside the head. We were accustomed to that, we were accustomed to white people who walk uptown, and you would have tipped your hat and said, \"Mister,\" or something, or whatever the case might be, and he would kick you in the pants or something, because nobody is saying anything about it. Well, all right then, this was the thing that we were rebelling against. Page 30 C: Why the night marches? Why not other marches? T: It was the only way we thought it was going to be more effective. See, you had to take your tactics. C: To get publicity. T: Right, right. We were taking our tactics, and the general organizations, service organizations, whatever you want to call them, began to buy dogs, the Kiwanis Club, the Rotary Club, and I guess the Knights Clubs, I am not sure, and so forth, the Daughters of the American Revolution, and all this kind of thing. They would buy these German shepherds, and they would surprise you. You do not see the shepherds around there now. C: They bought those for the police department? T: Yes, they bought them, or the dogs were donated by the police department. C: Oh, somebody came ••• T: Yes, that is where some of them came from. The police and the city bought some, and they donated some. You do not see, we have got the same black people living right here that lived here before, and you do not see any dogs. They hardly use one. Now, with the drug problem we have got, they will not even bother to buy any dogs to find the drugs now. C: What was it like going downtown? Were the police there? Did they try to stop the whites from pounding the heads of the blacks and the other whites who were marching with them? T: I will tell you, the first night march we had, the first one we had was in October at the Lutton and Brown Ladies' Center(?), we caught them by surprise. We left Washington street, and we got on down to Dole Street, and the police station at that time was on Hipolica(?) Street, the police and fire departments were on Hipolica Street. They have got a parking lot Page 31 there, between the state board and Thirtieth Street. We walked down there, walked flat up to the van, and when they did see us, they did not even know what was happening, and there were a lot of cars that passed us on the street, and a lot of whites immediately armed themselves at that particular time. ~~~~~~~~~- This was the first night march I had ever participated in, when we were at the Lutton and Brown Ladies' Center(?). Then, after them, in 1964, the next one we had, the first one with King therefore, we got right there in the Lightly(?) Museum parking lot. My boy was a little boy then, about three or four years old, but the police were still going to stop us, on Cardillo(?) Street. So we left Cardillo(?) Street, right in front of where city hall is, or the county courthouse rather. We came over this big rock, and c. T. asked if we could have a prayer, and he and Jose and the rest of them got to get it together, still while we were stopped, right on the corner of King(?) and Cardillo(?) Street. So it was debated, \"Do not go on, we do not know what they are going to do to us.\" So we said, \"Let us have a word of prayer, let us thank the same Lord.\" So we did, we stood and had a word of prayer. This was something familiar to black people, black people are family prayers. Even the rusty ones checked on, because you do not hide the expression for the good Lord to do something, for somebody to help us. We sent the boys back, we said, \"Send the kids back.\" We decided we were going tonight, so we went. This time we caught them by surprise, but after that, boy, they would be militant. You could go up there in the city, and at night they would have all the benches and chairs and things that they could find, and they would have them all around the place blockading us. There were people running in reels, and they would Page 32 be loaded. These guys would have bricks, they had bicycle chains, they had lead pipes, they had some of everything, and we had people come rank us in the head and so forth, and tomorrow night they would be right back. C: Did you get any protection from the police department until the judge ordered them to protect you? T: No, this, is what they wanted, they wanted to stop this thing, they did not care, anything to stop them, kill them, beat them, anything. C: How about the city fathers there, the mayor, the commissioner and the city manager, were they doing anything to try and negotiate the problem, or get the police to enforce the law? T: No. Well, yes, they were enforcing the law, that was the law at that time, segregation was the law. This is what they were doing, geting the police to enforce the law, segregating, keeping the niggers in their place. C: Did you get any cooperation at all from the business community after you really began to •.• T: There were one or two people. For instance, a fellow had a shop, Friendship, or the Loving Shop, or something like that, down on St. George Street, Mr. , down right here. He was there at this ~------~ particular time, I think he taught a Sunday school class at one of the Methodist churches, and they ran this man out of town. Last thing I knew of him, he was in Ocala working at the Holiday Inn. I have seen him since that time. the state senator at that time, he spoke out against it, he thought it was wrong. We were at the college, in ----- history at Flagler College, I took a course, and they went by and broke Page 34 Jacksonville, because here, Judge Matthews was giving us hell. Weinberger, we were kind of shocked at him, he did the interview, and Meniacle, we thought he would be sympathetic with our case, but we had the first store cases in the city, and people would look at those. Next, we went to the local courts, the county courts, and Matthews, oh man, he has never gotten over this thing.","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- American Broadcasting Company (ABC) -- Bi-Racial Committee -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Florida Memorial College -- John Birch Society -- Ku Klux Klan -- New England Group -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine Four -- United States Air Force -- Lilian -- University of Florida -- Y.M.C.A. -- Kiwanis Club -- Knights Club -- Rotary Club -- United States National Guard -- American Civil Liberties Union -- Home of Robert Hayling -- Butler Beach, Fl. -- Florida Memorial College -- Ocala, Fl. -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- St. Benedict School -- St. George Pharmacy -- St. Joseph's Academy -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Savannah, Ga. -- Savanah State College -- Rock Hill, S.C. -- Pantry Pride -- Orlando, Fl. -- Flagler College -- Lutton \u0026 Brown's Lady's Center -- Woolworth's -- Integration of Monson Pool -- Bombing -- Civil Rights March -- Desegregation of St. Johns County Schools -- Florida Spring Project of the SCM and SCLC -- Easter Invasion -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Lie-in -- Night March -- Picketing -- Police Brutality -- Sit-in -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Wade-in -- Drive-by Shooting"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1054","record_class":"Item","title":"Stanley Bullock : Transcribed Interview","mediums":["transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Stanley Bullock, who became the Rector of Trinity Episcopal Church in 1964. He begins with his appointment to the congregation of Trinity how he began when St. Augustine was in the midst of the civil rights movement. He details the demographics of the church, how it was mainly upper-class citizens who were generally conservative. He states why the churches were reluctant to get involved in the movement, therefore when Mrs. Peabody attempted to attend services, she was locked out for fear of drawing the demonstrations inside. At the end he gives his opinion on King's involvement in St. Augustine and the impact it had on the city.","CRSTA 4AB Subject: Rev. Stanley Bullock 1-17-78 0 S: (tape in progress)·:.~. I had done it, say Mission, ,4ay St. Francis of 1\u003e· ('.•\\'·\\, .. ,. ,··~~ . Assisi and-.those-previ:ous, for three years. =r-\"''~ (. ~~\\!\"\".( } \"l And r.bec~me rector of Trinity Church in St. Augustine when Charles Seymour called me to be his assistant. Uniquely enough, the date of our arrival to take that job to start work, was the first of April, 1964, which was the same day that Mrs. Peabody arrived at the front door of Trinity Chur.ch 1 which was obviously a big moment. I: How did you, how did he happen to call you? Did he know you? He must have known you. S: Yes. I had grown up in the diocese. I was a product of the diocese. I grew up here in Jacksonville. This is my home. I went to public school here. I worked here for awhile before going into the service 'A and went on to the University of Florida where the ~anee and the Diocese are. My first choice was Pensacola ••. I: How did you ••• S: He had known me since I was a child. I: Really. Well, so there was, my next question was there any turmoil when you arrived but I (laughter)) obviously there was a great deal. S: Well, there was turmoil before I arrived. I, you know, as an aside to the whole thing, on the day, on the first of April, my wife, Kay, -:::, and I were driving from Pensacola to St. Augustine 1making the move, and we were about half way across the state somew~ere ,ar.ound, oh 1 I Dn -h:..c (' ! ·-'-\"\"' guess half way up around Madison, when we heardftwhat was happening in St. Augustine. And so I spoke to Kay and said'you know sounds like J CRSTA 4AB Page 2 CTM v,:c it's getting hot down there. You really don't have to go. We can 11 I go back to where we came from. She said1no, that's the commitment we made and we will go on.I I So, we weren 1 t about to turn around anyway, but the comment was made that maybe we ought not to go there. I: Did Father Seymour, had he said anything about any problems when you were considering the job? J: v·lv-:\u003e r· .. )c-rc. S: That there were tensions there1 but not, I don't think anybody knew f) to what degree they were going -------- I: Do you think that, did he mention any concerns within the church itself? S: Yes, I was aware that they were internal problems. I: Would you care to elaborate on them? S: Not greatly. Every clergymen has those persons in his congregation were some in that congregation that felt that way. I: Would you care to talk about the make-up of the church. I jotted down some points.,....economically, racially, philosophically? S: It's very hard for me to remember it, numbers specifically. But basically l '.}C\"- ~) the congregation rs made up of upper-middle-class to upper class in terms of the city of St. Augustine, socio-economic groups. It was an all-white congregation as it probably still is today. I don't know the breakdown but I suspect that it is. In terms of age, it was pretty ~!_lJ:;p-,1r1)~,;\\,\\ 1:;.f well distributed, representative of the community. yoti ttBGW St. Augustine is more given toward the older or retired age group than it is to the very young. And so representative of the community, I think it was. _J CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 3 Basically conservative. One or two more liberally-oriented lines but primarily conservative in all outlooks. I would not say ultra-conservative because I reserve that particular category for those that are much further to the right. They are basically conservative, politically, economically, religiously. Not terribly interested in change. Not terribly interested in being disturbed. Really, that's one of the facts about St. Augustine, I think in lots of other cities like that, that people gradually move to those area/where there is going to be less disturbance of any aspect of life. And they settle C\"' ~\u003e (~-c ;\\.\\ t :. \"- \\_ :· :· there because that is the case in dfe area. People who are looking for change, I'm speaking of any kind of change, go to the metropolitan '{'{' b \u003cl--' c_,,_ ~ CL \\ , :r\\ i L areas, where there is a great deal activit~ A:=greae dea-~more tension • .;;:,,r.\\- So, it's not unusual that St. Augustine should be that .k4il.d of community. I: Were they old St. Augustinians? Had there been there for several generations? 1r-1\\,-,\u003c;\u003e S: There were those. There were those t;ha.t: had been in St. Augustine probably since the period of the, traced from the age from the period of the British occupation there. Perhaps some who could trace it back as early as the Spanish, came out of a particular congregation. ~· But there were also people who were brand newf, Been there only a few months or a couple or three years}, ~?' If you have only been in a city like St. Augustine for three, four or five years, you are brand new. I: Was there, was the vestry pretty representative of the congregation in terms of economics, philosophy? Here's a list of the names that CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 4 I guess signed that resolution. S: Right. Yes. I would say so. As I look down it, I see one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, I see seven businesi\"'men. And of those seven -.../ businessmen, one, two, three, four, four of them own their own businesses, business owners. One of those persons is a civil service person working for the county. Another one is an insurance salesman) ~relatively successful one. A third one is a representative of a large clothing line, a very elite clothing line. middle-class economy/ certainly. So, they were representative of the .., ....... I see on here also a newspaper man u of some significance in this community. There is an officer in the National Guard. I'm not sure if he was field-graded at that point f\\-. ;::N ,,..,,~ -.N ( • .- but he was ~g toward that direction. ¥:o.u have also, one or two retired persons, represented here. And we have the man who was inde-pendent in terms of his financial structure. I'd say pretty much so • ..:E-~~ bn terms of age also, it was relatively well distributed. I: Was there any sense why you did arrive at the time things were really beginning to, were beginning to get tense? Did you sense that there was any of these problems would, I guess not you 1 but did you hear of anything from the congregation as a whole that they sensed that St. Augustine was going to be a focus of these demonstrations? S: Yes, this was, this was pretty much understood, all the way along because St. Augustine was in the process of developing a new board to celebrate itls four hundredth anniversary. And they knew at that '-' time that this was a natural focal point. '\\'\"' -\\T\u003e \\_-,c_ (£,.~·Le•.' ... '.., So there was that ~ of the city. There were some other things too that made St. Augustine .._,,~-,,,~\\'(}·! 1 . I in my estimation,-::;tl're foe~~ ~1 this whole thing. It responded as-±n. \\ \\ l (\u003erC..\u003c-ol'.\u003c(•., I the media.1 ;mfey_.,,.. 1\u003c \\·.l c\") • •;ri_ I expect the media here is the kind CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 5 that responds everytime. St. Augustine would do exactly the same thing each time. You could depend on it, the response. So, if you were going to stage a demonstration with the least potential damage to personal property, generally speaking, St. Augustine would be a pretty good place to do it. It was an enclosed city in terms of natural geographic factors. There was the bay on the east which closed off into the ocean itself which closed the natural boundary on the south. And there was a creek that ran up the west side which was a long marshy creek, a natural boundary on the western side of the city. And the access in from the north of the city was bounded by highway which actually split but there was only one basic highway. So, you had a peninsulaCsort of situation with natural geographic boundaries on three sides and a limited access at the top. So, you could keep your area well defined. It didn't spread out into a very large area. So, geographically, it was desirable. As I said/the response of the people and the law en­forcement agencies and everything else was significant, so you might note it. So, from that standpoint, it was the place that would be, certainly if you were selecting various places where they would get the best environment and response, St. Augustine was of that nature. And we anticipated that there would be some ~ifficulties. I: I want¥~ to talk to you about that response in just a minute but wouldn't, before that I'd like to talk to you about Father Sumo, what sort of man did you find him to be? How would you characterize him? -::r:. '\" J::ic .'.· ·:,-·· S: Oh, my. I must tell you first that·f,:fuunti the man1 \\r\u003c-\u003c'-\\k1 ''\"~ • I've known this man for years and years and I respect him f ~e was then and c;.:, .. Q is now, I suspect, a churchman of the older school that in this day j,rr time cannot be totally tn1derstood yet he was completely comnitted. And CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 6 as I suspect, he still is, to that fonn of the church and that ex-pression of worship of the Episcopal church that he had been trained \\,.... s ,.\\ • 0-.,_)C\\'-' '.';•} '~ ,(' \\ in and was his -hi \\...\u003e,,~ \\r~. . He was llllder great tension\\.. both from the congregation, members of the congregation, I should say, who were fC' ('~:T putting pressure on him because of the stand he was taking as a .pe-rsen-of the church. And this was difficult for him to live with because \\\"IC wr-:._5. these were the people~charged to care for. On the other hand, there were those outside of the St. Augustine situation who were viewing it through the eyes of the press and the media generally 1and they too were highly critical of what he was doing in some instances 1and they didn't help tremendously in supporting him. So here is a man who is caught between both of these pressure points , who in each instance was doing the very best he could as he sensed the situation upon the grotmd upon which he stood. So he was a man that was trying very - Q.y-\\J. _, hard\\~ with real sincerity and I think __ ' ___ _ and I did not ,·~·-... , \\ .. -:·/ v-J c... \\I ever feel that he was being,~you know, insincere in the things that ~e stood for and stood for the-wlricte --; ------ And yet, how ..0 much can --------- he was surely going to get Mlack _\\\\.,,..,,., ,,,.,._, - ,0~-J .:'.\\r• And this is a very debilitating kind of position ~\\ ,_-;t \\,\" r-,•';' ~ -~ ' to be in. He was a good and strong man, I think, through1~all of the situations that we encountered. And yet when the time came for him to receive a call from another parish, which he did, he felt that he couldn't take that call and relieve himself of ~;)'ov b-.c,,.J ,Y..-\u003c.._\\...JfQ,_.,,,__'.'.) here. He was not running from it but certainly when you have been through as difficult a situation as he had existed through, there comes a time when you can say1\\I have done my job to the best of my • 1 iJ L~ ( 1-- o~-\\-{,,,:.--r\\' -1 \\\"\"\"-(\"--'\\ ;ii) \"'I, ~ r ability and I believe this ------------· a s0\\, 6 man :::::- I // a good man --------------------~ CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 7 I: Did he have a good rapor with the congregation before this occurred? S: With individuals in the congregation, there had been some difficulty in the past. The details of that, I do not know but I know that there had been some difficulty within the group there. hC- 1: How long had~u been there before? S: I'm not sure exactly when he came. I can find out from •••• I: I can find out from him1 \\~-:ct''·-'C \\ ~-::,:• · S: Right. \\)~{) '.-.1 \\ ,\u003c._.:, { I..__.. OY\"\\ I: When-yott talk about the, one more thing about the church1per se, then we'll stick to the general community for awhile, you said something about the vestry and I wanted to bring it up. I jotted it down at the end here. But there was a characterization made of the vestries in general of the community and the characterization was made by one person that they were extremely conservative, very much active in such groups as Kiwanis, Rotary1 and also either active or behind-the­scene supporters of the citizerls council sort of thing which the f citizerls council really doesn't emerge as a formal group until late/ but philosophically· speaking, they were of this ••• S: I would say that that would be the case. When we are speaking of I: S: vestries in general, you are talking about the board of trustees of any of the churches in the community. Right. Yeah, I would think generally speaking that was the case. And again/ looking over these people in this specific group here, out of the one, two, three, four, five, six, seven,eight, nine, ten, eleven, S/.-.'( \\ fv D~I- .': :..I\\ _,.t.,,-.---... \\-\\:-.,u\\••\\ -·,- :- , \\ i• .\\- ~ ~, f A ( · IJ. _c.J\u003e --C\\{') c \\} twelve, out of those twelve menf I would say half of them fall in the I category of being specifically being sympathetic to th$s~ white citizeris council philosophy. The other six would have remained CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 8 . neutral by virtue of being \\IC\\Sl11\\c),,'-'• anyway/ or we have specifically ~Q ;~,,.( said no to that philosophy of the church. 7hat particular group, I su· 1·:-'i would ~f~ that way. I: This gives some understanding at least to why their response may be predictable, or the community's response might be predictable. But :S:-\u003c· , __ , \\ ,(-, there are some~~-t-herqualifications that emerge in my mind looking at the St. Augustine list. residential integration. There was a rather surprising amount of -lu._, There was y:move by the community itself, while not substantial in size, a move to voluntarily integrate ic-'s schools. And there was also the heavy dependence on tourism, something like 85 percent of the wealth in the community was dependent one way or another, on the tourist industry. What makes/in your mind, this ·response predictable, given all of these sort of qualifications? S: It's very hard to say because Atlanta, at about the same time, was undergoing a similar pressure. But the business community in Atlanta.6 recognized the fact that their business was going to be jeopardized/ and so very quickly during that period, Atlanta accommodated one way or another, so that this was quickly leveled off. In St. Augustine, (\\ I ' ·,I/ \u003c L r~u-\"- 1 1 \"'-1 ~'·' '\"'· ...... again we\\de-il~e lion a very small town and we are dealing with persons who are perhaps more independently-minded than those persons in a more metropolital area, who feel like a responsibility to and for the peopl? who are up and down the street. Or they feel like we are part c,:;, c~\"\\Cc0 ~ , of a whole group and we have got to hang together,} Many of the people in St. Augustine who are businessmen, were ~ independently~minded and they were sufficiently committed to what they believed 1 whether it be right or wrong, to jeopardize their businesses 1if necessary1 i\"n -fc.\\~ V··l c. cc, c,.. c ,;«J .. c~'-· order to win what they t-RGu.ght woaldbe ef some significance to them. CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 9 And therefore, rather than giving in to the pressures, they would \\/'} C \\{_ :~. .,,-..~\"\")( ( t\"\" ·\"'\\ °\"~ -J .. c.. . C~O t'i (I • I I oppose on each occasion that they· , c.t. 1'\\- \\'1 t,.._ \"', That s why I say that it's predictable. That is one of the reasons that \\~I'.-!.~ I say it. And the predictability who couhi be right because as the sunnner wore on, and we moved on down into June and July, August months, of course July was a watershed-time because by that time ~f.'1v:: .... I the Supreme court had made a kind of. decision concerning the issues that were at stake in St. Augustine. But there was still an after-wash of the response and the resentment to response.· We had had the first wave of the activities in the spring. By the time we got down into the summer months, it was a slightly different kind of pressure J.-Lt.. by that time. And the pressure was not so much~more·localized people involved as it was the continued resurgence of people flowing through the city. This sounds like an oversimplification 1 and perhaps there was some degree a feeling that this is the year b~il. it may be )-tnat -r\\~ (. ( th1\"l\"t all of us should be involved in some way in this) f-'lld to take our stand and show our position. And the way we could do it, is to come to St. Augustine and do our thing. I: Whatever side you were on. S: Yes, certainly. Exactly right. And that is important to recognize. j ' 'i.) \u003c)r . It was not ,Y'Jf!Sr Dn'~ ';\u003e\\'2,v,i'.f,,\\f';.'~,,,.~(.':) '-~\" And from one side however, t \\ .. -, -\\-.I '\"·'\\ a~d I have no documentation to support this, I have rumor and comment :i~-,·'\u003c from people~who I think knew what they were talking about by virtue of the fact that they were involved to some degree. This was the same c,__S time we were preparing persons to work in the Delta ministry. ,.D6 you I recall 1that activity in the lower Mississippi area. It was a time for r c \\f:\\~~,, ~oter registration and things of that sort, which were highly resisted 1- -- ---- --------------------------- CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 10 -~·~,{'\\ r;·· (_ - ~-,, 1 I,, \\ ' ., ,~ \u003c•-\" ( ..,. ~ ., in the Mississippi area. And then -fr.omf-\"'\u003cl~::\u003e,-c_, :-:/ · and other places in the south east of that nature. I: What, for a second, what was the Delta ministry/ .O'Y'c::- ,.r 1·-1 ~ S: It was primarily a ministry of administering to the black community in the agricultural and, it's very vague1 I must be honest with you. I don't remember the details. I remember the title. It was a thing that was a concern at that time to both LJ,'r('·v~. But young people particularly who were going to be participating in this activity in the Mississippi delta ministry, delta ministry project, somef as I understand it, and this may be rumor, so if you use this, you had better trace it through that I'm giving you fact, not fiction. They 1~\"\\'} \\ \\ \" ;1': (; lt..,.'.( ).'\"\\~\":'' -th I !li!gfi the St. Augustine situation where they could predict what was going to happen in terms of demonstrations. In other words, if we go in .to try to be seated in a white restaurant, a quote\\'white restaurant~ we are going to find this kind of response from the owner1 \\.,...... who would in turn do this andAturn, the police department would respond in this way and we will go through this experience as we go through the booking and through being charged, etc. etc., then we would be c C1~···r~i ... ~ released on bail. And bond is put up by someone else) .that we 1•\"- \u003e-. ~c \\ \\\u003c\" 'C\u003e\" VH-\\,-., to this other situation having already experienced the kind of activity here, that we may well experience out here. So that we will know how to deal with it here. Here, it is,no control. Here and in I . some other \"'\"~i c_;\\,,, ,_,c,, because of various things that I talked about .--\\?earlier •. So, in a sense, it was the ----------------- ---------- somebody has a sub-machine gun and starts shooting at you. ____________________ That was exactly the s~-. kind of thing that some participating in se~er -------- f''.\"\\\\'\\'~ \\• c. So, this was also going on while ------------ CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 11 That may not be so. But the people who came ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ in the black interest. I\"- (Tape is malfunctioning) (Tape side 2) S: ••• regular students there for which might hft\"ll\"e possibly have been other persons coming in)al]tt residing at the college and giving the impression of coming from the college in demonstration routes is totally impossible for me to determine. So, I really can't say. \\-.\\-\u003c-IC.. In terms of the older black community, I think there .w;as a portion of the older black community that were supportive to this;though they may not themselves have been specifically present. Indeed there were some individuals that were there. And they were highly visible and everybody could see them, everybody knew who they were. But .. \\/·v. ·t- I generally speaking, those were the same persons whi~h you saw on each occasion. In terms of the whole community, I could not say how many really were there. Demonstration-wise, when there would be a gathering of the ~ community at one of the black churches, the black conununity, I suspect a great part of the black community was present at a gathering such as this. If for no other reason then, that there was as much pressure put upon an individual in the black community to participate on the side of the black community as there would have been and was on behalf of those in the white community to press for support to those who were opposing the action. So, I imagine that there was some participation by everybody but in terms of being in the front lines, not as much as some think. That's an assumption. I do know that in terms of efforts being made to reduce c,,o r 1 _,,.{_, , ;;·\u003c--- ~ . '--• ';\"-\u003c thefblack clergyAAparticularly noticeable in their effort to bring about some sort of reconriliation within the community/and the ones with whom I had any contact with, were CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 12 very concerned·W1-:fh the community as a community there, not so much in terms of it as a focal point of activity for a national group. But we live here. We have people here. What can we do to, all of us together, I: Was there any effort by King to contact the white churches to try to get them to support the demonstration, protests, or try and bring about a reconciliation? S: Directly by King, I could not tell you. I had no contact with King per se. Some of the other people who worked with the SCLC-? I did ..J.,f/ talk with, and I ha~ difficulty remembering exactly who they were, at this point. Of course, at the moment, I thought I would never forget them. But at this point, they are gone from my mind. I'm sure I would remember them if their names were brought up. I: There was Shuttersworth and Jose Williams and C. T. Vivian and Andy Young. Those were ••••• S: Well, Andy Young, I had known from earlier contact because Andy had also been involved to some degree with some christian education literature which the Episcopal church had used. And I knew people who knew Andy and I knew Andy through that kind of contact. There were some others also. None of whom you have thus far mentioned, that were really significant as they related to the Episcopalchurch. I: I see. S: I cannot remember their names. There was a clergyman. I believe he f- ,'::I l )r;'\\::: was from ~iags:;;::(t:)-tnd his name goes out of my mind /but his color and facial contours were such that he could pass either way. And he did so on several occasions. He was present on the occasion when Mr. Seymour CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 13 saw to it that som~~ demonstrators were seated in the Episcopal church. This particular man was with them. I But, no) Jo my knowledge, to my knowledge, remember that I came late on the scene and there may have been something occuring that I knew nothing, you know, about, I: Why were the, one of the things that strikes me about St. Augustine, and I don't think this is atypical but I would like to hear your ..\\--le ..... \\ , .. I response, ~ churches seemed reluctant to take a stance'? Now whether it was reluctance or it was just no real thought about taking a.~ position!I'm not sure of. But was it reluctance or was it •••• S: Yeah, I think I understand what you are asking. You have to understand the political structure of various denominations of values in order to really grasp this. The Roman Catholic church is made up of members of its congregation who are under the leadership of a priest, who is under the direct guidance of the bishop. And the authority structure .f.{, of the Roman Catholic church is very intense in top. The bishop says,~ Rome says, the bishop says, the priest says and the people will respond, or else. That's one polarity. The Roman Catholic church is changing that kind of structure in present day) fut at that particular. time, that's the way it was. At the other end, you have the free churches most epitomized/I thinklby the Baptist church1generally1in which the authority structure is the congregation. And the congregation has the power to manipulate their clergymen. It's a very strong power to do so. If they don't like what he does, he is out. And they will get another one, or they will raise one from their ranks. So, the Baptist church is one polarity and the Roman Catholic church is the other CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 14 polarity in terms of power structures. Then you have the Methodist church, the Presbyterian churches and other churches of that sort which really are very like the Baptist church in the sense that congregational authority seems to be more intense. So you take the major protestant churches in the community and you see that their group -;esponse is going to be what the group feels. l~he group feeling was resentment or being threatened) ?hen that congregation is going to make their clergymen respond that way. If he responds otherwise, they are going to get rid of them. So, he's tied in a sense. I think .. ~\"-~ that you can easily seet,as a community, the white community was being greatly threatened by the~f blacks in the church. It has nothing to do with theology or ethics in that sense. But it.has everything to do with power of authority of the body. In the Episcopal church, we have the congregation and we have the y'estry which is made up of ''(')It !JIP\";_t persons who .are ' t ,...:),,J but there is also sort of an ~ - . , I • I \\~ v·\\ r~·.t:.t'\"--. overlay of the Roman Catholic structure wher.e we have the bishop and the priest and the authority from on high as well as authority coming 'I\u003c.\\\u003c; from below. So, the clergymen)generally, .i;;s. caught in the middle in that sort of situation. But most clergy in the Episcopal church operate with the general authority coming from the top not from the bottom. So as I was saying/ the Episcopal clergy ~~\u003c.~.I ~of~: responsive to the authority of the diocese, the bishop, than he-was generally to the congregation or to the }lestry • I: Can I get you to describe what happened, the turn of events within the Episcopal church, within the Episcopals? S: Within Trinity, at what point? How do you want me to pick it up? CRSTA 4AB CTM J\u003eage.15 I: Picking it up from when Mrs. Peabody entered and I think it was on the 31st, or the first of April and then on the 13th, the 12thAof April, e~, five blacks attended Trinity Episcopa1 5 Father Seymour says that the only thing that bothered people were all the cameramen out front, ;he blacks came and just like everybody else, took their seats, nobody paid any attention. Bishop Rusk ordered -- all churches in the north Florida dioceses to admit anyone who wishes to attend services. S: This is so difficult for me to reconstruct and I've just been very sure that I do what I do generally and~hat is embellished fact is fiction. So if you find that/please recogni~e i~ t~~~ ~~~-- 1 ~d incidentally, I want to take an opportunitY~,~~r·sa; somethingfwhich f\",\u003c:\u003ef-C '/Dv 1 '\\ I w-Wh you wot:t!i:d pick up before you leave, and that is I have been quoted in several articles, it was originally in Redhook article, which \\~h\\'l-h was later picked up in cl(e writings)you have here, in which I made a statement concerning the '' ~\\\\'i\\!C,Q black f'r'-t\\ h 11 in St. Augustine and the image of that. And that I was giving that particular ~v-(~-Nf..) interview to this young lady~from Redbook1and I don't remember her name, I don't even remember the article1but in the conversation, she asked me about it and I said the image of the ~~eloved :Black man'1 (~[) etc., when it was printed, the quotation marks were not there. I: I see. S: And it makes all the difference in the world\";' how one understands it. If you read it straight or if you see it with the quotation marks because I was speaking on an imagery and no1using this as a specific title for a group of people or an individual. And each time that -- ________________________________________________________ _J CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 16 1.S: has been picked up, it~~ been picked up since~ out of context. D~'-~/, I: JJJ{?, was that in '64 that article was published? S: It was '64, J65, it'~ carried in several of these and I will indicate I: S: it to you later on. ic.\"-1 O~, I'll go through it with you. \".1dt10.\") But,· hm.::y:iug back to what you are saying, let's go back first to the p,,\"'-·\\\",\"~{)' I':;. day of Mrs. ~eeples arrival. I will tell the story to you as I under-stand it, not necessarily as a fact that occured. I was not there on the scene 1 so I do not know. But as I understand it, on that particular day 1 which was the first of April, 1964, Mrs. Peabody had been in town for a day or two or three with other persons. And her presence was quite notable. The national press was aware of it. She was a signi­cant person and therefore kept alot of A\\Jsi. ,·,., _J~~ o.'.J: And on that day/ which was a Wednesday, t-~~:e :~; .~~~mally scheduled .J.~ n.fYf!fft service at, I believe it was, about~ or ~1 o'clock, I'll say lO o'clock in the morning. That was a normal service. It was in the chapel. Generally, there might have been four, five, six people attending1not a big thing1 (Vv\",Q I · but a regular week:=day service. }l'arly on that day 1 when CharleJSeymour came to his office, he received a telephone call, I'm now out of sequence, but you will get the elements. He received a telephone call from if v p ~t-...was'\"\". New York, I think it was New York, wanting to know what he was going to do when Mrs. Peabody integrated the church that morning. He had no knowledge that anything was going to occur. He really didn't know what he was going to do)if you will, at that particular instance. This came totally out of the blue. At the same time 1 roughlY; that he was receiving that kind of phone call, the national news broadcasti!ra on t.'b:e\"'radio, was announcing the fact that that day at a proposed hour CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 17 ~· -\u003cJo·C·,~ of ~-0 or 1i o'clock, Mrs. Peabody was going to integrate Trinity Parish Church of St. Augustine. Lots can be said about that whole ,;.., k\u003c\"'' ,,-f ---­activity and the statement and everything else}because prior to that time there had been good communication or communication, good or bad, there had been some movement back and forth between the black commun­rJ \\ ity and Trinity Parish ----------------~--~ So the people of the community had had comfortable interaction) but now she was going to do this and it was going be blown into a biracial thing. This was heard in the city by certain members of the parish and the community who all rose up in resentment to Mrs. Peabody's coming down and she is going to do this. So tension began to mount and telephone calls began to be received by Charles Seymour. And ''what are you going to db 1 sort of thing. I don't know what his responses were to these phone calls -t0) and that's really not material. But it is my understanding\"at some t '! \\a ~. ~.~.'.('( ·-~-\\--'(__., point, -becarrs~trf regular hour of service, there was a group of black young people moving east on King Street/coming from the direction of the college; whether their intention was to go to the church or to go shopping in the drug store, whatever the case, totally immaterial, it's my understanding that there was a group moving east on King Street. There was a group of white young people, youths, whatever you want to call them, who had gathered in the park across the street from Trinity Paris~ and there were some individuals who had heard the radio broadcast and were concerned was sort of around the front of the church to sort of protect the church from anything that might occur. It is my under­~,... 1-d cJ so fr' .. 1. ;, '·~ standing~before the hour of service, either the sheriff or the chief of police land now I have forgotten which individual was involved, but some­one representing the civil authority of the city, came around and said CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 18 :-,,\\ to Mr. Seymour that we have this group coming down King Street, we have this group in the park and this situation seems to be drawing toward a confrontation. Do you absolutely have to have the service -(II today at that particular hour, given these elements. It was my under-standing that Charlie said'-\no, under these circumstances, we don't have to have one~ If there was going to be some sort of confrontation, it would be wiser not to.11 That was the decision he made. The member of the;{estry at that time locked the doors of the church to keep people out so that they would not come in. I: Were you able to do anything else? S: No, no. Not at this particular moment. Honestly, I don't know that. 1 It was not done by the direction of the ------- It was done sort of spontaneously by this person thinking that this was the better way to handle that situation. When Mrs. Peabody arrived to attend the weekly service, the church was locked. The ~~immediately pick. ed \\ \\ \\ ~! ,-..~\"t: (.\\ 1.' \\, this up and it was broadcast around that Mrs. Peabody had been FOf'61~Y locked out of church. So, this is the way things built around that ~l:\\_..1c.).,,,_( paF~tHri±a\"t event, which became quite a significant event as I look at it from the inside as being part of the staff that was there and later ~'\\L'\\) there, I can more easily understand~ given all the elements1that the man who made the decision had made what he felt was the best decision in that particular situation. From the outside, it would seem as a capitulation and going along with and not standing up, etc., etc •• And it was as a result of that that '1, ----------------~ ------- just floods of them. And women went back there and speaking of him as less than a priest of the church, and just really biting Only one or two or three in support of him to the degree ' 5xJ•0'-- ,/; '\"\" \u0026.:!,--::,~-\\ I of saying'Charlie, we don't know really what is going on'but we are I J L CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 19 concerned for you and are praying for you and we hope that you will be able to handle what ever is going on. Those were helpful letters. Most of them were just very bad. Now after that time, for a period l.u .r of time) and again my memory does not serve me well, for a period of time, perhaps days or weeks, Sunday's particularly, we would have groups come, I say groups, I mean more than two or three, usually less than, the groups of specifically black persons coming seeking br' entrance to Trinity Church. They would 3-e-i~ each instance be turned o-S away by the persons who at the door 'We\u003c!.'e ushers. Those persons were almost invaribly members of the~stry. Because they had determined that they were not going to receive into the church persons that were specifically there for the purpose of demonstration. Then at some point, again I,,~ I: Was the clergy aware of that, that was going on? That the vestry was S: trying .•• ('t) .N'.6..~. ;. . not always,- because, :::.... to ~J.~/ to other people this is something that is very hard for us L-. '( ~ ~- .. ,,'·-:·-·,I that we were not always, we wer:a-not-always at the door, we were in other o-c\u003c•:;.-cO I seeking admission:'! we weren' t places. And when the persons)to,coming) there. And so recognizing this, we decided ) . ' wer\u003c '10 \"''\\ ··:·-a and determined that at a given time we .w£li:ti:d be there. So that when people did come in, we would know. At about the same time that this ~~ decision was made, this priest ~ whom I spoke ~e earliel~~ who was a black priest, I: I think I know who you mean. I have forgotten his name as well. I've seen that priest. 0~) S: Well, he came to the parish a day or so early, in fact on Friday CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 20 perhaps, and he said:I am being requested to lead a group here:' And so, we tried to negotiate 1 and the negotiation was orally to bring a group and you will be leading it and you are a priest of the Episcopal church. The second thing is to make sure that the persons whom you bring,,Jiftwit~ you are Episcopalians. Don't bring people of other persuasions but make sure they are Episcopalians. Thirdly, don't bring so large a group that the church feels integrated) but a group( yes 1 but not so big a group that we can't feel that we can control the situation. And bring them to the early celebration of \\-k_ 'C..vJ,,c-r~~~ \"'~ not to the later service. We ~ three services. And I think the hours were 7, 9: 15 and 11•, it may have been 8, 9: 15 and 11. They were roughly spaced like that. In the earlier service, there would be fewer people present. But the request was that they bring them \\\\ 0-JI ( ,~μ-' to that service. So 1 at that time, he said1~, I'll work it that way. 11 So, he said,110K, you'll be at the door to see that you get in~ And ~~-(.___'l(_t-.}~cd that Sunday morning we were at the door and everybody kne~ A:hat +Q..e__ ~e:\u003ec, something was going to happen and they help us at all. Later in the morning, \\ 1 \\I ......... didn't show up. This didn't O\\.)(\u003c,-d\\K \";-, we got}a call from the same man, who said:::he •·ms really sorry that I did you that .) V---l- s~1 way but;\\ \"the ) people down herex won't go along :Wit~ your control of the situation. ·we' 1 c.- \\....\\€.-' ('.\u003c \u003c\\\u003c'\u003e• •\"1 _ .. '\"\" ¥ea ar-e. in control and 4t we elerr'\"--t do it the way we want to do it and you don't tell us how to do it. We are going to be there at 11 o' pitA.S.orcJ ''/ clock JI Well, I wasn't terribly pleased(\\ because I thought that we had stuck our necks on th..,.e line and we didn't feel that we had gotten a decent responsex By the eleven o'clock service time, I think it was the eleven o'clock service, it may have been 9:15, it was very obvious that something was about to happen because not only were we ~cJ':,,!;. at the front door but so were the television coverage ~ which were L CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 21 parked right across the street from the front door,' of the church and that's not much distance. ~\"'-~ And the cameras were out and the news people were all ab:m:rt\" and there was much todo. l.ja,.) k\\. 1c.J t 'C'\\ I;.., \u003c;;;-l~Jl.,.. The Xestry were.-the:r~in front of the church to protect it. And at about service time, just +lt,, ~#- ~ -~·~A.· as we lfere s~s•t te service, this man and his persons, followers, did arrive. They were stopped at the sidewalk door under the steps, I should say, the sidewalk door, by members of the J\"estry. Mr. Seymour •I 1_ ~\\.-,1\u003c.I.'\"' \\L.-rv and I were standing in the lobb)j ;ft the right of the entrance way of the church and back, set back somewhat, so we could see what was going on. But as soon as we saw them arrive, we went out to see what could be done. Father Seymour went over to the gate to speak to the)festry and asked me to go to speak to the television people. So I did that; \\\\ I went over and spoke to one or two of the cameramen and said1 gentle-men, we have a very difficult situation here and you are exposing this \\C.'S and making a big thing out of it and it really compounds the difficult1 ~.\"'~(.c ..l;ha:t:-we have and we would appreciate it if you would move off of the situation so we can handle it and do what we can with it.Y But I rem-ember specifically that one of the cameramen turned l to me and help up '..-'t·'l\"....r his camera and said/ 1:hftt \\\\ we -~ you to know that S\\\"\"'\\::lot· I 'h~ the most important, valuable footage I have ever taken in St. Augustine in this thing right now and I'm not about to put this camera away~1 which didn't help a thing. That was ,;V'f'..t...\\\u003c.{1 ~- \\ ~~-'--~~~~~~- So at this point, I walked back over and joined Mr. Seymour who was at the gate and he was still trying to persuade and he finally decided ~~~~~~~~~~~~- simply push through and move the blacks into the church, which was what was done. When we did this, some of thefastrymen who were there as j,ic;t ushers, threw their bulletins on the ground and walked off. And the CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 22 blacks were taken into the church and seated themselves at a back pew, the first one they came to when they got inside of the church 1 and they continued to be present there through the service with no difficulty. I say no difficult)/ and I'm not sure if they had difficulty at that ~c.... t...\"'\"\"- _, r.···.c~._ .. ~_?··\"',.._c\"? .. ,.,..\"\".u·;\"._(\"'t .. 1· ,.t;· ... _, o ... ' J \\..(;.._,.., f ·•· ... -~ ~ ~ \\ • ' i r \\.'.) l ......... ,. \\ I ~ time) \u0026fi:=ti\u003cQS-..' 'fire, mayi hue because at some •••• (end of tape side 2) (Tape B side 1) I recall that at some point, some black persons who came to Trinity Church to worship during that period were egged as they left the church and walked the rest of the way down 10th Street. Whether they were egged as a result of having been at Trinity Church or whether they were egged simply because they were black walking down the street, is something that I'm not knowledgable of but I know that that incident occured(so that I'm reluctant to tie it in but in some way my memory says that there was something to that. I: Did the festry start meeting then privately or did they •••• S: No, the ;/estry did not meet per se privately. Right after that, Mr. Seymour came to Jacksonville and stayed for a few days with the bishop. '.l,- I stayed in St. Augustine. The.,,v'estry met but I was present at the time \"1_ ---- I: Did the bishop, was he totally supportive of Father Seymour? S: Yes he was, totally. And there is a letter which I think you have access to which was from the bishop to the /es try. The,»'estry finally \"'00). called upon the bishop'sAoffice which is a term from canlfon law which / '-.J says that if there is a difference of opinion between a;/estry and a congregation anror the ;festry, it seems to be unable to be solved, then the ,festry or thej{ector may call upon the bishop's good offices i 1-C' to work it out. So, they choose to~:~~i1 upon the bishop's good office\"1 CRSTA 4AB Page 23 unquote. And Bishop West crune to St • .Augustine and brought with him that letter, which he had intended to mail. But he brought it with him to the~stry meeting and personally read it to the;vestry as they were gathered there at the ;festry meeting. It was a stunning letter because it contained certain phraseology that had not been heard in quite some ,u.s-CA time, certainly none of these men had ~xpected to hear it and that was the statement that in the event things did not change there was a very good chance of,·exc{\u003ennmmication;' · That was something that they had not figured. So, there was IIU1Ch discussion at that point conceTiling what had occured, why they were distressed, all of the things that surrounded it. And Bishop West still held his ground. And finally, at a later point of the;V'estry meeting, some people suggested that perhaps it would be best if they simply resigned from the Xestry. And Bishop indicated y..LS1 oJ. ic.. that ~cu I~ \\.;..\u003c.. accept~ ~' that he would accept anyone's resignation who wished to make it. 1here upon, three men immediately resigned. And since it seemed to be snowballing •..•. I: Do you remember who resigned? S: No, I don't remember exactly. (tape cut out for some time) 0 ....... I: Basically what I want to ask is you took over and you had participated tt S: the side of Father Seymour and you had pushed or physically pushed past the Yestry to open the gates so that Styles, I believe it was, and the people with him could enter the church and partake in the service. What happened? What was the situation like to you? ,\u003e.,J....t{.\"\" ·~\" ,_.;;.,, Well, again that's hard for me to remember. I remember considerable hostility and yet between myself and Charles Seymour1 because I was new and he had been there for a long while/ ~e had accumulated a certain runount of hostility on the part of some people. I guess I was the least a.S ' 4' \\ .. .,.\\0 CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 24 ;/ bad things. And so I was able to continue and administer the affairs of the parish when he was not present, at least when he continued to be rector and obviously I continued to minister my -\"' -------- to support him. I: When was that approximately? When did he leave? S: It seems to me that he left to go tb New Orleans either in October or November. We had a terrific hurricane come through New Orleans and did great damage to the city, a-.\".'. . \\ Nu\\\\ I think it was in November --------- But he had just gone to New Orleans when that occuted. So I remember that distinctly. So it was rather early in the fall. But he definitely called in the late sunnner _c:Nv-_.._ . Q--4-._. __. .... .\"\".,._) 'o I knew b 'I .£,rY D 0 c .) L-\u003c~ :iJ£' the ttte sUHIIIler that he was going to go. The question then was how ('. ........ was Trinity Parish to be administered. The best thing always was for ,.tll'~ --: assistant to also leave when the rector \\_cpvc;, in order ----------~ n that the ---- may be changed for the next time ,..., , ----------~ This particular case, though, I was there and they were '(Y\"V' tl;i.cl.. accepting me. ~ they were accepting me for the reason that was sent to me by a clergyman in the diocese who is still here. And I trust he said it in jest but yet at the same time I knew enough about the situation to believe that maybe he was right. They were considering calling me later on to be rector. And this clergyman said, \"Stanley, those people really don't want a priest and you are the closest thing to nothing they could find\". And he may have been right. (laughter) But what ever the case, \\...,/ during the period from Charles Seymoursgoing to New Orleans until the following March or April, during that interim period, the director of the church was the foshop of the .Diocese. I was simply there as the priest-in - charge. And Bishop West asked me to stay there in that capacity. His specific words( as I recall the best I can rere, \"Stanley, they have CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 25 allowed you to live with them this long. See if they will let you live with them a little longer.\" And so I continued to take services and shared the ,..iestry but only as priest-in -charge and not as rector. And t'bkgan picking up pieces. In the spring, they called me to be rector. To be very honest with you 1 and I am being honest, I did not want the job. I had come from G0\\f ~.t,7;\u003c- to be an assistant because I really didn't want to be the '1- I wanted somebody else to make the decisions and to take care of angers that would come out of it. I really didn't want it. And wi\\l when they offered me the job, I still didn't. I was insecure and I continue~ to be insecure even until this day. I really just didn't want that kind of responsibility. And so Bishop West came down to-St. Augustine and said, \"Stanley, they let you live for a year here and you are of the people1 they kno~1\"\"you lived here in south Jacksonville and you are just as cracker as they are;\"'''\"6-.)\u003eJ~~-;.!: !'-c:. rv~r-.tck.o.s-t~v_ 1, c;,,-c. and you are for the same kind of prejudices that they haveJwhich I will speak to you in a few minutes, I think may be helpful.* But they lmew this. I 'S\u003etr-,dltD \\l So, if they ~ (-.::. wanted me to be rector, Bishop West thought it Wffi:lld~·be- a good idea. And so I accepted -------- My full tenure there was seven years. During the early days, when I was still, before I was, no 1 it was after I was rector, no,r beg your pardon, during the early days, when I was still priest-in-charge ~l-\"l;\\.\u003c.- and ~Seymour was still there and we were having all the difficulties~ we were having, the tensions were very high. And on more than one occasion, both Oiarles Seymour and I received verbal threats by telephone to our households or to ourselves personally. And as I look back on it now, \\ I' ) we~ r~ Sr;,.~~c- .J\\:) ~-~v~\\...,. I really didn't think of it as anything because of in the instances that I recall, I knew the people who were calling . .And on one occasion, I received a call that said, this was right after the .-------------------------------------------------- CRSTA 4AB CIM Page 26 \\....r~t-~-· blacks had been let into the church that on the occasion that you all let ~Q ~.;-v r•.Y 0 '.co the blacks into the church, it was so and so and so and so and his b-o,1 ~;;. I Next Sunday, it's going to be so and so and so and so and his boys and it's not going to be the same. And that telephone call came to me in the evening. I was rash in thinking ~ what I was doing; s\\-.ov \\c~ ~.,., . ic kc. f1 ~. 1-r • \\ ke .• \\\\\\:.c l\\,.\\D0\\.\\'N \".? ,l:':'\\v-it'-S't~vr\u003c1(\\, And so I told the caller that he had better bring his boys with him because up until that time, he had been dealing with clergy who were connnitted to non-violence) but I was not connnitted to non-violence. He had better have someone with him if he came on this particular occasion. And I thought that was f?~U\" Srt--r\u003e·::,~k ~~~~+\\ ........... ~.:,._;_~~~~~~~ But as a matter of fact, on that particular Sunday, they did arrive. They were standing in front of the church and the Ji'shop was aware of this, aware that this was the kind of tension that we were faced with and so he had instructed us not to go in the front door of the church. We had our nonnal procession in the front door. But to enter the sanctuary from the side door to avoid a confrontation at the front door of the church, in case there was physical violence. \"? I: Were these black demonstrators or white'~? S: These were white. They were reacting to what happened the Sunday before. 0.\\-{.... But as the hour for service grew near, Father Seymour and ~knew that we weren't about to go in the side door. This was just not going to be our way of doing things. So, we went in the front door. We walked through -.t-tv-~ the group and ~ was people The only grateful thing, the only gracious thing, good thing was that on that particular Sunday, no black demonstrators were at the front door. Had they done so, CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 27 we would have had a problem because we weren't going to be intimidated by that kind of (\"', t ! ,1' -\\1-r ·i , .. ·r \"·'\"''\\ 1; \\1\" ··'. ~\"··But there were instances like that ----------------- they passed_. _____ _ Th at went on generally through the sunnner'()'-:\\-_U v...-?-\u003c- 0\".:. .I,(-t\u003c - s;..,, \"'.,...c( .\\,,'_,;;_\"-----· What I wanted to say to you about things learned 1and being of the people, perhaps their friends, is that I think I discovered some­thing that apparently lots of other people already know and that is that when you have someone who is confronted with an issue such as demanding your relationship with the person with whom you o-~ .bs-1- \"\"'\" \"'\\ ______ ___;; ____ ~ it's very hard for you to make that kind of transition immediately. So, what I did was to not force anybody and if I knew anybody who had strong ,, lol)\\C.1ypv !,:,.,..~\",:.,) feelings, anti-black, I didn't go out and say, you are not a giristian ,, '( and danmed to hell, that sort of stuff. and I love you and I do. I have a great wann feeling for a great many of those people who even today are obstinate, they are absolutely holding their position that is1 not to l;rc,....Q But by approaching them with that position, they didn't have to defend themselves. I was not someone who was constantly W VIC .( /j., thought of as a danming figure but rather someone accepting them even as they were. 'I ' ...R,w,,\u003e._:r (_ {\\ \\ .. ! ~ ... ' ..--.. \\ They knew my position and they knew that I didn't agree with -them but I didn't destroy them if I had a disagreement with their position. This allowed some of the people, the opportunity in later years to move from one position to another without having me say ha ha, I told you you would eventually or feeling anything at all except that they were able to make that on their own. When they made it, it didn't change their relationship with me noti~bly. They were still the same friend that I had before. And I was there. But they could now take a new posture without any kind of external agitation, would you say. And that happened on a great CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 28 many occasions and it was tremendously gratifying to me to see this occur. I remember one specific day when)I don't think I will ever forget, one of the men whose name is not mentioned in any of these papers but he was • p :.- extremely racist, just absolutely, my God, no blacks \\-.. ~;!\\\\..' o-r-t...c~. ' But he was also equally, irrationally Episcopal~an. .And if you are an I Episcopal~an, it didn't make any difference if you came from Mars , you are Episcopal~an. .And one Easter, some of the members of the black '1-, --- Mission, came to Easter services at Trinity, two, three, four years after all this in '64. And suddenly here was this man kn.e~ing at the alter of the Trinity Church along side one of the most notable leaders of the black '-J conmrunity who would have been most l.llldesirable as far as he was concerned. And the ~read was given to everybody and the chalise came by and I watched this guy receive the connnon chalise and pass it on to this black person next to him and he never moved and didn't get up and I'm sure he must have been feeling all kinds of thing7 but he made it. He survived it. He made it. And to me, that was a tremendous experience. I could see this happen'· to people. But this is not the kind of thiag that you can very well .And it's not the kind of thing that happens l.lllder the pressure, it may happen as a reaction to the pressure. But only after you have let down your wall, stppped fighting, stopped all of your defense mechanisms and let yourself be open to a new position which is part of ./\\ ¢-S I: Was there any time when you could reach out to the black commllllity; you said there was some sort of overtures being made prior to the racial crisis. Was there any, could you ptck up those threads later on and reestablish ••• I L CRSTA 4.AB CTM Page 29 S: Yeah, during the entire summer of '64, there were meetings periodically/ sometimes weekly, sometimes more often, between some white clergy and some black clergy. And gradually we included some lay persons in these UJ\u003e.1(\u003c,..L( y-vc,..) ~ conversations. The goal,of~ beinv~o···~ 111.,..we in the commllllity,- h~ _\\.PV'\\,5, ~ in this situation. The white ~ +-k ~V- ,'/. clergy that participated, ~ Episcopal cler~ 'If? Pres!J}!!tarian clergymen who was open and easy to deal with this and one OT two of the ( Methodist cler,gy~ the Baptist were practically non-existent; I: (the interviewer asked something) 1-\\ei.-..J d .. ~'.)-..)4 (::,~ •. ,,,.., -+C (c .. IQ~\\·r·.'.;;? S: Not at ti$ time. I think it needs to be noted powever 1that John Burns; who /1~~~) in ASia was the monsenior of the cathedral at that particular time. And Archbishop Hurley was the archbishop of the diocese of St. Augustine. Archbishop Hurley specifically directed John Burns to make connnunication with the clergy of Trinity Parish and offer them support. I: Michael Gannon \\-...)C-S. t~kro ~~--'-~~~~~~~~~~~~~- S: I knew Mike extremely well. I: Did ym?. S: I am very fond of Mike. I: You were friends? S: I am extremely fond of him. Do you see him regularly? I: Yes. S : Tell him hello for me. I: I will. S: I am extremely fond of him. Mike's a great person. I'm sorry that the . church isn't using him right now, the way I think they ought to be able .(.?.. .,, '', I', . J to but he has an awful lot ~0 \tr,.·-·~ • ~. there were these persons who were in commllllication at that point. Out of that kind of commllllication also grew a learning that I think is significant. And that was that we -- -- - --------------- CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 30 were all very sensitive to each other and we had new concerns that we had not necessarily had before. .And it was hard to connnunicate because \u003c.. of these Hightened sensitivities. You didn't dare do anything or say anything for fear of offending somebody else. So finally, one of the black clergy, I'll never foTget this, finally just put his hands on top .1 ..$ ;._;;. I\\ !?\"°:~I,•; ~\"\"' ~: ... [ '\"' ) C)t.,_.I ~. . I I ' ,~-v· ., ... ::\\ $...-. of the table and said1 we ain't going 1;» done,~ you can call me a nigger if you want to because that's what you usually call me 1 and I can call you a powder face because that's what I usually call youf'and he said1 ''neither one of us is going to get upset by this. .And once we get around this, we can start talking to each other and getting down to the things that we need to get to!1 And that was to me very refreshing because 1,.;:, '-' r we were being so careful with each other, not to offend1-ttmt we weren't '-' \\\u00261' .,,Ir~ l \\{O really dealing. So once we all said OK, don't worry about what I say, try to hear what I intend you to hear, we began to make some movement forward. I was ref~\\red by that. Later, and I don't know how long this continued, but later, .we were able to involve some of the major leadership persons of the connnunity in by and large with black and white persons '12 LC r .. .,.-~,--,J 1 \u003e- .' · ~ i r ...,,-:\\ , and other51 basically they were involved for ~ And they were manipulated to bring about those things that they thought were going \") ·, to be in their favor ~~---~----~ But at least, it was communication. I: Who were some of those representatives from other churches? Do you remember the names of the people from the black churches or the white churches? S: I do not remember their names, I'm sorry. There was a Dr. Lee who was _f?_ic.:_c_J_ ,_ ~l~_c_c_:r_·· -c\"_c;_._r·_(_J __ the Methodist church representative was quickly transferred out because they didn't reflect the wishes of the people CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 31 in the congregation. They were very committed men when I got there in 1964. The two Methodist clergymen in the city of St. Augustine in the spring of 1964 were very connnitted to helping deal with the racial issue f ,_,,,(. • \\ cμ,.-Q L v \\ ~ic , 1 '\\;v , c U .. 1 df' 11\u003c.~~ \\) ',.\\ • I: Were you able to bring in blacks to the Episcopal church in St. Augustine during your tenure? S: No, there were no black communities brought into Trinity Church. We have now1still, and had then, a black mission not too far away from Trinity Church that had been there for many,·many, many years. I: Where was this? S: On Citrus. And at this particular time, the Episcopal church also had a mission, a black mission, in Fernadino which was on the opposite end of the block at St. Peters A~. And the NAACP and ~----------- others put pressure on the diocese of Florida to close that church and to bring the black congregation into.thewhite congregation in our neighborhood which was white. Successfully or not so successfully, I'm not so sure. If you went down 4 · ~-~----------------~ And the same suggestion was made to st0f;f~p?). ~ --------------~~ people at St. ~~said that they did~ want it. And this is not ~---~-,,,... The t._.,,_,., , ..... , a racist vie' I don r t think_·_~_c_~--~\\ -· ' I I •.I ' 1\" ,.1 ]!{ i_c_0 _1~ _·~_'_,_._,_,_.1 _·_·~ rut they knew that the people of Trinity didn't want i~ ---- The second thing they knew was that if they went to Trinity ,Yarish, not only would they feel not welcome but they would loose any political powers they had within their own structure in the community. The church would have killed the congre-gational structure. And they really didn't want that. So they·_/'/.:...· __ _ the Bishop not to close them. And he did not close them. And they CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 32 continued on and still continue until this day. I: Who serves in the missionary? Is there a priest? S: There is a priest that goes there. Now when they had a black priest, they operated autonom(ously. Whff'¢ I was in St. Augustine and they did not I: have a black priest and I showed up in St. Augustine, I took the services there regularly, Eucharist and regular prayers, every other Sunday, I think 1I had used this building, confirmation classes, church school teaching and different things. So, I carried them both in interim periods when we didn't have black ministry. We now have a black priest who works there. After '64, I can't remember whether it was '65, '66, but at the same time, somewhere down the line, the people of St/·s·i.~;~:~ began again to come to services at Trinity when they felt like it. When we had speakers of significance who they wished to be present for, they .J.c felt comfortable in coming. On some occasions, some would come to weekly service:in chapel for Eucharist. And we had two or three or four who were ~ quite accustomed to receiving Eucharist weekly and they had not been there weekly for awhile simply because ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ because again you reach the point where people from the town knew I each other. (End of tape 2 side A) •••• I can't remember. I guess I have used up alot of your time but let me just ask one last I question. From your perspective, what impact did the racial crisis have on the community? What sort of shape did it leave the community in after King left? After Reverend Codding Lynch and Stoner left? CAI 1 0~\\-.t, S: That's the same question that my friend got me with. The community was ~-1 a unity of persons who found it difficult to trust one another whether I it be in the white community or the black or between whites and whites 1 L __ CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 33 whites and blacks, there had been so many things opened that you weren't ~tp:!t' rcrJJ , \\ sure you couldAtrust the guy down the street because he may have been involved in the white citizens council sort of thing or he may not have been. He didn't know whether you were or whether you were more liberally-oriented and therefore, so there was, in terms of interpersonal relations/ ct-- such as racial concerns, a destruction of~ trust. You really couldn't s. 4-n~ d , tell where anybody~. In terms of what was going on between the white ....,. connnunity and the black connnunity per se, the white connnunity ------ to the pressures. Restaurants were opened; public facilities were opened, access~y}opened, hiring and firing was done more ~1: \\.,..) ('·,: ·~\\l\"'-,.:;­in a manner, people were taking on token blacks because ~-e-wer~ chTn:gs-that they had to do. But nobody was doing what was really good, open, ().Na., /f rejoicing, feeling good. Generally for the entire_· _________ _ it was that kind of thing. You did what you gotta do but it was not what you wanted. I suspect maybe some changes had taken place but I doubt that they had really changed. The reason I say that is because of the congregation I have here /1 Their attitudes have not changed that much, at this point. The reason I don't begin the intense pressure of St. Augustine. I: Did you feel the intense pressure left than ----- I guess it did leave more in St. Augustine? Do you think, I keep asking questions after I said that would be the last one, do you think St. Augustine could have moved as far as it did without the crisis of '63 and '64? Would it have moved further? ( .., ,.) S: Very hard. It's very hard to say. That is such an \u003c;:_.\\X~C'-.(!'Q. question. 11-'S Honestly, I could not tell you. I would like to say, I 1thought it would because they did an exceptional job at the very outset of dealing CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 34 with the school situation. They really did. They ran into problems some years after I left with their seventh grade centers and that sort of thing that really became problematical because they had to/ had to put a certain number of whites in the black community school. But when they first started out dealing with the quote''integration ~. . \\ \\ r ,.. .{ \\ t. l, ) problem;' what they did was to open the schools and say that 1'~nybody, can go to any school that they want to. And a goodly number of black children innnediately came into the white structures. And that worked relatively well. Many of the black children stayed in the black schools. There was one school over on the island that was predominately white, ~.J-some black children/but predominately white. But 1 then the schools that were in the area between the two, where there could be freedom of movement to and from, worked relatively well. And everybody seemed to be pulling it up. It was only when further restrictions or guide-lines by the Federal government said that you have to do this, that they really began to get into problems. They might have done af-ight left on their own, given things that had been going on in the whole national structure. It might have been a]fight because it was still a small town fs it is no~ and everybody knew everybody. And maybe certain whites would want to suppress certain blacks '1. . ·ft4c-V'I t-.P'1' -2- l.t. JL (;::-;;;..( ! v.\\'r:-:::-. • \\ L.(,. 1:\u003e ( not much different really than whites~ suppress whites,~ the black people who suppress blacks. I think we have that same 'S'.- l\"~\"'c.. whether it becomes more heightened an image or becomes more undesirable for those who are making any kind of evaluation on white behavior or black. But I think that probably, as any other city of that size in the south east, given the mentality, the psychology, the attitudes CRSTA 4AB CTM Page 35 • • \"\"? of the people that didn't have that kind of situation~'~~~~~~~~~ I: OK, thank you very much. (end of tape)","Trinity Episcopal Church -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Trinity Episcopal Church -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Sit-in -- Attempted Integration of Church -- Civil Rights March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1074","record_class":"Item","title":"Herb Greenleaf : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Herb Greenleaf, a St. Augustine native and former deputy of the St. Johns County Sheriff's Office, talks about growing up in St. Augustine, the civil rights movement, and the movement's aftermath.","Ancient City Gun Club -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Florida Marine Patrol -- Florida Memorial College -- Florida Sheriff's Bureau -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine Police Department -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Flagler Hospital -- Lincolnville -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- St. Joseph's Academy -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Bombing -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Civil Rights March -- Shooting Death of William Kinard -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Use of Police Dogs -- Wade-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1079","record_class":"Item","title":"Willie Bolden : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["SCLC activist Willie Bolden shares his memories of his involvement in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Florida Highway Patrol -- Ku Klux Klan -- Savannah, Ga. -- Old Slave Market -- Santa Maria Restaurant -- Civil Rights Rally -- Civil Rights March -- Night March -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1080","record_class":"Item","title":"Audrey Willis : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Audrey Willis shares her memories about her involvement in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Ku Klux Klan -- Old Slave Market -- Grace United Methodist Church -- Woolworth's -- Old Slave Market -- Attempted Integration of Church -- Sit-in -- Night March -- Use of Police Dogs"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1083","record_class":"Item","title":"Bernice Harper : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Bernice Harper about the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Florida Highway Patrol -- Ku Klux Klan -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine Four -- St. Augustine Police Department -- Butler Beach, Fl. -- Florida Memorial College -- Home of Robert Hayling -- Lincolnville -- Mariana School for Boys -- McCartney's -- McCrory's -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Ponce de Leon Hotel -- Richard Murray High School -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- St. George Pharmacy -- St. Mary's Baptist Church -- Woolworth's -- Bombing -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Drive-by Shooting -- Freedom Rides -- Night March -- Picketing -- Shooting Death of William Kinard -- Sit-in -- Wade-in"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1093","record_class":"Item","title":"Jeremy Dean : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Jeremy Dean, director of the documentary Dare Not Walk Alone. Dare Not Walk Alone was the first film made about the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Florida Humanities Council -- Southern Poverty Law Center -- Flagler College -- Lincolnville -- St. Augustine Historical Society -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1097","record_class":"Item","title":"Maude Jackson : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Maude Jackson recounts her experiences as a Florida Memorial College student who participated in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","Florida Memorial College -- Woolworth's -- Tallahassee, Fl. -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Flagler Hospital -- Old Slave Market -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- St. Augustine City Jail -- Civil Rights March -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators -- Police Brutality -- Arrest of Mary Peabody -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p15415coll1-1104","record_class":"Item","title":"Hattie White : Video Interview","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Hattie White, mother of St. Augustine Four member Sam White. Mrs. White talks about her family's experiences in the St. Augustine civil rights movement.","St. Augustine Four"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-3","record_class":"Item","title":"Arrest of Martin Luther King","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Depicts the arrest of Martin Luther King for attempted integration of the Monson Motor Lodge.","Arrest of Martin Luther King -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine Police Department -- Monson Motor Lodge"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-70","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King with Young Demonstrators","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. gives a young picket a pat on the back as a group of youngsters started to picket St. Augustine, Fla., June 10, 1964.","Picketing"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-75","record_class":"Item","title":"Robert Hayling, Martin Luther King, and Ralph Abernathy at St. Augustine Press Conference","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., seated second from left, speaks during a news conference to announce \"the beginning of a massive assault on segregation\" in St. Augustine, Fla., June 10, 1964. With him are Dr. R.B. Hayling, left, and Dr. Ralph Abernathy, second from right."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll3-104","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Hugs Lennette Pembleton","mediums":["images (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is hugged by Mrs. Lennette Pembleton in St. Augustine, Fla., after learning that the senate passed the civil rights bill, June 19, 1964.","Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-957","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-06-10","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["A march in downtown St. Augustine turned violent. Attacks were made using fists, beating people to the ground before police intervened and marchers retreated. Martin Luther King arrived in St. Augustine and held a press conference and announced that a demonstration would take place that night as well as another on June 11. He was not happy with the handling of demonstrations and urged federal leaders to withdraw funds from the Quadricentennial Celebration because of segregated conditions.","Florida Highway Patrol -- Civil Rights March -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Picketing -- Night March -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration -- Assault on Andrew Young during Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1189","record_class":"Item","title":"Dan Warren, Hank Drane, Verle Pope, Hamilton Upchurch, and George Allen : Testimony : Part 1","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Testimony of state attorney Dan Warren, reporter Hank Drane, state senator Verle Pope, local citizen Hamilton Upchurch, and reporter George Allen regarding their witness of a segregation rally and civil rights night march on June 19, 1964.","Special Police Force -- Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Johns County Grand Jury -- Ku Klux Klan -- Ancient City Gun Club -- Ancient City Hunting Club -- Manucy's Raiders -- Citizens Band Radio -- Bi-Racial Committee -- Florida Times Union -- Daytona Beach News Journal -- Old Slave Market -- Monson Motor Lodge -- National Guard Armory -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Civil Rights March -- Night March -- Wade-in -- Klan Assault on Robert Hayling -- Klan Rally -- Klan March -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1194","record_class":"Item","title":"Racial and Civil Disorders in St. Augustine : Report of the Legistlative Investigation Committee : Appendix 14","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["St. Johns County Grand Jury report to Circuit Judge Howell E. Melton detailing the ways in which St. Augustine is integrated and asks why the civil rights movement has chosen to work there. Calls for a 30 day suspension of demonstrations followed by the formation of a bi-racial committee of ten members. Commends local law enforcement officials.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Desegregation of St. Johns County Schools"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1228","record_class":"Item","title":"Memo from Elmer Emrich to Governor Farris Bryant : 1964-05-27","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1241","record_class":"Item","title":"Memo from JoAnne to Governor Farris Bryant : 1964-07-01","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Bi-Racial Committee -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1249","record_class":"Item","title":"Elmer Emrich, H.V. Gibson, and Johnie W. Jourdan : Testimony : Part 2","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Explanation From James Kynes as to why the State of Florida wants to amend the injunction that overturned the ban on night marches. Direct and cross examination of Elmer Emrich, Chief Investigator for the Governor of Florida, on the incidents that occurred during the night marches of June 9th through June 13th 1964 and what actions the Sheriff's Office and the highway patrol took and what recommendations he gave the Governor. Direct and cross examination of H.V. Gibson, Chief Law Enforcement Office of the Florida State Board of Conservation, on the incidents that occurred during the night marches of June 9th through June 13th 1964 and what action H. V. Gibson and the officers under his command took. Direct examination of Johnnie Jourdan, Field Deputy Inspector with the Florida Highway Patrol, on the incidents that occurred ruing the night marches of June 9th through June 13th 1964 and what actions Johnnie Jourdan and the officers under his command took.","Ku Klux Klan -- Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Grand Jury Of St. Johns County -- John Birch Society -- Florida State Board of Conservation -- St. Augustine City Jail -- St. Johns County Jail -- Duval County Jail -- Old Slave Market -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Civil Rights March -- Klan March -- Use of Police Dogs -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1396","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-06-01","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Demonstrators arrested for a sit-in. Night March takes around St. Paul's AME Church place without incident. Events of last several days are also discussed.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Augustine Police Department -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Paul's AME Church -- Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Old Slave Market -- Crescent Beach, Fl. -- St. Johns County Jail -- Zion Baptist Beach -- Lake Butler, Fl. -- Office of Robert Hayling -- Home of Robert Hayling -- Sit-in -- Night March -- Lie-in -- Use of Police Dogs -- Drive-by Shooting -- Attack on Beach Cottage Safe House -- Civil Rights March -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators -- Klan RallySit-in -- Night March -- Lie-in -- Use of Police Dogs -- Drive-by Shooting -- Attack on Beach Cottage Safe House -- Civil Rights March -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators -- Klan Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1400","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-06-05","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["4 arrested at Monson Motel Restaurant, 8 march in St. Augustine Plaza. SCLC agree not to march until Simpson gives ruling on marches. Large meeting held at St. Paul AME Church where Martin Luther King speaks. SCLC worker shot at while driving, believes believes the police are not investigating. Time line and locations given of the formation of the KKK.","Florida Highway Patrol -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine City Commission -- St. Augustine Police Department -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- Monson Motor Lodge -- St. Augustine Downtown Plaza -- St. Johns County Jail -- St. Paul AME Church -- Sit-in -- Civil Rights March -- Andrew Young vs. L.O. Davis, et al. -- Civil Rights Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1407","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-06-12","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Details picketing done by teenagers In downtown as well as demonstrations at Monson Motor Lodge including arrests made. Law enforcement required to prepare for demonstrations by removing dangerous objects around slave market, installing more lighting, and increasing patrols. Attempt to prohibit night marches on grounds of inadequate protection SCLC continues night marches under violent conditions.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Old Slave Market -- Monson Motor Lodge -- Picketing -- Civil Rights March -- Mass Arrest of Demonstrators -- Night March"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1413","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-06-22","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["A wade-in was conducted without incident. A KKK rally was held at the Slave Market. A night march approached the Klan rally where they were turned back by law enforcement.","Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- United Press International (UPI) -- Ku Klux Klan -- National States Rights Party -- St. Johns County Sheriff's Office -- St. Johns County Grand Jury -- Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Augustine Beach, Fl. -- Old Slave Market -- Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Wade-in -- Klan Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll4-1433","record_class":"Item","title":"FBI Report of 1964-11-20","mediums":["documents (object genre)"],"dcterms_description":["Letter from concerned citizen to J. Edgar Hoover enclosing the article \"St. Augustine : Rape of the Ancient City,\" a publication of the John Birch Society which provides a slanted view of the racial situation in St. Augustine.","John Birch Society -- St. Augustine Quadricentennial Celebration"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-186","record_class":"Item","title":"King Discusses His St. Augustine Dilemma","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["After passage of the 1964 civil rights Act, St. Augustine's private businesses temporarily integrated, but under pressure from the KKK, businesses quickly re-segregated. Martin Luther King states in this article that rather directly confront the Klan again, he and the SCLC intend to bring federal lawsuits against businesses that refuse to serve blacks.","Bi-Racial Committee -- Ku Klux Klan -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Civil Rights Act of 1964"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-226","record_class":"Item","title":"Some People Can Never Change","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["1977 article and interview with Halstead \"Hoss\" Manucy. Manucy refelcts back on his involvement in the civil rights movement of St. Augustine.","Ku Klux Klan -- St. Augustine, Fl."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-240","record_class":"Item","title":"Warren’s Role as Peace Seeker in St. Augustine Strife Reviewed","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Article provides an overview of State Attorney Dan Warren's role in the racial crisis in St. Augustine. Numerous quotes from Warren describing his impressions of the city are included.","St. Johns County Grand Jury -- Bi-Racial Committee -- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) -- St. Augustine, Fl."]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-246","record_class":"Item","title":"What Manner of Man Is Leading America's Negro Revolution","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["Short biography piece and interview with Martin Luther King.","Ku Klux Klan -- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) -- Bi-Racial Committee -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Jacksonville, Fl. -- Daytona Beach, Fl. -- St. Johns County Jail -- Civil Rights Rally"]},{"record_id":"ffc_crlsa_p16000coll6-319","record_class":"Item","title":"Seeing St. Aug. Proves Exciting","mediums":["newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["In-depth reporting on the strange and surreal atmosphere in St. Augustine during the peak of the civil rights demonstrations and the violent segregationist response. The author claims that the tourist trade is down by 50 percent as a result.","St. Johns County Grand Jury -- Bi-Racial Committee -- Ku Klux Klan -- John Birch Society -- Liberty Lobby -- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -- St. Augustine Record -- Florida Highway Patrol -- St. Augustine, Fl. -- Old Slave Market -- St. Johns County Jail -- Elk's Rest -- St. Augustine Chamber of Commerce -- Clash Between civil rights Workers and Segregationists -- Night March -- Civil Rights Rally -- Klan Rally -- Use of Cattle Prods -- Use of Police Dogs -- Sit-in -- Visit of Jackie Robinson"]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-ayoung_48409","record_class":"Item","title":"1981-06-01, Andrew Young Interviewee: Atlanta, Georgia:","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":["Andrew Young Interviewee: Atlanta, Georgia, 1981 June 1 [Box 140, Item 4, Side 1 and 2]. Topics include: The Congressional Black Caucus, Walter Fauntroy, leadership in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference [SCLC], Stoney Cooks' administrative assistant role, the structure of Young's Congressional office and campaign, and comments on the films Montgomery to Memphis and Legacy of a Dream. Contains clips of recordings from Dr. King's speeches and discussion of the Selma march."]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-p16313coll42_21178","record_class":"Item","title":"Stop the War Madness Now","mediums":["publications (documents)"],"dcterms_description":["Flyer originally produced for an anti-war rally sponsored by the Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee to be held on April 27, 1968, in New York City, at which Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. was to speak. Verso of the flyer, includes a printed note dedicating the rally in memory of King following his assassination."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_17559","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Social Change, correspondence and printed materials, 1973-1975","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of correspondence and documents related to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Contents include correspondence of E.T. Kehrer with King Center staff, planning materials for the 1974 and 1975 celebrations of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday, and programs for those celebrations.","The records, 1964-1979, of the Southern Office of the AFL-CIO Civil Rights Department consist primarily of correspondence and related reports, surveys, statements, and newspaper clippings. Much of the correspondence is between Director E.T. (Al) Kehrer and various AFL-CIO departments, notably his superiors Don Slaiman (1965-1974) and William Pollard (1974-1979). There is also substantial correspondence between Kehrer and the AFL-CIO state and city labor councils in the South; apprenticeship and training programs; a wide range of groups and persons concerned with community action and social reform issues, principally in the field of civil rights; and political figures."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_47363","record_class":"Item","title":"William Pollard, correspondence, 1982","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of correspondence regarding various meetings, conferences, workshops and seminars, including meetings about the Trident Submarine Base at Kings Bay, Georgia, a celebration in honor of Martin Luther King, Jr., the 12th Annual Meeting of the Southern Regional Council, the Southern Labor School, a Southern Roundtable conference, Operation PUSH 11th Annual National Convention, meetings about the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, and A. Philip Randolph Institute 13th National Conference, as well as three Southern Area Reports to AFL-CIO Civil Rights Committee, correspondence regarding a research project including a project summary, a press release on National Observance of the Great March of Washington Slated for Atlanta King Center to Sponsor \"I Have A Dream Celebration\", a proposal for an Emergency Black Survival Fund, correspondence and summary regarding the Washington Baltimore Women's Campaign, and remarks by William Pollard to the 14th Annual Birthday Observance of Martin Luther King, Jr."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_47730","record_class":"Item","title":"William Pollard, correspondence, 1983","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of correspondence regarding various events, meetings, and conferences, including King Week 1984, the 1983 National Urban League Annual Conference, and a Deep South Regional Board meeting, a Southern Area Report to AFL-CIO Civil Rights Department, a President's Report to the Board of the Joint Council on Economic Education, proposals for a Labor Institute at the King Center, eight receipts for travel expenses, a statement that AFL-CIO Opposes Subminimum Wage, an article on A Sub-minimum Wage for Youth?, a lists of documents in consideration for archiving, correspondence and newspaper clipping regarding the trial of Frank Wills, correspondence and a newspaper clipping regarding the 1984 election, a draft of The Unfinished Agenda, correspondence regarding the Executive Council Report to 1983 AFL-CIO convention, an anonymous letter threatening violence at a planned demonstration, and correspondence regarding AFL-CIO South Carolina Coalition for Single Member Districts."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_48482","record_class":"Item","title":"William Pollard, correspondence, 1985","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of correspondence regarding planning and attending various events, conferences, and meetings, including the Southern Labor Institute, the Southern Regional Council 41st Annual Meeting, East Coast Farmworker Support Network meetings and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, five reports from the Southern Office of the AFL-CIO Civil Rights Department to the AFL-CIO Civil Rights Committee, four sets of case files on the trial of Albert Turner, correspondence regarding contracts, an Executive Council Civil Rights Statement and Resolution Adopted by the AFL-CIO Convention, correspondence regarding employee vacation time, nine newspaper clippings covering migrant workers, right-to-know, a promotional exam used by police, and the Albert Turner trial, a report from the Farmworker Health Advocacy Project, two newsletters regarding field sanitation, five copied receipts, two resumes, correspondence regarding the Executive Council report for a 1985 convention, a draft paper on civil rights, a selection of Martin Luther King, Jr. quotes, and reports on compliance data and women's activities to the AFL-CIO Civil rights committee."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_111998","record_class":"Item","title":"Industrial Union Department Jobs with Justice Rally, 1988","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of memos and flyers advertising the Jobs with Justice rally and march on April 30th, 1988. The march covered 400 miles and was dedicated to Martin Luther King Jr."]},{"record_id":"suc_p17173coll35_1464","record_class":"Item","title":"Open Letter by Ben Anderson addressed Reverend Samuel Austin","mediums":["correspondence","newspaper clippings"],"dcterms_description":["A letter published in the Westchester Observer, authored by Ben Anderson and originally addressed to Reverend Samuel Austin. In the letter Anderson urges and pleads with Austin to not get involved with politics and focus more on his clergical duties."]},{"record_id":"aar_wsfa_1261","record_class":"Item","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D047.0005","mediums":["16mm (photographic film size)"],"dcterms_description":["Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at Brown Chapel AME Church in Selma, Alabama. He discusses a boycott of downtown businesses in the city (\"We aren't trying to put anybody out of business downtown. We're just trying to put justice in business, that's what we're trying to do.\"); the importance of the First Amendment and his opposition to communism (\"See, the reason I couldn't ever be a Communist is because I believe that the great moments in history have been the moments when individuals were left free to think. Some sacred in a nation that talks about freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly. You can't do that over in Russia, you can't do that in Communist China.\"); the need for integration at schools and other public facilities (illustrated by an anecdote about an encounter at the Dobbs House restaurant in Atlanta); and the legislative bill that would result in the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Among those visible with near him are Coretta Scott King, P. H. Lewis, F. D. Reese, L. L. Anderson, Sheyann Webb, and Rachel West."]},{"record_id":"suc_p17173coll18_230","record_class":"Item","title":"MLK celebration at Perry--outtakes","mediums":["motion pictures (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["Footage is of a celebration of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the 1963 march on Washington, [likely] at W.A. Perry Middle School.\n \n40 seconds of Renee Carter interviewing a man about Allen University. See also: AWAR 220, 222"]},{"record_id":"geh_vacl_52","record_class":"Item","title":"Jesse Hill interview","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Jesse Hill discusses his involvement in organizing the registration of black voters during the 1950s in Atlanta, Georgia, and the equalization of salaries for black teachers. He also provided support for the students involved in the Atlanta Student Movement. He recalls meetings held at Friendship Baptist Church on police brutality, voter registration, and the nonviolent desegregation of Atlanta golf courses. Jeese Hill ends his interview with an assessment of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) as it evolved in the early 1960s, and with the memories of how the Atlanta University Center’s faculty was a progressive backbone to racial progress in Atlanta.","Mr. Hill grew up in St. Louis, Missouri and graduated from Lincoln University of Missouri with a degree in mathematics. He earned his masters degree in actuarial science in 1949 from the University of Michigan and moved to Atlanta, Georgia the same year. He began working at the Atlanta Life Insurance Company and for a time lived at the Butler Street YMCA."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_walb_walb00060","record_class":"Item","title":"WALB newsfilm clip of Dr. William G. Anderson responding on local television to criticism of the Civil Rights movement in Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 19","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WALB newsfilm clip from July 19, 1962, Dr. William G. Anderson, president of the Albany Movement, responds on local television to criticism about the movement, the presence of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other clergy and civil rights workers, and the rights of African Americans. After a July 18 presentation on WALB by James H. Gray, owner of WALB television station and local newspaper The Albany Herald, Anderson was given thirty minutes to respond to local criticism directed towards the Albany Movement and ongoing civil rights demonstrations.   Anderson refutes the accusation that the Albany Movement was started by \"outsiders,\" contending that it began among Albany residents \"as a deeply-felt expression of the hunger for true freedom.\"  The Albany Movement, a consolidation of extant Albany social improvement alliances, included previous incarnations of African American neighborhood organizations and clubs. One club, the Criterion Club, met with Albany mayor Asa Kelly in 1960, which proved unproductive. After November 1, 1961 when civil rights demonstrations intensified, the individual Albany clubs and organizations organized their efforts into the Albany Movement.  Anderson continues to explain to the audience that the Albany Movement invited Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) ministers and others to Albany because \"freedom is everybody's business.\"  He clarifies that nonresident civil rights activists have come to Albany at their own expense, and have not benefited financially from their stay; emphasizing that they chose such conditions because human dignity is worth more than money.  In response to an accusation that the movement lacks concern for Albany's reputation, Anderson reminds viewers that African American residents of Albany do indeed care about the city's reputation, but see no other way to secure justice.  He appeals to the goodwill of local citizens by asking them to remember \"there are some aspirations in men's hearts which cannot be put off indefinitely\" and counts freedom among them.  He emphasizes that while the Albany Movement wishes to negotiate with the city, they do not view the police chief Laurie Pritchett, a law enforcement officer, as the proper spokesman in that process.  Anderson then asserts that \"constitutional guarantees transcend any relationship between the tax burden borne and the full enjoyment of them\" and asks if the value and rights of a tax payer are determined by the amount he pays; in doing so, he challenges the injustice of levying taxes upon African Americans but providing fewer privileges and services than are granted to white taxpayers.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WALB News Film collection.","Title provided by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_walb_walb00073","record_class":"Item","title":"WALB newsfilm clip of Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon Calvin Craig condemning Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver for compromising on racial segregation at Klan rally held in Albany, Georgia, 1962 September 3","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WALB newsfilm clip from September 3, 1962, Ku Klux Klan members attend a rally in Albany, Georgia, and listen to Georgia Grand Dragon Calvin Craig condemn Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver for his compromises on issues of racial segregation. The clip begins with images of a burning cross and men wearing Klan robes, some with their faces covered. Next, Grand Dragon Calvin Craig, wearing a dark robe with a dragon symbol, asks why Governor Vandiver did not prosecute African Americans who injured several white people during a march that turned violent, presumably the night march that took place on July 24. Craig proposes that Governor Vandiver made a deal with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to not prosecute those involved in the violence in exchange for African American votes for gubernatorial candidate Carl Sanders. Sanders ran as the opponent of Marvin Griffin, a staunch segregationist and former governor of Georgia in the Democratic primary; voters favoring segregation would likely have supported Griffin. Craig then denounces Vandiver for conspiring \"with the Negroes to promote communism here,\" alleging that the governor hid information from the people of Albany, \"that these Negro leaders have a subversive background and are being dominated by communist forces.\" Some civil rights activists had previous affiliation with the Labor movement, and through this the Communist party; Stanley Levison, a key advisor of Dr. Martin Luther King, and Jack O'Dell, the manager of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)'s New York office, were both affiliated with the Communist party in the 1950s. However, most movement leaders had severed ties with the Communist party years before becoming involved in the civil rights movement or had never been affiliated with communists. Segregationists distorted these previous affiliations as subversion, an effective strategy to malign civil rights activists as unpatriotic, to discourage sympathy for the movement, and to employ the investigative and law enforcement power of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to closely monitor civil rights groups. The Klan rally was held at private property south of the city of Albany, with participants from Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. An estimated three thousand people attended the event.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_walb_walb00038","record_class":"Item","title":"WALB newsfilm clip of mayor Asa D. Kelley speaking to reporters about an amicus curiae document issued earlier in the day by the United States Justice Department on behalf of the Albany Movement in Albany, Georgia, 1962 August 8","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WALB newsfilm clip from August 8, 1962, Albany, Georgia mayor Asa D. Kelley speaks to reporters from his office, reacting to the amicus curiae document issued earlier in the day by the United States Justice Department on behalf of the Albany Movement in Judge J. Robert Elliott's injunction hearing.  Kelley disparages the United States Justice Department for breaking with precedent \"to adopt a policy of aiding and abetting domestic extralegal activities.\"  He emphasizes the unprecedented nature of the brief as \"an affront to those of us in the South who are prepared to stand fast for law and order.\"  Kelley condemns the ruling as \"revolutionary policy\" and warns that it may cause southern communities to \"write off civilized effort at racial solutions in courts of law.\" On July 21, Albany city officials obtained a temporary restraining order from federal judge J. Robert Elliott banning the Albany Movement from picketing, parades, and other demonstrations; Elliott also scheduled a hearing for July 30 to consider making the injunction permanent. Chief federal appellate court judge Elbert P. Tuttle of Atlanta reversed the temporary restraining order July 24 and encouraged Judge Elliott to hold the previously scheduled hearing.  The Justice Department disputed the Albany official's effort to obtain an injunction in part because the city maintained public facilities that were still segregated.  Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who was in Albany to support the Albany Movement (and was also named in the restraining order) expressed gratitude for the \"legal and moral support\" from the Justice Department.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WALB News Film collection.","Title provided by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_walb_walb00062","record_class":"Item","title":"WALB newsfilm clip of police chief Laurie Pritchett, Albany Movement vice-president Slater King, and Albany Movement president William G. Anderson answering reporter's questions on West Broad Avenue, Albany, Georgia, 1962 July 24","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WALB newsfilm clip from July 24, 1962, reporters on West Broad Avenue, Albany, Georgia, question individuals about the day's hearing regarding the restraining order against the Albany Movement obtained by Albany city officials. Interviewees include Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett, Albany Movement vice-president Slater King, and Albany Movement president Dr. William G. Anderson. The clip begins with three or four reporters speaking to Chief Pritchett, wearing a suit; few of Pritchett's comments are recorded. Next, a reporter asks Slater King to comment about the day's proceedings. King replies that he considers it excessive for the city to have taken two hours to explain why the courts do not usually uphold injunctions issued against cities. King praises Constance B. Motley, New York attorney with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for her work on behalf of the Albany Movement. According to King, Motley quickly refuted the city's argument and demonstrated that the motions the city cited had been overturned by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, and, in one case, by the Supreme Court. King reports that chief federal appellate court judge Elbert P. Tuttle plans to announce his decision on the case the next morning. Finally, Anderson and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. exit the building and speak to reporters. Anderson compliments Motley for using the cases cited by the city to refute the motion; Dr. King's comments are not recorded. On July 21, 1962, Albany city officials obtained a restraining order from federal judge J. Robert Elliott prohibiting Dr. Martin Luther King and leaders of the Albany Movement from leading pickets, marches, and other demonstrations in Albany. Lawyers from the Albany Movement appealed to Judge Tuttle, chief federal appellate court judge, who agreed on July 23 to hear a motion to reverse the temporary injunction. Judge Tuttle reversed the restraining order on July 24. C. B. King and Donald L. Hollowell, Albany Movement attorneys, were assisted by Constance B. Motley and New York civil rights attorney William Kunstler.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_walb_walb00078","record_class":"Item","title":"WALB newsfilm clip of African Americans singing \"Woke up this morning with my mind on freedom\" and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about the connections between civil rights and economic justice in Albany, Georgia, 1962","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WALB newsfilm clip from 1962, a group of African Americans perform \"Woke Up this Morning with My Mind on Freedom,\" and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks about the connection between civil rights and economic justice.  The clip begins with a woman leading a group of African American students as they sing, \"Woke Up this Morning with My Mind on Freedom.\"  The group appears to be performing on a stage, standing in front of a curtain.  Next, King addresses the connections between integration and financial freedom.  King, who is standing at a podium in front of the same curtain, asks rhetorically \"What does it profit a man to be able to go to the swankiest restaurant in Albany, Georgia, when he doesn't earn enough money to take his wife out to dine?\" King continues by questioning the value of integrated lunch counters for those who cannot afford the food, and integrated lodging for those who cannot afford a vacation. In addition to his civil rights work, King  was also concerned with economic justice for all Americans, and often spoke about the connections between racism and poverty.  Efforts to establish economic justice influenced his work in the Memphis sanitation strike and the planned Poor People's March on Washington that took place after King's death in 1968.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WALB News Film collection.","Title provided by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39488","record_class":"Item","title":"Abernathy resigns from presidency of S.C.L.C.","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38838","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the funeral procession of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. from Ebenezer Baptist Church to Morehouse College, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 April 9","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Footage of the King funeral procession in downtown Atlanta","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42352","record_class":"Item","title":"Blacks protest double sessions in schools. Local officials comment on the problem (1968).","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Blacks protest double sessions in schools. Local officials comment on the problem (1968).","Reporter: Riggs, Dave","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55554","record_class":"Item","title":"SCLC's Abernathy says there is a conspiracy about Martin Luther King's death.","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["SCLC's Abernathy says there is a conspiracy about Martin Luther King's death.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55723","record_class":"Item","title":"Abernathy states why commemoration of King is important.","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Abernathy states why commemoration of King is important.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn69486","record_class":"Item","title":"Georgia governor Jimmy Carter issues proclamation in memory of Martin Luther King, Jr. Soul singer James Brown hopes King's birthday will become a national holiday.","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In these two clips, dated Monday, January 15, 1973, Georgia governor Jimmy Carter issues and signs a proclamation establishing Martin Luther King, Jr. Day in Georgia. Later in the footage, we see James Brown at the signing event with Martin Luther King, Sr. (\"Daddy King\"), and speaking to reporters after the proclamation is signed by Governor Carter, expressing hope that Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday will become a national holiday. Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn17681","record_class":"Item","title":"Governor Carter Says Defacing of King's Portrait is Solved; Cure Says Why she Did It","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Governor Carter Says Defacing of King's Portrait is Solved; Cure Says Why she Did It","Reporter: COHEN, ROBERT","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34032","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. recovering from surgery after being stabbed and of his wife and other hospital visitors in New York City, New York, 1958 September 22","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from New York City on September 22, 1958, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. recovers from surgery at Harlem Hospital after being stabbed two days earlier by Izola Ware Curry, and Coretta Scott King, Dr. King's wife, visits the hospital with friends and family. The clip begins with cars driving through the rain past the Harlem Hospital in New York City. Inside the hospital, Dr. King lies in a hospital bed with a tank beside the bed and tape on his nose. An unidentified white man, probably a doctor from the hospital, stands beside the bed and appears to check on Dr. King. Later King's wife, Coretta Scott King, walks through the hospital lobby and outdoors with supporters including Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy and Christine King, Dr. King's sister. Martin Luther King, Sr. was also at the hospital with the group, although he is not seen in the clip. On September 20, Martin Luther King, Jr. was at a book-signing event at a Harlem department store promoting Stride toward freedom, his book about the Montgomery bus boycott, when Izola Ware Curry broke through the line and stabbed him with a seven-inch letter opener. King was taken to Harlem Hospital where doctors removed the letter opener during surgery. Curry was immediately apprehended and arrested; she later was found unfit to stand trial and was placed in a psychiatric facility instead.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41003","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr. arrives at police station (1962).","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38277","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking to reporters after learning he has won the Nobel Peace Prize in Saint Joseph's Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 October 14","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Saint Joseph's Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia on October 14, 1964, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. holds a press conference with his wife, Coretta Scott King, and Andrew Young of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) after learning that he won the Nobel Peace Prize.","The clip begins with Dr. and Mrs. King walking around Saint Joseph's Hospital and reporters taking notes. Next the Kings sit with Andrew Young at a table during a press conference; Coretta and Dr. King appear to speak but their comments are not recorded. The two also hug in front of the cameras. The exterior of Saint Joseph's Hospital is seen before the clip repeats people walking down hallways and unrecorded comments by Coretta.","In an audio portion of the clip, King comments that the Nobel Peace Prize will help all those who \"carry on this struggle in a nonviolent, peaceful manner.\" The clip's audio breaks after which King' declares that \"every penny\" of the prize money will go to support civil rights work. When asked if SCLC will benefit from the award, King agrees that since he is most closely associated with SCLC, they will probably receive much of the award money. He recognizes the award as a tribute to civil rights workers of all races \"who have followed a nonviolent course in seeking to establish a reign of justice and a rule of love across this nation of ours.\"  King repeats the prize's role in strengthening civil rights workers and highlights the award's \"international implications.\"  Asked if he sees an end to the civil rights struggle he says he recognizes the movement's challenges, but has faith in America and is pleased with the work done. The clip's audio quality is inconsistent as King reads from a prepared statement and a reporter asks about plans for the award money. King reports that he first learned of the prize when Coretta King called the hospital after receiving a call from a New York radio station; the family also heard about the award from other news reporters before the official telegram from Norway arrived at the office. King informs the reporters that he is in the hospital for a physical check-up and some rest. Asked about congratulatory phone calls, specifically from United States president Lyndon B. Johnson, King indicates that all phone calls are going to his home or the office and that he does not believe the White House has called. King reveals the award will be presented December 10 in Norway and that he and Mrs. King plan to attend. His reply to a question about the award's effects on the civil rights movement is not recorded. The clip ends with King speaking about the upcoming presidential election and SCLC's efforts to encourage African Americans to vote for Johnson. King condemns Republican candidate Barry Goldwater for his stand against civil rights. He outlines some of SCLC's work to encourage voters, including a tour of northern cities. After the election, he mentions that SCLC will return to Mississippi and Alabama, to states that are resisting compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Beyond the election, King announces that SCLC will continue to work toward better jobs for African Americans as well as promoting more effective spending power among African Americans to encourage civil rights through broadening Operation Breadbasket. King's comment on the Nobel Prize's influence on the presidential election is also not recorded.","King first knew he was under consideration for the Nobel Peace Prize in July when 1964 when the committee requested copies of his books and other writings, although he was still surprised when the announcement came in October. King was the second American to win the peace prize and the third black man. The city of Atlanta hosted a special integrated celebratory dinner honoring King after his return from Norway in December.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn37218","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon Calvin Craig condemning Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver for compromising on racial segregation at Klan rally held in Albany, Georgia, 1962 September 3","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from September 3, 1962, Ku Klux Klan members attend a rally in Albany, Georgia, and listen to Georgia Grand Dragon Calvin Craig condemn Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver for his compromises on issues of racial segregation. The clip begins with images of a burning cross and men wearing Klan robes, some with their faces covered. Next, Grand Dragon Calvin Craig, wearing a dark robe with a dragon symbol, asks why Governor Vandiver did not prosecute African Americans who injured several white people during a march that turned violent, presumably the night march that took place on July 24. Craig proposes that Governor Vandiver made a deal with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to not prosecute those involved in the violence in exchange for African American votes for gubernatorial candidate Carl Sanders. Sanders ran as the opponent of Marvin Griffin, a staunch segregationist and former governor of Georgia in the Democratic primary; voters favoring segregation would likely have supported Griffin. Craig then denounces Vandiver for conspiring \"with the Negroes to promote communism here,\" alleging that the governor hid information from the people of Albany, \"that these Negro leaders have a subversive background and are being dominated by communist forces.\" Some civil rights activists had previous affiliation with the Labor movement, and through this the Communist party; Stanley Levison, a key advisor of Dr. Martin Luther King, and Jack O\u0026'Dell, the manager of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)'s New York office, were both affiliated with the Communist party in the 1950s. However, most movement leaders had severed ties with the Communist party years before becoming involved in the civil rights movement or had never been affiliated with communists. Segregationists distorted these previous affiliations as subversion, an effective strategy to malign civil rights activists as unpatriotic; to discourage sympathy for the movement; and to employ the investigative and law enforcement power of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to closely monitor civil rights groups. The Klan rally was held at private property south of the city of Albany, with participants from Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. An estimated three thousand people attended the event.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn50414","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about the need for tolerance, 1966 November","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from November 1966, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks about the need for tolerance. Dr. King appears to speak to an audience at a commencement ceremony in an auditorium or gymnasium; a variety of flags hang on the walls. King asserts that it is impossible to live without members of other races, religions, and traditions and because of this people must learn to live together. He declares that loyalties between people must transcend tribe, class, race, and nation.\u003cp\u003eDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated racial harmony as an important aspect of nonviolence and the ultimate goal of the civil rights movement. King repeated these same themes many times, notably in \"A Christmas Sermon on Peace, given on December 24, 1967 in Ebenezer Baptist Church. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation recorded and broadcast the sermon as part of the Massey lectures.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn51010","record_class":"Item","title":"Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen praises the organizational abilities of Dr. King and the S.C.L.C.","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn47329","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. discussing an alleged Republican plot to encourage African Americans to write-in King's name in the presidential election during a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia on 1964 November 2","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia on November 2, 1964 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. addresses an alleged Republican plot encouraging African Americans to write-in King's name in the upcoming presidential election. The clip's audio track is inconsistent; some comments may not be completely recorded.","The clip begins as King criticizes the write-in plot which he views as a desperate attempt to pull votes away from President Lyndon B. Johnson. King points out that there are six and one half million African Americans registered to vote in the United States and that in many large cities in the nation, the African American vote rivals the white vote. He believes that those who initiated the write-in scheme are seeking to \"keep the election from being the kind of landslide that it should be.\"  King recognizes that Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater may not be responsible for the conspiracy, but does blame the \"ranks of the Republican party and the anti-Democratic and anti-Johnson\" forces for the trickery. Three white reporters sitting at the edge of the room take notes as does a black reporter; a reel-to-reel recording machine runs in the back.","Andrew Young, a minister for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, sits beside King; both Young and King appear speaking, but no audio is recorded. The camera focuses on a Western Unity telegram although the text cannot be read. When the audio returns to the clip, King asserts that encouraging African Americans to write-in his name as a candidate for president takes votes away from the Democratic Party. While King and those working with him have not found the source of funding for the advertisements, he suggests that those supporting Barry Goldwater are responsible. He hopes that \"no responsible officials of the Republican Party would approve such a gesture\" and notes that this action encourages \"the worst racist elements in the country to flood the [Republican] party ranks.\"  King indicates that he found out about the campaign when a California radio station informed him that an advertising agency was buying radio time and encouraging African Americans to write-in King's name. The Washington office of the SCLC also found that \"millions of handbills\" were being passed out with the same message. King emphasizes that he is not a candidate for president and encourages African Americans to vote for one of the candidates on the ballot. The plot to confuse black voters and cause them to cancel their votes \"is a new low in national politics\" and all the more obviously a plot since it was begun so close to the election date.","King reviews some of the challenges overcome by African Americans seeking to vote and announces that since the last election over a million African Americans in the South have registered to vote for the first time. Because many of the newly registered voters have little experience with voting, King declares \"it is therefore all the more damnable that anyone attempt to employ such chicanery to deprive them of a voice\" in the presidential election. King reviews his efforts to make his position for Johnson clear; he believes Johnson's election is a collective effort leading to \"a massive victory\" in part because Americans realize that Goldwater's philosophy \"would take us back to the eighteenth century.\"","An unidentified reporter off-screen asks King about civil rights demonstrations, although the reporter's question is not completely recorded. King says that there will be demonstrations as long as there is segregation, discrimination, and racial injustice. He lists Alabama and Mississippi as states with \"pockets of resistance\" where more African Americans need to register to vote. He also identifies problems in the North including \"jobs, housing, and also quality integrated education\" that civil rights organizations should address. Another unidentified reporter off-screen begins asking King a question that is not completely recorded. Finally, King supports Johnson because of his stand in favor of civil rights. King praises Johnson for the evolution of his opinion on civil rights, who, \"though a Southerner, has been emancipated on this issue.\" He describes Johnson as an emancipated Southerner who sees the moral issue of civil rights. On November 3, Lyndon Johnson won the 1964 presidential election, beating Barry Goldwater by one of the largest percentages in history and winning ninety-six percent of the African American vote. Goldwater won in Arizona, his home state, as well as Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn47223","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking to reporters about the upcoming presidential election and efforts by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to encourage African Americans to vote, Savannah, Georgia, 1964 October 3","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB-TV newsfilm clip from Savannah, Georgia on October 3, 1964, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to reporters at a press conference about the upcoming presidential election and efforts by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to encourage African Americans to vote in the election. The clip begins with Dr. King apparently answering a reporter's question about candidate endorsement. King emphasizes that although SCLC has not endorsed incumbent Lyndon B. Johnson, they have clearly spoken against Republican candidate Arizona Senator Barry M. Goldwater. Additionally SCLC is \"out to get rid of Goldwater-ism in this nation.\"","After a break in the clip, King announces a nationwide drive \"to bring to bear the moral weight of the nation's churchmen\" on the upcoming election. King reports that at the recent SCLC annual convention held in Savannah, Georgia, delegates adopted a resolution \"urging churchmen across the country to express their religious convictions by going to the polls on November 3 and voting in their local, state, and national elections for those candidates who will seek to translate into public policy and practice the basic ethical insights of our Judeo-Christian heritage.\" He also announces a program to encourage churches and synagogues to observe a \"Civil Responsibility Day\" during their services before the election where they recognize registered voters and organize car pools. SCLC undertakes these actions to combat \"possible voter apathy\" and out of a perceived need \"that the weight of the religious and moral forces of our nation be felt at the polls.\" Reverend Walter Fauntroy, King continues, will lead the program to encourage voters from the national office in Washington D.C., and SCLC will employ \"full-time local organizers in major urban centers.\" King anticipates that these voting efforts will cost nearly one hundred thousand dollars, with SCLC providing several thousand dollars to begin the effort. The remainder of the money will be raised through \"national religious bodies, organized labor, and men of goodwill and civil concern.\"","The clip breaks and King asserts that although SCLC is against Goldwater, the voting effort will be a nonpartisan one, recognizing there are worthy Republican candidates in local and state elections. After another break he confirms an effort to encourage the participation of African American voters, nearly six million nationally and over two million in the South. An unidentified reporter begins comments that are incompletely recorded after which King calls the 1964 election \"possibly the most crucial and decisive election ever held in the history of our nation.\" Finally, King states a goal of ninety to ninety-five percent turn out among African American registered voters as well as an emphasis on \"large areas in the north.\" Efforts to encourage African American voters helped Johnson win the 1964 election by one of the largest percentages of the century to that point. Ninety-six percent of African Americans who voted in the election voted for Johnson. It was also the last election in the twentieth century where a Democratic candidate received a majority of white voters.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn30213","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Paschal's and its evolution into the \"Restaurant of politicians\" during the civil rights movement, Atlanta, Georgia, 1978 November 15","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Reporter: Pickard, Marc.","Paschal's and its evolution into the \"Restaurant of politicians\" during Civil Rights movement","Title supplied by cataloger.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for digital conversion and description of the WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33344","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. asking that president John F. Kennedy issue a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation\" declaring segregation illegal, 1961 June","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip possibly from June 1961, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. calls upon president John F. Kennedy to issue a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation\" declaring segregation illegal. King asserts that the time has come for the president to issue an executive order against segregation. He declares that the United States' world position demands an end to segregation.","President Abraham Lincoln issued the first emancipation proclamation which ended slavery in Southern states on January 1, 1863. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. proposed on several occasions that president John F. Kennedy should issue an executive order which he referred to as a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation\" which would end segregation in the nation; King hoped such an order would be announced before the centennial of the first emancipation proclamation. King felt that the United States limited its influence as a world power by continuing to keep a large percentage of its population as second-class citizens. He prepared supporting documentation which he later presented to president Kennedy, although the president declined to issue such an order. Kennedy did announce and propose civil rights legislation ending segregation in public accommodations, government, housing, and employment in June 1963 after the University of Alabama integration. The legislation became the 1964 Civil Rights Act signed by president Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34577","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. leaving the Georgia State Prison in the company of Donald Hollowell, Ralph D. Abernathy, and Wyatt T. Walker, Reidsville, Georgia, 1960 October 27","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Reidsville, Tattnall County, Georgia, Dr. Martin Luther King leaves the Georgia State Prison in the company of Donald Hollowell, his lawyer, and Reverends Ralph D. Abernathy and Wyatt T. Walker on October 27, 1960. The clip begins with King, Hollowell, Abernathy and Walker walking away from the prison building and through the surrounding fencing; Rev. Abernathy appears to carry a bag. A white reporter stops the four men and asks King to comment on the influence of senator John F. Kennedy, presidential candidate, and his family on King's release. While King reports that he does not know the details leading to his release, he is grateful for Kennedy's concern and assistance which he attributes to Kennedy's \"real concern and his humanitarian bent\" rather than to the candidate's desire for political gain. On October 19, 1960 Dr. King was arrested at Rich's department store in Atlanta, Georgia during a sit-in demonstration. City officials and civil rights leaders reached a demonstration-ending compromise on October 22 in which the city agreed to seek the release of jailed protesters; King and others arrested in DeKalb County were not released. County officials also chose to reopen a case against King from earlier in 1960 when King was arrested for driving without a Georgia driver's license. Although his sentence was suspended pending good behavior, county officials alleged the sit-in arrest was a violation of King's probation, reinstated the former sentence, and transferred King to Reidsville early the morning of October 26. At the urging of campaign staff members, presidential candidate, senator John F. Kennedy called Coretta Scott King, King's wife, after the arrest. On October 28, DeKalb County judge Oscar Mitchell agreed to release King on two thousand dollar bond during the appeal of the original sentence; Mitchell indicated Robert Kennedy, senator Kennedy's brother and campaign manager, was among those who sought to intervene.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38280","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of crowds waiting outside of Ebenezer Baptist Church as the body of Alberta Williams King, mother of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., lies in state, Atlanta, Georgia, 1974 July 2","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip dated July 2, 1974, a crowd of mourners and observers gather around Ebenezer Baptist Church for the viewing of the body of Alberta Williams King, mother of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., as her body lies in state at Ebenezer Baptist Church the day before her funeral. A large crowd is gathered in the Auburn Avenue neighborhood surrounding the church; members of the King family, including Coretta Scott King and Christine King Farris are seen in attendance. The clip's audio track is comprised of background noise captured from the event.","The clip begins with a shot of a hearse parked in front of the entrance of the Ebenezer Baptist Church; a stream of spectators and mourners are cordoned off on the sidewalk by the church. A close-up shot shows an unidentified African American man taking photographs with an instant camera. Onlookers have also gathered across the street as they observe activities at the church. Throughout the clip, footage of mourners and observers lined up in front of the church and on sidewalks along Auburn Avenue are interspersed with the activities taking place in front of the","church. A police officer adjusts the cordon separating the crowd from the open church doors, while church ushers dressed in suits wait in front of the church entrance. Next, a police motorcycle escort leads several limousines down Auburn Avenue to park in front of Ebenezer Baptist Church; the limousines are then guided by church attendants into parking spots. Several members of the King family are helped out of the automobiles by ushers, including Christine King Farris, elder sister of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and daughter of Alberta Williams King. Farris is dressed in white and is wearing dark glasses; she is holding onto a large white purse. As she makes her way towards the church entrance, she grasps the hands of two children; presumably her children Isaac Farris, Jr. and Angela","Farris. After she enters the church, a large crowd of people follow behind her. The camera then turns its focus to the Ebenezer Baptist Church sign; the clip breaks, and then continues with another shot of the church sign.","Next, the camera pans across Auburn Avenue, where a large crowd of onlookers are lined up across the street from Ebenezer Baptist Church. Large crowds of people are gathered on both sides of the street, and traffic is blocked by a hearse in the center of the road. The clip jumps to a shot of an usher carrying a large bouquet of white flowers towards the church entrance. The clip breaks again, and an unidentified member of the King family's party weeps as she is led by two ushers to a limousine. Next, in the foreground of the shot, an elderly woman is led to the same vehicle just as Christine King Farris exits the church in the background. The clip breaks to a shot of Coretta Scott King leaving the church, accompanied by her sons Dexter King and Martin Luther King III; she is followed by her two daughters Yolanda King and Bernice King. An unidentified African American man in an orange shirt extends his hand to her; she shakes it, then she waves to the crowd and seats herself in the car with the rest of her family. The clip breaks, and an usher opens the door to a limousine for another unidentified female member of the King family's party. This is followed by several shots of the crowd surrounding the church. Next, an African American police officer conducting traffic on Auburn Avenue instructs the camera operator to get out of the street; he then motions for several vehicles in the procession to pass. The clip breaks again; the next shot is of several pallbearers carrying a white casket out of the front of the church. There is an abrupt shot of several men standing in front of a hearse; a large floral arrangement is propped in front of its open back doors. The camera jumps to another shot of members of the crowd, then to Christine King Farris exiting the church with members of her family, and stepping into a vehicle (off-camera). There are several more shots of the crowd, followed by the pallbearers placing the white casket into the back of the hearse. Onlookers press their faces against the windows of the hearse to look at the casket; this is followed by a shot of the casket in the back of the hearse. Next, a man closes the door to the back of the hearse. The casket can be seen from the back window, and is framed by a white curtain. The clip ends with a shot of the sign hanging over the front doorway of Ebenezer Baptist Church.","On June 30, 1974, during Sunday services at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Alberta Williams King was fatally shot by Marcus Chenault, a twenty-three-year-old African American man from Ohio who claimed \"all Christians are my enemies\" shortly after the murder. Chenault also killed the church deacon, Edward Boykin, and injured another member of the congregation.  A retired church organist at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Alberta Williams King had returned to play for a reunion of former church choir members, and was leading a rendition of \"The Lord's Prayer\" when she was shot. In her honor, Atlanta mayor Maynard Jackson ordered the flags on all Atlanta city buildings to be flown at half-mast. A memorial service was held in Sisters Chapel at Spelman College at 7:00 pm, on July 2, where Morehouse president emeritus Dr. Benjamin Mays delivered the eulogy. Her body was then returned back to Ebenezer Baptist Church to lie in state for public viewing.  Alberta Williams King's funeral was held the next morning at Ebenezer Baptist Church on July 3; U.S. representative from Georgia Andrew Young officiated at the service. Funeral attendees included members of the King family, second lady of the United States Betty Ford, Georgia governor Jimmy Carter, and Mayor Jackson. She was buried in the same double mausoleum at Atlanta's South-View cemetery that had previously held her son Martin Luther King, Jr.'s remains.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Former title \"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of crowds watching as the body of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is moved from Southview Cemetery to the King Center in Atlanta, Georgia, 1974 July 2.\" Further research shows that the event taking place is for the viewing of the body of Alberta Williams King, mother of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., as her body lies in state at Ebenezer Baptist Church the day before her funeral. The King family made careful arrangements to move Martin Luther King's body privately. Several transfers were conducted before daylight, and without the presence of cameras. The first of these transfers, which involved moving his remains from South-View Cemetery to a lot adjacent to Ebenezer Baptist Church, took place on January 13, 1970. These events are described in Christine Farris King's 2009 book Through It All: Reflections On My Life, My Family, and My Faith. New York: Atria Books, pp. 137-139."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40931","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. responding to a reporter's question about president John F. Kennedy's speech on civil rights and the murder of Medgar Evers, Atlanta, Georgia, 1963 June 12","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB-TV newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia on June 12, 1963 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. responds to an unidentified off-screen reporter's questions about president John F. Kennedy's speech on civil rights and the murder of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) field officer Medgar Evers in Jackson, Mississippi. King asserts that the events of the evening will encourage African Americans in the struggle for civil rights. When asked of a connection between Kennedy's speech and Evers' murder, King recognizes that those who murdered the NAACP worker may have been upset at Kennedy's public support of civil rights.\u003cp\u003eOn June 12, 1963 following the peaceful integration of the University of Alabama, United States president John F. Kennedy spoke in a televised address in which he highlighted the national importance of the civil rights struggle. That same evening, NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers, leader of a civil rights campaign in Jackson, Mississippi, was shot to death as he walked between his car and his home.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn53555","record_class":"Item","title":"Mrs. King arrives back in Atlanta. S.C.L.C. officials at Atlanta airport. King's body arrives in Atlanta","mediums":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger.","Clip number: wsbn53555"]},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33897","record_class":"Item","title":"Ministers' Negotiations, February 16th 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33930","record_class":"Item","title":"Frank Holloman, Dir. Memphis Fire and Police, August 14th 1973","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"tws_33718_33843","record_class":"Item","title":"MLK's Mountaintop Speech, 1968","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"suc_p17173coll18_106","record_class":"Item","title":"Justice for all: Local television news footage during the civil rights movement in South Carolina, 1960-1969--exhibit","mediums":["motion pictures (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["This curated program was created for display in the exhibit \"Justice for All: South Carolina and the American Civil Rights Movement.\" The exhibit was installed in the Hollings Library galleries from February 7-August 2, 2019.\u0026#xA;The edited video contains excerpts of the following news stories from the WIS and WLTX TV News collections. The original outtakes can be viewed online in their entirety in the Local Television Newsfilm Collections.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 60-5010. Greenville Downtown Airport demonstrations--outtakes. January 1, 1960.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 60-5007. Allen and Benedict students demonstrate on Main Street, Columbia--outtakes. March 2, 1960.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 60-5011. Eckerd Drug store sit-in and arrests--outtakes. March 14, 1960.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 60-5013. Governor Hollings warns students against demonstrating--outtakes. March 1960.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 60-5005. Civil rights demonstrations in Orangeburg--outtakes. March 15, 1960.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 60-5003. Rock Hill civil rights protests and counter protestors--outtakes. 1960.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 61-81. Integration demonstrations at State House--outtakes. March 2, 1961.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 63-1469. Harvey Gantt interviewed at Clemson--outtakes. January 1963.\u0026#xA; --WIS-TV News Story 63-631. Bethea on national news media and integration--outtakes. March 1963.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 63-670. Robert F. Kennedy arrives in South Carolina--outtakes. April 1963.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 63-251. Thurmond on civil rights proposals--handout. June 20, 1963.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 63-1501. Monteith on University of South Carolina desegregation--outtakes. July 1963.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 63-1471. Gloria Rackley on student demonstrators--outtakes. Late 1963.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 68-5000. News report and NAACP response to Orangeburg Massacre--outtakes. February 9, 1968.\u0026#xA;--WLTX-TV News Story 155. Demonstrations to protest Orangeburg Massacre--outtakes. March 7, 1968.\u0026#xA;--WLTX-TV News Story 389-390. Students demonstrate at State House--outtakes. March 13, 1968.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 66-179. Martin Luther King Jr. on voting--outtakes. May 9, 1966.\u0026#xA;--WLTX-TV News Story 165. Ralph Abernathy interview in Columbia--outtakes. May 8, 1969.\u0026#xA;--WIS-TV News Story 69-5000. Charleston hospital strike--outtakes. April 25-30, 1969."]},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-497","record_class":"Item","title":"Video Recording of Legacy of a Dream, Documentary about Martin Luther King, Jr., 1974","mediums":["video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"wsu_croh_schulke","record_class":"Item","title":"Flip Schulke describes his experiences photographing race issues in Mississippi and the south","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["Flip Schulke talks about his experiences photographing race related stories in the south. He discusses photographing the admission of the first black student, James Meredith, into the University of Mississippi. The effects of the assassination on Martin Luther King on the protests and marches is talked about. He finishes by discussing the differences between the youth of the 60s and the youth of today, and the effects of the protest movements.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"mus_sovcom_99-93-0-56-1-1-1","record_class":"Item","title":"Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission photograph of a signed petition calling for an executive pardon for Carl Braden, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961","mediums":["petitions","letters (correspondence)","texts (document genres)"],"dcterms_description":["Petition","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"suc_idn_idn2183","record_class":"Item","title":"Sermon, 1970, based on Acts 26:19","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["2 pages","Two page handwritten sermon that quotes from Acts 26:19, emphasizes the importance of vision in leadership, and cites the name of leaders with vision, including Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Edison, Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Martin Luther King, Jr., among others.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"gsu_labor_14559","record_class":"Item","title":"Humphrey: Dedication of Building","mediums":["audiocassettes"],"dcterms_description":["Recording of the dedication ceremony for the 714 West Johnson Street building for the AFL CIO in North Carolina. In this recording, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, former Vice President of the United States gives two speeches honoring the dedication of the new building for the labor union. In his dedication, he announces his candidacy for the upcoming presidential election and discusses his history in politics and relationship to the labor movement in Minnesota and North Carolina as well as the general progress of the labor movement in the United States. Wilbur Hobby and other union leaders give introduction speeches for Humphrey and for the dedication event."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_101896","record_class":"Item","title":"King Center for Non-Violent Social Change","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Consists of correspondence and documents of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Includes planning correspondence and publicity materials for the 1983 20th Anniversary March on Washington, a 1982 King Center annual report, a program for the 1983 Martin Luther King, Jr. lecture series, and publicity materials for the King Center's 1982 and 1983 celebrations of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday."]},{"record_id":"pth_bcja_metapth594999","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King: Jobs and Freedom in 1975","mediums":["speeches (documents)"],"dcterms_description":["Text of speech delivered by Barbara Jordan regarding Martin Luther King's legacy and the ongoing difficulties facing civil rights in the United States."]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_william-g-anderson-b-1927","record_class":"Item","title":"William G. Anderson (b. 1927)","mediums":["articles"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about William Gilchrist Anderson, who received national attention during the early 1960s as the president of the Albany Movement. Thereafter, he distinguished himself as an osteopathic physician, surgeon, educator, and hospital administrator. Born in Americus on December 12, 1927, to Emma Jean Gilchrist and John Daniel Anderson Sr., Anderson enrolled at Fort Valley State College (later Fort Valley State University), where he pursued a premedical course of study. His education was interrupted in 1944 when, at the age of seventeen, he enlisted in the U.S. Navy in the midst of World War II; he was eventually assigned to a company stationed in the Philippines and was selected to join the navy's Hospital Corpsmen. After the war ended, Anderson graduated from the Atlanta College of Mortuary Science and worked briefly at a black funeral home in Montgomery, Alabama. Later after a visit to the Albany office of physician Willie Joe Reese, Anderson decided to pursue a career in osteopathy.With Reese's assistance, Anderson was admitted to the Des Moines Still College of Osteopathy in Iowa and completed his degree in 1956.","He interned at the prestigious Flint Osteopathic Hospital in Michigan, returning to Georgia afterwards to set up his medical practice in Albany. There Anderson joined a small but close-knit community of black professionals, most of whom belonged to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Urban League, or the Criterion Club, a local civic organization. The arrival of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) activists in the fall of 1961 inspired Albany's black residents to press more aggressively for racial reform. The city's black leaders formed the Albany Movement in mid-November, and they selected Anderson as their president because he was relatively new to town and largely insulated from white economic reprisals by his private practice. As tensions escalated he became convinced that local leaders lacked the financial and organizational resources to mount a successful protest. In order to shore up the movement's weaknesses, Anderson invited his old friends Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy to lead demonstrations in Albany. Although many observers deemed the Albany Movement unsuccessful, subsequent appraisals have credited the movement with increasing the number of registered black voters, inspiring protest in neighboring communities, and hastening the ultimate desegregation of Albany's public facilities, which occurred only one year following the movement's conclusion. Following the Albany Movement's dissolution in 1962, Anderson accepted an appointment as house physician at Art Centre Hospital in Detroit, Michigan. In 1964 he became the first black surgical resident in Detroit's history, and thereafter conducted a group surgical practice in the city until 1984. During this period he remained active in the civil rights movement, serving as a member on the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's board of directors, among other capacities.","In the years that followed, Anderson accepted a variety of administrative and educational positions in the medical profession including service within the American Osteopathic Association (including becoming the first African American president of the AOA in 1994), as a clinical professor of surgery at the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific (later Western University of Health Sciences) in California, as an associate clinical professor at the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, and as associate dean of the Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine in Missouri.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11"]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_coretta-scott-king-1927-2006","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King (1927-2006)","mediums":["articles"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Coretta Scott King, a proponent of civil and human rights, who helped her husband, the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., lead the modern civil rights movement. During their life together, she was his helpmate, raising their four children while supporting his efforts to promote nonviolent social change in race relations during the 1950s and 1960s. Born in 1927 in Heiberger, Alabama, she graduated from Lincoln Normal School, a private school in Marion, Alabama, supported by the American Missionary Association. She then studied music education and sang with choirs at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, graduating in 1951. Her excellence as a singer earned her a scholarship to New England Conservatory of Music in Boston where she received further music training. She often used her singing talents to raise funds for various civil and human rights causes and activities. She and Martin Luther King, Jr., met in Boston and were married in 1953.After her husband's assassination in 1968, she articulated a vision of his nonviolence expressed internationally through the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change that she founded in Atlanta as a memorial to her slain husband.To foster remembrance of his life and work, she advocated a federal holiday to celebrate his January birthday. She died in January 2006 at a holistic health hospital in Mexico and was both the first woman and the first African American to lie in state at the state capitol rotunda in Atlanta, Georgia.She was buried with her husband at the King Center.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11, SS2H1"]},{"record_id":"pth_bcja_metapth595259","record_class":"Item","title":"Eulogy of the Late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["speeches (documents)"],"dcterms_description":["Text of speech wherein Barbara Jordan eulogizes Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking of his accomplishments, his effect on the politics of the United States, and his death."]},{"record_id":"stf_sc0066_sh283zt0821","record_class":"Item","title":"SCOPE (SCLC) Orientation, speakers include: Ralph Abernathy, Hosea Williams and Martin Luther King, 0079, 0084, 0085, 0086, 0087, 0088, 0089, 0090, 0091, 0093, 0095, 0096, 0097, 0098, 0099, 0100, 0101, 0432, 0433, 0434, 0435, 0436, 0437","mediums":["sound recordings","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"kdl_abrad_19901103zellner","record_class":"Item","title":"Interview with Robert Zellner, November 3, 1990","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","sound recordings","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Interview with Bob Zellner, November 3, 1990 conducted by Catherine Fosl.","Bob Zellner, a white Southerner and anti-racist activist during the 1960s, discusses his involvement in the Civil Rights Movement, beginning when he was a student at Huntingdon College in Montgomery, Alabama. In this interview, he tells of his introduction to the movement when he and four fellow students were asked to leave Huntingdon after attending civil rights meetings and non-violent workshops at a nearby black college. Zellner speaks about meeting Anne Braden, who became a mentor to him, and joining SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) in 1961 as their first white field secretary. He also discusses being arrested various times while working for SNCC and the creation of the GROW (Grass Roots Organizing Work) project, an education center for organizing black and white workers."]},{"record_id":"gsu_aflcio_27412","record_class":"Item","title":"Assorted organizations, reports and bulletins, 1964-1971","mediums":["files (document groupings)"],"dcterms_description":["Shortly after the merger in 1955, the AFL-CIO set up a Civil Rights Department, which was designed to investigate various fields of civil rights activity.","The Records, 1963-1972, of the Civil Rights Department of the AFL-CIO Southern Region consist primarily of printed material and correspondence of private groups, government commissions, and committees from organized labor, working in the various fields of civil rights activity--equal and open housing, school desegregation, human relations, and fair and equal employment opportunities.","Consists of reports, articles, and published statements of various labor, civil rights, and social service organizations. Contents include an 1967 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) report on urban minority employment; Southern Regional Council (SRC) materials promoting minimum wage legislation, and articles from the AFL-CIO American Federationist magazine. Also includes newspaper and magazine clippings related to strikes and boycotts."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn55578","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Ralph Abernathy says the American system is guilty of Dr. Martin Luther King's death.","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Rev. Ralph Abernathy says the American system is guilty of Dr. Martin Luther King's death.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn54017","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of participants of the Poor People's March gathering and eating at Morehouse College, Atlanta, Georgia, 1968 May 29","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["Poor People's Marchers led by S.C.L.C.'s Abernathy, eat and gather at Morehouse College","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn49973","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a demonstration protesting the Georgia legislature's refusal to seat Julian Bond, Atlanta, Georgia, 1966 January 14","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from a march held in Atlanta, Georgia on January 14, 1966, marchers protest the Georgia legislature's refusal to allow Julian Bond to serve in the legislature, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to the demonstrators. The first segment of clips begins with a silent portion where the crowd of demonstrators helps a car back through the group and then walks behind the car. People line the sidewalk and step over handbills on the ground. Georgia state troopers wearing helmets line the capitol steps; demonstrators cheer, talk, and walk past the troopers. Some of the demonstrators hold signs with the slogans \"Dissent is not treason\" and \"Freedom of speech was lynched here Monday.\"  A man hands out papers to the passing crowd in front of the capitol building. In an audio section of the clip, the crowd cheers and chants as they march past troopers on the capitol steps, and an African American man speaks to the troopers, but his comments are not recorded. At a podium in front of the crowd, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. proclaims the demonstrators' support for Julian Bond. He continues after a break in the clip by affirming that African Americans supporting Bond and working for civil rights love the United States. The love of America, King declares, leads demonstrators to work, suffer, and even die in order to right the wrongs in the country, including to help seat Julian Bond in the Georgia legislature; the crowd cheers in response to King's comments. The second segment begins with the crowd singing freedom songs. Demonstrators passing troopers lined up on the steps of the capitol cheer and hold a sign with the slogan \"Seat 136th,\" referring to the district which elected Julian Bond. King speaks again but his comments are not completely recorded. A young woman holds a sign with the slogan \"Justice died in the House of Representatives;\" the sign shows an empty chair. The clip ends with the crowd marching, cheering in front of the state troopers, and stepping over leaflets on the ground.\u003cp\u003eJulian Bond, SNCC communications director, was elected to the 136th district of the Georgia legislature in November 1965, one of ten African Americans elected to the legislature that year. After publicly endorsing the SNCC anti-Vietnam statement stating respect for those who burned their draft cards, members of the House of Representatives voted one hundred eighty-four to twelve to not allow Bond to serve in the House on January 10, the first day of the legislative session. Later that year the United States Supreme Court ruled that Bond's statement was within his first amendment rights, and the Georgia legislature had to seat him. Bond served as a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1965 to 1975.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn48213","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking about the work of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in Chicago as well as current political parties, Atlanta, Georgia, 1965 June","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from Atlanta, Georgia in June 1965 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to reporters at a Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) press conference with Hosea Williams and Bayard Rustin about work in Chicago and current political parties. The clip's audio is inconsistent; comments may not be completely recorded.","The clip begins with a series of silent shots of Dr. King, Hosea Williams, and Bayard Rustin sitting at a table with microphones in front of them and a sign for the Summer Community Organization and Political Education (SCOPE) project, led by Hosea Williams with the assistance of Bayard Rustin, behind them. There are also views of people taking notes. Sound begins at about 20 seconds into the clip. King praises president Lyndon B. Johnson for his \"creative leadership in the area of civil rights.\" He next asserts the importance of ending \"de facto segregation\" in cities like Chicago, where SCLC plans to \"bring these issues out into the open\" and \"to place it before the conscience of the community so that a change can take place.\"  When asked by an unidentified off-screen reporter if he has been invited to Chicago, King replies that leaders invited him to the city and that while he has been unable to go, he hopes to travel there soon.","After a silent portion of the clip that is almost 2 minutes long, another unidentified off-screen reporter asks King if he supports demonstrations in Chicago to seek the removal of school superintendent Dr. Benjamin Willis. King indicates he \"strongly supports\" the program and feels that Dr. Willis does not understand the problem of de facto segregation in Chicago schools. Speaking more about the possibility of visiting Chicago, King clarifies that he is working with local leadership \"to determine the most decisive moment.\"  Asked further about the removal of superintendent Willis, King emphasizes the importance of finding the right replacement. Next King presents his opinion relative to endorsing candidates and pledges to continue to follow a nonpartisan role in such matters. King recognizes that \"someone must stand in the position of being the conscience of both political parties and neither the master nor the servant of either.\"  In the case of the 1964 presidential election, King stresses that he felt he had to take a stand against \"Goldwater-ism\" and that faced with the same choice in the future he would do so again. The clip ends with a man off-screen informing the reporters that copies and refreshments are available for them.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44758","record_class":"Item","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at a mass meeting as well as a civil rights march and the arrest of marchers in Albany, Georgia, 1961 December","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Albany, Georgia, in December, 1961, police detain African American civil rights protesters in an alley; a march leaves Shiloh Baptist Church and is met downtown by Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett; and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to a mass meeting at Shiloh Baptist Church and encourages listeners to continue their struggle against segregation.","The clip begins with a group of African Americans gathered in an alley which is blocked by a car. Policemen are on one side of the car, and cameramen filming the incident are on the other. Several African American men carry an unconscious woman from the alley to the car where police help her inside. Some of the African Americans waiting in the alley examine a camera, comfort each other, and later kneel and pray. Next, images of a mass meeting in Shiloh Baptist Church are interspersed with scenes of a march leaving the church and continuing through the African American section of Albany. March leaders include King, Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy, Dr. William G. Anderson, president of the Albany Movement, and his wife, Norma Anderson. Chief Pritchett addresses the march participants with a bullhorn when they reach downtown. Other African Americans, raingear-clad police, and media representatives observe the march. On Saturday, December 16, 1961, after city officials refused to meet with local black leaders, more than 250 Albany residents joined King, Abernathy, and the Andersons, marched downtown, and were arrested. Finally, the audio portion of the clip begins with scenes of a standing-room-only mass meeting in Shiloh Baptist Church where the congregation sings \"Pray on\" in a call-and-response style, led by a man, possibly Reverend Benjamin Gay, chaplain of the Albany Movement. King also addresses the meeting, emphasizing that Albany needs to be informed that African Americans do not like segregation. He stresses that segregation is still the \"Negro's burden and America's shame;\" he notes that by pressing on with anti-segregation demonstrations, that activists could reach beyond Albany's African American community and prove the continuation of segregation to be too costly to the nation. Individuals identified on the dais in the clip include King; Dr. Anderson; Reverend Wyatt Walker, director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); Marion Page, executive secretary of the Albany Movement; and Ruby Hurley, lawyer for the NAACP. At the conclusion of King's speech, the audience sings, \"Everybody Wants Freedom.\"  King's speech was probably given December 15, after his arrival in Albany and before his arrest December 16.","Title supplied by cataloger."]},{"record_id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44763","record_class":"Item","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. William G. Anderson, Albany Movement president, speaking about his experience jailed for a just cause and of Marion Page, Albany Movement executive secretary, speaking about results of negotiations with the city in a mass meeting held at Shiloh Baptist Church in Albany, Georgia, 1961 December 18","mediums":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from a mass meeting held at Shiloh Baptist Church on Monday, December 18, 1961, Dr. William G. Anderson, Albany Movement president, comments on his experience being jailed for a just cause; and Marion Page, Albany Movement executive secretary, outlines the day's results of negotiations with city officials.","On Friday, December 16, police arrested Anderson, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Reverend Ralph Abernathy, and over 250 demonstrators for marching without a parade permit. Abernathy was bailed out of jail on December 16 so that he could arrange outside support while King and Anderson remained in prison. Negotiations between Albany Movement activists and city officials began on Monday, December 18, and lasted all day; prominent Albany officials, such as mayor Asa D. Kelley and police chief Laurie Pritchett, were included in these discussions. On the table were demands to release jailed activists. Finally, the two groups agreed to release jailed demonstrators on bond and to appoint a biracial committee to further negotiate the demands of the Albany Movement on the condition that King and Abernathy leave the city and that demonstrations stop.","In segments of the clip, Marion Page delivers negotiation results in a prepared public statement to reporters and to attendees of the mass meeting. Page explains that the city police agreed to comply with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ruling that desegregated bus and train stations, and to facilitate bond release for demonstrators. Page clarifies that the Albany Movement will not lead demonstrations or attempt further negotiations until after the new city commission takes office in January. Finally, Page reveals that Chief Pritchett has agreed to accompany him to the year's first city commission meeting and to recommend that the commission give Movement requests full consideration.","While these arrangements were made by the Albany Movement in good faith with city leaders, Albany officials quickly reneged, and announced to the press that no concessions had been made; in response, Albany Movement-led demonstrations resumed in January 1962.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."]},{"record_id":"gych_rogp_068","record_class":"Item","title":"Glenn Anthony, 29 January 2009.","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Glenn Anthony was born in Lenoir City, Tennessee, in 1924. He attended the University of Tennessee and studied journalism. He transferred to Florida State University and graduated in 1952. He first worked for a company newspaper at the Oakridge National Laboratory in Oakridge, Tennessee. After his marriage, he started work at the Palm Beach Post Times in Florida. When he reported for the United Press International, he covered various civil rights groups in Alabama and Tennessee. He entered politics when he went to work for the Georgia Chamber of Commerce, lobbying for business interests. He was involved in establishing numerous programs, including Stay and See Georgia, a travel program. He lobbied for over twenty years with the Georgia Chamber of Commerce and the Georgia Forestry Association.","Finding aid available in repository.","Related materials available in the following collections of this repository: Reflections on Georgia Politics Oral History Collection, ROGP 146 Bill Hardman; Reflections on Georgia Politics Oral History Collection, ROGP 056 Mary Anne Summers.","Glenn Anthony recalls his childhood in Lenoir City, Tennessee, and subsequent Navy service in the South Pacific. Anthony discusses his work at the Oakridge National Laboratory, the Palm Beach Post Times, and United Press International. He recalls working in Montgomery during important civil rights events such as the bus boycott. Anthony discusses his friendship with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Anthony recalls being reassigned to Atlanta to work as a capitol reporter. He discusses his experience as a journalist covering Governor Marvin Griffin, including Griffin's indirect answers and his investigations into corruption in the Griffin administration. Anthony discusses Governor Sanders' approach to integration, his ties to Washington, D.C. and his role in bringing professional sports teams to Atlanta. He also comments on what makes a good lobbyist, a bad lobbyist, and public perception of what lobbyists do. Anthony recalls being hired by the Georgia Chamber of Commerce to lobby for business interests. He discusses coordinating governmental affairs tours with political participants such as Governors Sanders, Vandiver, Talmadge, and Maddox and Congressman Landrum. He also mentions his work with Congressional dinners and the Star Student program. Anthony explains the nicknames he has been assigned over the years such a \"joree\" \"tiger\" and \"Colonel.\"","Interviewed by Bob Short."]},{"record_id":"gych_rogp_104","record_class":"Item","title":"Reg Murphy, 09 February 2010.","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Reg Murphy recalls growing up in Gainesville, Georgia, and attending Mercer University. He discusses working for the Macon Telegraph and covering the integration of the University of Georgia. Murphy recalls receiving a Neiman Fellowship at Harvard University for a year. Murphy recalls covering the state capitol for first the Macon Telegraph and then the Atlanta Constitution. He recalls uncovering corruption in the Griffin Administration. Murphy recalls covering events during Governor Vandiver's administration including the demise of the unit system and the Baker v. Carr reapportionment case. He recalls working with Ralph McGill and explains how he was offered the role of editor of the Atlanta Constitution. Murphy discusses Bill Hartsfield's and Ivan Allen's roles in advancing the national reputation of Atlanta and Georgia overall. He recalls the development of Georgia Tech and the University of Georgia and Dr. Martin Luther King's influence on African American political activity in Atlanta. Murphy weighs in on the Three Governors Controversy in 1944 and the tumultuous 1966 gubernatorial election that involved the United States Supreme Court. Murphy comments on the \"one man, one vote\" decision and explains its significance in Georgia history. He also discusses the importance of Atlanta as a hub for the Civil Rights Movement, recalling the actions of Ralph David Abernathy and Vernon Jordon. Murphy reflects on Jimmy Carter's campaign for governor and subsequently President. Murphy recalls being kidnapped by extremists, discusses the kidnapping of Patty Hearst, and comments on the state of print journalism in America.","John Reginald \"Reg\" Murphy was born in 1934 in Gainesville, Georgia. He attended Mercer University in Macon, and worked for the Macon Telegraph. In 1955 he opened the Atlanta bureau of the Macon Telegraph. He was chosen to be a Neiman Fellow at Harvard in 1959, and in 1961 went to work for the Atlanta Constitution as political editor. He became managing editor of Atlanta magazine in 1965, and returned to the Constitution in 1968, succeeding Ralph McGill as editor. In 1975 Murphy left Georgia for the San Francisco Examiner, and in 1981 went to the Baltimore Sun. In 1996 he joined the National Geographic Society as president and chief executive. In 1999 his biography of Griffin Bell, Uncommon Sense: The Achievement of Griffin Bell was published.","Finding aid available in repository.","Interviewed by Bob Short."]},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0358","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio Recording of Church Service for Martin Luther King Jr. Day at the First Congregational Church, undated","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0985","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio recording of A. Young at table with other people answering questions about Atlanta and being mayor, civil rights movement, undated","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aarl_andrewyoung-oh_aarl-young-0992","record_class":"Item","title":"Audio Recording of A. Young Speaking at Church in Ohio, undated","mediums":["sound recordings"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-goreau_12436765510006326","record_class":"Item","title":"LG096 Interview: Missie Wilkerson","mediums":["interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Side 1 and 2: Interview with Missie Wilkerson on 1973-07-28 or 1973-09-28, continued on Tape ID: LG097. Abstract for Wilkerson: [00:00-30:11] Longtime friend of Mahalia Jackson, Missie Wilkerson, talks extensively about hers and Jackson's relationships with the Rockefeller family. She shares a story about her time working as a cook for the family in 1951 – 3:24. Later she discusses the financial support Jackson received from the Rockefellers including the fact that Nelson Rockefeller sponsored Jackson's Salute to Black Women event – 9:01. Wilkerson speaks about Jackson's close relationship to Coretta Scott King – 15:00. Wilkerson, Goreau and Wilkerson's niece spend several minutes trying to remember a quote about Jackson by Martin Luther King Jr. that was then shared by Coretta at Jackson's funeral – 18:11. Wilkerson shares a story about Jackson coming home with a large sum of money after a benefit concert. Jackson subsequently entrusted the money to Wilkerson, who rolled it up in a towel and slept with it – 24:40. The interview continues on LG096Goreau_Side2 with Wilkerson describing how Jackson earned the first $25 of her career after being hired by Clarence McGowan to sing at funerals. She explains that from then on McGowan always purchased flowers from Jackson's shop and requested Jackson to sing at his own funeral. She was unavailable and suggested Albertina Walker instead – 7:24. Goreau and Wilkerson discuss the assorted people who worked with Jackson at her beauty shop and later, her flower shop – 9:07. Wilkerson describes the close relationship that developed between Jackson and Mayor Richard J. Daley of Chicago – 16:01. Wilkerson then shares that Jackson was very fond of two of her (Wilkerson's) young female relatives and shortly before her death had planned to sponsor their education and help further their careers – 21:31.","This recording was digitized in 2020 as part of a Recordings at Risk grant funded project administered by CLIR, \"Tell the real story of me\": Mahalia Jackson and Black Gospel Quartets in the South.","For further information, please contact Tulane University Special Collections at specialcollections@tulane.edu."]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-goreau_12436805570006326","record_class":"Item","title":"LG052 Interviews: Mary Ann Hooper; Johnny Jackson","mediums":["interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Side 1: Interview with Mary Ann Hooper on 1972-09-22, continued from another tape. Side 2: Interview with Johnny Jackson at Laurraine Goreau's hotel room in Los Angeles, California on 1972-09-22, continued on Tape ID: LG073. Abstract for Hooper: [00:00-30:18] In LG052Goreau_Side1, Mary Ann Hooper begins in the middle of a story about Mahalia Jackson speaking at an event for Jesse Jackson. Hooper discusses Jackson's admiration for Martin Luther King and her preference for King's peaceful activism. Hooper recalls her experience as one of the few white people in Jackson's inner circle and Jackson's thoughts on race – 4:32. Hooper and Goreau comment on Jackson's feelings of inferiority due to her lack of formal education – 6:45. Hooper also talks about Jackson's ability to use her influence in order to help her friends and specifically mentions a time when she stepped in to help King obtain use of Soldier Field for a rally after he was previously denied – 14:29. They discuss Jackson's involvement in local and national politics and the political influence she had in the black community. Hooper speaks fondly about Jackson phoning her on occasion just to talk and sing – 27:50.","This item contains language or content that may be harmful to some audiences at timestamps: 05:08; 05:50; 25:54.","This recording was digitized in 2020 as part of a Recordings at Risk grant funded project administered by CLIR, \"Tell the real story of me\": Mahalia Jackson and Black Gospel Quartets in the South.","For further information, please contact Tulane University Special Collections at specialcollections@tulane.edu."]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-goreau_12436729100006326","record_class":"Item","title":"LG034 Interviews: S.I. Hayakawa; Richard Yancey and Gwen Lightner","mediums":["interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Side 1: Interview with S. I. Hayakawa, Canadian-American scholar, politician, and jazz enthusiast, on 1972-09-25 at Goreau's room at a Holiday Inn, Hollywood, California. Side 2: Hayakawa interview continues. Interview with Gwen Lightner and Richard Yancey. Abstract for Hayakawa and Yancey: [00:00–45:50] On LG034Goreau_Side1, speaking from Hollywood, California on September 25, 1972, S. I. Hayakawa, scholar, politician, and jazz enthusiast, recalls his various interactions with Jackson over the course of his academic and political career. He recalls presenting Jackson, Thomas A. Dorsey, and the Angelic Gospel Trio at Mandel Hall at the University of Chicago in 1953 – 00:22, which prompts he and Goreau to debate the origins of gospel music – 03:33. They speak about the color barrier Jackson faced in the 1950s – 12:33, and Hayakawa recalls the sounds of New Orleans and its possible influence on Jackson's music – 16:20. He goes on to speak about the strike for an ethnic studies program at SF State, where he was president – 20:15. He recalls Jackson's support of his position against it, and the reaction of various proponents for it, including the Black Student Union and Black Panthers. Hayakawa continues, speaking about Jackson's presence and her appeal to working class audiences and international music scholars. LG034Goreau_Side2 continues with Hayakawa discussing his career as an academic and linguist and his annoyances with academic writing. [07:53-45:57] Richard Yancey provides an account of Jackson's concert at the Oakland Civic in 1967, which was framed by the Huey Newton trial and civil unrest at the time – 07:53. He also describes her concert at the Long Beach Arena in 1969. Gwen Lightner adds commentary. He goes on to speak about the impact of Martin Luther King's assassination on Jackson, and her actions at King's funeral – 16:11. He continues to talk about Jackson's various concerts and friendships, including Joe Mays, Theodore Frye, the March on Washington, and Minters Galloway.","This item contains language or content that may be harmful to some audiences at timestamps: 12:20; 18:12.","This recording was digitized in 2017 by George Blood, LP.","For further information, please contact Tulane University Special Collections at specialcollections@tulane.edu.","This item contains language or content that may be harmful to some audiences at timestamps: 19:36; 31:56; 32:09; 38:35."]},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-goreau_12436753260006326","record_class":"Item","title":"LG103 Interview: Louis \"Studs\" Terkel; Unknown interviewee","mediums":["interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Side 1: Interview with Louis \"Studs\" Terkel on 1972-05-11 in Chicago, Illinois, conducted by telephone. Side 2: Interview continued with Louis \"Studs\" Terkel. Interview with unknown interviewee. Abstract for Terkel: [00:00–24:48] Louis \"Studs\" Terkel's interview, via phone from Chicago, is continued from LG008Goreau_Side1. He discusses various broadcasts that he worked on which featured Mahalia Jackson. He mentions first learning about Jackson around 1945 after hearing her \"Move on Up a Little Higher\" in a record store – 07:15. [00:00 – 12:27] The interview is continued on LG103Goreau_Side2. Terkel recalls an anecdote where Jackson, in response to the Reverend Ralph Abernathy asking her fee to sing at a Montgomery Bus Boycott event, says, \"I don't charge (the) walking people\" (who do not ride the bus) – 04:37. He discusses covering Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at the Lincoln Memorial, and Jackson's performance at the event – 09:48.","This recording was digitized in 2020 as part of a Recordings at Risk grant funded project administered by CLIR, \"Tell the real story of me\": Mahalia Jackson and Black Gospel Quartets in the South.","For further information, please contact Tulane University Special Collections at specialcollections@tulane.edu."]},{"record_id":"aar_wsfa_2441","record_class":"Item","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D073.0015","mediums":["film (material by form)"],"dcterms_description":["\"Those Were the Days,\" special program commemorating the 25th anniversary of WSFA-TV's first television broadcast on December 25, 1954. The film, narrated by Bob Howell, focuses on the history of the station and features segments on various programs, events, and former staff members, such as the following: the use of advertising on the station (with footage of Chevrolet commercials by Dinah Shore and Red Diamond ads by the Muppets); Frank McGee, news director from 1955 to 1956 and later a popular NBC reporter; Hines Wolters, weatherman from 1955 to 1961; Leroy Paul, sports director from 1954 to 1960, and the \"Auburn Football Review\"; Toni Tennille and her mother, Cathryn Wright, host of \"The Guest Room\" from 1955 to 1957; Jack Turner, host of the \"Alabama Jubilee\" variety show from 1955 to 1959, with his daughter Dixie; Ralph Williams, weatherman from 1961 to 1974; Carl Stephens, \"Cartoon Carl\" and sports director from 1963 to 1974; Bill Henry, news director from 1957 to 1961; local and national television news coverage of the Civil Rights Movement, particularly George Wallace's \"stand in the schoolhouse door,\" Bloody Sunday, and the Selma to Montgomery March; Jack Venable, news director from 1965 to 1967; Charles Caton, news director from 1967 to 1975; the death and funeral of Governor Lurleen Wallace; and Bob Inman, anchorman from 1965 to 1968."]},{"record_id":"aar_wsfa_2445","record_class":"Item","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D126.0006","mediums":["film (material by form)"],"dcterms_description":["\"Those Were the Days,\" special program commemorating the 25th anniversary of WSFA-TV's first television broadcast on December 25, 1954. The film, narrated by Bob Howell, focuses on the history of the station and features segments on various programs, events, and former staff members, such as the following: the use of advertising on the station (with footage of Chevrolet commercials by Dinah Shore and Red Diamond ads by the Muppets); Frank McGee, news director from 1955 to 1956 and later a popular NBC reporter; Hines Wolters, weatherman from 1955 to 1961; Leroy Paul, sports director from 1954 to 1960, and the \"Auburn Football Review\"; Toni Tennille and her mother, Cathryn Wright, host of \"The Guest Room\" from 1955 to 1957; Jack Turner, host of the \"Alabama Jubilee\" variety show from 1955 to 1959, with his daughter Dixie; Ralph Williams, weatherman from 1961 to 1974; Carl Stephens, \"Cartoon Carl\" and sports director from 1963 to 1974; Bill Henry, news director from 1957 to 1961; local and national television news coverage of the Civil Rights Movement, particularly George Wallace's \"stand in the schoolhouse door,\" Bloody Sunday, and the Selma to Montgomery March; Jack Venable, news director from 1965 to 1967; Charles Caton, news director from 1967 to 1975; the death and funeral of Governor Lurleen Wallace; and Bob Inman, anchorman from 1965 to 1968."]},{"record_id":"geh_byd_5013","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King Jr. Birth Home","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":["View of a bedroom inside of Martin Luther King Jr.'s birth home in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia.","In 1929, Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in the two-story, Queen Anne style house at 501 Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia. King lived there with his family until 1941. Restoration of the King birth home began in 1974 as part of the National Park Service’s plan to establish and administer the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, which includes the birth home, Ebenezer Baptist Church, and the civil rights leader’s gravesite."]}],"educator_resources":[{"record_id":"wgbh_tdcr_033","record_class":"Item","title":"Eleventh Commandment flyer","mediums":["instructional materials","teaching guides","resource units","fliers (printed matter)"],"dcterms_description":["Organizers of a 1962 selective buying campaign created and posted flyers with the slogan \"The Eleventh Commandment: Thou Shalt Stay Out of Downtown Birmingham.\" This flyer represents collaboration among students at Miles College, Daniel Payne College, and the Booker T. Washington Business College. The student-led campaign encouraged African Americans to boycott stores and restaurants that discriminated against them.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 6-12.","Lesson plans using this resource: Campaigns for Economic Freedom.","The Teachers' Domain Civil Rights Collection is a collaborative production of WGBH Education Productions, the WGBH Media Library, and WGBH Interactive, in partnership with the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute and Washington University in St. Louis.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"wgbh_tdcr_053","record_class":"Item","title":"March on Washington flyers","mediums":["instructional materials","teaching guides","resource units","fliers (printed matter)"],"dcterms_description":["In August of 1963, more than 200,000 activists from all over the country gathered for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The day was filled with speeches, musical performances, and the declaration of political platforms, whose common theme was racial equality in America. The largest demonstration in American history to that date, it marked the apex of the Civil Rights movement. These flyers document the speakers and issues that pressured President John F. Kennedy to draft legislation guaranteeing equal rights for African Americans.","Includes a background essay, discussion questions, and alignments to teaching standards.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 3-12.","A transcript of an interview.","The Teachers' Domain Civil Rights Collection is a collaborative production of WGBH Education Productions, the WGBH Media Library, and WGBH Interactive, in partnership with the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute and Washington University in St. Louis.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"wgbh_tdcr_067","record_class":"Item","title":"Rosa Parks","mediums":["instructional materials","teaching guides","resource units","interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["The leadership of the Civil Rights movement was largely defined by major figures like Martin Luther King Jr., but behind the scenes were people like Lola Hendricks who helped organize the community and filed lawsuits to end discrimination and segregation. In this interview, Hendricks describes her role in the Civil Rights movement.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 6-12.","A transcript of the Quicktime movie is available.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"ncdur_durham_durhamcr","record_class":"Item","title":"Durham Civil Rights Heritage Project","mediums":["online exhibitions","timelines (chronologies)","photographs","oral histories (literary works)","instructional materials"],"dcterms_description":["present the history of the local movement while a timeline compares the national and local movements.","The Durham Civil Rights Heritage Project (DCRHP) was founded to document the history of the Civil Rights Movement in Durham, North Carolina. The project began in 2003 and participants from numerous local heritage and professional organizations contributed. Photographs and oral histories were collected from local citizens. In 2020, the online exhibit was updated to reflect the continuing history of civil rights in Durham.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"wgbh_tdcr_045","record_class":"Item","title":"Lola Hendricks","mediums":["instructional materials","teaching guides","resource units","interviews","oral histories (literary works)","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Instructional Web site for grades six through twelve featuring an interview from January 1995 with Birmingham, Alabama-based civil rights activist Lola Hendricks about her involvement in the movement. The leadership of the Civil Rights movement was largely defined by major figures like Martin Luther King Jr., but behind the scenes were people like Lola Hendricks who helped organize the community and filed lawsuits to end discrimination and segregation. In this interview, Hendricks describes her role in the Civil Rights movement.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 6-12.","A transcript of the Quicktime movie is available.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"wgbh_tdcr_047","record_class":"Item","title":"Miriam McClendon","mediums":["instructional materials","teaching guides","resource units","interviews","oral histories (literary works)","transcripts","video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Miriam McClendon was 14 years old when she became involved in the Civil Rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama. In this video segment, McClendon describes how she left school to participate in the Children's Crusade of 1963 and was then arrested and jailed for several days.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 3-12.","A transcript of the Quicktime movie is available.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"wgbh_tdcr_062","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth","mediums":["instructional materials","teaching guides","resource units","interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, the Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth recalls his involvement in the Civil Rights movement. Shuttlesworth was a leader of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights and led civil rights demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama, once considered one of the most segregated and racially violent cities in the South.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 6-12.","Transcript of an interview.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"wgbh_tdcr_015","record_class":"Item","title":"Burke Marshall","mediums":["instructional materials","interviews","resource units","teaching guides","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Instructional Web page recommended for grades nine through twelve featuring a transcript of an \"Eyes on the Prize\" interview with former assistant attorney general Burke Marshall. As an assistant attorney general in the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice, Burke Marshall played a key role in the federal government's efforts to desegregate the South. Representing the presidential administrations of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, Marshall mediated conflicts between civil rights protesters and southern white officials. In this interview, Marshall recalls the 1961 Freedom Rides and the 1962 desegregation of the University of Mississippi.","Includes a background essay, discussion questions, and alignments to teaching standards.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 9-12.","Lesson plans using this resource: Re-Examining Brown.","Transcript of an interview.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"wgbh_tdcr_043","record_class":"Item","title":"Joe Dickson","mediums":["instructional materials","teaching guides","resource units","video recordings (physical artifacts)","oral histories (literary works)","interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, Joe Dickson recalls his days as a student at Miles College in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He describes the relationship between student activists and two successive college presidents. The first, Dr. William Augustus Bell, discouraged student involvement in the early years of the Civil Rights movement. He feared student activism would trigger white resistance and adversely affect fundraising. The second, Dr. Lucius Pitts, supported student activism and participated in negotiations between white businessmen and black students.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 6-12.","A transcript of the Quicktime movie is available.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"wgbh_tdcr_079","record_class":"Item","title":"Sheyann Webb","mediums":["instructional materials","teaching guides","resource units","interviews","oral histories (literary works)","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["Eight-year-old Sheyann Webb was among the youngest activists to demonstrate during the Civil Rights movement. In this interview, Webb recalls her decision to participate in the 1965 voting-rights march from Selma, Alabama, the resistance she encountered from her parents, and the violent force used by local officials to stop the march.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 3-12.","A transcript of the Quicktime movie is available.","Lesson plans using this resource: Taking a stand.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"midw_iamaman_iamamancr","record_class":"Item","title":"I Am a Man: An Exhibit Honoring the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike","mediums":["online exhibitions","instructional materials"],"dcterms_description":["Web site exhibit about the 1968 Memphis, Tennessee sanitation workers strike. The site presents black-and-white photographs from the strike and demonstrations; it also contains brief essays about the history of the strike and its eventual resolution. Other resources on the site include a bibliography and a list of related links.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"wgbh_tdcr_021","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. C. T. Vivian","mediums":["instructional materials","teaching guides","resource units","interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["In this interview, civil rights leader Reverend C. T. Vivian recalls his role in the 1960 Nashville sit-in movement, the 1961 Freedom Rides, and the 1965 Selma voting rights campaign. An executive staff member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Vivian was an ardent advocate of nonviolence.","Includes a background essay, discussion questions, and alignments to teaching standards.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 6-12.","Transcript of an interview.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"wgbh_tdcr_061","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Frank Dukes : Selective Buying Campaign","mediums":["instructional materials","teaching guides","resource units","interviews","oral histories (literary works)","transcripts","video recordings (physical artifacts)","fliers (printed matter)"],"dcterms_description":["In 1962, Miles College student Frank Dukes helped organize and participated in a selective buying campaign in Birmingham, Alabama. By boycotting downtown businesses that discriminated against them, African Americans used buying power as political leverage in the struggle for equality. In this interview, Dukes describes his role in the grassroots effort that shook Birmingham's economy.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 6-12.","Lesson plans using this resource: Campaigns for Economic Freedom.","A transcript of the Quicktime movie is available.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]}]}}}