{"response":{"docs":[{"slug":"brady_lula_mae","authoritative_name":"Brady, Lula Mae","biography":"African American resident of the Historic Fulton neighborhood in Richmond, Virginia.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"braxton_davis_estelle","authoritative_name":"Braxton-Davis, Estelle","biography":"African American resident of the Historic Fulton neighborhood in Richmond, Virginia.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_wanda_ellen","authoritative_name":"Brown, Wanda Ellen","biography":"African American resident of the Historic Fulton neighborhood in Richmond, Virginia.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"benites_joseph_r","authoritative_name":"Benites, Joseph R.","biography":"One-time president of the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC). In February 1977, Benites was charged with violating the group's bylaws and constitution and was impeached.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blount_josiah_homer_1860_1938","authoritative_name":"Blount, Josiah Homer, 1860-1938","biography":"African American businessman who in 1920 was the first African American to run for governor of Arkansas.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"butler_richard_c_1910_1999","authoritative_name":"Butler, Richard C., 1910-1999","biography":"\"Richard Colburn Butler Sr. was a lawyer, banker, real estate investor, philanthropist, and horticulturist who is best remembered for his wide variety of business developments and community activities. As the attorney for the Little Rock School Board, he played a major role in the 1957 Little Rock school desegregation crisis.\"--Encyclopedia of Arkansas, https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/richard-colburn-butler-sr-4062/.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bacoats_john_alvin_1965","authoritative_name":"Bacoats, John Alvin, -1965","biography":"Pastor of the historic First African Baptist Church of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, president of Leland College and president of Benedict College.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"banneker_benjamin_1731_1806","authoritative_name":"Banneker, Benjamin, 1731-1806","biography":"African American astronomer, farmer, and author.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barkin_solomon_1907_2000","authoritative_name":"Barkin, Solomon, 1907-2000","biography":"Barkin was the CIO's Director of Research and Chair of the CIO's Fair Labor Standards Committee.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barnes_ben_f_1938","authoritative_name":"Barnes, Ben F., 1938-","biography":"Democratic Lieutenant Governor of Texas from 1969 to 1973, Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives from 1965 to 1969, member of the Texas House of Representatives from the 64th district from 1963 to 1969, and member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 73 from 1961 to 1963.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barrow_willie_t_willie_taplin_1924_2015","authoritative_name":"Barrow, Willie T. (Willie Taplin), 1924-2015","biography":"African American minister at the Langley Avenue Church of God in Chicago. A civil rights activist and field organizer for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. He was active in Rainbow/PUSH Coalition.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barry_robert_raymond_1915_1988","authoritative_name":"Barry, Robert Raymond, 1915-1988","biography":"\"BARRY, Robert Raymond, a Representative from New York; born in Omaha, Nebr., May 15, 1915; received early education in the public schools of Evanston, Ill.; attended Hamilton College, Clinton, N.Y., 1933-1936, and the Tuck School of Business Administration at Dartmouth College in 1937; studied law and finance at New York University Graduate School in 1938; engaged in investment banking with Kidder, Peabody \u0026 Co., in 1937 and 1938 and commercial banking with Manufacturers Trust Co., in 1938 and 1939; executive of Bendix Aviation Corp., 1940-1943 and Yale \u0026 Towne Manufacturing Co., 1945-1950; also engaged in farming, mining, and real-estate development; during the Second World War served in the office of the Under Secretary of the Navy; served on the political staffs of Wendell Willkie and Gov. Thomas E. Dewey and of Presidents Eisenhower and Nixon; chairman of the United Nations Committee to Build World House at the United Nations; mining operations at Portola, Calif., and land development at Salton Sea, Calif.; United States delegate to several NATO Parliamentarians Conferences; United States delegate to UNESCO; elected as a Republican to the Eighty-sixth Congress and to the two succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1959-January 3, 1965); unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1964 to the Eighty-ninth Congress; unsuccessful candidate for nomination in 1972 to the Ninety-third Congress; was a resident of Woodside, Calif., until his death in Redwood City, Calif., on June 14, 1988.\"--Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B000190.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bartlett_edward_lewis_1904_1968","authoritative_name":"Bartlett, Edward Lewis, 1904-1968","biography":"\"ARTLETT, Edward Lewis (Bob), a Delegate from the Territory of Alaska and a Senator from Alaska; born in Seattle, King County, Wash., April 20, 1904; attended the University of Washington 1922-1924, and University of Alaska 1924-1925; reporter, Fairbanks (Alaska) Daily News-Miner 1925-1933; secretary to Delegate Anthony J. Dimond of Alaska 1933-1934; gold miner in Alaska 1936-1939; chairman of the Unemployment Compensation Commission of Alaska 1937-1939; appointed secretary of Alaska by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 30, 1939, and served until his resignation on February 6, 1944, to become a candidate for Delegate to Congress; member of the Alaska War Council 1942-1944; elected as a Democrat, a Delegate to the Seventy-ninth and to the six succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1945-January 3, 1959); was not a candidate for renomination in 1958 having become a candidate for the United States Senate; elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate on November 25, 1958, and upon the admission of Alaska as a State into the Union on January 3, 1959, drew the two-year term beginning on that day and ending January 3, 1961; reelected in 1960 and again in 1966, and served from January 3, 1959, until his death in Cleveland, Ohio, December 11, 1968; interment in Northern Lights Memorial Park, Fairbanks, Alaska.\"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"battle_randy_2009","authoritative_name":"Battle, Randy, -2009","biography":"African American civil rights activist from Albany, Georgia and SNCC staff member in Southwest Georgia. He and friends integrated the swimming pool in Tift Park in Albany, Georgia in 1963. He helped organize a voter registration drive in the Arkansas Delta. (https://snccdigital.org/people/randy-battle/)","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beame_abraham_d_abraham_david_1906_2001","authoritative_name":"Beame, Abraham D. (Abraham David), 1906-2001","biography":"Mayor of New York City from 1974 to 1977.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bearden_romare_1911_1988","authoritative_name":"Bearden, Romare, 1911-1988","biography":"African American artist, author, and songwriter.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"black_algernon_d_algernon_david_1900_1993","authoritative_name":"Black, Algernon D. (Algernon David), 1900-1993","biography":"Social and civil rights activist, educator, and leader of the Society for Ethical Culture.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brooks_tyrone","authoritative_name":"Brooks, Tyrone","biography":"African American civil rights activist and Georgia legislator from 1981 to 2017. Brooks joined the SCLC staff in 1967.","alternate_names":["Brooks, Tyrone L., 1945-","Brooks, Tyrone, Sr."]},{"slug":"bradford_john_civil_rights_worker","authoritative_name":"Bradford, John (Civil rights worker)","biography":"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brandt_barbara","authoritative_name":"Brandt, Barbara","biography":"White SNCC worker in the Research Department in Atlanta and later as a night shift WATS operator in 1964 and 1965. After leaving the Atlanta SNCC office, she worked in the Jackson office of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. She returned to New York City in 1966. Author of Whole Life Economics.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_sam_freedom","authoritative_name":"Brown, Sam Freedom","biography":"Civil rights worker at the CORE Meridian Project.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baker_wilson_1915_1975","authoritative_name":"Baker, Wilson, 1915-1975","biography":"Director of Public Safety in Selma, Alabama and later sheriff of Dallas County.","alternate_names":["Baker, Wilson, director of public safety"]},{"slug":"buckley_sears_jr","authoritative_name":"Buckley, Sears, Jr.","biography":"African American CORE staff member in Rankin County, Mississippi in 1964 and 1965.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_edgar_a_edgar_allan_1888_1975","authoritative_name":"Brown, Edgar A. (Edgar Allan), 1888-1975","biography":" Democratic state legislator of South Carolina from Barnwell County from 1922 to 1972.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_benjamin_d_1939_1999","authoritative_name":"Brown, Benjamin D., 1939-1999","biography":"Benjamin Brown (1939-1999) was a lawyer active in the civil rights movement in the 1960s and was one of the founders of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). He served in the Georgia House of Representatives in 1966 and from 1969 to 1977, where he was an organizer and chairman of the Georgia Legislative Black Caucus and president of the Georgia Association of Black Officials. He served as deputy director of Jimmy Carter's presidential campaign and was later chosen by President Carter to be deputy chairman of the Democratic National Committee.","alternate_names":["Brown, Benjamin D., 1927-"]},{"slug":"baber_george_w_george_wilbur_1898_1970","authoritative_name":"Baber, George W. (George Wilbur), 1898-1970","biography":"\"Bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, pastor of various churches in Michigan and elsewhere.\"--Inventory of the George W. Baber Papers  1942-1970, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bailey_melvin","authoritative_name":"Bailey, Melvin","biography":"Melvin \"Mel\" Bailey served on the Birmingham police force before becoming sheriff of Jefferson County, Alabama. His career as sheriff began in 1963 and ended with his resignation in 1996.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baines_bruce_1942","authoritative_name":"Baines, Bruce, 1942-","biography":"African American civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baker_oscar_dearmont","authoritative_name":"Baker, Oscar Dearmont","biography":"Oscar Dearmont Baker grew up in Conover, North Carolina. After leaving home at eighteen, he spent several years traveling before returning to Conover and working in the furniture industry. He also worked briefly for several hosiery mills and for a time owned a cafe with his wife.--From Oral Histories of the American South biography.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baker_quinton_e","authoritative_name":"Baker, Quinton E.","biography":"Quinton E. Baker, a gay African American, became acitve in Civil Rights protests while a student at North Carolina Central University. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin, and after living in Boston for a time, returned to North Carolina where he became active in the social justice issue of health care.--From Oral Histories of the American South biography.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baker_william_1941","authoritative_name":"Baker, William, 1941-","biography":"William Baker, along with three others, was arrested on 13 July 1961 for his participation in a sit-in at the Walgreens lunch counter in Jackson, Mississippi.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baldowski_clifford_h_1917_1999","authoritative_name":"Baldowski, Clifford H., 1917-1999","biography":"\"Editorial cartoonist for the Augusta Chronicle, the Miami Herald, and the Atlanta Constitution. He became one of the leading voices of moderation in Georgia during the fight over school desegregation in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1959 Time magazine called Baldowski a man who \"has sought to depict the plight of the reasonable southerner who, like himself, stands aghast between the extremists.\" His theme during this time was the Old South in agonizing self-appraisal.\"--\"Clifford \"Baldy\" Baldowski (1917-1999),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 28, 2007: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"banton_rebecca","authoritative_name":"Banton, Rebecca","biography":"Attended the Highlander Folk School in the 1930s.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barbee_annie_mack_1913","authoritative_name":"Barbee, Annie Mack, 1913?-","biography":"Annie Mack Barbee was a tobacco worker in Durham, North Carolina.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barber_rims_1936","authoritative_name":"Barber, Rims, 1936-","biography":"In 1964, Rims served as a Presbyterian minister in Davenport, Iowa. He came to Mississippi in response to a request for volunteers to help with Freedom Summer from the National Council of Churches Commission on Religion and Race.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barnes_william_lewis","authoritative_name":"Barnes, William Lewis","biography":"Nashville Civil Rights Movement participant.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barnett_a_j","authoritative_name":"Barnett, A. J.","biography":"A. J. Barnett was 85 and retired in July 1966 when he applied to be a notary public in Hattiesburg, Forrest County, Mississippi. His application sparked an investigation by the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, which eventually determined that Barnett was not eligible to be a notary public because he was not registered to vote.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barnett_o_h_1902_1990","authoritative_name":"Barnett, O. H., 1902-1990","biography":"Barnett was elected Circuit Court Judge in 1958 in Mississippi and served until 1975.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barrett_richard_1943_2010","authoritative_name":"Barrett, Richard, 1943-2010","biography":"Richard Barrett was born on February 18, 1943 and was raised in East Orange, New Jersey.  Barrett attended Rutgers University and served in Vietnam before relocating to the state of Mississippi in 1966 to begin working as an anti-civil rights and anti-integration organizer.  In 1974 Barrett received a law degree from Memphis State University and has twice been unsuccessful in the state's gubernatorial race.  He is the founder and leader of the Nationalist Movement, a white supremacy and anti-Communism organization headquartered in Learned, Mississippi.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bass_charlotta_a_1880_1969","authoritative_name":"Bass, Charlotta A., 1880-1969","biography":"African American journalist, educator, and political activist. Bass was managing editor and publisher of the African American newspaper The California Eagle from 1912 to 1951. A founder of the California's Independent Progressive Party, she ran for numerous political offices, including a 1952 run for vice president of the United States on the Progressive Party ticket, the Los Angeles City Council, and Congress.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bass_jack","authoritative_name":"Bass, Jack","biography":"\"Jack Bass is author or co-author of seven nonfiction books about the American South. His works have focused on Southern politics, race relations, and the role of law in shaping the civil rights era. He is a professor of Humanities and Social Sciences at the College of Charleston.\" -- \"Meet the author\" from http://www.jackbass.com/ (Accessed April 28, 2009)","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"battle_john_stewart_1890_1972","authoritative_name":"Battle, John Stewart, 1890-1972","biography":"segregationist, member of the Virginia House of Delegates (1930-1934), the Senate of Virginia (1934-1950), and governor of Virginia (1950-1954). In November 1957, Eisenhower appointed Battle to the new U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Battle resigned from the commission in October 1959.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baxley_william_j_1941","authoritative_name":"Baxley, William J., 1941-","biography":"Attorney General of Alabama (1971-1979) and lieutenant governor (1983-1987). Born in Dothan, Alabama, on June 27, 1941. Elected Attorney General in 1970. He successfully prosecuted Ku Klux Klansman Robert Chambliss for his part in the 1963 bombing of Birmingham's Sixteenth Street Baptist Church.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bearden_h_i_harold_irwin_1910_1990","authoritative_name":"Bearden, H. I. (Harold Irwin), 1910-1990","biography":"Harold Irwin Bearden was pastor of Big Bethel A.M.E. church in Atlanta, Georgia.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bechmen_h_b","authoritative_name":"Bechmen, H. B.","biography":"H. B. Benchmen was a member of the Trustee Board of Summerton High School in Summerton, South Carolina, in 1948.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beck_john_r","authoritative_name":"Beck, John R.","biography":"A police officer in Macon, Georgia in 1971.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beckham_connie_diane_1948","authoritative_name":"Beckham, Connie Diane, 1948-","biography":"Connie Diane Beckham was the wife of Thomas E. Beckham.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bedell_alfreda_1945","authoritative_name":"Bedell, Alfreda, 1945-","biography":"African American civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"behar_judith_g_1937","authoritative_name":"Behar, Judith G., 1937-","biography":"\"Judith Behar was born and raised in New York, New York. She earned her bachelor's degree at Brooklyn College and her master's in English at the University of Connecticut. She received her J.D. degree from the University of North Carolina School of Law. Behar and her then-husband moved to Greensboro in 1968, where she began practicing law in 1975 and joined the state branch of the American Civil Liberties Union. Shortly after the November 1979 Ku Klux Klan/Communist Workers Party shootings, Behar was asked to serve on the Citizens Review Committee formed to investigate the incident. In addition to her practice in family and civil rights law and her community service, Behar is active in the literary realm, serving as an editor of the anthology Lines from a Near Country, and her poetry has appeared in numerous publications, including Wordworks.\" --From Greensboro VOICES Biography, \"Behar, Judith G.\" accessed 8 October 2008, http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/civrights/detail-bio.asp?bio=20\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"behling_judith_1939","authoritative_name":"Behling, Judith, 1939-","biography":"White female civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bell_griffin_b_1918_2009","authoritative_name":"Bell, Griffin B., 1918-2009","biography":"Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (1961-1976) and 72nd United States Attorney General (1977-1979).\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bell_malcolm_1913_2001","authoritative_name":"Bell, Malcolm, 1913-2001","biography":"\"A banker, historian, and civil rights advocate, Malcolm Bell Jr. provided civic leadership to Savannah, produced historical works that make readers think about the nature of the black experience in the South, and helped to build the Georgia Historical Society into a major force in the study of state history.\"--\"Malcolm Bell Jr. (1913-2001),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 18, 2008: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bell_mary_lou","authoritative_name":"Bell, Mary Lou","biography":"According to the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission records, Mary Lou Bell was arrested on 4 July 1961 in Jackson, Mississippi for her participation in a sit-in at Livingston Park.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bell_venton","authoritative_name":"Bell, Venton","biography":"Venton Bell was principal of Harding High School in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1991.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"belton_j_d","authoritative_name":"Belton, J. D.","biography":"J. D. Belton lived at 2265 Fifth Avenue in New York, New York in 1953, and received mail for Reverend Joseph DeLaine and then forwarded the mail to him.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bennett_andrew_1921","authoritative_name":"Bennett, Andrew, 1921-","biography":"Featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bennett_lerone_jr_1928_2018","authoritative_name":"Bennett, Lerone, Jr., 1928-2018","biography":"OCLC 26 Oct. 2012: Author. Before the Mayflower, c 1962.  Wikipedia 26 Oct. 2012: \"African-American scholar, author and social historian, known for his analysis of race relations in the United States. His best-known works include Before the Mayflower and Forced into Glory...He is most notable for his decades as executive editor for Ebony Magazine, to which he was promoted in 1958. It has served as his base for the publication of a steady stream of articles on African-American history, some of them collected into books.\"\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bentz_betty","authoritative_name":"Bentz, Betty","biography":"New York Hotel Trades Council general organizer and chairman of the Hotel and Club Employees Union Local 6 Civil Rights Committee\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"berman_leora_1943","authoritative_name":"Berman, Leora, 1943-","biography":"Originally from Chicago, Illinois, Leora Berman was an eighteen year old student when she was arrested in Jackson, Mississippi for her participation in a Freedom Ride from Nashville, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi on June 10, 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"berry_edwin_c_1910_1987","authoritative_name":"Berry, Edwin C., 1910-1987","biography":"Civil rights leader, executive director of the Chicago Urban League from 1956 to 1972, and a leader of the Chicago Freedom Movement. Born November 11, 1910 in Oberlin, Ohio and died May 13, 1987 in Chicago. He also served as the first president of Portland, Oregon's Urban League.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beschloss_michael_r","authoritative_name":"Beschloss, Michael R.","biography":"Wikipedia, 31 Oct. 2012: \"American historian. A specialist in the United States presidency, he is the author of nine books. Beschloss has been a frequent commentator on the PBS NewsHour and is the NBC News Presidential Historian...He is a trustee of the White House Historical Association and the National Archives Foundation and he also sits on the boards of the University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs and the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. He was formerly a trustee of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation (Monticello), the Urban Institute and the PEN/Faulkner Foundation. He also sits on the advisory board to the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission and is a former member of the President's Commission on White House Fellowships. He has served as a historian at the Smithsonian Institution, a Senior Associate Member at St. Antony's College (University of Oxford), a Visiting Scholar at the Harvard University Russian Research Center, a Senior Fellow of the Annenberg Foundation and a Montgomery Fellow and Dorsett Fellow at Dartmouth College.\"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"best_andrew_a_1916_2005","authoritative_name":"Best, Andrew A., 1916-2005","biography":"Andrew A. Best was a medical practitioner in North Carolina during the civil rights era.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"birch_adolpho_a_1932","authoritative_name":"Birch, Adolpho A., 1932-","biography":"\"Pioneering African American jurist, became the first black man to hold several judicial posts in Nashville and the first to assume the chief justice position of the Tennessee Supreme Court.\"--Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"black_maurice_r_1915","authoritative_name":"Black, Maurice R., 1915-","biography":"Black was born on October 18, 1915, near Flora, Mississippi, in Madison County.  After graduating from Hinds Junior College in 1935, he attended Millsaps College.  Black then enrolled in Jackson Law School and graduated with his law degree in 1938.  During World War II, Black served in the Army counterintelligence in Hawaii and the South Pacific.  After the war, he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives, where he served from 1948 to 1964.  After leaving the House, Black acted as attorney for the office of the Mississippi State Insurance Commissioner. In 1969, he accepted an appointment as Assistant Attorney-General and continued in this position until his retirement in 1977.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blackburn_benjamin_b_benjamin_bentley_1927","authoritative_name":"Blackburn, Benjamin B. (Benjamin Bentley), 1927-","biography":"\"Representative from Georgia; born in Atlanta, Fulton County, Ga., February 14, 1927; attended the public schools in Atlanta, Ga.; graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1947, and from Emory University School of Law in 1954; during the Second World War served in the United States Navy, 1944-1946; during the Korean conflict again served in the United States Navy, 1950-1952; was retired as a lieutenant commander in the United States Naval Reserve; served in the State attorney general's office, 1955-1957; admitted to the bar in 1954 and commenced private practice in Atlanta, Ga., after service with the State attorney general; elected as a Republican to the Ninetieth and to the three succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1967-January 3, 1975); was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1974 to the Ninety-fourth Congress; is a resident of Atlanta, Ga.\"--Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blackwell_john_w_1949","authoritative_name":"Blackwell, John W., -1949","biography":"James Palmer was a Colored Trustees of Liberty Hill Elementary School in Clarendon County, South Carolina, in 1949.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blake_c_e","authoritative_name":"Blake, C. E.","biography":"White railroad worker injured by national guardsmen during the Little Rock school integration crisis.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blalock_edgar_1901_1999","authoritative_name":"Blalock, Edgar, 1901-1999","biography":"Represented Clayton County in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1955 to 1964.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bland_sheila","authoritative_name":"Bland, Sheila","biography":"Sheila Bland participated in a protest march led by Millsaps College students in May 1967 following the police shooting of Benjamin Brown.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blanton_thomas_e","authoritative_name":"Blanton, Thomas E.","biography":"Tried and convicted in connection with the 1964 Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in 2001.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blass_william_joel_1917","authoritative_name":"Blass, William Joel, 1917-","biography":"\"in 1952, he successfully prosecuted the Boyce Holleman case by proving that voter fraud had kept Holleman from winning. Beginning in 1953, he served two terms in Stone County's legislative seat, retiring from that position in 1960. While in office, most considered him an extreme liberal on racial issues. He favored putting truth to the policy of \"separate but equal.\"  Because he opposed the \"red meat\" bills proposed by the legislature's segregationists, he endured vigorous, hostile attacks on his reputation by both private citizens and state legislators.\"\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bloom_marshall_1944_1969","authoritative_name":"Bloom, Marshall, 1944-1969","biography":"White civil rights worker and Amherst student featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances. In 1967, Bloom co-founded the Liberation News Service with Ray Mungo. He reported on the civil rights movement for the Southern Courier in 1965 in Montgomery, Alabama.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blue_leon_vone_1946_1988","authoritative_name":"Blue, Leon Vone, 1946-1988","biography":"Leo Vone Blue was a fourteen year old student in Jackson, Mississippi when he was arrested for his participation in a sit-in at the Trailways bus terminal in Jackson, Mississippi on 9 July 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boggs_dock_1898_1971","authoritative_name":"Boggs, Dock, 1898-1971","biography":"Folksinger and banjoist.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boggs_grace_lee","authoritative_name":"Boggs, Grace Lee","biography":"Boggs, the daughter of Chinese immigrants, was born in Rhode Island in 1915 and grew up in New York City. She received a doctorate in philosophy from Bryn Mawr College in 1940, and worked at the University of Chicago's Philosophy Library. Boggs worked with socialist theorist C.L.R. James, and helped create an offshoot of the Socialist Workers Party that focused on race and poverty. Boggs moved to Detroit in the 1950s to write for a socialist newspaper. In Detroit, she met James Boggs, an African-American man who would become her husband and colleague. In the 1960s, the couple were engaged in the black power movement ; their work was centered on Detroit's residents and neighborhoods. This work included starting Detroit Summer, a community program for young people to work on neighborhood projects. Boggs helped organize a 1963 march in Detroit by the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and the November 1963 Grassroots Leadership Conference in Detroit with Malcom X.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bolden_willie_1938","authoritative_name":"Bolden, Willie, 1938-","biography":"Rev. Willie Bolden, b. Dec. 7, 1938 Sumter, South Carolina, son of Charles Bolden and Sadie Mae Bolden.  Graduated from high school in Savannah, Georgia, where he met Martin Luther King in 1961 and became involved with the SCLC in Savannah, in St. Augustine in 1964, in Atlanta, and in Marion, Alabama.  \"Wagon Master\" for the Mule Train on the Poor People's Campaign.  Earned an MA in education from Harvard in 1972.  Worked with the labor movement from 1973-1979.  Director of personnel with the Atlanta Public Library until 1983.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"booth_charles_henry_1943","authoritative_name":"Booth, Charles Henry, 1943-","biography":"African American civil rights activist who at the age of eighteen was arrested in Jackson, Mississippi on July 15, 1961 for his participation in a Freedom ride from New Orleans, Louisiana to Jackson, Mississippi.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bottomly_forbes","authoritative_name":"Bottomly, Forbes","biography":"Forbes Bottomly was the superintendent of Seattle Public Schools from 1965 to 1973.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boulware_harold_r_1913_1983","authoritative_name":"Boulware, Harold R., 1913-1983","biography":"Chief counsel for the South Carolina NAACP beginning in 1941. He served as one of the lead attorneys for the plaintiffs in the Clarendon County Schools desegregation case, Briggs et al. v. Elliot et al. Boulware also worked on the briefs in the Belton v. Gebhart case. From 1969-1974, he served as Associate Judge of Columbia's Municipal Court. He was the first African-American appointed to that position. In 1974, he became a judge for Richland County. His court later became the Family Court of the Fifth Judicial Circuit of South Carolina.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bowman_richard_1934","authoritative_name":"Bowman, Richard, 1934-","biography":"Richard Bowman grew up in Asheville, North Carolina, attended Tuskegee College, served in the army overseas in Germany, and lived in Los Angeles, California, for forty years before returning to Asheville.--From Oral Histories of the American South biography.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boyd_j_d_john_dewey_1899","authoritative_name":"Boyd, J. D. (John Dewey), 1899-","biography":"African American educator and president of Utica College from 1941 to 1947 and Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College from 1957 to 1969. In 1966, Alcorn students led by Medgar Evers held a series of marches to call for the resignation of Boyd.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boyd_richard_1916","authoritative_name":"Boyd, Richard, 1916-","biography":"\"Mr. Boyd was born on July 21, 1916 in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. He graduated from Eureka High School in 1935. After working in the Civilian Conservation Corps for one year, Mr. Boyd then returned to Hattiesburg. He worked for Hattiesburg Compress and Meridian Fertilizer Company briefly before obtaining a job with Hercules, Inc., a chemical plant specializing in timber by-products. Mr. Boyd began work at Hercules, Inc. as a yard laborer in 1941 and by 1962 he became the first African-American at Hercules to work as an operator. He spent his last years at Hercules, Inc., working in the personnel department until he retired in 1977. Mr. Boyd is a Mason, a member and officer of the Forrest County branch of the NAACP, and a lifelong member of the St. Paul United Methodist Church.\"--Oral history with Mr. Richard Boyd and Mrs. Earline Boyd, 1992.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bradley_nathaniel_1942","authoritative_name":"Bradley, Nathaniel, 1942-","biography":"African American civil rights worker and Alabama State College student featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brady_thomas_p_1903_1973","authoritative_name":"Brady, Thomas P., 1903-1973","biography":"\"Thomas Pickens Brady was born on August 6, 1903, in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was educated in the public schools and graduated from Brookhaven High School in 1920. He attended the Lawrenceville Preparatory School, New Jersey, and graduated in 1923. He graduated with the Baccalaureate degree from Yale University in 1927. He later received the L.L.B. degree from the University of Mississippi Law School in 1930.  Thomas Brady practiced law in Brookhaven, Mississippi from 1930 to 1950. He served as Circuit Judge of the 14th Judicial District from 1950 to 1963. He was appointed to the Mississippi Supreme Court in July, 1963, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Associate Justice R. Olney Arrington. He was elected without opposition to fill the unexpired term. He was re-elected to a full term commencing January, 1969.  Judge Brady has been active in various professional and other organizations. He served as a Democratic National Committeeman from 1960 to 1964. He is the recipient of the 1956 Mississippi Legislature's distinguished service citation. He is a member of the American and State Bar Associations and the American Judicature Society. He is a member of many honorary and fraternal organizations and is a 32nd Degree Mason, Knight Templar and Shriner.\"--Interview with the Honorable Thomas P. Brady : associate justice, Mississippi Supreme Court, University of Southern Mississippi.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brazeal_brailsford_r","authoritative_name":"Brazeal, Brailsford R.","biography":"Dean and Chairman, Department of Economics in Morehouse College; A.B., Morehouse College ; A.M., Columbia University Ph.D., 1942.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brecht_bertolt_1898_1956","authoritative_name":"Brecht, Bertolt, 1898-1956","biography":"German poet, playwright, and theatre director","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"breier_harold_a_1911_1998","authoritative_name":"Breier, Harold A., 1911-1998","biography":"Chief of police in Milwaukee, Wisconsin who led the department from 1964-1984; throughout his tenure, he remained adamantly opposed to the civil rights movement that emerged in the city during the 1960s.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brewer_thomas_hency_1894_1956","authoritative_name":"Brewer, Thomas Hency, 1894-1956","biography":"\"Thomas Brewer, an African American physician, spearheaded the drive for racial equality in Columbus from the 1920s until his assassination on February 18, 1956, which was widely believed to have resulted from his political activism. \" - \"Thomas Brewer (1894-1956)\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/ (Retrieved July 18, 2008)\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bridges_ruby","authoritative_name":"Bridges, Ruby","biography":"Born September 8, 1954 in Tylertown, Mississipi, Bridges was the first African-American pupil enrolled in Frantz Elementary School in New Orleans in 1960.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"briggs_eliza_1998","authoritative_name":"Briggs, Eliza, -1998","biography":"Sued to end public school segregation in Clarendon County, South Carolina in Briggs v. Elliott. The case was one of the five that became part of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"briggs_fred_1932","authoritative_name":"Briggs, Fred, 1932-","biography":"Television journalist, born May 31, 1932 in Chicago, Illinois. Briggs began his career as a disc jockey for WSON-AM in Henderson, Kentucky. From 1960 to 1965, he served as a reporter and anchor for WSB-TV in Atlanta. After a brief stint as a reporter for WKYC-TV in Cleveland, Briggs joined NBC News in 1966.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"briggs_harry_1986","authoritative_name":"Briggs, Harry, -1986","biography":"Sued to end public school segregation in Clarendon County, South Carolina in Briggs v. Elliott. The case was one of the five that became part of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"briggs_w_t","authoritative_name":"Briggs, W. T.","biography":"W. T. Briggs was a trustee of District number 30, Silver, Clarendon County, South Carolina, in 1947.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bright_john_douglas","authoritative_name":"Bright, John Douglas","biography":"Bishop John Douglas Bright was pastor at Bethel A.M.E. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He died in June or July 1956 at an A.M.E. conference in Dallas, Texas.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"britt_travis","authoritative_name":"Britt, Travis","biography":"Travis O. Britt was a twenty-seven year old cafeteria worker in Washington, DC when he was arrested for his participation in the Freedom Rides.  As part of the Freedom Ride Britt rode on the Illinois Central Railroad from New Orleans, Louisiana to Jackson, Mississippi where he was arrested with nine others on 8 June 1961.  Britt later married fellow freedom rider Gwendolyn T. Greene.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brookshire_stanford_r_1905_1990","authoritative_name":"Brookshire, Stanford R., 1905-1990","biography":"Stanford Raynold Brookshire was born on July 22, 1905, in Troutman, North Carolina. He became a member of the Charlotte Chamber of Commerce in 1960, and later served as the city's mayor from 1961 to 1969.--From Oral Histories of the American South biography.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"browder_aurelia_s","authoritative_name":"Browder, Aurelia S.","biography":"Born 1919 and died 1971, Aurelia S. Browder, a graduate of Alabama State University and an African American seamstress was the lead plantiff in the case Browder v. Gayle. \"Aurelia S .Browder v. William A. Gayle challenged the Alabama state statutes and Montgomery, Alabama, city ordinances requiring segregation on Montgomery buses. Filed by Fred Gray and Charles D. Langford on behalf of four African-American women who had been mistreated on city buses, the case made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which upheld a district court ruling that the statute was unconstitutional. On 20 December 1956, after the court order mandating an end to bus segregation finally arrived in Montgomery, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) voted to end the 381 day Montgomery bus boycott.\"--\"Browder v. Gayle,\" King Encyclopedia, retrieved August 1, 2008.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_charlie_1902_1995","authoritative_name":"Brown, Charlie, 1902-1995","biography":"Fulton County, Georgia commissioner from 1941 to 1948, and chairman from 1945 to 1947; a commisioner again from 1966 to 1979, and chairman again in 1966, 1968, 1971, 1974 and 1976-1978. He served in the state Senate from Fulton County from 1957 to 1964. Brown died in 1995.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_emelda","authoritative_name":"Brown, Emelda","biography":"African American Spokane, Washington resident.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_joyce_ann_1943","authoritative_name":"Brown, Joyce Ann, 1943-","biography":"African American civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_otis","authoritative_name":"Brown, Otis","biography":"Member of the Freedom Information Service civil rights staff and Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party chairman for Indianola (Sunflower County), Mississippi.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"browne_c_conrad","authoritative_name":"Browne, C. Conrad","biography":"Resident of Koinonia Farm from 1949 to 1963. Browne became associate director of Highlander in July 1963.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bruland_michael_albert_1937","authoritative_name":"Bruland, Michael Albert, 1937-","biography":"White civil rights worker and Council of Federated Organizations worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bryan_robert_1924_2000","authoritative_name":"Bryan, Robert, 1924-2000","biography":"Editor of the Alabama newspaper, The Cullman Times, who visited with president Kennedy, May 14, 1963.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bryant_roy_1931_1994","authoritative_name":"Bryant, Roy, 1931-1994","biography":"Sumner, Mississippi store owner who, with J.W. Milam, murdered Emmett Till on August 28, 1955. The two were tried and acquitted in September of that year. The men sold their confessions to Look Magazine who published it in January 1956.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"buckley_horace_1941","authoritative_name":"Buckley, Horace, 1941-","biography":"\"In 1975, Buckley was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives to serve a four-year consecutive term. While in the legislature, he worked on the Judiciary B. Committee, Education Committee and the Penitentiary Committee. Buckley was appointed to the Select Committee on Education and is a member to the National Assembly of State Legislators, representing Mississippi as a member of that body's Education Committee. In addition, he was the commissioner for the City of Jackson's Housing Authority, member of the Jackson District Association, and Minister and Pastor of the Cade Chapel Missionary Baptist Church.\"--Oral history with the Honorable Horace Buckley, University of Southern Mississippi.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burlage_robb_1937","authoritative_name":"Burlage, Robb, 1937-","biography":"Civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burns_eldridge_allen_1944","authoritative_name":"Burns, Eldridge Allen, 1944-","biography":"African American civil rights worker and Tuskegee student featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bush_george_w_george_walker_1946","authoritative_name":"Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-","biography":"George W. Bush is the 43rd President of the United States. He was sworn into office on January 20, 2001, re-elected on November 2, 2004, and sworn in for a second term on January 20, 2005. Prior to his Presidency, President Bush served for 6 years as the 46th Governor of the State of Texas. -- White House WWW site, http://www.whitehouse.gov/president/biography.html.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"buttrick_bill","authoritative_name":"Buttrick, Bill","biography":"Staff secretary of the Highlander Folk School in 1938. He died in the 1940s.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"byrnes_james_f_james_francis_1882_1972","authoritative_name":"Byrnes, James F. (James Francis), 1882-1972","biography":"\"Representative and a Senator from South Carolina; born in Charleston, S.C., May 2, 1882; attended the public schools; official court reporter for the second circuit of South Carolina 1900-1908; editor of the Journal and Review, Aiken, S.C. 1903-1907; studied law; admitted to the bar in 1903 and commenced practice in Aiken, S.C.; solicitor for the second circuit of South Carolina 1908-1910; elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-second Congress, reelected to the six succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1911-March 3, 1925); was not a candidate for renomination in 1924, but was an unsuccessful candidate for United States Senator; resumed the practice of law in Spartanburg, S.C.; elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate on November 4, 1930; reelected in 1936 and served from March 4, 1931, until his resignation on July 8, 1941, having been appointed to the Supreme Court; chairman, Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expense (Seventy-third through Seventy-seventh Congresses); Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from July 1941 until his resignation on October 3, 1942, to head the wartime Office of Economic Stabilization until May 1943; director of the Office of War Mobilization, May 1943 until his resignation in April 1945; Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Harry Truman 1945-1947; resumed the practice of law in Washington, D.C.; Governor of South Carolina 1951-1955; retired and resided in Columbia, S.C., where he died April 9, 1972; interment in Trinity Episcopal Cathedral Cemetery.\"--Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bush_carolyn_yvonne_reed_1939_2024","authoritative_name":"Bush, Carolyn Yvonne Reed, 1939-2024","biography":"Carolyn Yvonne Reed Bush was born on November 16, 1939, to Neoma Young Reed and Antonio Juan Settle in Nashville, Tennessee. She earned degrees in Education and Psychology from Tennessee State University and the University of Tennessee- Knoxville (Nashville Campus). While attending Tennessee State University and serving as a nurse's aide at Meharry Hospital in Nashville, she joined fellow Tennessee State University and Fisk University students to peacefully challenge laws that enforced segregation in transportation and at lunch counters. The students received non-violence training at Fisk University. In May of 1961, 21-year-old Carolyn executed the challenge. On June 2, 1961, she was arrested, along with thirteen others, at the Trailways terminal after boarding a Greyhound bus in Montgomery, Alabama, heading to Jackson, Mississippi. She served time at Parchman Penitentiary in Jackson, Mississippi. She passed away on January 4, 2024.\r\n","alternate_names":["Reed, Carolyn Yvonne"]},{"slug":"becker_j_bill_1924_1997","authoritative_name":"Becker, J. Bill, 1924-1997","biography":"Becker led the Arkansas AFL-CIO from 1964 to 1997.","alternate_names":["Becker, J. Bill (Jerome Bill), 1924-1997","Becker, Bill, 1924-1997","Becker, Jerome Bill, 1924-1997"]},{"slug":"bacote_clarence_a_1906_1981","authoritative_name":"Bacote, Clarence A., 1906-1981","biography":"\"Clarence A. Bacote was a distinguished historian, scholar, and political activist who dedicated his life to educating black voters in Atlanta. An authority on Georgia political history, he studied extensively the barriers to black political participation in the state. As a political activist he was responsible for helping to register thousands of African American voters in the mid-1940s and for organizing them into a political force in the city.\"--\"Clarence A. Bacote (1906-1981),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 18, 2008: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baez_joan","authoritative_name":"Baez, Joan","biography":"Joan Chandos Baez (born January 9, 1941) is an American folk singer, songwriter, and activist. Baez often performed at UNESCO, civil rights, and anti-Vietnam War rallies. During the 1963 March on Washington, she opened the program by singing \"Oh Freedom\" and also led the crowd in \"We Shall Overcome.\"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bailey_raleigh_1943","authoritative_name":"Bailey, Raleigh, 1943-","biography":"Raleigh Bailey worked with immigrants to Greensboro, North Carolina.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bailey_sarah","authoritative_name":"Bailey, Sarah","biography":"Member of Jackson, Mississippi's Morning Star Baptist Church usher board in the 1950s.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baker_constance_d_1912","authoritative_name":"Baker, Constance D., 1912-","biography":"\"Mrs. Constance Baker was born in Tougaloo, Mississippi, on March 3, 1912. Her parents, H.B. Johnson and Mattie Douglas Johnson, moved to Hattiesburg when she was two years old. She has one sister, Eula. She attended Sixteenth Section School, the Third Ward School (Grace Love), and Eureka High School. After graduating from high school, she completed a two-year teacher training program at Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College, received a Bachelor of Science degree from Jackson College, and earned a master's degree from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Mrs. Baker has spent her life teaching and working for civil rights, and she is active in the NAACP. She taught in Perry County and Hattiesburg schools and at the Kelly Settlement. She was involved in the Head Start program from its inception. In the summer of 1968, Mrs. Baker was an instructor in a Head Start teachers' training program at the University of Southern Mississippi. Mrs. Baker married Robert Baker. She lives in Hattiesburg.\"--Oral history with Constance D. Baker.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baker_j_h","authoritative_name":"Baker, J. H.","biography":"One of over 80 African American civil rights workers arrested in February 1956 during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Picture taken at arrest available on the Smoking Gun website (J.H. Baker)\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baldwin_richard_1947","authoritative_name":"Baldwin, Richard, 1947-","biography":"African American civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"banks_a_edward","authoritative_name":"Banks, A. Edward","biography":"One of over 80 African American civil rights workers arrested in February 1956 during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Picture taken at arrest available on the Smoking Gun website (A. Edward Banks)\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baraka_amiri_1934_2014","authoritative_name":"Baraka, Amiri, 1934-2014","biography":"Imamu Amiri Baraka (Everett LeRoi Jones) Occupation: author. Born: Newark, October 7, 1934. Education: BA, Howard University, 1954 MA, Columbia University MA, New School Social Research LHD (hon.), Malcolm X College, Chicago, 1972 Career: Instructor New School Social Research, New York City, 1961-64; founder, director Black Arts Repertory Theatre, 1964-66; director Spirit House, Newark, 1966-72; assistant professor African Studies State University of New York, Stony Brook, 1980-83, associate professor African Studies, 1983-85, professor emeritus African Studies, 1985- Career Related: Visiting professor University Buffalo, 1964, Columbia University, 1964, 66-67, San Francisco State University, 1967, Yale University, 1977-78, George Washington University, 1978-79, Rutgers University, 1988; founder, editor Yugen Magazine and Totem Press, New York City, 1958; co-editor Floating Bar Magazine, 1961-63; past editor Cricket magazine; publication director Jihad Press, Peoples War Publications; editor The Black Nation; coordinator creativity workshops Black Power Conference, 1968; chairman Committee for Unified Newark, 1968-75; chairman, founder Congress of African People.\" - Marquis Who's Who on the Web.\r\n","alternate_names":["Jones, Everett LeRoi, 1934-2014"]},{"slug":"barber_carroll_g","authoritative_name":"Barber, Carroll G.","biography":"Carroll Gary Barber was arrested July 15, 1961 in Jackson, Mississippi for his participation in the Freedom Rides.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barnett_ross_r_ross_robert_1898_1987","authoritative_name":"Barnett, Ross R. (Ross Robert), 1898-1987","biography":"\"Fifty-second governor of Mississippi, was born in Standing Pine, Leake County, Mississippi on January 22, 1898. His education was attained at Mississippi College, where he graduated in 1922, and at the University of Mississippi, where he earned a law degree in 1926. After establishing his legal career in Jackson, Barnett entered into politics, however he was defeated in both his 1951 and 1955 gubernatorial bids. Barnett next secured the 1959 Democratic gubernatorial nomination, and was elected governor by a popular vote in November of that same year. He was sworn into office on January 19, 1960. During his tenure, the states workmen's compensation law was revised; a right to work law was sanctioned; and the University of Mississippi admitted it's first black student in 1962. Barnett completed his term and left office on January 21, 1964. After running unsuccessfully for reelection to the governorship in 1967, Barnett retired from political life. Governor Ross R. Barnett passed away on November 6, 1987, and was buried in the Barnett Cemetery in Standing Pines, Mississippi.\"--National Governors Association Web page.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barnett_sam","authoritative_name":"Barnett, Sam","biography":"One of over 80 African American civil rights workers arrested in February 1956 during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Picture taken at arrest available on the Smoking Gun website (Sam Barnett). Listed in Montgomery Advertiser newspaper article as Sam Burnett.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barnhill_roger_1940","authoritative_name":"Barnhill, Roger, 1940-","biography":"\"Born on November 12, 1940 in Lincoln, Nebraska. Barnhill was recruited into the Student Nonviolent Coordinated Committee (SNCC) in his senior year at Michigan State University. During the Mississippi Summer Project, he worked as a community liaison with the police department in Pascagoula, Mississippi. Over the summer of 1964, he canvassed voters in Moss Point, Pascagoula, Gulfport, and Biloxi, and he taught African-American history to high school students. Barnhill was arrested for taking part in a mass demonstration. After returning to Michigan State, he graduated and began working in the juvenile court in St. Louis and then at the Missouri State Board of Probation and Parole.\"\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barr_candy","authoritative_name":"Barr, Candy","biography":"White female civil rights worker in Mississippi\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barrett_george_e","authoritative_name":"Barrett, George E.","biography":"Lawyer for the Highlander Folk School.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barry_marion_1936_2014","authoritative_name":"Barry, Marion, 1936-2014","biography":"Civil rights activist, mayor of Washington, D.C., and politician. Barry was elected the first chairman of SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) and moved to Washington, D.C. in 1965 to open a local chapter.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bassford_abraham","authoritative_name":"Bassford, Abraham","biography":"Abraham Bassford was a twenty-four year old student at Wagner Lutheran College when he was arrested in Jackson, Mississippi for his participation in a Freedom Ride.  As part of the Freedom Ride, Bassford and six others took a bus from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Jackson, Mississippi where they were arrested at the Trailways terminal on 6 June 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bates_daisy","authoritative_name":"Bates, Daisy","biography":"\"Daisy Lee Gatson Bates was a mentor to the Little Rock Nine, the African-American students who integrated Central High School in Little Rock in 1957. She and the Little Rock Nine gained national and international recognition for their courage and persistence during the desegregation of Central High when Governor Orval Faubus ordered members of the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the entry of black students. She and her husband, Lucious Christopher (L. C.) Bates, published the Arkansas State Press, a newspaper dealing primarily with civil rights and other issues in the black community.\"--\"Daisy Lee Gatson Bates (1913?-1999),\" Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture. http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1\u0026entryID=591  (accessed September 27, 2007).","alternate_names":["Gatson, Daisy Lee"]},{"slug":"beamer_margaret_winonah_1941","authoritative_name":"Beamer, Margaret Winonah, 1941-","biography":"Born in Cleveland, Ohio on September 10, 1941, Margaret Winonah Beamer was a student at Central State College when she was arrested for her participation in the Freedom Rides.  As part of the Freedom Ride, Beamer, along with four others, took a train from Nashville, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi where they were arrested in the Illinois Central terminal on June 9, 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beauchamp_louis_s_1942","authoritative_name":"Beauchamp, Louis S., 1942-","biography":"Milwaukee, Wisconsin minister, civil rights activist, and member of Milwaukee United School Integration Committee (MUSIC) in the mid-1960s.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beauharnais_joseph","authoritative_name":"Beauharnais, Joseph","biography":"Following his arrest in Macon, Georgia on April 19, 1961, Joseph Beauharnais was identified by the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission as being an associate of American Nazi Party founder and leader, George Lincoln Rockwell.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beckett_goldie_1914_1999","authoritative_name":"Beckett, Goldie, 1914-1999","biography":"Born in Nebo, Hopkins County, Kentucky, on April 6, 1914. Wife of William Washington Beckett, a Louisville alderman from 1951 to 1961. She attended Kentucky State College and worked as an educator and with the family undertaking business.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beckett_william_w","authoritative_name":"Beckett, William W.","biography":"Born in Baltimore, Maryland, and raised in Saint Louis, Missouri. Attended Morgan College in Baltimore and the St. Louis School of Mortuary Science. Owned a funeral home in Louisville, Kentucky. In 1951 he was elected as an alderman in Louisville and served until 1961. In this time, he played a role in the integration of the fire and police departments, the parks, and public accommodations, and in developing a Human Relations Commission.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beckham_thomas_e_1942","authoritative_name":"Beckham, Thomas E., 1942-","biography":"Beckham appeared in the files of the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beech_robert_1935_2008","authoritative_name":"Beech, Robert, 1935-2008","biography":"White minister and director of the Delta Ministry in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. He was the head of the Minister's Project in Hattiesburg in 1965.\r\n","alternate_names":["Beech, Robert Lyon"]},{"slug":"beecher_john_1904_1980","authoritative_name":"Beecher, John, 1904-1980","biography":"Civil rights and labor activist, journalist, and poet who wrote about the southern United States.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beim_lorraine_1909_1951","authoritative_name":"Beim, Lorraine, 1909-1951","biography":"OCLC 26 Oct.2012: Author, The burro that had a name, c1939.   Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature http://www.oxfordreference.com/ 26 Oct. 2012 \"Beim, Jerrold (1910â€\"1957), and Beim, Lorraine (née Levey; 1909â€\"1951), American Jewish authors of more than fifty books for children, many dealing with significant issues of the day. Their Two Is a Team (1945), a book for young readers portraying a black-white friendship, has been called the first interracial picture book. The authors’ sympathy toward Communism and the Soviet Union is reflected in such books as Igor's Summer: A Story of Our Russian Friends (1943). Lorraine's Triumph Clear (1946) deals with infantile paralysis, and her Sugar and Spice (1947) is one of the few midcentury books to confront the sexism faced by young women. Despite censorship attempts--the matter-of-fact presentation of integration in Jerrold's Swimming Hole (1950) caused the book to be banned in South Carolina--the Beims published socially conscious books until their untimely deaths.\"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bell_jesse_b_1904","authoritative_name":"Bell, Jesse B., 1904-","biography":"Jesse Bell was born April 20, 1904 in Tallulah, Louisiana. He attended Alcorn College in Mississippi, beginning in the seventh grade in 1918 and finishing high school in 1924. He then attended Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia and Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee. He began practicing medicine in Frankfort, Kentucky in June 1932. He later moved to Louisville because there was no hospital for African Americans in Frankfort.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"belton_cheryll","authoritative_name":"Belton, Cheryll","biography":"Cheryll Belton and her family, Helen and David, lived in Winnsboro, South Carolina in 1956 and corresponded with Mattie and Joseph DeLaine in New York, including a pledge to join DeLaine's church in Buffalo, New York, as honorary members.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"belton_helen","authoritative_name":"Belton, Helen","biography":"Helen Belton and her family, Cheryll and David, lived in Winnsboro, South Carolina in 1956 and corresponded with Mattie and Joseph DeLaine in New York, including a pledge to join DeLaine's church in Buffalo, New York, as honorary members.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bench_matt","authoritative_name":"Bench, Matt","biography":"Associated with the United Mine Workers of America.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"benham_robert_1946","authoritative_name":"Benham, Robert, 1946-","biography":"Robert Benham, the first African American chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia, also made history both as the first African American to establish a law practice in his hometown of Cartresville and as the first African American to sit on the Georgia State Court of Appeals. Benham attended Summer Hill High School, Tuskegee University in Tuskegee, Alabama, Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the University of Georgia School of Law. He also was a captain in the U.S. Army Reserve.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bequest_broadus_l_1913_1992","authoritative_name":"Bequest, Broadus L., 1913-1992","biography":"Broadus L. Bequest was chief of police in Augusta, Georgia in 1971 during race rioting there.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"berkowitz_sol","authoritative_name":"Berkowitz, Sol","biography":"Sol Berkowitz of New York, New York, corresponded with Joseph DeLaine in 1955.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"berry_john_w","authoritative_name":"Berry, John W.","biography":"Faculty member from Pacific University who was a keynote speaker at a 1958 race relations institute at Hughs Memorial Methodist Church, Portland, Oregon.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"berry_mary_frances","authoritative_name":"Berry, Mary Frances","biography":"African American professor, writer, lawyer, and activist. She served as assistant secretary in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare during the Carter Administration, led the civil rights commission under President Bill Clinton, and was an outspoken advocate of the Equal Rights Amendment.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"berry_thomas_1944","authoritative_name":"Berry, Thomas, 1944-","biography":"White civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beveridge_charles_1940","authoritative_name":"Beveridge, Charles, 1940-","biography":"According to the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances, Beveridge was a member of the American Nazi Party.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bigelow_albert_1906_1993","authoritative_name":"Bigelow, Albert, 1906-1993","biography":"Albert Bigelow; b. Albert Smith Bigelow, 1906; architect, illustrator, former navy commander, and Quaker; capt. of Golden Rule, thirty ft. ketch whose proposed voyage to the Eniwetok Proving Grounds in Marshall Islands in early 1958 was intended as a protest against nuclear weapons. He was on the CORE Freedom Ride in 1961 and was on the bus attacked and burned by a mob in Anniston, Alabama, May 14. He died October 6, 1993.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"biggers_charles_1938","authoritative_name":"Biggers, Charles, 1938-","biography":"At the age of 23, Charles Biggers, an African American student from the University of Colorado in Boulder, was arrested at the Trailways Bus Station in Jackson, Mississippi on July 7, 1961 for his participation in the Freedom Rides.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bilbo_theodore_gilmore_1877_1947","authoritative_name":"Bilbo, Theodore Gilmore, 1877-1947","biography":"\"Senator from Mississippi; born on a farm near Poplarville, Pearl River County, Miss., October 13, 1877; attended the public schools, Peabody College, Nashville, Tenn., the law department of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., and the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor; teacher in district and high schools of Mississippi for five years; admitted to the bar in 1908 and commenced practice in Poplarville, Miss.; member, State senate 1908-1912; elected lieutenant governor 1912-1916; twice elected Governor and served 1916-1920 and 1928-1932; elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1934, 1940 and again in 1946 and served from January 3, 1935, until his death in New Orleans on August 21, 1947; did not take the oath of office in 1947 at the beginning of the Eightieth Congress; chairman, Committee on District of Columbia (Seventy-eighth and Seventy-ninth Congresses), Committee on Pensions (Seventy-eighth Congress); interment in Juniper Grove Cemetery, near Poplarville, Miss.\"--Biographical Dictionary of the U.S. Congress\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"binion_r_b","authoritative_name":"Binion, R. B.","biography":"One of over 80 African American civil rights workers arrested in February 1956 during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Picture taken at arrest available on the Smoking Gun website and named in Montgomery Advertiser.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bishop_cecil_rev","authoritative_name":"Bishop, Cecil, Rev.","biography":"\"Bishop Cecil Bishop was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Knoxville College in Knoxville, Tennessee, and then attended the Howard University School of Religion and the Wesley Theological Seminary. In 1960, he came to Greensboro as pastor of the Trinity African Methodist Episcopal Church. During the sit-ins of the 1960s, he worked to bridge the generational divide between adults and students of the African American community to desegregate local businesses. In 1965, he was appointed to the Human Relations Commission, which he chaired for a number of years. During this same time, he served on many local organizations in various capacities, including the Greensboro Housing Authority, Greensboro Men's Club, Greensboro NAACP chapter, Pulpit Forum, and Greensboro Citizens Association. Bishop left Greensboro in 1975 and moved to Charlotte, North Carolina, where he became the minister of the Grace African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1980, he was elevated to bishop in the African Methodist Church, and during this time he served as the president of the North Carolina Council of Churches. In 2005, he retired from the Grace AME Church and he became a Senior Presiding Prelate of the AME Zion Church. Currently, he is involved with many organizations, among them Livingstone College, where he serves as chair of the Board of Trustees, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, where he serves as senior bishop, and Piedmont Episcopal District, where he serves as bishop.\" --From Greensboro VOICES Biography, \"Bishop, Cecil\" accessed 8 October 2008, http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/civrights/detail-bio.asp?bio=22\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bishop_curtis_1912_1967","authoritative_name":"Bishop, Curtis, 1912-1967","biography":"http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/02481/02481-P.html [accessed 31 Oct. 2012]: \"A native of Austin, Texas, Curtis Bishop (1912-1967) was a student at the University of Texas at Austin, a newspaper writer for the Austin American-Statesman, and a local author. Sometimes using the pseudonyms 'Curt Brandon' and 'Curt Carroll', Bishop wrote more than fifty books and several hundred magazine articles for youth concerning sports and western lore.\"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bishop_mose","authoritative_name":"Bishop, Mose","biography":"One of over 80 African American civil rights workers arrested in February 1956 during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Picture taken at arrest available on the Smoking Gun website and named in Montgomery Advertiser.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"black_hector","authoritative_name":"Black, Hector","biography":"Hector Black grew up in Queens, New York and attended Harvard University where he graduated in 1949 with a degree in social anthropology.  In 1965 Black and his wife, Susie, moved to Vine City, a neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia to become involved in the civil rights movement.  While working with a tutoring program established by the Atlanta Friends Meeting, Black and his family met and adopted Patricia Ann Nuckles.  Following the brutal murder of his daughter, Patricia, in 2000, Black, an ardent Quaker, took up the cause of campaigning for the abolition of the death penalty.  He lives in Cookeville, Tennessee with his wife and remains active in the Quaker community and in the Tennessee Coalition to Abolish State Killing.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blackman_homer_g","authoritative_name":"Blackman, Homer G.","biography":"Argenta, Arkansas black restaurateur lynched during the Argenta Riot in October of 1906.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blair_corene_lee_williams_1923","authoritative_name":"Blair, Corene Lee Williams, 1923-","biography":"\"Corene Lee Williams Blair, wife of Ezell A. Blair Sr., was born February 8, 1923, on a farm in rural Chatham County, North Carolina. She graduated from Chatham County Training School, a high school for African Americans, and moved to Greensboro to find work. Blair worked as a nanny for several white families and also at the Southern Bakery on Lee Street. She eventually enrolled at North Carolina A\u0026T State University and took night classes. Financial assistance later allowed Blair to discontinue work at her other jobs and attend school full time. She graduated from A\u0026T in 1956 with her bachelor's of science degree in education. While at A\u0026T, she met Ezell Blair Sr. and the two were married. Following graduation, Corene Blair was employed as a teacher at Jonesboro Elementary School, which served African American children in Greensboro. After integration, she was transferred to Caesar Cone Elementary, where she became the second African American to teach the formerly all-white school. In 1964, Blair earned her master's in education from A\u0026T. She retired from teaching in the mid-1980s, after 30 years with the Greensboro Public School system. In retirement, she served for 14 years as a volunteer in assisting the elderly and was an active member of Shiloh Baptist Church. Two of Ezell and Corene Blair's children were involved in the civil rights movement in Greensboro. Jibreel Khazan (formerly Ezell A. Blair Jr.) was one of the four N.C. A\u0026T freshmen who participated in the Woolworth's sit-in on February 1, 1960. Their daughter Gloria Jean, a Bennett College student, was also an active participant in demonstrations.\" --From Greensboro VOICES Biography, \"Blair, Corene Lee Williams\" accessed 8 October 2008, http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/civrights/detail-bio.asp?bio=4\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blalock_marie","authoritative_name":"Blalock, Marie","biography":"African American women civil rights leader in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Member of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party delegation in 1964.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blankenship_j_n","authoritative_name":"Blankenship, J. N.","biography":"Attended the Southern Conference Educational Fund's April 1963 conference, Time for Action in the Mid South.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bloch_charles_j","authoritative_name":"Bloch, Charles J.","biography":"Macon-based lawyer and segregationist, born in Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge Parish, La., October 10, 1893. A democrat, Bloch served as a member of Georgia state house of representatives, 1927. He was a  delegate to the Democratic National Convention from Georgia in 1932, 1944 (alternate), and 1948 and served as a presidential elector for Georgia in 1932 and 1948. Bloch was a member of the University System of Georgia Board of Regents from 1950 to 1957. He was  elected vice-president of the States' Rights Council of Georgia in 1955.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bond_horace_mann_1904_1972","authoritative_name":"Bond, Horace Mann, 1904-1972","biography":"Father of civil rights activist and Georgia politician Julian Bond, Horace Mann Bond had a long and distinguished career as a historian, college administrator, and social science researcher, while making his own contributions to the black freedom struggle of the 1950s and 1960s. (\"Horace Mann Bond (1904-1972),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 8, 2007: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bond_julian_1940_2015","authoritative_name":"Bond, Julian, 1940-2015","biography":"\"As protester, politician, scholar, and lecturer, Julian Bond has remained committed to civil rights, economic justice, and peace since the 1950s. Bond played a significant role in the civil rights movement and continued his battle to ensure equality for all Americans during his twenty-year tenure in the Georgia legislature. When Bond retired from the Georgia senate, he had been elected to office more times than any other black Georgian.\"--\"Julian Bond (b. 1940),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 28, 2007: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bonner_j_w","authoritative_name":"Bonner, J. W.","biography":"One of over 80 African American civil rights workers arrested in February 1956 during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Picture taken at arrest available on the Smoking Gun website and named in Montgomery Advertiser.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"booker_simeon_1918","authoritative_name":"Booker, Simeon, 1918-","biography":"Simeon Baker was an African American journalist who traveled with and reported on the 1961 Freedom Ride for Ebony and Jet. He also reported on the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the 1965 Selma to Montgomery march. He became the Washington Post’s first full-time African American reporter and later one of the first two bureau chiefs for Johnson Publishing Company, with an assignment in Washington, D.C.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boone_richard_charles_1937_2013","authoritative_name":"Boone, Richard Charles, 1937-2013","biography":"African American civil rights activist, SCLC field secretary in Selma and Dallas counties, Alabama, and minister based in Montgomery, Alabama. He led a group of 1500 Alabama State University students and Black Montgomery, Alabama residents to join the Selma to Montgomery March. Boone founded the Alabama Action Committee","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bootle_william_a_1902_2005","authoritative_name":"Bootle, William A., 1902-2005","biography":"William Bootle, a U.S. District Court judge from 1954 to 1981, presided over several federal court challenges to racial segregation in Georgia, most notably the lawsuit that forced the integration of the University of Georgia (UGA) in 1961. He also issued a number of court orders that were instrumental in desegregating Georgia's schools, elections, and transportation facilities. Bootle graduated from Reidsville High School before enrolling in Mercer University in Macon. U.S. president Calvin Coolidge appointed Bootle assistant and later full U.S. attorney for the Middle District of Georgia. Bootle also taught at and served as interim dean of the Mercer University School of Law. U.S. president Dwight Eisenhower appointed Bootle to fill a vacant judgeship in the Middle District, where he served until he retired in 1981.  (\"William Bootle (1902-2005),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 28, 2007. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/.)\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boston_l_m_lucy_maria_1892_1990","authoritative_name":"Boston, L. M. (Lucy Maria), 1892-1990","biography":"Wikipedia, 31 Oct. 2012: \"Lucy M. Boston (1892â€\"1990) was an English novelist who wrote for children and adults, entirely after age sixty. She is best known for the 'Green Knowe' series, six low fantasy children's novels published by Faber from 1954 to 1976. Green Knowe is the setting, an old country house and manor based on Boston's Cambridgeshire home at the time. For its fourth book, A Stranger at Green Knowe (1961), she won the annual Carnegie Medal in Literature from the Library Association, recognizing the year's best children's book by a British subject.\"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bowen_a_delbert_1919_1981","authoritative_name":"Bowen, A'Delbert, 1919-1981","biography":"Represented Randolph County in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1959 to 1964.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boyd_flutie","authoritative_name":"Boyd, Flutie","biography":"Flutie Boyd was a retired school teacher in Manning, South Carolina. He worked with Joseph DeLaine on civil rights projects in South Carolina.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boyle_sarah_patton_1906_1994","authoritative_name":"Boyle, Sarah-Patton, 1906-1994","biography":"Born in Virginia on May 9, 1906, Sarah-Patton Boyle became a noted American author and leading civil rights activist.  In 1961, Boyle endorsed a petition requesting executive clemency from President Kennedy for imprisoned civil rights activist, Carl Braden.  The following year, in 1962, Boyle published \"The Desegregated Heart.\"  Boyle went on to publish numerous other articles and books reflecting her observations of race relations in Virginia and throughout the South.  She died at the age of 87 on February 20, 1994.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boynton_bruce","authoritative_name":"Boynton, Bruce","biography":"African American law student from Selma, Alabama and petitioner in Boynton v. Virginia, in which the Supreme Court ruled that his 1958 arrest for refusing to leave a whites-only section in a bus station restaurant violated the Interstate Commerce Act, and the Equal Protection, Due Process, and Commerce Clauses of the U.S. Constitution.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boyte_harry_c_1945","authoritative_name":"Boyte, Harry C., 1945-","biography":"\"Harry C. Boyte, political organizer and writer, in the 1960s and 1970s ... Harry C. Boyte was involved in the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee and New American Movement, a national socialist organization with a Chapel Hill-Durham, North Carolina chapter. He was a member of the National Interim Committee for NAM, a steering committee for local groups ... Harry C. Boyte wrote regularly for NAM and other socialist publications on socialist theory and organization.\"--Register of the Boyte Family Papers, 1941-1981, Duke University.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bradford_james_cleo","authoritative_name":"Bradford, James Cleo","biography":"According to the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission records, James Cleo Bradford was arrested on 27 March 1961 for his paricipation in a sit-in at an unidentified library in Jackson, Mississippi.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bramson_bruce_1945","authoritative_name":"Bramson, Bruce, 1945-","biography":"White civil rights worker and New York University student featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"branch_raylawni_1941","authoritative_name":"Branch, Raylawni, 1941-","biography":"\"During the Civil Rights Movement, Raylawni participated in several activities, including the March on Washington in 1963. She was involved in the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). She integrated the Greyhound and Trailways bus stations in Hattiesburg, and was the first African American ever hired at the Big Yank clothing factory. She also became the first African American ever hired as a switchboard operator at the local telephone company.  In 1965, at age twenty-four, Raylawni was Secretary of the Forrest County, Mississippi NAACP when the organization offered to pay her tuition to the University of Southern Mississippi (USM). On September 6, 1965, she and eighteen-year-old Hattiesburg native Elaine Armstrong became the first African American students at USM. Raylawni majored in Pre-Medicine and had a work-study job on campus in the biology department. Unfortunately, financial strain and personal problems caused her to leave USM after one year.\"--Inventory of the Branch (Raylawni) Collection, University of Southern Mississippi.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"branch_william_mckinley_1918","authoritative_name":"Branch, William McKinley, 1918-","biography":"African American clergyman, civil rights worker, and the first African American probate judge in the U.S. Branch organized the Greene County, Alabama NAACP in the early 1950s and was an early organizer of the National Democratic Party of Alabama. In 1970 he was elected to the county commission and as a probate judge in Greene County.  Branch    1918-\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"branche_william_charles_1914","authoritative_name":"Branche, William Charles, 1914-","biography":"African American civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brandon_lewis_a_1939","authoritative_name":"Brandon, Lewis A., 1939-","biography":"\"Lewis A. Brandon III was born in Asheville, North Carolina, in 1939. As a youth, he was involved with civil rights activities and interracial groups in Asheville, including the Red Cross and the Interracial Youth Council. In 1957, he graduated from Stevens Lee High School and moved to Greensboro to attend North Carolina A\u0026T State University. Following the sit-in of the F. W. Woolworth lunch counter on February 1, 1960, Brandon joined demonstrations against segregated businesses downtown. That same year, he became a member of Greensboro chapters of CORE and NAACP, as well as the Student Executive Committee for Justice, a group formed on the campus of A\u0026T. Brandon graduated from A\u0026T with a BS degree in 1961. The following year, he participated in voter registration drives, served as vice-president of Greensboro CORE, and was a member of the Greensboro Association of Poor People (GAPP). During this time, he was also part of a group that was arrested on Thanksgiving Day for demonstrating at the S\u0026W Cafeteria in downtown Greensboro. In 1964, he resigned from CORE and joined the United States Army, where he served for two years. In 1966, he returned to Greensboro to seek a MS in biology from A\u0026T. During this time, he again became active in civil rights activities in Greensboro. After graduating with his master's degree, he taught high school science for the Greensboro Public Schools.\" --From Greensboro VOICES Biography, \"Brandon, Lewis A., III\" accessed 8 October 2008, http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/civrights/detail-bio.asp?bio=25\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"branstetter_cecil_d_cecil_dewey_1920","authoritative_name":"Branstetter, Cecil D. (Cecil Dewey), 1920-","biography":"\"Mr. Branstetter was elected representative in the General Assembly of Tennessee in 1950 where he sponsored and passed a bill allowing women to serve on juries. Appointed in 1957 to the Charter Commission and again in 1962, he successfully drafted a charter to combine city and county governments. Mr. Branstetter has also been a past member of the Metropolitan Human Relations Commission, the Civil Liberties Union, and the Tennessee Environmental Council.\"--Branstetter Stranch Jennings WWW site, retrieved February 19, 2008.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"branton_wiley_austin_1923_1988","authoritative_name":"Branton, Wiley Austin, 1923-1988","biography":"\"Civil rights leader in Arkansas who helped desegregate the University of Arkansas School of Law and later filed suit against the Little Rock School Board in a case that went to the U.S. Supreme Court as Cooper v. Aaron. His work to end legal segregation and inequality in Arkansas and the nation was well known in his time.\"--\"Wiley Austin Branton Sr. (1923–1988),\" Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture. http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1\u0026entryID=1598 (accessed September 27, 2007).\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"braxter_edwin_woodrow_1939","authoritative_name":"Braxter, Edwin Woodrow, 1939-","biography":"African American civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"breedin_tom_mrs","authoritative_name":"Breedin, Tom, Mrs.","biography":"Official of H.O.P.E. (Help Our Public Education), a primarily white organization that favored open schools. Mrs. Breedin spoke during a meeting of the General Assembly Committee on Schools in Atlanta, Georgia.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brennan_william_j_1906_1997","authoritative_name":"Brennan, William J., 1906-1997","biography":"Supreme Court justice (1957 to 1990) was born in Newark, New Jersey, April 25, 1906 and died July 24 1997. According to the American National Biography, \"Brennan also helped to shape the contours of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of \"equal protection of the laws.\" He wrote several major school desegregation decisions that were central to the Court's effort to enforce the mandate of Brown v. Board of Education (1954). He authored a number of decisions upholding the use of race and gender in national and local affirmative action plans, and his decisions continued to be debated even after he left the bench.\"\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brinkley_david","authoritative_name":"Brinkley, David","biography":"Wikipedia 26 Oct. 2012: \"David McClure Brinkley (July 10, 1920 â€\" June 11, 2003) was an American newscaster for NBC and ABC in a career lasting from 1943 to 1997. From 1956 through 1970, he co-anchored NBC's top-rated nightly news program, The Huntleyâ€\"Brinkley Report, with Chet Huntley and thereafter appeared as co-anchor or commentator on its successor, NBC Nightly News, through the 1970s. In the 1980s and 1990s, Brinkley was host of the popular Sunday This Week with David Brinkley program and a top commentator on election-night coverage for ABC News. Over the course of his career, Brinkley received ten Emmy Awards, three George Foster Peabody Awards, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom.\"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brooks_arthur_1938","authoritative_name":"Brooks, Arthur, 1938-","biography":"As a twenty-two year old Los Angeles City College student, Arthur Brooks, Jr. was arrested on June 25, 1961 in Jackson, Mississippi for his participation in a Freedom Ride from New Orleans to Jackson, Mississippi via the Illinois Central Railroad.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brotslaw_irving_1929","authoritative_name":"Brotslaw, Irving, 1929-","biography":"Professor of labor studies at the University of Wisconsin- Extension and University of Wisconsin- Parkside; member of the Milwaukee, Wisconsin Urban League Research Advisory Council, and 1965 candidate for Milwaukee school board. Brotslaw's candidacy was endorsed by the Milwaukee United School Integration Committee (MUSIC).\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_beatrice","authoritative_name":"Brown, Beatrice","biography":"Beatrice Brown was a student at Scott's Branch School in Clarendon County, South Carolina.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_curry_1933","authoritative_name":"Brown, Curry, 1933-","biography":"Born on March 18, 1933 in Lawton, Oklahoma, Curry Brown worked as an organizer and participant in civil rights demonstrations and boycotts in Mendenhall, Mississippi.  Brown was arrested along with fellow organizers and students from Tougaloo College in February 1970 following his participation in a local demonstration.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_elizabeth_1937","authoritative_name":"Brown, Elizabeth, 1937-","biography":"Elizabeth Brown was a white teacher who taught at John Carroll High School in Birmingham, Alabama.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_jim_1936","authoritative_name":"Brown, Jim, 1936-","biography":"Wikipedia, 31 Oct. 2012: \"James Nathaniel 'Jim' Brown (born February 17, 1936) is an American former professional football player who has also made his mark as an actor. He is best known for his exceptional and record-setting nine-year career as a running back for the NFL Cleveland Browns from 1957 to 1965. In 2002, he was named by Sporting News as the greatest professional football player ever.\"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_luvaghn_1945","authoritative_name":"Brown, Luvaghn, 1945-","biography":"At the age of sixteen, Luvaghn Brown (also known as Luvaghn Stamps) was arrested for his participation in a sit-in in a Jackson, Mississippi Walgreens lunch counter on July 11, 1961. In October of that year he was also arrested while picketing outside Jackson's fairgrounds. In August of 1962, Brown would join the SNCC staff in Greenwood, Mississippi.\n","alternate_names":["Stamps, Luvaghn, 1945-"]},{"slug":"brown_w_b","authoritative_name":"Brown, W. B.","biography":"Willie Brown was the father of Minnijean Brown, one of the Little Rock Nine. According to the Encyclopedia of Arkansas, he was an independent mason and landscaping contractor.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"browning_joan_c","authoritative_name":"Browning, Joan C.","biography":"A nineteen-year old, white SNCC activist and former student at Georgia State College for Women, Browning rode the Central Georgia Railroad as part of a Freedom Ride from Atlanta, Georgia to Albany, Georgia on December 10, 1961 and was arrested.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brunson_isaiah","authoritative_name":"Brunson, Isaiah","biography":"African American civil rights worker and chair of the Brooklyn branch of CORE featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"buckley_travis","authoritative_name":"Buckley, Travis","biography":"Defense attorney (aged 35 in 1968) for Klan members. He was the chief defense lawyer for the Dahmer, Medger Evers, and Schwermer (Mississippi Burning) murder cases. He defended Bowers again in the 1998 retrial for the murder of Vernon Dahmer. Billy Roy Pitts, a FBI informant, claimed that Buckley was present during discussions of the Klan's planned attack of Dahmer. Moreover, in March of 1967, he attempted to intimidate Jack Watkins into claiming that Lawrence Byrd's March 1966 was coerced. In February 1968, Buckley received a ten-year sentence for kidnapping related to the Dahmer case, but his conviction was overturned by Mississippi's supreme court.  Buckley also represented Vincent Travis Purser, Deavours Nix, and Sam Bowers during the Committee on Un-American Activities' hearings on Klan activities in 1966.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burch_peter_tom_1942","authoritative_name":"Burch, Peter Tom, 1942-","biography":"African American civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burke_marty","authoritative_name":"Burke, Marty","biography":"Marty Burke was a teacher at Tougaloo College in Tougaloo, Mississippi during the 1960s when he participated in a demonstration in Jackson, Mississippi to protest a visit to the city by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burkholder_daniel_1932","authoritative_name":"Burkholder, Daniel, 1932-","biography":"Daniel E. Burkholder was a twenty-nine year old lecturer and business man for CORE when he was arrested for his participation in the Freedom Rides.  Burkholder was arrested in the Trailways terminal in Jackson, Mississippi on 9 July 1961 after he and seven others rode a bus from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burroughs_white_claudette_graves_1940","authoritative_name":"Burroughs-White, Claudette Graves, 1940-","biography":"\"Claudette Burroughs-White was born in Greensboro, North Carolina, on May 1, 1940. She graduated from Dudley High School in 1957 and then matriculated at Woman's College (now The University of North Carolina at Greensboro), where she joined two other women as the first African American students to attend the school. While a student at Woman's College, Burroughs-White joined the February 1960 sit-in at Woolworth's the day after four NC A\u0026T college students began the movement. After a brief time in Philadelphia following her graduation in 1961, Burroughs-White returned to Greensboro to work as a probation officer with the Domestic Relations Court of Guilford. She continued working with children and families in the court system as supervisor of the 18th Judicial District Juvenile Services Division until her retirement in 1994. Burroughs-White also served the community as a city councilwoman from 1994 until 2005, where her most lauded achievement was closing the White Street Landfill. She served on the Governor's Crime Commission from 1997 until 2005, and was on the board of the Greensboro Commission on the Status of Women. Her civic involvements include the United Way of Greensboro, the Tar Heel Triad Girl Scout Council, the YWCA Advisory Board, and the National Conference of Community and Justice board. She is the recipient of the Sertoma Club Service to Mankind Award in 1990, the North Carolina Outstanding Juvenile Service Award in 1988, the African-American Woman of Distinction Award in 1993, and the state Democratic Women's STAR award. She posthumously received the National Conference for Community Justice Brotherhood/Sisterhood Citation Award in 2007. Claudette Burroughs-White died on September 16, 2007.\" --From Greensboro VOICES Biography, \"Burroughs-White, Claudette Graves\" accessed 8 October 2008, http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/civrights/detail-bio.asp?bio=128\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"butler_angeline_emma","authoritative_name":"Butler, Angeline Emma","biography":"Nashville, Tennessee Civil Rights Movement participant.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"butler_charles","authoritative_name":"Butler, Charles","biography":"Charles Butler was an eighteen year old student at Tennessee State University when he was arrested in Jackson, Mississippi for his participation in a Freedom Ride.  As part of the Freedom Ride, Butler took a bus from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi where he was arrested, along with thirteen others, at the Trailways terminal on 2 June 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"butts_william_a_1933","authoritative_name":"Butts, William A., 1933-","biography":"president, Kentucky State University.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"byrd_garland_t_garland_turk_1924_1997","authoritative_name":"Byrd, Garland T. (Garland Turk), 1924-1997","biography":"Garland Byrd served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1947 to 1949, was assistant director of veteran services 1949 to 1952, and was lieutenant governor from 1959 to 1963.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"byrd_lawrence_sr","authoritative_name":"Byrd, Lawrence, Sr.","biography":"Jones County merchant, White Knights \"senator\" who on March 2, 1966  confessed his role in the fire bombing of Vernon Dahmer's home. Byrd received a ten-year prison sentence for arson.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"byrd_robert_c","authoritative_name":"Byrd, Robert C.","biography":"\"Representative and a Senator from West Virginia; born in North Wilkesboro, Wilkes County, N.C., November 20, 1917; attended West Virginia public schools; student at Beckley College, Concord College, Morris Harvey College, and Marshall College, all in West Virginia, and George Washington University Law School, Washington, D.C.; graduated, American University Law School 1963; received Bachelor's degree in political science from Marshall University 1994; member of the West Virginia house of delegates 1947-1950; member of the West Virginia senate 1951-1952, resigning when elected to Congress; elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-third, Eighty-fourth, and Eighty-fifth Congresses (January 3, 1953-January 3, 1959); elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1958 for the term commencing January 3, 1959; reelected in 1964, 1970, 1976, 1982, 1988, 1994, 2000, and again in 2006 for the term ending January 3, 2013; Secretary, Senate Democratic Conference 1967-1971; Democratic whip 1971-1977; Majority Leader 1977-1980, 1987-1988; Minority Leader 1981-1986; President pro tempore (1989-1995, June 6, 2001-January 3, 2003, 2007-); chair, Committee on Appropriations (One Hundred First through One Hundred Third Congresses; One Hundred Seventh Congress [January 3-20, 2001; June 6, 2001-January 3, 2003]; One Hundred Tenth Congress); grandfather of Erik, Darius, and Frederik Fatemi, Michael (deceased), Mona, and Mary Anne Moore; great-grandfather of Caroline Byrd Fatemi, Kathryn James Fatemi, Anna Cristina Fatemi and Michael Yoo Fatemi, Emma James Clarkson and Hannah Byrd Clarkson.\"--Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bowman_evelyn","authoritative_name":"Bowman, Evelyn","biography":"African American resident of the Historic Fulton neighborhood in Richmond, Virginia.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"branch_federal","authoritative_name":"Branch, Federal","biography":"African American resident of the Historic Fulton neighborhood in Richmond, Virginia.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blossom_virgil_t","authoritative_name":"Blossom, Virgil T.","biography":"Superintendent of Schools during the Little Rock Crisis.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brock_james_1922_2007","authoritative_name":"Brock, James, 1922-2007","biography":"Manager of the Monson Motor Lodge in Saint Augustine, Florida and president of the St. Augustine Hotel, Motel, and Restaurant Owners Association during the Monson Motor Lodge protests in 1964. He refused to serve Martin Luther King, Jr. lunch. Police arrested King for trespass. On June 18, 1964, civil rights activists from Albany, Georgia jumped into the motel's swimming pool for a \"swim-in.\" In retaliation, Brock  poured muriatic acid into the pool filled with protestors.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bonilla_william_d","authoritative_name":"Bonilla, William D.","biography":"President of the League of United Latin American Citizens from 1964 to 1965.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baldwin_hanson_weightman_1903_1991","authoritative_name":"Baldwin, Hanson Weightman, 1903-1991","biography":"Pulitzer Prize-winning American author and military historian","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"balin_ina_1937_1990","authoritative_name":"Balin, Ina, 1937-1990","biography":"American stage, film, and television actress.","alternate_names":["Rosenberg, Ina, 1937-1990"]},{"slug":"ballantine_arthur_a_arthur_atwood_1883_1960","authoritative_name":"Ballantine, Arthur A. (Arthur Atwood), 1883-1960","biography":"Lawyer, tax specialist, and solicitor of the Internal Revenue Service and Undersecretary of the Treasury under U.S. President Herbert Hoover.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barker_lucius_j_lucius_jefferson_1928_2020","authoritative_name":"Barker, Lucius J. (Lucius Jefferson), 1928-2020","biography":"\"Lucius J. Barker was an African American political scientist who broke through racial barriers to become a leader in constitutional law, civil liberties, and African American politics.\"--https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/lucius-j-barker-1928-2020/","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barnes_wendell_b_wendell_burton_1909_1985","authoritative_name":"Barnes, Wendell B. (Wendell Burton), 1909-1985","biography":"\"Wendell B. Barnes (1909-1985) was an American attorney and businessman, and one of the first administrators of the United States Small Business Administration (1952-1959).\"--https://library.syracuse.edu/digital/guides/b/barnes_wb.htm","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bean_woodrow_w_1918_1995","authoritative_name":"Bean, Woodrow W., 1918-1995","biography":"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"belfrage_cedric_1904_1990","authoritative_name":"Belfrage, Cedric, 1904-1990","biography":"Socialist, author, journalist, translator and co-founder of the radical US-weekly newspaper the National Guardian.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"belfrage_sally_1936","authoritative_name":"Belfrage, Sally, 1936-","biography":"Author and civil rights activist. \"In 1964 she joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and participated in the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project; she was librarian at the Greenwood, Mississippi SNCC headquarters. Her book, Freedom Summer, published in 1965, details the project and her participation in it. Belfrage presently lives in New York City.\"--Inventory of the Sally Belfrage Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_joyce_freedom_school_student","authoritative_name":"Brown, Joyce (Freedom School student)","biography":"At age 15, Brown attended the McComb, Mississippi Freedom School and authored the poem, \"House of Liberty.\"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bikel_theodore","authoritative_name":"Bikel, Theodore","biography":"Folk singer, actor, co-founder of the Newport Folk Festival, and social activist. ","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blue_willie_edward_1939","authoritative_name":"Blue, Willie Edward, 1939-","biography":"\"Rev. Blue became a SNCC field secretary in 1963. He helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in preparation for the Democratic Convention held in Atlantic City in 1964. After the Democratic Convention, Rev. Blue returned to Mississippi and worked on voter registration. After SNCC, Rev. Blue worked in Chicago for a bit, then returned to Mississippi to be with family. To this day, Rev. Blue continues to work and encourage young folks to be involved in making the world a better place.\"--https://www.crmvet.org/nars/bluew.htm","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bokulich_pat","authoritative_name":"Bokulich, Pat","biography":"White civil rights worker from Detroit, Michigan. She and her husband Paul worked in South Carolina, Greene County, Alabama and Georgia from 1965 to 1968.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bronstein_alvin_j","authoritative_name":"Bronstein, Alvin J.","biography":"American lawyer, and founder and Director Emeritus of the National Prison Project (1972 to 1995) of the American Civil Liberties Union Foundation. From 1964 to 1968, he served as Chief Staff Counsel of the Lawyers’ Constitutional Defense Committee in Jackson, Mississippi","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boyte_harry_g_1911","authoritative_name":"Boyte, Harry G., 1911-","biography":"Boyte became the first white employee of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1963. He worked for the American Red Cross from 1942 to 1959. He chaired the Greater Atlanta Council on Human Relations. In 1961, he became the Southern Director for the Unitarian Service Committee. We worked in Charlotte , North Carolina with Robert F. Williams and ran schools for African American students in Prince Edward County, Virginia in 1962. He retired in 1966.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"braxton_theresita","authoritative_name":"Braxton, Theresita","biography":"African American resident of the Historic Fulton neighborhood in Richmond, Virginia.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"briggs_ephraim","authoritative_name":"Briggs, Ephraim","biography":"African American resident of the Historic Fulton neighborhood in Richmond, Virginia.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bagwell_lewis_e_1912","authoritative_name":"Bagwell, Lewis E., 1912-","biography":"Birmingham, Alabama principal during the Civil rights era.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bevill_tom_1921_2005","authoritative_name":"Bevill, Tom, 1921-2005","biography":"\"BEVILL, Tom, a Representative from Alabama; born in Townley, Walker County, Ala., March 27, 1921; graduated from Walker County High School, 1939; graduated from University of Alabama School of Commerce and Business Administration, 1943; graduated from University of Alabama School of Law in 1948; United States Army, World War II, 1943; served in European theater of operations; lawyer, private practice; member of the Alabama state house of representatives, 1958-1966; elected as a Democrat to the Ninetieth and to the fourteen succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1967-January 3, 1997); was not a candidate for reelection to the One Hundred Fifth Congress; died on March 28, 2005, in Jasper, Ala; interment at Oak Hill Cemetery, Jasper, Ala.\"--Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B000431.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barrett_charles_f_1861_1946","authoritative_name":"Barrett, Charles F., 1861-1946","biography":"Adjutant general and state legislator. Barrett deployed troops to suppress the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bassett_ebenezer_d_1833_1908","authoritative_name":"Bassett, Ebenezer D., 1833-1908","biography":"Educator, abolitionist, and black rights activist. United States Ambassador to Haiti from 1869 to 1877.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bryan_albert_v_albert_vickers_1899_1984","authoritative_name":"Bryan, Albert V. (Albert Vickers), 1899-1984","biography":"U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit judge from 1961 to 1972 and U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia judge from 1947 to 1961. A supporter of segregation, Bryan presided over Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County in 1952. He would narrowly interpret the desegregation implementation decree. (https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/bryan-albert-v-1899-1984/)","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"buffington_john","authoritative_name":"Buffington, John","biography":"Chairman, Clay County Development Organization (Miss.). Member, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). Former member, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), national executive committee. Former member, Black Muslims","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barnett_roosevelt","authoritative_name":"Barnett, Roosevelt","biography":"African American SCLC staff member in Montgomery, Alabama.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bokulich_paul_m","authoritative_name":"Bokulich, Paul M.","biography":"White SCLC worker in Greene County, Alabama.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bernard_joel_1945","authoritative_name":"Bernard, Joel, 1945-","biography":"Joel Bernard, a white Freedom Summer volunteer from New York City who worked to register African American voters.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"birdsong_t_b","authoritative_name":"Birdsong, T. B.","biography":"Head of Mississippi State Police from 1938 to 1968. Birdsong along with U.S. marshals escorted James Meredith onto the campus of Ole Miss on October 1, 1962.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bailey_henry_civil_rights_worker","authoritative_name":"Bailey, Henry (Civil rights worker)","biography":"SNCC member arrested in Hattiesburg, Mississippi while registering voters in April 1964.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blackwell_randolph_t_1927_1981","authoritative_name":"Blackwell, Randolph T., 1927-1981","biography":"Black civil rights leader and lawyer. Blackwell joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1963. In 1966, he became director of Southern Rural Action. From 1977 to 1979, Blackwell headed the U.S. Office of Minority Business Enterprise. He resigned two years later and returned to Atlanta. From 1979 to 1981, he was the Atlanta director of the Office of Minority Business Programs and Development, part of the Commerce Department.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"branton_leo_jr_1922_2013","authoritative_name":"Branton, Leo, Jr., 1922-2013","biography":"California lawyer whose moving closing argument in a racially and politically charged murder trial in 1972 helped persuade an all-white jury to acquit a black communist, the activist and academic Angela Davis.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baer_byron_m_1929_2007","authoritative_name":"Baer, Byron M., 1929-2007","biography":"Byron Mark Baer was working as a motion picture technician in Englewood, New Jersey when he was arrested for his participation in the Freedom Rides during the summer of 1961.  As part of the Freedom Ride, Baer, along with nine others, took a Greyhound bus from Nashville, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi where he was arrested on 29 July 1961.  Baer later served the state of New Jersey as both a state representative, from 1972 to 1993, and a state senator between the years of 1994 and 2005.  He died on 24 June 2007.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bailey_bob","authoritative_name":"Bailey, Bob","biography":"North Carolina State University student and civil rights worker, who, at the age of 20 in 1964, was to join the White People's Project. Prior to the Project, he had worked with CORE in Cleveland.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bain_carson_1917","authoritative_name":"Bain, Carson, 1917-","biography":"\"Carson Bain was born in Lexington, North Carolina, in 1917. In 1932 his family moved from High Point to Greensboro, where Bain attended Greensboro Senior High School (now Grimsley High School) and graduated in 1934. While working at the A\u0026P grocery store, Bain started a cooking oil business, Home Kero Service. This one-man oil enterprise became Bain Heating and Oil Company in 1946. Bain served as the company's president until his retirement. Throughout that time he was also involved in several Greensboro civic organizations, most notably the Greensboro Junior Chamber of Commerce (the Jaycees), of which he is a life member. In the 1960s, Bain became involved in the local political arena, and was elected to the Greensboro City Council in 1966. The following year, he was elected mayor. One of his most memorable actions as mayor was the imposition of a nightly curfew after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968. His tenure is also known for significant redevelopment of some of Greensboro's more dilapidated areas and passage of a bond for construction of a new government center, additional school buildings, and expansion of the coliseum.\" --From Greensboro VOICES Biography, \"Bain, Carson\" accessed 8 October 2008, http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/civrights/detail-bio.asp?bio=3\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bankhead_tallulah_1902_1968","authoritative_name":"Bankhead, Tallulah, 1902-1968","biography":"Tallulah Bankhead was an American actress.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"banks_earl_w_1905_1986","authoritative_name":"Banks, Earl W., 1905-1986","biography":"\"Earl W. Banks was born on August 19, 1905, near Canton, Mississippi, in Madison County, to Miller and Jane Banks. One of six children, he worked on his parents' farm and attended local schools through the seventh grade, which was the highest grade offered. He enrolled at Alcorn College (now Alcorn University) at Lorman, Mississippi, for one year, then transferred to Jackson College (now Jackson State University) where he completed high school in 1920. He continued in the college program at Jackson College for two years, then transferred to Morehouse College at Atlanta, Georgia, where he finished his undergraduate degree in 1926.  Following graduation, Mr. Banks returned to Jackson and became a partner in Peoples Funeral Home. During a half-century of service to the people of Jackson, Mr. Banks was well-known for his active support of civic improvement projects. He spearheaded fund-raising efforts in the black community for St. Dominic's Hospital of Jackson and the Jackson YWCA. He was a member of the Board of Directors of State Mutual Federal Savings and Loan Association, and worked with the United Givers Fund, a predecessor of United Way. Mr. Banks was inducted into Jackson State's Sports Hall of Fame in 1973. He was a faithful member of Mount Helm Baptist Church in Jackson.  Mr. Banks married Jimmie Neal Stewart of Jackson in 1925 and they had one child, Earl W. Banks, Jr. Mr. Banks died in 1986.\"--http://anna.lib.usm.edu/%7Espcol/crda/oh/ohbanksep.html","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"banks_pattie_e","authoritative_name":"Banks, Pattie E.","biography":"\"Pattie E. Banks was born in Stanton, Virginia. She attended Bennett College from 1960 through 1963 and graduated from North Carolina A\u0026T State University in 1968. Banks was a member of Greensboro Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and was active in the 1962 and 1963 demonstrations for desegregation of businesses in downtown Greensboro.\" --From Greensboro VOICES Biography, \"Banks, Pattie E.\" accessed 8 October 2008, http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/civrights/detail-bio.asp?bio=19\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barbee_lloyd_a_1925_2002","authoritative_name":"Barbee, Lloyd A., 1925-2002","biography":"\"Lloyd Barbee was one of the most prominent figures in the Milwaukee civil rights movement during the 1960s. In 1962, Barbee started his own law firm and became involved in the dispute over school segregation. He presided over a number of civil rights organizations including the Madison NAACP and also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly where he introduced the State Fair Housing bill. Barbee was a longtime advocate of total school integration, leading the struggle to desegregate Milwaukee public schools.\"--\"Milwaukee civil rights leader, Lloyd Barbee\" in Turning Points in Wisconsin History, Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved September 28, 2007.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barkley_alben_william_1877_1956","authoritative_name":"Barkley, Alben William, 1877-1956","biography":"\"Representative and a Senator from Kentucky and a Vice President of the United States; born near Lowes, Graves County, Ky., November 24, 1877; attended the public schools and graduated from Marvin College, Clinton, Ky., in 1897; attended Emory College, Oxford, Ga., and the University of Virginia Law School, Charlottesville, Va.; admitted to the bar in 1901 and commenced practice in Paducah, McCracken County, Ky.; prosecuting attorney for McCracken County, Ky. 1905-1909; judge of McCracken County Court 1909-1913; elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-third and to the six succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1913-March 3, 1927); did not seek renomination in 1926, having become a candidate for United States Senator; elected to the United States Senate in 1926; reelected in 1932, 1938, and again in 1944, and served from March 4, 1927, until his resignation on January 19, 1949; majority leader 1937-1947; minority leader 1947-1949; elected Vice President of the United States on the Democratic ticket with President Harry S. Truman in 1948; inaugurated January 20, 1949, for the term ending January 20, 1953; again elected to the United States Senate and served from January 3, 1955, until his death in Lexington, Va., April 30, 1956; interment in Mount Kenton Cemetery, on Lone Oak Road, near Paducah, Ky.\"--Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barnes_ariel","authoritative_name":"Barnes, Ariel","biography":"\"Mrs. Ariel Barnes was born in Forest, Mississippi. When Mrs. Barnes was two weeks old, her father's occupation as a blacksmith brought her family to Hattiesburg. She was the second of five children. During her first-grade through tenth-grade years, she attended Hattiesburg schools, but she finished her public school education in Chattanooga, Tennessee, when she went to live there with her mother's sister. She attended Alcorn University where she earned a degree enabling her to teach school. She taught at Rowan in Hattiesburg. Additionally she worked at the Hattiesburg Library's branch on Sixth Street.\"--http://www.lib.usm.edu/~spcol/crda/oh/barnes.htm\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barnes_billy_e_billy_ebert_1931_2018","authoritative_name":"Barnes, Billy E. (Billy Ebert), 1931-2018","biography":"Billy E. Barnes became a photographer during the late 1950s, following a tour of duty in the Korean War and his return to college in North Carolina. After working for McGraw-Hill Publishing Company in New York City and in Atlanta, Georgia, Barnes returned to North Carolina to work for the North Carolina Fund (1964-1968), an offshoot of Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty.--From Oral Histories of the American South biography.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barough_albert_1940_1961","authoritative_name":"Barough, Albert, 1940-1961","biography":"Born in New York City in 1940, Albert Barough was a student at the University of California, Los Angeles when he was arrested for his participation in the Freedom Rides during the summer of 1961.  As part of the Freedom Ride, Barough, along with fourteen others, rode an Illinois Central train from New Orleans, Louisiana to Jackson, Mississippi where he was arrested on 30 July 1961.  Shortly after his arrest, Barough was killed when the TWA plane he was riding in crashed near Chicago, Illinois.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baskerville_patricia_dale_1943","authoritative_name":"Baskerville, Patricia Dale, 1943-","biography":"Originally from Tucson, Arizona, Patricia Dale Baskerville was an eighteen year old nurse's aid when she was arrested for her participation in the Freedom Rides.  Baskerville was arrested in the Illinois Central terminal in Jackson, Mississippi on 9 July 1961 after she and eight others participated in a Freedom Ride from New Orleans, Louisiana to Jackson, Mississippi.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bateman_joe","authoritative_name":"Bateman, Joe","biography":"Freedom Information Service and Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party staff based in Marks, Mississippi (Quitman County), June 1966; member of Council of Federated Organizations (COFO).\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bates_lucious_christopher_1904_1980","authoritative_name":"Bates, Lucious Christopher, 1904-1980","biography":"Civil rights activist, husband to Daisy Bates, and founder of the Arkansas State Press newspaper.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"battle_fred","authoritative_name":"Battle, Fred","biography":"Fred Battle grew up in segregated Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and attended college in Greensboro, North Carolina, where he became involved with civil rights demonstrations.--From Oral Histories of the American South biography.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"batzka_david","authoritative_name":"Batzka, David","biography":"White civil rights volunteer in Clarksdale, Mississippi during Freedom Summer.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baum_robert_miller","authoritative_name":"Baum, Robert Miller","biography":"As a nineteen year-old University of Minnesota student, Baum participated in the June 11, 1961 Freedom Ride via Greyhound from Nashville, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi. He also participated in Freedom Ride efforts in Monroe, North Carolina from August 17 to September 1, 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beane_ralph","authoritative_name":"Beane, Ralph","biography":"Lawyer.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beard_d_w_desmoines_w_1914_2004","authoritative_name":"Beard, D. W. (DesMoines W.), 1914-2004","biography":"DesMoines W. Beard was born on March 19, 1914 in Newton, Kansas. After arriving in Louisville, Kentucky, he attended Louisville Municipal College, the African American branch of the University of Louisville. He worked with the Housing Authority and served as a trustee at Red Cross Hospital in Louisville, the African American hospital in the community.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beckum_millard_a_1941_1989","authoritative_name":"Beckum, Millard A., 1941-1989","biography":"Millard A. Beckum was mayor of Augusta, Georgia in 1971 during race rioting there.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bedell_catherine_may_1914_2004","authoritative_name":"Bedell, Catherine May, 1914-2004","biography":"U.S. Representative from Washington State (1959-1971).","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beech_harvey_e_1923","authoritative_name":"Beech, Harvey E., 1923-","biography":"Harvey E. Beech grew up in Kinston, North Carolina, the youngest of five children. He attended Harris Barber College in Raleigh, North Carolina, and later Morehouse College, in Atlanta, Georgia. In the early 1950s, Thurgood Marshall asked Beech to join a pending case against the University of North Carolina School of Law. Beech joined the case, along with J. Kenneth Lee. In 1951, Beech and Lee, along with James Lassiter, Floyd McKissick, and James Walker, became the first African American students to enroll at the UNC law school.--From Oral Histories of the American South biography.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beim_jerrold_1910_1957","authoritative_name":"Beim, Jerrold, 1910-1957","biography":"OCLC 26 Oct.2012: Author, The burro that had a name, c1939.  Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature http://www.oxfordreference.com/ 26 Oct. 2012: \"Beim, Jerrold (1910-1957), and Beim, Lorraine (nee Levey; 1909-1951), American Jewish authors of more than fifty books for children, many dealing with significant issues of the day. Their Two Is a Team (1945), a book for young readers portraying a black-white friendship, has been called the first interracial picture book. The authors' sympathy toward Communism and the Soviet Union is reflected in such books as Igor's Summer: A Story of Our Russian Friends (1943). Lorraine's Triumph Clear (1946) deals with infantile paralysis, and her Sugar and Spice (1947) is one of the few midcentury books to confront the sexism faced by young women. Despite censorship attempts--the matter-of-fact presentation of integration in Jerrold's Swimming Hole (1950) caused the book to be banned in South Carolina--the Beims published socially conscious books until their untimely deaths.\"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bell_larry_1942","authoritative_name":"Bell, Larry, 1942-","biography":"Born in Monroe, Georgia, Larry Bell was working as a plasterer in Los Angeles, California when he was arrested for his participation in the Freedom Rides.  Bell was arrested in the Illinois Central terminal in Jackson, Mississippi on 9 July 1961 after he and eight others participated in a Freedom Ride from New Orleans, Louisiana to Jackson, Mississippi.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bennett_bruce_1917_1979","authoritative_name":"Bennett, Bruce, 1917-1979","biography":"Arkansas attorney general during the desegregation crisis at Little Rock Central High School who authored legislation to bypass the federal mandate and harass the NAACP.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bennett_marshall","authoritative_name":"Bennett, Marshall","biography":"According to the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission records, Marshall Bennett was arrested on 6 July 1961 in Jackson, Mississippi for his participation in a sit-in at Livingston Park.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bennett_paul","authoritative_name":"Bennett, Paul","biography":"Bennett was an African American graduate student at Howard University in 1953 and director of the Highlander Folk School's 1953 workshops on \"The Supreme Court Decisions and the Public Schools.\" Bennett had previously served as a leader of the Farmers' Union in Alabama.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"benson_s_isaiah","authoritative_name":"Benson, S. Isaiah","biography":"S. Isaiah Benson was principal of Scott's Branch High School in 1949.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"berry_abner_w_1902_1987","authoritative_name":"Berry, Abner W., 1902-1987","biography":"An organizer for the Communist Party in Harlem in 1934. He joined The Daily Worker in 1942 and left in the late 1950s.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"berry_marion_1942","authoritative_name":"Berry, Marion, 1942-","biography":"\"American civil rights activist and politician who served four terms as mayor of Washington, D.C. Barry received a bachelor's degree from LeMoyne College (1958) and a master's degree from Fisk University (1960). He was a founding member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and was selected as its first national chairman. In 1971 Barry was elected to the Washington, D.C., city school board and in 1974 won a seat on the city council. He was elected mayor in 1978 and twice won reelection, serving as a strong advocate of statehood for the District of Columbia. In 1990 Barry was convicted of a misdemeanour drug charge and sentenced to six months in prison. Following his release from prison, Barry reentered politics in Washington, D.C., winning a seat on the city council in 1992. In 1994 he was once again elected mayor; he left office after his term expired. In 2004 he was elected to the Washington, D.C., city council.\"-- \"Barry, Marion.\" Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 18 Feb. 2008  \u003chttp://search.eb.com/eb/article-9399774\u003e.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bess_charles_o","authoritative_name":"Bess, Charles O.","biography":"\"Charles O. Bess worked as a busboy in the F. W. Woolworth store in Greensboro from 1956 to 1961. He was working the day the Greensboro Four began the sit-in at the store's lunch counter on February 1, 1960. Bess is pictured on the front page of the February 2, 1960 edition of the Greensboro Record  newspaper, standing behind the lunch counter.\" --From Greensboro VOICES Biography, \"Bess, Charles O.\" accessed 8 October 2008, http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/civrights/detail-bio.asp?bio=21\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bethune_mary_mcleod_1875_1955","authoritative_name":"Bethune, Mary McLeod, 1875-1955","biography":"Mary McLeod Bethune was an American educator who was active nationally in African American affairs and was a special adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt on the problems of minority groups. -- Encyclopedia Britannica WWW site","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bibbins_arthur","authoritative_name":"Bibbins, Arthur","biography":"One of over 80 African American civil rights workers arrested in February 1956 during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Picture taken at arrest available on the Smoking Gun website (listed: Arthur Bibbins), named in Montgomery Advertiser (Arthur Bibbin).\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"black_hugo_lafayette_1886_1971","authoritative_name":"Black, Hugo LaFayette, 1886-1971","biography":"\"Senator from Alabama; born near Ashland, Clay County, Ala., February 27, 1886; attended the public schools and Ashland College, Ashland, Ala.; graduated from the law department of the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa in 1906; admitted to the Alabama bar the same year and commenced practice in Ashland, Ala.; moved to Birmingham, Ala., in 1907 and continued the practice of law; during the First World War served as a captain of the Eighty-first Field Artillery and as company regimental adjutant in the Nineteenth Artillery Brigade 1917-1918; police court judge in Birmingham, Ala.; prosecuting attorney of Jefferson County, Ala.; elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1926; reelected in 1932 and served from March 4, 1927, until his resignation on August 19, 1937, having been appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court; chairman, Committee on Education and Labor (Seventy-fourth and Seventy-fifth Congresses); was confirmed by the Senate on August 17, 1937, took his seat as an Associate Justice on October 4, 1937 and served until his resignation on September 17, 1971, just days before his death in Bethesda, Md., on September 25, 1971; interment in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Va.\"--Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"black_james_lucius_1915_2004","authoritative_name":"Black, James Lucius, 1915-2004","biography":"Member of the Georgia House of Representatives for Webster County from  1945 to 1972.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"black_jeff_1981","authoritative_name":"Black, Jeff, 1981?-","biography":"Jeff Black was a high school student at West Charlotte High School in Charlotte, North Carolina, in the late 1990s.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blair_barbara","authoritative_name":"Blair, Barbara","biography":"Female civil rights worker in Amite County, Mississippi in 1964.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blevins_george_marion_1939","authoritative_name":"Blevins, George Marion, 1939-","biography":"As a twenty-one year old Chouinard Art Institute student, George Marion Blevins was arrested on June 25, 1961 at the Illinois Central Railroad terminal in Jackson, Mississippi for his participation in a Freedom Ride. Blevins also worked with the New Orleans CORE during the summer of 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bloomfield_barbara","authoritative_name":"Bloomfield, Barbara","biography":"White volunteer teacher in Holly Springs, Mississippi during Freedom Summer. She is also listed as part of the Anti-HUAC Project of the Southern Conference Educational Fund in issues of the Southern Patriot from 1967.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blue_mildred_juanita_1945_1993","authoritative_name":"Blue, Mildred Juanita, 1945-1993","biography":"Mildred Juanita Blue was a sixteen year old student at Lanier High School in Jackson, Mississippi when she was arrested for her participation in a sit-in at the Trailways bus terminal in Jackson, Mississippi on 9 July 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blum_jacob","authoritative_name":"Blum, Jacob","biography":"Freedom Summer volunteer in Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1964 from Roslyn Heights, New York, he studied at Yale University.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boggs_hale_1914_1972","authoritative_name":"Boggs, Hale, 1914-1972","biography":"\"Representative from Louisiana; born in Long Beach, Harrison County, Miss., February 15, 1914; attended the public and parochial schools of Jefferson Parish, La.; was graduated from Tulane University, New Orleans, La., in 1935 and from the law department of the same university in 1937; was admitted to the bar in 1937 and commenced practice in New Orleans, La.; elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-seventh Congress (January 3, 1941-January 3, 1943); unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1942; resumed the practice of law in New Orleans, La.; enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve in November 1943; was commissioned an ensign and attached to the Potomac River Naval Command and the United States Maritime Service until separated in January 1946; again elected as a Democrat to the Eightieth and to the thirteen succeeding Congresses; chairman, Special Committee on Campaign Expenditures (Eighty-second Congress); majority whip (Eighty-seventh through Ninety-first Congresses), majority leader (Ninety-second Congress); disappeared while on a campaign flight from Anchorage to Juneau, Alaska, October 16, 1972; served from January 3, 1947, until January 3, 1973, when he was presumed dead pursuant to House Resolution 1, Ninety-third Congress.\"--Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boland_kels_mrs","authoritative_name":"Boland, Kels, Mrs.","biography":"Speaker at Sibley Commission public meeting about school desegregation held in Atlanta in 1960.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"booker_washington_1949","authoritative_name":"Booker, Washington, 1949-","biography":"African American civil rights worker. As a Ullman High School student, Booker participated in the May 2, 1963 march to Birmingham's Sixteenth Street Baptist Church and spent the next four days demonstrating against discrimination in Birmingham.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boutwell_albert_burton_1904_1978","authoritative_name":"Boutwell, Albert Burton, 1904-1978","biography":"\"Albert Burton Boutwell (1904-1978) was born in Montgomery, Alabama. Boutwell graduated from the University of Alabama and opened a law practice in Birmingham in 1928. He was elected to the Alabama State Senate in 1946 and after serving three terms was elected Lieutenant Governor in 1958. He defeated Eugene \"Bull\" Connor in a run for mayor of Birmingham in 1963, and served one term as head of the city's new mayor/council form of municipal government.\"--Inventory of the Boutwell, Albert Burton Papers, 1949-1967, Birmingham Public Library.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boyd_bob","authoritative_name":"Boyd, Bob","biography":"Bob Boyd was a journalist for the \u003ci\u003eDelta Democrat Times\u003c/i\u003e in Greenville, Mississippi when he attended a demonstration in front of the Greenville Post Office during the 1960s.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boyd_earline","authoritative_name":"Boyd, Earline","biography":"Hattiesburg, Mississippi civil rights worker, member of the local NAACP, and wife of Richard Boyd.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bracey_alfanette_marie","authoritative_name":"Bracey, Alfanette Marie","biography":"Second African American to seek admission to the University of Mississippi in 1962.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"braden_anne_1924_2006","authoritative_name":"Braden, Anne, 1924-2006","biography":"Born Anne Gambrell McCarty on July 28, 1924 in Louisville, Kentucky and died there on March 6, 2006 at the age of eighty-one. A prominent civil rights activist, she was indicted on charges of sedition in 1954 after she and her husband Carl helped buy a house for an African American family in an all-white suburb of Louisville, Kentucky. Her memoir of the case, The Wall Between, was published in 1958. She founded Progress in Education and the Kentucky branch of the Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression to ease the stress of school desegregation in the 1970s.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"braun_reinitz_janet","authoritative_name":"Braun-Reinitz, Janet","biography":"Braun-Reinitz attended Connecticut College. She was the Rochester CORE chair and also worked at national CORE office from 1961 to 1962. She participated in the Saint Louis, Missouri (via Little Rock, Arkansas) to New Orleans, Louisiana Freedom Ride from July 8 to 15, 1961.  She is a painter and muralist in New York City who,  in the late 1980s, painted the mural An Interracial Journey, based on experiences of slain civil rights workers Goodman, Schwerner, and Chaney.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"breeden_james_p_james_pleasant","authoritative_name":"Breeden, James P. (James Pleasant)","biography":"Born in 1934 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, James Pleasant Breeden was an Episcopal priest at St. James Church in Boston, Massachusetts when he was arrested for his participation in the Prayer Pilgrimage Freedom Ride in 1961.  As part of the pilgrimage, Breeden, along with fourteen other Episcopal clergymen, traveled from New Orleans, Louisiana to Jackson, Mississippi where he and the others were arrested in the Trailways terminal on 13 September 1961.  Breeden later went on to serve as director of the Commission on Church and Race of the Massachusetts Council of Churches during the 1967 Boston race riot.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brennan_michael_joseph_1877_1938","authoritative_name":"Brennan, Michael Joseph, 1877-1938","biography":"Mickey Brennan was a political boss in Louisville, Kentucky during the 1930s.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brickman_a","authoritative_name":"Brickman, A.","biography":"A. Brickman was president of the Ravenswood Tenants Association, in Long Island City, New York, in 1956.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"briggs_nathaniel_1947","authoritative_name":"Briggs, Nathaniel, 1947-","biography":"Nathaniel Briggs was born in October 1947. He was the son of Harry and Eliza Briggs of Clarendon County, South Carolina. He married Octavia Hilton, the daughter of a fellow plaintiff on the Briggs v. Elliott case. Briggs worked for over twenty years on the Ford assembly line in Teaneck.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"briggs_r_e","authoritative_name":"Briggs, R. E.","biography":"R. E. Briggs was a trustee of District number 30, Silver, Clarendon County, South Carolina, in 1947.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bright_patricia_judith_1941","authoritative_name":"Bright, Patricia Judith, 1941-","biography":"Featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"britton_ronald_p","authoritative_name":"Britton, Ronald P.","biography":"African American Vietnam War veteran who was discriminated against and denied housing by a white landlord in 1966; this engendered an open housing campaign that lasted until the passage of the 1968 Civil Rights Act, which prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brokaw_tom","authoritative_name":"Brokaw, Tom","biography":"Television journalist. From 1962 to 1965, Brokaw reported in Omaha, Nebraska. He covered in Civil Rights Movement in Atlanta in 1965 and soon moved on to NBC in Los Angeles in 1966. Brokaw moved to Washington, D.C. and became the NBC White House correspondent during the Watergate era. Anchor of NBC News' Today from 1976-82, he served as sole anchor of NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw from 1983 to 2004.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bromberg_edward_j_1933_2001","authoritative_name":"Bromberg, Edward J., 1933-2001","biography":"Born in Boston, Massachusetts on August 31, 1933, Edward J. Bromberg was a student at Columbia University when he was arrested for her participation in the Freedom Rides.  As part of the Freedom Ride, Bromberg, along with four others, took a train from Nashville, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi where they were arrested in the Illinois Central terminal on June 9, 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brooks_elizabeth","authoritative_name":"Brooks, Elizabeth","biography":"Elizabeth Brooks was part of the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Food Workers Strike of 1969. Prior to working for food services at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Brooks spent her time raising nine children. The job at UNC was her first, and she had only recently started to work in Lenoir Dining Hall when the first stage of the strike began in February of 1969.--From Oral Histories of the American South biography.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brooks_george_b_1905_1982","authoritative_name":"Brooks, George B., 1905-1982","biography":"Born July 20, 1905 in Lexington, Oglethorpe County, Georgia, Brooks served as a member of Crawford, Georgia's city council in 1959 and as the city's mayor from 1960 to 1961 He represented the 50th district in the state senate from 1949 to 1950 and again from 1955 to 1956. He served as a member of the state House of Representatives for , Oglethorpe County from 1937 to 1942 and from 1951 to 1965. While in the House, he was a member of the 1960 Committee on Schools (Sibley Committee).","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brooms_jerry_1937","authoritative_name":"Brooms, Jerry, 1937-","biography":"African American civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bross_john_r","authoritative_name":"Bross, John R.","biography":"John R. Bross was secretary of the Southern Conference Educational Fund in the 1960s.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_amos_c_amos_cleophilus","authoritative_name":"Brown, Amos C. (Amos Cleophilus)","biography":"Born on Feb. 20, 1941 in Jackson, Mississippi, Rev. Brown was leader in the NAACP as a teenager. He participated in a 1961 Freedom Ride. He travelled to Africa as part of Operation Crossroads Africa and has worked at Third Baptist Church, San Francisco, on various social causes.\r\n","alternate_names":["Brown, Amos C."]},{"slug":"brown_candy","authoritative_name":"Brown, Candy","biography":"White female civil rights worker from Los Angeles. In 1962, she joined joined CORE in Los Angeles. She took part in Freedom Summer working on voter registration and the MFDP from June to August, 1964 near Greenville, Mississippi. From September 1964 to January 1965, she worked in the literacy program in McComb.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_cecil_b_1926_2006","authoritative_name":"Brown, Cecil B., 1926-2006","biography":"Civil rights activist, salesman and tax accountant from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A member of the Democratic Party, Brown served Milwaukee County's 13th district as a representative in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1955.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_elmer_l_1940","authoritative_name":"Brown, Elmer L., 1940-","biography":"African American engineering student from the University of Akron who at the age of 20, was arrested in Jackson, Mississippi for his participation in the July 7, 1961 Freedom Ride from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi via Trailways.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_james_theola","authoritative_name":"Brown, James Theola","biography":"James Theola Brown was one of the plaintiffs in the 1948 Briggs v. Elliott lawsuit on behalf of his children, Thomas, Euralia or Uralia, and Joe Morris. After filing the suit, Brown and his family had to leave South Carolina to find employment.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_oliver_1918_1961","authoritative_name":"Brown, Oliver, 1918-1961","biography":"Brown was plaintiff in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954. Oliver Brown, one of thirteen plaintiffs, had agreed to participate on behalf of his seven-year-old daughter Linda, who had to walk six blocks to board a school bus that drove her to the all-black Monroe School a mile away. -- \"With an Even Hand\": Brown v. Board at Fifty, Library of Congress WWW site.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brumfield_eli","authoritative_name":"Brumfield, Eli","biography":"African American motorist Eli Brumfield shot and killed by McComb, Mississippi police officer B.F. Elmore on October 13, 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bryant_curtis_c_1917_2007","authoritative_name":"Bryant, Curtis C., 1917-2007","biography":"President of the McComb, Mississippi Branch of NAACP.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bryant_farris_1914_2002","authoritative_name":"Bryant, Farris, 1914-2002","biography":"\"Florida's 34th Governor, was born in Marion County, Florida, on July 26, 1914.  He earned a business degree from the University of Florida in 1935 and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1938. During World War II, he served in the U.S. Navy as a gunnery and antisubmarine officer in the North Atlantic, Pacific, and Mediterranean. Bryant entered politics in 1946 as a member of the Florida House of Representatives, a position he served for five terms, including a 1953 term as speaker. He ran unsuccessfully for the governor's office in 1956, but was victorious in his 1960 gubernatorial bid. During his tenure, Governor Bryant advocated for land purchases to be used for conservation and park projects; and he endorsed water control developments, such as the Cross Florida Barge Canal. Bryant also was a proponent of increasing state funds to support educational institutions and programs and he spent millions on highway construction throughout the state. The Sunshine State Parkway from Ft. Pierce to Wildewood, the completion of the Florida Turnpike, and the expansion of interstates 75, 4 and 95, all were advanced during his administration. Although a segregationist, Bryant sent his three daughters to integrated schools, and he pushed for fellow Floridians to accept the Federal Civil Rights Act. After leaving office on January 5, 1965, he chaired the board of the National Life of Florida Corporation and on the Voyager Life Insurance Company. He was appointed director of the Office of Emergency Planning, and was a member and chair of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. He also ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate in 1970. Governor Cecil F. Bryant died on March 1, 2002 in Jacksonville, Florida.\"--National Governors Association WWW site, retrieved April 22, 2008.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"buckley_luther","authoritative_name":"Buckley, Luther","biography":"Civil rights worker in Batesville, Mississippi during Freedom Summer.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bullock_james_e_1925","authoritative_name":"Bullock, James E., 1925-","biography":"Born in New York on November 10, 1925, James E. Bullock moved to Mississippi in the mid 1960s as a construction engineer and participated in numerous civil rights demonstrations and community protest activities in and around Grenada, Mississippi.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bunche_ralph_j_ralph_johnson_1904_1971","authoritative_name":"Bunche, Ralph J. (Ralph Johnson), 1904-1971","biography":"\"U.S. diplomat, a key member of the United Nations for more than two decades, and winner of the 1950 Nobel Prize for Peace for his successful negotiation of an Arab-Israeli truce in Palestine the previous year.\"-- \"Bunche, Ralph.\" Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 11 Feb. 2008  \u003chttp://search.eb.com/eb/article-9018070\u003e.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bunton_henry_clay_1903","authoritative_name":"Bunton, Henry Clay, 1903-","biography":"Henry C. Bunton was a candidate for the school board in Memphis, Tennessee in 1959. He was also bishop of Christian Methodist Episcopal Church.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burger_n_r_1909_1984","authoritative_name":"Burger, N. R., 1909-1984","biography":"\"Burger was born on April 7, 1909 in Brookhaven, Mississippi. In 1932, he completed his undergraduate degree from Alcorn College (now Alcorn State University). He earned a Master's degree from Cornell University and then went on to study at New York University. Burger taught mathematics at Magnolia, Mississippi from 1934 to 1936. He served as principal at Hopewell Vocational School in Covington County from 1936 to 1940. Until his retirement in 1974, Burger served as principal at Eureka High School (later Rowan High School). He was very active in his community through his work with various organizations such as the Hattiesburg Business Development Council, the Mississippi Principals Association, and the Resolutions Committee of the National Teachers Association. In addition, Burger organized the first Boy Scout troop for African Americans in South Mississippi.\"--Oral history with N. R. Burger, University of Southern Mississippi.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burger_warren_e_1907_1995","authoritative_name":"Burger, Warren E., 1907-1995","biography":"15th chief justice of the United States (1969–86).\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burke_emory_1915","authoritative_name":"Burke, Emory, 1915-","biography":"From Alabama originally.  With Homer Loomis and John H. Zimmerlee, founded Columbians Incorporated, a neo-Nazi organization, in Atlanta, Georgia in August 1946 and fostered its agenda of intimidation and harassment of minorities until its state charter was revoked in November 1946.  Burke and Loomis were subsequently indicted on charges of inciting to riot and usurping police powers and were convicted in February 1947. (\"Columbians Incorporated,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 16, 2008: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org.)\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burks_catherine","authoritative_name":"Burks, Catherine","biography":"Twenty-one year old Tennessee State University student, Catherine Burks was first arrested for her involvement in a May 17 through May 21 Freedom Ride from Nashville, Tennessee to Montgomery, Alabama.  Burks was arrested a second time on May 28, 1961 after she rode a Greyhound bus from Nashville, Tennessee, via Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi as part of another Freedom Ride.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burson_robert_harold_1910_2001","authoritative_name":"Burson, Robert Harold, 1910-2001","biography":"Robert Harold Burson was commanding Officer  of the Georgia State Patrol from February 20, 1959 to November 1, 1961 when he became a lieutenant colonel and deputy director. From November 1, 1963 to January 18, 1967, he served as director of the Georgia Department of Corrections, Nov. 1. He was appointed director of the Department of Public Safety on January 24, 1967 and held the position through 1972.  He died in Villa Rica, Georgia on December 9, 2001.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burton_robert","authoritative_name":"Burton, Robert","biography":"Robert Burton was an inspector in law enforcement in Jackson, Mississippi.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"byrd_daniel_ellis_1910_1984","authoritative_name":"Byrd, Daniel Ellis, 1910-1984","biography":"Daniel Ellis Byrd, a native of Marvell, Arkansas, was a field secretary for the NAACP in New Orleans. He worked with African American attorney A. P. Tureaud on court cases leading to the integration of New Orleans schools. He also served as president and organizer of the NAACP State Conference of Branches from 1939 to 1948.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"byrd_harry_f_harry_flood_1887_1966","authoritative_name":"Byrd, Harry F. (Harry Flood), 1887-1966","biography":"\"Senator from Virginia; born in Martinsburg, Berkeley County, W.Va., June 10, 1887; moved with his parents to Winchester, Va., in 1887; attended the public schools and Shenandoah Valley Academy at Winchester, Va.; entered the newspaper publishing business in 1903 and became publisher of the Winchester (Va.) Star; also engaged extensively in agricultural pursuits near Berryville, Va., in 1906, specializing in growing and storing apples and peaches; president of the Valley Turnpike Co. 1908-1918; member, State senate1915-1925; State fuel commissioner in 1918; was elected chairman of the Democratic State committee in 1922; Governor of Virginia 1926-1930; Democratic National committeeman 1928-1940; was appointed March 4, 1933, and subsequently elected on November 7, 1933, as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Claude A. Swanson; reelected in 1934, 1940, 1946, 1952, 1958, and 1964, and served from March 4, 1933, until his resignation November 10, 1965; chairman, Committee on Rules (Seventy-seventh through Seventy-ninth Congresses), Committee on Finance (Eighty-fourth through Eighty-ninth Congresses), Joint Committee on the Reduction of Nonessential Federal Expenditures (Seventy-seventh through Eighty-ninth Congresses), Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxation (Eighty-fourth through Eighty-ninth Congresses); died in Berryville, Va., October 20, 1966; interment in Mount Hebron Cemetery, Winchester, Va.\"--Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bailey_bill","authoritative_name":"Bailey, Bill","biography":"\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baker_augusta_1911_1999","authoritative_name":"Baker, Augusta, 1911-1999","biography":"Wikipedia 26 Oct. 2012: \"African American librarian and storyteller, renowned for her contributions to children’s literature...In 1934, Baker became the first African American to graduate from Albany Teacher’s College (now the State University of New York at Albany), with a B.S. in library science. After graduation, Baker taught for a few years, until she was hired in 1937 as the children's librarian at the New York Public Library's 135th Street Branch (now the Countee Cullen Regional Branch) in Harlem. In 1939, the branch began an effort to find and collect children's literature that portrayed black people as something other than \"servile buffoons,\" speaking in a rude dialect, and other such stereotypes. This collection, founded by Baker as the James Weldon John Memorial Collection of Children's Books, led to the publication of the first of a number of bibliographies of books for and about black children. Baker furthered this project by encouraging authors, illustrators, and publishers to produce, as well as libraries to acquire, books depicting blacks in a favorable light. In 1953, she was appointed Storytelling Specialist and Assistant Coordinator of Children's Services. Not long after that, she became Coordinator of Children's Services in 1961, becoming the first African-American librarian in an administrative position in the New York Public Library. In this role, she oversaw children's programs in the entire NYPL system and set policies for them. During this time, Baker also figured prominently in the American Library Association's Children's Services Division (now the Association for Library Service to Children), having served as its president. Additionally, she chaired the committee that awarded the Newbery Medal and the Caldecott Medal. Furthermore, Baker influenced many children's authors and illustrators--such as Maurice Sendak, Madeleine L'Engle, Ezra Jack Keats, and John Steptoe--while in this position. She also worked as a consultant for the then newly created children's television series Sesame Street. In 1974, Baker retired from the New York Public Library. However, in 1980, she returned to librarianship to assume the newly created Storyteller-in-Residence position at the University of South Carolina; this was also the first such position in any American university at the time. She remained there until her second retirement in 1994. During her time there, Baker cowrote a book entitled Storytelling: Art and Technique with colleague Ellin Green, which was published in 1987.\"\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baker_ella_1903_1986","authoritative_name":"Baker, Ella, 1903-1986","biography":"African American community organizer and political activist born December 13, 1903 in Norfolk, Virginia and died December 13, 1986 in New York City. In the early 1930s, she helped organize the Young Negroes Cooperative League. From the late 1930s until 1946, she  worked as part of the staff of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), first as a field secretary and later as national director of the NAACP's various branches. In 1956, Baker helped found In Friendship, a fundraising organization supporting the Civil Rights Movement in the South. In 1957 she helped form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). She left the SCLC in 1960 to help organize the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baker_t_h_thomas_harrison","authoritative_name":"Baker, T. H. (Thomas Harrison)","biography":"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baldwin_james_1924_1987","authoritative_name":"Baldwin, James, 1924-1987","biography":"African American writer, novelist, essayist, poet, playwright, and civil rights activist. Much of Baldwin's work deals with racial and sexual issues in the mid-20th century United States.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"banks_a_e_1895","authoritative_name":"Banks, A. E., 1895-","biography":"African American resident of Helena, Montana.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"banks_a_e_mrs_1894","authoritative_name":"Banks, A. E., Mrs., 1894-","biography":"African American resident of Helena, Montana; wife of A. E. Banks. Wrap checker at Montana Club in Helena.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"banks_fred_l_1942","authoritative_name":"Banks, Fred L., 1942-","biography":"Mississippi lawyer, judge, and civil rights advocate. Served as the local counsel for the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund in Jackson, Mississippi and later served as the general counsel to the Mississippi State Conference of NAACP Branches.  Banks participated in school desegregation, housing and employment discrimination, voting rights and other civil rights cases as well as general law practice. In 1975, Banks was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives from Hinds County. In February 1985, he was appointed Circuit Judge for the 7th Circuit District, which at that time included Hinds and Yazoo counties. Banks served on the Mississippi Supreme Court from 1991 to 2001. He was president of the Jackson Branch of the NAACP from 1971 through 1982 and served as a member of the National Board of Directors of the NAACP.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barber_robert_f_1934","authoritative_name":"Barber, Robert F., 1934-","biography":"White civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barbour_coleman","authoritative_name":"Barbour, Coleman","biography":"Coleman Barbour was principal of Whiteville High School in Whiteville, North Carolina in 1991.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barnes_margaret_sue","authoritative_name":"Barnes, Margaret Sue","biography":"Margaret Sue Barnes was a student at Tougaloo College during the 1960s when she, along with other students from the Jackson, Mississippi area, participated in an Anti-Vietnam War demonstration during a visit from Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barnes_roy_e_roy_eugene_1948","authoritative_name":"Barnes, Roy E. (Roy Eugene), 1948-","biography":"80th Governor of Georgia from January 1999 until January 2003.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bass_robert_earl","authoritative_name":"Bass, Robert Earl","biography":"Robert Earl Bass was a student at Lanier High School in Jackson, Mississippi when he was arrested for his participation in a sit-in at the Trailways bus terminal in Jackson, Mississippi on 4 July 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beals_melba","authoritative_name":"Beals, Melba","biography":"\"Melba Pattillo Beals made history as a member of the Little Rock Nine, the nine African-American students involved in the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School in 1957. The world watched as they braved constant intimidation and threats from those who opposed desegregation of the formerly all-white high school. She later recounted this harrowing year in her book titled Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Desegregate Little Rock's Central High School.\"--\"Melba Pattillo Beals (1941â€\"),\" Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture. http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1\u0026entryID=725 (accessed September 27, 2007).","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beaulieu_anthony","authoritative_name":"Beaulieu, Anthony","biography":"Volunteer of Mississippi Freedom Project in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 1964. Beaulieu was originally of San Francisco, California and a student at Dartmouth College during Freedom Summer.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beavers_leroy_1951","authoritative_name":"Beavers, Leroy, 1951-","biography":"Leroy Beavers is an African American from Savannah, Georgia.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beckwith_byron_de_la","authoritative_name":"Beckwith, Byron de la","biography":"American white supremacist (b. Nov. 9, 1920, Colusa, Calif.â€\"d. Jan. 21, 2001, Jackson, Miss.), was the convicted murderer of civil rights leader Medgar Evers. On June 12, 1963, Evers, the Mississippi field secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, was shot and killed in an ambush in front of his home. Beckwith was charged with the murder, but he was set free in 1964 after two trials resulted in hung juries. He was convicted in a third trial held in 1994 and given a life sentence. -- Encyclopedia Britannica","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beecham_h_matthew_1921","authoritative_name":"Beecham, H. Matthew, 1921-","biography":"Civil rights worker and minister at Canaan Baptist Church in Milwaukee, Wisconsin during the mid-1960s.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"beittel_adam_daniel","authoritative_name":"Beittel, Adam Daniel","biography":"President of Tougaloo College from 1960 to 1964.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"belafonte_harry_1927","authoritative_name":"Belafonte, Harry, 1927-","biography":"Belafonte was an American singer, who was a key figure in the 1950s popularity of folk music, and an actor and film producer as well. -- Encyclopedia Britannica","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bell_duran_1936","authoritative_name":"Bell, Duran, 1936-","biography":"Born in 1936, Duran Bell attended University of California, Berkeley.  While in college, Bell attended numerous demonstrations and rallies in the San Francisco area and became involved in the free speech and civil rights movements.  He is a professor emeritus of economics and anthropology at University of California, Irvine.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bell_ezekial","authoritative_name":"Bell, Ezekial","biography":"Reverend Ezekial Bell was a civil rights leader in Memphis, Tennessee. He was a leader in Community on the Move for Equality (COME) during the 1968 sanitation workers' strike.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bell_mary_kate","authoritative_name":"Bell, Mary Kate","biography":"Mrs. Mary Kate (Fishe) Bell was the first African American candidate for office in Sumter County when she ran for justice of the peace in a special election held July 1965, eventually coming in second place.  She and three other women, Gloria Wise, Mamie Campbell, and Lena Turner, we arrested on July 20, 1965 during the election for standing in the \"white only\" line, sparking mass demonstrations in Americus, Sumter County.  The four women were released by court-order August 1, 1965.  She was also active in the Atlanta demonstrations during her time as a student at Spelman.","alternate_names":["Fishe, Mary Kate"]},{"slug":"bell_william_augustus_1882","authoritative_name":"Bell, William Augustus, 1882-","biography":"\"William Augustus Bell was born on February 16, 1882 in Elbert County, Georgia, to Luther H.A. and Mary J. (Thompson) Bell. He was educated at Paine College in Augusta, Georgia, and Columbia University in New York City. In 1913, he married Helen Matile Caffey and they had three children. Bell taught at Miles Memorial College in Birmingham, Alabama, from 1908 to 1912 and from 1912 to 1913 served as the college's president. He left the college in 1913 and became dean of his alma mater, Paine College. In addition to being an educator, Bell was a prominent businessman in Atlanta and active, locally and nationally, in the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church.\"--Inventory of the \tWilliam Augustus Bell diaries, 1910, 1932, MARBL, Emory University.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"belton_david","authoritative_name":"Belton, David","biography":"David Belton was the brother of Mattie Belton DeLaine. David lived with his family, Cheryll and Helen, in Winnsboro, South Carolina in 1956 where David worked for the South Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. In a 1956 letter to his sister Mattie and her family in New York, David pledges his family will join DeLaine's church in Buffalo, New York, as honorary members.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bemberry_rebecca_seals_1910_1998","authoritative_name":"Bemberry, Rebecca Seals, 1910-1998","biography":"Rebecca Seals Bemberry was married to Reverend James Washington Seals from 1930 until his death in 1973, and to Laque Otis Bembury from 1982 until his death in 1991. She was involved in the Cllarendon County NAACP.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bender_rita_l","authoritative_name":"Bender, Rita L.","biography":"In 1964, Bender worked with her then husband, Mickey Schwerner, for COFO in Meridian, Mississippi. The two helped establish a community center there.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bender_william_a_william_albert_1886_1957","authoritative_name":"Bender, William A. (William Albert), 1886-1957","biography":"Chaplain of Tougaloo College who during the 1950s, led NAACP efforts to register black voters in Mississippi.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bennett_carrie","authoritative_name":"Bennett, Carrie","biography":"\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bennett_jimmie","authoritative_name":"Bennett, Jimmie","biography":"Jimmy Bennett was a Colored Trustee of Liberty Hill Elementary School, Summerton, South Carolina, in 1949.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bennett_l_r","authoritative_name":"Bennett, L. R.","biography":"One of over 80 African American civil rights workers arrested in February 1956 during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Picture taken at arrest available on the Smoking Gun website.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"betsch_mavynee_1935_2005","authoritative_name":"Betsch, MaVynee, 1935-2005","biography":"MaVynee Betsch grew up in the 1930s and 1940s in Jacksonville, Florida. She graduated from Oberlin College in the mid-1950s and later became an environmental activists in American Beach, Florida.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bevel_james_l_james_luther_1936_2008","authoritative_name":"Bevel, James L. (James Luther), 1936-2008","biography":"African American minister and civil rights activist; He served as chairman of the Nashville Student Movement from 1960 to 1961 and was a founding member of SNCC and of the SCLC. He organized civil rights protests in Nashville, Jackson, and Birmingham. In particular, he organized the Children's Crusade in Birmingham in 1964. Bevel and wife Diane Nash proposed the Selma to Montgomery March in 1965. Bevel was present at King's assassination. (Encyclopedia of African-American Civil Rights, 1992)\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bireley_denoe_a","authoritative_name":"Bireley, Denoe A.","biography":"University of Georgia student interviewed by WSB reporter on the university's integration.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bishop_e_l","authoritative_name":"Bishop, E. L.","biography":"According to the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances, Bishop was a member of the National States Rights Party.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"black_charles_a","authoritative_name":"Black, Charles A.","biography":"Charles A. Black came from Miami to attend Morehouse College in September of 1958. He was a member of the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights from 1960 to 1962 and served as the group's chair from mid-1961 to 1962. He was also a SNCC member from  1960 to 1962.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blackwell_unita_1933_2019","authoritative_name":"Blackwell, Unita, 1933-2019","biography":"Field worker for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Mississippi in 1964 and a delegate of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blair_ezell_alexander_1919_1997","authoritative_name":"Blair, Ezell Alexander, 1919-1997","biography":"\"Ezell Alexander Blair Sr. was born on December 14, 1919, in Greensboro, North Carolina. His family lived in the Warnersville section of Greensboro and he graduated from Dudley High School. Blair earned bachelor's and master of science degrees from North Carolina A\u0026T State University, as well as a second masters degree in mathematics from North Carolina State University. He served in the United States Army during World War II. Blair was an employee of the Greensboro Public Schools for thirty years. During that time, he taught mathematics, drafting, and industrial arts at Greensboro's Lincoln Junior High School and James B. Dudley High School. He was also president and owner of Blair Construction. Blair was a member of Shiloh Baptist Church and the J.T. Hairston Memorial Apartments Board of Directors. Ezell Blair, Sr. and his wife, Corene, were the parents of Jibreel Khazan, (Ezell A. Blair Jr.) one of the four North Carolina A\u0026T State University students who participated in the first sit-in at the Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro on February 1, 1960. Their daughter Gloria Jean, a student at Bennett College, was also an active participant in demonstrations. Blair was awarded the \"Stepping Stone to Freedom\" by Greensboro's Sit-In 30th Anniversary Committee, the \"Unsung Hero\" award from the International Civil Rights Center and Museum, and the Hayes-Taylor YMCA Century Club award. In addition, he was honored by the North Carolina A\u0026T University with the Certificate of Commendation for his contributions toward the struggle for equality for all citizens of Greensboro. Ezell Blair, Sr. died in Greensboro on April 18, 1997.\" --From Greensboro VOICES Biography, \"Blair, Ezell Alexander, Sr.\" accessed 8 October 2008, http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/civrights/detail-bio.asp?bio=5\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blair_p_m","authoritative_name":"Blair, P. M.","biography":"One of over 80 African American civil rights workers arrested in February 1956 during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Picture taken at arrest available on the Smoking Gun website and named in Montgomery Advertiser.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blake_eugene_carson_1906_1985","authoritative_name":"Blake, Eugene Carson, 1906-1985","biography":"Represented the United Presbyterian Church at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, August 1963, along with other leaders met with president John F. Kennedy","alternate_names":["Blake, Eugene Carson, 1906-"]},{"slug":"block_samuel_t_samuel_theodore_1939_2000","authoritative_name":"Block, Samuel T. (Samuel Theodore), 1939-2000","biography":"SNCC field secretary in Greenwood, Mississippi beginning in 1962, Samuel Theodore Block was beaten for his voter registration efforts on August 13, 1962.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bloy_myron_b","authoritative_name":"Bloy, Myron B.","biography":"Born in 1926, Myron B. Bloy was an Episcopal priest in Newton, Massachusetts when he was arrested for his participation in the Prayer Pilgrimage Freedom Ride in 1961.  As part of the pilgrimage, Bloy, along with fourteen other Episcopal clergymen, traveled from New Orleans, Louisiana to Jackson, Mississippi where he and the others were arrested in the Trailways terminal on 13 September 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bluethenthal_joan_k_1928","authoritative_name":"Bluethenthal, Joan K., 1928-","biography":"\"Joanne Bluethenthal was born February 28, 1928, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Following graduation from Pennsylvania State University, she moved with her husband, Arthur Bluethenthal, to Greensboro in 1950. There, Bluethenthal became involved in underground interracial groups as well as community service organizations such as the Council of Jewish Women, the United Day Care Services board, the United Way, the Greensboro Nursing Council, the housing authority, and the Greensboro Planning Board. When the desegregation of Greensboro public schools was imminent, Bluethenthal became involved in fund raising efforts and activities aimed to heighten the public's acceptance of desegregation. Following integration, Bluethenthal was active in discussions with African American educators concerning the outcome. She was also involved with the Superior Officers Advisors, an interracial group concerned with integration and busing in Greensboro, and the Human Relations Advisory Committee.\" --From Greensboro VOICES Biography, \"Bluethenthal, Joanne Kapnek\" accessed 8 October 2008, http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/civrights/detail-bio.asp?bio=6\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bonds_charles","authoritative_name":"Bonds, Charles","biography":"Resident of Shaw, Mississippi and editor of civil rights newsletter Freedom Flame  in August 1964.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bonner_booker_t_1927","authoritative_name":"Bonner, Booker T., 1927-","biography":"African American civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bontemps_arna_1902_1973","authoritative_name":"Bontemps, Arna, 1902-1973","biography":"Wikipedia 29 Oct. 2012. \"Arnaud \"Arna\" Wendell Bontemps (October 13, 1902 â€\" June 4, 1973) was an American poet and a noted member of the Harlem Renaissance. Bontemps was born in the city of Alexandria, Louisiana, on October 13, 1902 to Charlie Bontemps and Marie Pembrooke Bontemps, a Louisiana Creole family. When he was three, his family moved to Los Angeles, California, in the Great Migration of African Americans out of the South to cities of the North, Midwest and West. They settled in what became known as the Watts district. After attending public schools, Bontemps graduated from Pacific Union College in California in 1923...After graduation, he went to New York to teach at Harlem Academy. In New York Bontemps became an important contributor to the Harlem Renaissance, where he met many lifelong friends including Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes. Hughes became a role model, collaborator, and dear friend to Bontemps. Bontemps returned to graduate school and earned a master's degree in library science from the University of Chicago in 1943. He was appointed as head librarian at Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. In that position for nearly a quarter of a century, he developed important collections and archives of African-American literature and culture, namely the Langston Hughes Renaissance Collection.\"","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boone_joseph_e_1922_2006","authoritative_name":"Boone, Joseph E., 1922-2006","biography":"African American civil rights worker and pastor at Rush Memorial Congregational Church in Atlanta. Important member of the Atlanta Movement and chief negotiator for Operation Breadbasket, the economic development area of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boone_raymond_h","authoritative_name":"Boone, Raymond H.","biography":"African American journalist and newspaper editor. From 1965 to 1980, he was editor of the Richmond Afro-American. In 1992 he founderd Richmond Free Press, an African American newspaper, of which he is editor and publisher.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"borders_william_holmes_1905_1993","authoritative_name":"Borders, William Holmes, 1905-1993","biography":"\"Between 1937 and 1988, the Reverend William Holmes Borders served as pastor of Wheat Street Baptist Church in Atlanta, where he campaigned for civil rights and distinguished himself as a charismatic spokesperson for the city's poor and dispossessed. Borders was instrumental in the hiring of Atlanta's first black police officers in the 1940s, led the campaign to desegregate the city's public transportation in the 1950s, and established the nation's first federally subsidized, church-operated rental housing project in the 1960s. Thereafter, he continued to support a variety of philanthropic causes and remained an influential public figure in Atlanta until his death in 1993.\"--\"William Holmes Borders,\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 17, 2008: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bowers_samuel_holloway_1924_2006","authoritative_name":"Bowers, Samuel Holloway, 1924-2006","biography":"\"On June 21, 1964, three young civil rights workers-a 21-year-old black Mississippian, James Chaney, and two white New Yorkers, Andrew Goodman, 20, and Michael Schwerner, 24-were murdered near Philadelphia, in Nashoba County, Mississippi. They had been working to register black voters in Mississippi during Freedom Summer and had gone to investigate the burning of a black church. They were arrested by the police on trumped-up charges, imprisoned for several hours, and then released after dark into the hands of the Ku Klux Klan, who beat and murdered them. It was later proven in court that a conspiracy existed between members of Neshoba County's law enforcement and the Ku Klux Klan to kill them...A major reason the case was reopened was a 1999 interview with Sam Bowers, a former Ku Klux Klan grand wizard convicted in 1967 of giving the order to have Michael Schwerner killed. Bowers remarked in the interview that took place more than 30 years after the crime, \"I was quite delighted to be convicted and have the main instigator of the entire affair walk out of the courtroom a free man. Everybody, including the trial judge and the prosecutors and everybody else, knows that that happened.\" Bowers claims that Killen was a central figure in the murders and organized the KKK mob that carried them out.\" Taken from http://www.infoplease.com/spot/bhmjustice4.html","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bowron_fletcher_1887_1968","authoritative_name":"Bowron, Fletcher, 1887-1968","biography":"Mayor of Los Angeles, California from September 26, 1938 until June 30, 1953","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"boyd_j_s","authoritative_name":"Boyd, J. S.","biography":"J. S. Boyd of Manning, South Carolina, was president of the Clarendon County NAACP in 1952.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"braden_carl_1914_1975","authoritative_name":"Braden, Carl, 1914-1975","biography":"Journalist and social justice activist, was born in New Albany, Indiana in 1914 and died  February 8, 1975 in Louisville, Kentucky. Worked for the Louisville Herald-Post, Cincinnati Enquirer (1937-1945), and Louisville Times. He also wrote for other news services including the Harlan Daily Enterprise, the Knoxville Journal, the New York Daily News, the Chicago Tribune, the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, Newsweek, and the Federated Press. Braden and his wife Anne were active in civil rights organizations and efforts in  Louisville including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Urban League, the 1948 Progressive party campaign, the Militant Church Movement, and efforts to desegregate private hospitals, nurse training programs, parks, and schools. In 1954 the couple helped buy a house for an African American family in an all-white suburb of Louisville, Kentucky. Both were charged with sedition, and Carl was sentenced to fifteen years in prison and a $5,000 fine, but served only eight months of his sentence before he was able to raise his appeal bond. In 1956 the Kentucky Court of Appeals overturned his conviction. In 1957, he became a field organizer for the Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF) and became coeditor of the Southern Patriot, a publication of the SCEF. Charged with contempt of Congress by the House Unamerican Activities Committee, he was sentenced to one year in prison (1961 to 1962). From 1966 to 1972, Carl and Anne Braden served as executive directors of SCEF. After leaving SCEF, he helped found the National Alliance against Racist and Political Repression. (American National Biography)","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bradford_eddie","authoritative_name":"Bradford, Eddie","biography":"One of over 80 African American civil rights workers arrested in February 1956 during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Picture taken at arrest available on the Smoking Gun website and named in Montgomery Advertiser.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bradham_peter_t_1901_1991","authoritative_name":"Bradham, Peter T., 1901-1991","biography":"Peter T. Bradham was a county auditor in Clarendon County and later a probate judge. He filled an unexpired term as Secretary of State of South Carolina from 1949 to 1950.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bradley_tom_1917_1998","authoritative_name":"Bradley, Tom, 1917-1998","biography":"American politician, the first African American mayor of a predominantly white city, who served an unprecedented five terms as mayor of Los Angeles (1973â€\"93).","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brameld_theodore_1904_1987","authoritative_name":"Brameld, Theodore, 1904-1987","biography":"Brameld, Theodore, 1904-87, American educator, b. Neillsville, Wis., grad. Ripon College, 1926; Ph.D. Univ. of Chicago, 1931. Brameld was best known for his theory of reconstructionism, which received widespread attention in educational circles. He held that a system of public education that is aware of the findings of the behavioral sciences can bring about fundamental changes in the social and economic structure of society.\"--\"Brameld, Theodor,\" The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2007.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"branch_a_a","authoritative_name":"Branch, A. A.","biography":"Acting president of Tougaloo College from 1955 to 1956.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"branch_lee_e","authoritative_name":"Branch, Lee E.","biography":"Lee Branch was Senior Vice President of Branchie Records and Distribution in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1993. He was also a member of the board of directors for the National Civil Rights Museum, housed at the former Lorraine Motel.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brannin_carl_1888","authoritative_name":"Brannin, Carl, 1888-","biography":"Born in Cisco, Texas in 1888, Carl Brannin worked as a journalist and social activist engaging in fights for civil rights and the organization of labor unions.  Brannin was a charter member of the American Civil Liberties Union and instrumental in the formation and leadership of the Dallas Civil Liberties Union.  In 1961, Brannin endorsed a petition requesting executive clemency from President Kennedy for imprisoned civil rights activist, Carl Braden.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"breathitt_edward_t_1924_2003","authoritative_name":"Breathitt, Edward T., 1924-2003","biography":"\"EDWARD THOMPSON BREATHITT JR. was born in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, on November 26, 1924. He received both a B.A. and an LL.B. from University of Kentucky. Breathitt served three years in the U.S. Army Air Force during World War II. Prior to his election to the governorship of Kentucky in 1963, he was elected to three terms in the Kentucky General Assembly (1952-1958), and was a member of the Governor's Commission on Mental Health and of the State Public Service Commission. He also served as State Personnel Commissioner. As a legislator, he co-sponsored the Minimum Foundation Program for Education. He was elected Governor of Kentucky in 1962. He was a member of National Governors' Conference Executive Committee from 1964 to 1965, and he chaired both the Committee on Regional and Interstate Cooperation and the Southern Governors' Conference from 1966 to 1967. After returning to private law practice, he became Special Counsel in Kentucky for Southern Railway in December, 1967. In July 1968, he was named Director of the Institute for Rural America, funded by the Ford Foundation, and in September was appointed Federal Representative on the Southern Interstate Nuclear Board. In 1971 he was elected chair of the Coalition for Rural America.\"--National Governors Association Web page.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"breines_paul_1941","authoritative_name":"Breines, Paul, 1941-","biography":"Paul Breines was a student at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin and a member of the Student Council on Civil Rights when he was arrested for his participation in the Freedom Rides during the summer of 1961.  As part of the Freedom Ride Breines, along with three other students, traveled from Nashville, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi via a Greyhound bus where all four participants were arrested in the Greyhound terminal in Jackson, Mississippi on 21 July 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"breneman_david_w","authoritative_name":"Breneman, David W.","biography":"Economist David Breneman worked briefly for the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) under President Jimmy Carter.--From Oral Histories of the American South biography.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brewer_vivion_lenon_1900_1991","authoritative_name":"Brewer, Vivion Lenon, 1900-1991","biography":"Vivion Lenon Brewer grew up in an affluent white family in Little Rock, Arkansas. During her later tenure in Washington, D.C., she became very ill. While recovering, she drew close to a fellow employee, a black woman from whom she gained new insights about the destructive impact of racism and segregation in the United States. When she moved back to Arkansas, Brewer sought to reduce the poverty and illiteracy that plagued blacks in the South. In 1957, Governor Orval Faubus chose to close Little Rock public schools rather than integrate them. Brewer, along with several other prominent local women, including Adolphine Terry and Velma Powell, organized the Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools (WEC). The group initially proposed a mission to alleviate racial tensions between blacks and whites. However, in order to garner the support of other prominent and forceful local Arkansas women, the WEC founders reconfigured the original mission to one centered on reopening the public schools. The women, unlike men, were unharmed by the Faubus machine's economic intimidation tactics; they were able to engage in effective and dedicated strategies to open the public schools.--From Oral Histories of the American South biography.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brice_charles_darrick_1942","authoritative_name":"Brice, Charles Darrick, 1942-","biography":"According to Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission records, Charles Darrick Brice was arrested on 4 July 1961 in Jackson, Mississippi for his participation in a sit-in at Livingston Park.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brigham_harold_f_harold_frederick_1897_1971","authoritative_name":"Brigham, Harold F. (Harold Frederick), 1897-1971","biography":"Harold Brigham a librarian in Louisville, Kentucky, and Indiana. Brigham led the Indiana State Library and was an active member of the American Library Association  serving as a member of its Executive Board (1938-42), research assistant (1925-27), and member of the Committee on Salaries, Insurance and Annuities (1924-29).","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brightfeather_angela_1945","authoritative_name":"Brightfeather, Angela, 1945-","biography":"Angela Brightfeather was born Jim Sheedy and grew up in Syracuse, New York, during the late 1940s and 1950s. At the age of twenty-one, Brightfeather first met another transgender person and subsequently became involved in a small but thriving transgender community. She moved to North Carolina in 1999.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"britton_albert_b_albert_bazaar_1922_2010","authoritative_name":"Britton, Albert B. (Albert Bazaar), 1922-2010","biography":"African American physician based in Jackson, Mississippi and the first African American physician admitted to the staff of Baptist Hospital in Jackson, Mississippi. President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed him to the Mississippi Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"broadnax_clarence_1940","authoritative_name":"Broadnax, Clarence, 1940-","biography":"African American civil rights worker featured in the Alabama Department of Public Safety's publication, Individuals active in civil disturbances.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brooks_gary_h","authoritative_name":"Brooks, Gary H.","biography":"Gary H. Brooks was a student at Millsaps College in 1967 when he participated in a student-led protest march in May 1967 following the police shooting of Benjamin Brown.  Following his graduation from Millsaps, Brooks went on to receive a master of arts in Political Science from Tulane University as well as a doctorate in Political Science from the University of Kansas.  He is an ordained Presbyterian minister and currently teaches Political Science at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"broomfield_oree","authoritative_name":"Broomfield, Oree","biography":"Oree Broomfield was a bishop in the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church.  Broomfield attended Mississippi Industrial College in Holly Springs, Mississippi and went on to receive a Bachelor of Divinity from Gammon Theological Seminary.  He later earned a Doctor of Ministry degree from Phillips University.  During the civil rights movement, Broomfield was active in the effort to educate and register African American voters in Mississippi.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_benjamin_1967","authoritative_name":"Brown, Benjamin, -1967","biography":"Benjamin Brown was a twenty-one year old truck driver and civil rights activist living in Jackson, Mississippi, when he was shot in the back, on the evening of May 11, 1967, by local police officers during a student protest near Jackson State College.  Brown, a reported by-stander in the protest, died the following day.  Brown's death prompted criticism from civil rights leaders and set off a series of protests and demonstrations in the Jackson area.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_byrd_1929","authoritative_name":"Brown, Byrd, 1929-","biography":"Lawyer and civil rights activist, Brown served as the president of the Pittsburgh NAACP from 1958 to 1970 and was one of the founders of the United Negro Protest Committee and the Black Construction Coalition. He ran for mayor of Pittsburgh in 1989. Byrd Rowlette Brown died in Pittsburgh on May 3rd, 2001.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_cardes_h","authoritative_name":"Brown, Cardes H.","biography":"\"Reverend Cardes H. Brown was raised in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, the son of a Baptist minister and a public school teacher. In 1963, Brown enrolled in the pre-medicine curriculum at North Carolina A\u0026T State University in Greensboro. However, Brown felt called to the ministry, and later graduated from Greensboro Bible College with bachelor's and graduate theology degrees. He also received a master's of divinity from Shaw Divinity School. Brown served as pastor of St. James Missionary Baptist Church in Rocky Mount before becoming pastor of New Light Baptist Church in Greensboro in 1975. The church was located in the vicinity of Morningside Homes, the site of the November 3, 1979 shootings. Brown was appointed to the Citizens Review Commission formed by the Greensboro Human Relations Committee to investigate that event. Rev. Brown has also served as president of the Pulpit Forum, as a member of the Citizens Review Commission for Alternatives for Incarceration, and as chairman of Concerned Citizens Against Police Brutality and the Guilford County Department of Social Services board.\" --From Greensboro VOICES Biography, \"Brown, Cardes H.\" accessed 8 October 2008, http://library.uncg.edu/depts/archives/civrights/detail-bio.asp?bio=36\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_edmund_g_edmund_gerald_1905_1996","authoritative_name":"Brown, Edmund G. (Edmund Gerald), 1905-1996","biography":"\"(\"PAT\"), U.S. politician who instituted civil rights laws, public works programs, and consumer-protection measures while serving (1959-67) as two-term governor of California; his son, Jerry, was also a politician (b. April 21, 1905--d. Feb. 16, 1996).\"--\"Brown, Edmund Gerald.\" Britannica Book of the Year, 1997. 2008. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 18 Feb. 2008  \u003chttp://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9113085\u003e.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_james_1933_2006","authoritative_name":"Brown, James, 1933-2006","biography":"\"James Brown, who grew up in Augusta, was one of the most influential musicians of the last half of the twentieth century. An original artist, fascinating showman, and tireless performer, Brown achieved legendary status, inspiring a generation of younger musicians. An inductee into both the Georgia Music Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, he created a solid body of work that has withstood the passage of time and popular music trends.\"--\"James Brown (ca. 1933-2006),\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 18, 2008: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_joe","authoritative_name":"Brown, Joe","biography":"Joe Brown was with Bernice Robinson, Rosa Parks, Anne Bordon, and others sitting together during the 25th Anniversary of the Highlander, 1957.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_manuel","authoritative_name":"Brown, Manuel","biography":"African American Spokane, Washington resident.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_r_jess_1912_1989","authoritative_name":"Brown, R. Jess, 1912-1989","biography":"\"R. Jess Brown was born in Coffeeville, Kansas, on September 2, 1912, and was reared in Oklahoma. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Illinois State Normal University and a Master of Science in Education degree from Indiana University. In 1946, he moved to Mississippi where he taught school for five years. He then attended law school at Texas Southern University; and after passing the Mississippi Bar Examination, he began to practice law in 1954. Mr. Brown was quite active in the civil rights movement in the 1960's particularly in providing legal counsel for civil rights workers and organizations.\"--Oral history with Mr. R. Jesse Brown, lawyer, Jackson, Mississippi, University of Southern Mississippi.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_uralia","authoritative_name":"Brown, Uralia","biography":"Uralia Brown was a student in Clarendon County, South Carolina, in the 1950s.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brownell_herbert_jr_1904_1996","authoritative_name":"Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 1904-1996","biography":"Herbert Brownell, Jr. was the 65th attorney general of the United States. He served from 1953 to 1957 in the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bryant_patricia_elaine_1940","authoritative_name":"Bryant, Patricia Elaine, 1940-","biography":"Born in Elmira, New York on July 8, 1940, Patricia Elaine Bryant was a student at Central State College when she was arrested for her participation in the Freedom Rides.  As part of the Freedom Ride, Bryant, along with four others, took a train from Nashville, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi where they were arrested in the Illinois Central terminal on June 9, 1961.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"buchanan_mildred_owsley_1902_2000","authoritative_name":"Buchanan, Mildred Owsley, 1902-2000","biography":"Home economics teacher in Nashville, Tennessee city schools from the late 1920s through ca. 1963.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"budelman_richard_j","authoritative_name":"Budelman, Richard J.","biography":"Press secretary and longtime aide to Milwaukee, Wisconsin mayor Henry W. Maier.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bumpers_dale","authoritative_name":"Bumpers, Dale","biography":"Dale Leon Bumpers was one of the state's most successful politicians in the last half of the twentieth century. As governor, Bumpers initiated the enactment of historic legislation, including a restructuring of the tax system and a reorganization of the state's government, and as a U.S. senator (1975-1999), he was a fiscally conservative, socially liberal legislator recognized for his oratorical skills.\"--Dale Leon Bumpers (1925-),\" Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture. http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1\u0026entryID=591 (accessed September 27, 2007).\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burger_mary","authoritative_name":"Burger, Mary","biography":"\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burgess_david_s_1917","authoritative_name":"Burgess, David S., 1917-","biography":"David Burgess was born in New York City and educated at Oberlin College and Union Theological Seminary. He was involved with the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen, and worked with early rights activists like Buck Kester.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burke_w_webb_william_webb","authoritative_name":"Burke, W. Webb (William Webb)","biography":"Appointed by Mississippi Governor John Bell Williams as director of the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission in 1968, Burke, was a former FBI agent and a native of Hattiesburg. He served as director until the commission's dissolution.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burks_charles_j","authoritative_name":"Burks, Charles J.","biography":"In 1948, Dr. Charles J. Burks was the first African American physician with hospital privileges at Montefiore Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  He also established PBA (Pittsburgh Black Action), The Second Step drug rehabilitation program.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burton_georgia","authoritative_name":"Burton, Georgia","biography":"The only black student in the Hispanic population of the segregated La Jolla School in Anaheim, California in 1941.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"burton_harold_h_harold_hitz_1888_1964","authoritative_name":"Burton, Harold H. (Harold Hitz), 1888-1964","biography":"\"Senator from Ohio; born in Jamaica Plain, Mass., June 22, 1888; attended the public schools; graduated from Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, in 1909, and from the law department of Harvard University in 1912; admitted to the bar in 1912 and commenced practice in Cleveland, Ohio; assistant attorney for a power company in Salt Lake City, Utah 1914-1916 and attorney for a power company in Boise, Idaho 1916-1917; during the First World War served in the army as lieutenant, and later as captain, in 1917 and 1918; resumed the practice of law in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1919; instructor in Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 1923-1925; member of the board of education of East Cleveland in 1928 and 1929; member, State house of representatives 1929; director of law of Cleveland 1929-1932; mayor of Cleveland 1935-1940; elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1940 and served from January 3, 1941, until his resignation on September 30, 1945; associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1945 until his retirement October 13, 1958; was a resident of Cleveland, Ohio; died in Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C., October 28, 1964; cremated at Highland Park Cemetery, Cleveland, Ohio.\"--Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"busbee_george_1927_2004","authoritative_name":"Busbee, George, 1927-2004","biography":"\"George Busbee was the first Georgia governor to serve two consecutive four-year terms (1975-83). He gave the state eight years of effective, low-key leadership and ranks among the most popular and least controversial of modern Georgia governors.\" - \"George Busbee.\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org (Retrieved July 25, 2008)\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bush_george_1924_2018","authoritative_name":"Bush, George, 1924-2018","biography":"\"BUSH, George Herbert Walker, (son of Prescott Sheldon Bush), a Representative from Texas and a Vice President of the United States and 41st President of the United States; born in Milton, Suffolk County, Mass., June 12, 1924; graduated, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. 1942; graduated Yale University 1948; lieutenant (jg.) United States Navy 1942-1945; formed Bush-Overbey Oil Development, Inc., Midland, Tex. 1951; helped organize Zapata Petroleum Corp., Midland, Tex. 1953, and first president of Zapata Off-Shore Co., Midland, Tex. 1954; unsuccessful nominee in 1964 to the United States Senate; elected as a Republican to the Ninetieth Congress; reelected to the Ninety-first Congress (January 3, 1967-January 3, 1971); was not a candidate for reelection in 1970 to the House of Representatives but was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate; United States Ambassador to the United Nations 1971-1973; chairman, Republican National Committee 1973-1974; chief United States liaison officer, People's Republic of China 1974-1976; director, Central Intelligence Agency 1976-1977; unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 1980, but was elected Vice President of the United States on the Republican ticket with President Ronald Reagan, November 4, 1980, and reelected 1984; Vice President of the United States 1981-1989; elected President of the United States in 1988, and was inaugurated on January 20, 1989; unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1992; awarded the title of Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath by Queen Elizabeth II in 1993; died on November 30, 2018, in Houston, Tex.; lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda, December 3, 2018, to December 5, 2018; interment at the George H. W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum, College Station, Tex.\"--Directory of the United States Congress.\r\n","alternate_names":["United States. President (1989-1993 : Bush)"]},{"slug":"byrne_tony_1936","authoritative_name":"Byrne, Tony, 1936-","biography":"Mayor of Natchez, Mississippi from 1968-1988.\r\n","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"butler_nobel","authoritative_name":"Butler, Nobel","biography":"Natchitoches, Louisiana resident and participant in the Natchitoches-Cane River Oral History Project.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"braxton_linda_darnelle","authoritative_name":"Braxton, Linda Darnelle","biography":"African American resident of the Historic Fulton neighborhood in Richmond, Virginia.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baer_helen","authoritative_name":"Baer, Helen","biography":"White woman civil rights worker and member of the Concerned White Citizens of Alabama. She was among those who organized and participated in a nonviolent protest march meant to highlight voter registration struggles in Selma. ","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"blatt_solomon_1896_1986","authoritative_name":"Blatt, Solomon, 1896-1986","biography":"South Carolina Democratic legislator from 1932 to 1973. From 1951 to 1973 he served as the Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"brown_robert_r_robert_raymond_1910_1994","authoritative_name":"Brown, Robert R. (Robert Raymond), 1910-1994","biography":"\"ninth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Arkansas. He became nationally known in 1957 for his role in the desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock (Pulaski County). Brown drafted a pastoral letter that stated the Episcopal Church’s unequivocal position in favor of desegregation and support for racial equality. His efforts with a number of clergy, Christian and Jewish, resulted in a city-wide Day of Prayer on October 12, 1957.\"--Encyclopedia of Arkansas, https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/robert-raymond-brown-8889/","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"byrd_harry_f_jr_harry_flood_1914_2013","authoritative_name":"Byrd, Harry F., Jr. (Harry Flood), 1914-2013","biography":"\"YRD, Harry Flood, Jr., (Son of Harry Flood Byrd, Sr.), a Senator from Virginia; born in Winchester, Va., December 20, 1914; educated at Virginia Military Institute and the University of Virginia; newspaper editor and fruit grower; member of Democratic State central committee 1940-1965; during the Second World War, served in the United States Naval Reserve as a lieutenant commander; member, State senate 1948-1965; appointed on November 12, 1965, as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of his father, Harry Flood Byrd, Sr., and was subsequently elected in a special election on November 8, 1966, to fill the unexpired term ending January 3, 1971; reelected as an Independent in 1970 and in 1976, and served from November 12, 1965, to January 2, 1983; was not a candidate for reelection in 1982; was a resident of Winchester, Va., until his death on July 30, 2013; interment in Mount Hebron Cemetery, Winchester, Va..\"--Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001209.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bailey_john_m_john_moran_1904_1975","authoritative_name":"Bailey, John M. (John Moran), 1904-1975","biography":"Chair of the Democratic National Committee from 1961 to 1968.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"barrett_russell_h","authoritative_name":"Barrett, Russell H.","biography":"\"[P]olitical science professor at The University of Mississippi from 1954 to 1976. Barrett’s best-known work is Integration at Ole Miss, an eyewitness account of the battle to integrate The  University of Mississippi, published in 1965 by Quadrangle Books. Barrett was as an advisor to James Meredith, the first African American student to attend the University in 1962. During the controversy surrounding Meredith’s enrollment, Barrett served as an intermediary between the United States Justice Department,  faculty members, and university administrators. His support for integration was actively opposed by groups such as the Citizens’ Council.\"--Inventory of the Russell H. Barrett Collection (MUM00024), University of Mississippi Special Collections.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bankhead_lee","authoritative_name":"Bankhead, Lee","biography":"\"Lee Bankhead was born in Critten County, Arkansas, on November 12, 1936, the daughter of an organizer for the C.I.O. From 1965 until 1969, . . . she was involved in civil rights work in Bolivar County, Mississippi. From 1965 until 1968 she served as local project director for SNCC, and also for a time as a teacher in the Head Start Program. In 1967, Bankhead joined the staff of the Tufts-Delta Health Center, an experimental clinic that was being established in Bolivar County under the auspices of Tufts University.\"--Inventory of the Lee Bankhead Papers, 1962-1971, Wisconsin Historical Society.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bailey_mildred_c_1919_2009","authoritative_name":"Bailey, Mildred C., 1919-2009","biography":"Served as 8th director of the Women’s Army Corps and the third woman selected for general officer rank in the U.S. Army.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bailey_thomas_david_1897_1974","authoritative_name":"Bailey, Thomas David, 1897-1974","biography":"Florida Superintendent of Education from 1949 until 1965 and proponent of segregation.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bannister_edward_mitchell_1828_1901","authoritative_name":"Bannister, Edward Mitchell, 1828-1901","biography":"African American painter and photographer active in Boston's African American art community and the abolition movement.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bass_ross_1918_1993","authoritative_name":"Bass, Ross, 1918-1993","biography":"\"BASS, Ross, a Representative and a Senator from Tennessee; born on a farm in Giles County, near Pulaski, Tenn., March 17, 1918; attended the public schools in Middle, Tenn.; graduated from Martin College, Pulaski, Tenn., 1941; served during the Second World War as a captain in the Air Corps; owner of a soft-drink bottling plant, florist and nurseryman 1946-1947; postmaster of Pulaski, Tenn., 1947-1954; elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-fourth and to the four succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1955, until his resignation November 3, 1964; elected in a special election on November 3, 1964, as a Democrat to the United States Senate to complete the unexpired term caused by the death of Estes Kefauver and served from November 4, 1964, to January 2, 1967; unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1966; owner of consulting firm in Washington, D.C.; unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States House of Representatives in 1976; was a resident of Miami Shores, Fla., until his death, January 1, 1993; interment in Maplewood Cemetery, Pulaski, Giles County, Tenn.\"--Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B000223","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"baxter_elisha_1827_1899","authoritative_name":"Baxter, Elisha, 1827-1899","biography":"Governor of Arkansas from 1873 to 1874.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bingham_stephen_1942","authoritative_name":"Bingham, Stephen, 1942-","biography":"White civil rights attorney who marched with CORE in Mississippi and for Cesar Chavez. He interned in the U.S. Congress and Department of Justice.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bokulich_rebecca","authoritative_name":"Bokulich, Rebecca","biography":"White SCLC worker in Greene County, Alabama.","alternate_names":null},{"slug":"bonilla_rube_n_1946","authoritative_name":"Bonilla, Rubén, 1946-","biography":"Attorney and chairman of Port of Corpus Christi, TX, president of LULAC, the League of United Latin American Citizens, from 1979 to 1981","alternate_names":null}],"facets":[{"name":"name_first_char_ss","items":[{"value":"B","hits":438}],"options":{"sort":"index","limit":51,"offset":0,"prefix":null}}],"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":100000,"offset_value":0,"total_count":438,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}}}