{"response":{"document":{"event_id":"montgomery_bus_boycott","title":"Montgomery Bus Boycott","years":["1956 "," 1955"],"description":"Local authorities in Montgomery, Alabama, arrested Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, when she refused to vacate her seat in the white section of a city bus on December 1, 1955.  To protest Parks' arrest and the continued segregation of Montgomery's bus lines, members of the city's black community formed the Montgomery Improvement Association on December 4, 1955, and launched a community wide boycott to compel the system's integration.  Under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr., black commuters and a small number of white sympathizers suffered official harassment, numerous threats, and personal inconvenience for more than a year while the matter made its way through the federal courts.  On November 13, 1956, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a lower court's decision, and ruled the segregated system unconstitutional. To celebrate the boycott's victory, King and three ministerial colleagues boarded a city bus on December 21, 1956 only one day after Montgomery officials received the court order to desegregate the city's buses, and took their seats throughout the vehicle.","records":[{"record_id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1111","record_class":"Item","title":"Rosa Parks","mediums":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Rosa Parks whose 1955 arrest in Montgomery for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and set in motion a chain of events that resulted in ground-breaking civil rights legislation and helped to bring Martin Luther King, Jr. to the forefront as the movement's leader. Parks continued to work for civil rights causes during her entire life and was awarded the nation's highest honors for her role in the movement.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_596069","record_class":"Item","title":"Diagram of the Bus Showing Where Rosa Parks Was Seated","mediums":["drawings (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["This diagram shows where Rosa Parks was seated on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus on December 1, 1955. At that time, the front 10 seats of the Montgomery city buses were permanently reserved for white passengers. Parks was seated in the first row behind those 10 seats. When the bus became crowded, the bus driver instructed Parks and the other three passengers seated in that row, all African Americans, to vacate their seats for the white passengers boarding. Eventually, three of the passengers moved, while Parks remained seated. When Parks disobeyed the bus driver's request to move, he called the police."]},{"record_id":"aar_alabamaphoto_34855","record_class":"Item","title":"Cleveland Avenue bus from the 1955 Montgomery City Lines fleet, parked in front of Union Station in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["The vehicle was restored to resemble the bus Rosa Parks was riding when she was arrested on December 1, 1955."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs14","record_class":"Item","title":"Isiah Ferguson","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Isiah Ferguson taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Ferguson's arrest number is 7031.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs15","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. S. Heard","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend S. Heard taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Heard's arrest number is 7032.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs16","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. J.H. Cherry","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend J. H. Cherry taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Cherry's arrest number is 7033.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs17","record_class":"Item","title":"Thomas Gray","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Thomas Gray taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Gray's arrest number is 7034.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs18","record_class":"Item","title":"Eli Judkins","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Eli Judkins taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Judkins' arrest number is 7036.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs21","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Joshua W. Hayes","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend Joshua W. Hayes taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Hayes' arrest number is 7039.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs23","record_class":"Item","title":"Mose Bishop","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Mose Bishop taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Bishop's arrest number is 7041.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs25","record_class":"Item","title":"Mrs. A.W. West, Sr.","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Mrs. A. W. West, Sr. taken after her arrest on February 21, 1956 for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Irene West's arrest number is 7043.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs28","record_class":"Item","title":"Walter Moss","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Walter Moss taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Moss' arrest number is 7046.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs32","record_class":"Item","title":"Jimmie Gamble","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Jimmie Gamble taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Gamble's arrest number is 7050.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs35","record_class":"Item","title":"Rosa Parks","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Rosa Parks taken after her arrest on February 21, 1956 for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Parks' arrest number is 7053.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs47","record_class":"Item","title":"Charlie Polk, Jr.","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Charlie Polk, Jr. taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Polk's arrest number is 7065.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs48","record_class":"Item","title":"P.M. Blair","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of P. M. Blair taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Blair's arrest number is 7066.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs55","record_class":"Item","title":"Mathew Kennedy","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Mathew Kennedy taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Kennedy's arrest number is 7073.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs57","record_class":"Item","title":"J.H. Baker","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of J. H. Baker taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Baker's arrest number is 7075.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs58","record_class":"Item","title":"Sam Barnett","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Sam Barnett taken after his arrest in February, 1956, for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Barnett's arrest number is 7076.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs59","record_class":"Item","title":"John H. Garrison","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of John H. Garrison taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Garrison's arrest number is 7077.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs62","record_class":"Item","title":"Audrey Belle Langford","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Audrey Belle Langford taken after her arrest on February 21, 1956 for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Langford's arrest number is 7080.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs65","record_class":"Item","title":"W.H. Johnson","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of W. H. Johnson taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Johnson's arrest number is 7083.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs70","record_class":"Item","title":"P.E. Conley","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of P. E. Conley taken after his arrest in February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Conley's arrest number is 7088.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs72","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. H.H. Johnson","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend H. H. Johnson taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Johnson's arrest number is 7090.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs78","record_class":"Item","title":"L.C. Walker","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of L. C. Walker taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Walker's arrest number is 7096.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs8","record_class":"Item","title":"Walter Smith","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Walter Smith taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Smith's arrest number is 7025.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs88","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. A. Edward Banks","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend A. Edward Banks taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Banks' arrest number is 7125.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"loc_rosaparks_47681","record_class":"Item","title":"Day of Pilgrimage begins as Montgomery Negroes walk to work in the rain ... [graphic].","mediums":["photomechanical prints","clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Clipping from the February 1956 issue of Life magazine depicting a photograph of Montgomery, Alabama citizens walking to work during the Bus Boycott.  From an orginal photograph by Grey Villet.","Title from image caption.","Caption continues: Some walked three to five miles. Pilgrims kept in small groups rather than crowd which might have drawn violence."]},{"record_id":"aar_alabamaphoto_176","record_class":"Item","title":"\"Negro Boycott Poster.\"","mediums":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Newspaper photo of bus boycott poster with article published in the Montgomery Advertiser. Poster reads, \"Do Not Ride A Bus Today.\""]},{"record_id":"aar_alabamaphoto_440","record_class":"Item","title":"\"Lone Negro Waits at Bus Stop.\"","mediums":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["From the Montgomery Advertiser, Dec. 6, 1955, the day after bus boycott began."]},{"record_id":"loc_rosaparks_49332","record_class":"Item","title":"[Collage commemorating Rosa Parks for her actions leading to the Montgomery bus boycott, 1955-56] [graphic] /","mediums":["collagescolor2000-2010.gmgpc","children's art2000-2010.gmgpc"],"dcterms_description":["Title devised by Library staff.","Collage clipping, bottom right reads: The year was 1955 and I was 42 years old. I was sitting in the colored section of the bus as usual, feeling tired after a long workday. When the bus got crowded the driver ordered the African-American passengers to give up their seats to the whites. I refused, and I was arrested. This was the start of a 381-day bus boycott by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama. I had always worked for civil rights, but because of this famous action, I'm called \"mother of the movement\".","With 1 pg. report on the bus boycott signed by the student: Ikechukwu Nnaji, Feb. 15, 2005."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs100","record_class":"Item","title":"Rosa Parks, #7053","mediums":["government records","identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Scanned image from one of the mug shot volumnes showing Rosa Parks and other African American women arrested on February 21, 1956 for their leadership in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The books of mug shots were divided by race and gender.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs19","record_class":"Item","title":"Robert Johnson","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Robert Johnson taken after his arrest in February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Johnson's arrest number is 7037.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs24","record_class":"Item","title":"Jo Ann Robinson","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Jo Ann Robinson taken after her arrest on February 21, 1956 for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Robinson's arrest number is 7042.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs26","record_class":"Item","title":"Osborne C. Chambliss","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Osborne C. Chambliss taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Chambliss' arrest number is 7044.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs30","record_class":"Item","title":"Otis A. Carlton","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Otis A. Carlton taken after his arrest in February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Carlton's arrest number is 7048.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs34","record_class":"Item","title":"A. McHaney","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of A. McHaney taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. McHaney's arrest number is 7052.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs36","record_class":"Item","title":"Mentha L. Johnson","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Mentha L. Johnson taken after her arrest on February 21, 1956 for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Johnson's arrest number is 7054.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs37","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Fred L. Davis","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend Fred L. Davis taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Davis' arrest number is 7055.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs40","record_class":"Item","title":"Moses W. Jones, MD","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Dr. Moses W. Jones taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Jones' arrest number is 7058.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs42","record_class":"Item","title":"Simon Peter McBride","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Simon Peter McBride taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. McBride's arrest number is 7060.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs49","record_class":"Item","title":"Ida Mae Caldwell","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Ida Mae Caldwell taken after her arrest on February 21, 1956, for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Caldwell's arrest number is 7067.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs5","record_class":"Item","title":"L.R. Bennett","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of L. R. Bennett taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Bennett's arrest number is 7022.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs50","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. M.C. Cleveland","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend M. C. Cleveland taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Cleveland's arrest number is 7068.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs51","record_class":"Item","title":"Jimmie L. Lowe","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Jimmie L. Lowe taken after her arrest on February 21, 1956 for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Lowe's arrest number is 7069.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs52","record_class":"Item","title":"Eretta F. Adair","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Eretta F. Adair taken after her arrest on February 21, 1956 for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Adair's arrest number is 7070.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs53","record_class":"Item","title":"Frank L. Taylor","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Frank L. Taylor taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Taylor's arrest number is 7071.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs54","record_class":"Item","title":"Tom Parks","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Tom Parks taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Parks' arrest number is 7072.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs68","record_class":"Item","title":"Arthur Bibbins","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Arthur Bibbins taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Bibbins' arrest number is 7086.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs7","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. H.H. Hubbard","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend H. H. Hubbard taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Hubbard's arrest number is 7024.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs73","record_class":"Item","title":"Edward Williams","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Edward Williams taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Williams' arrest number is 7091.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs75","record_class":"Item","title":"Louis Christburg","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Louis Christburg taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Christburg's arrest number is 7093.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs81","record_class":"Item","title":"R.B. Binion","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of R. B. Binion taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Binion's arrest number is 7099.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_mmugwork1","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr., #7089","mediums":["government records","identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Scanned image from one of the Montgomery County, Alabama Sheriff's Department's mug shot volumes showing Martin Luther King, Jr. and other African American men arrested on February 21, 1956 for their leadership during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The books of mug shots were divided by race and gender.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_mmugwork2","record_class":"Item","title":"Handwriten arrest ledger","mediums":["government records"],"dcterms_description":["Scanned image from a page of the handwriten ledger where arrests were recorded by the sheriff's office in Montgomery, Alabama. The page records the arrests of Alberta J. James (number 7027) through Burl M. Averhart (7061). Although information is recorded in several columns, the columns are not labeled and it is unclear what all the notations mean.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"suc_jad_jad575","record_class":"Item","title":"Letter, 1956 July 6, (New York, N.Y.), J. Waties Waring, to Joseph A. DeLaine, Sr., (Buffalo, N.Y.)","mediums":["letters (correspondence)"],"dcterms_description":["Letter from J. Waites Waring, a retired United States District Judge in New York, New York, to Joseph A. DeLaine, Sr. of Buffalo, New York, accepting the honor to name a new church, organized by DeLaine in Buffalo, the DeLaine-Waring A.M.E. Church. Waring references the Montgomery Bus Boycott and includes newspaper clippings with a report of contributions to the church.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1426","record_class":"Item","title":"Martin Luther King, Jr.","mediums":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Martin Luther King, Jr., a significant civil rights leader of the 1950s and 1960s. He achieved his most renown and greatest successes in advancing the cause of civil rights while leading a series of highly publicized campaigns in Alabama between 1955 and 1965. During this decade of mass protests against racial injustices, King's words and deeds inspired millions of people throughout the world. In 1964, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his leadership in the struggle for racial equality. In contrast, others saw King as a polarizing figure whose actions elicited violent reactions. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968. Fifteen years later, in November 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a bill establishing the third Monday of every January as the Martin Luther King Jr. National Holiday.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1567","record_class":"Item","title":"Montgomery Bus Boycott","mediums":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, which began with Rosa Parks's refusal to give her seat to a white man. Beginning in 1955, the 13-month nonviolent protest by the black citizens of Montgomery aimed to desegregate the city's public bus system, Montgomery City Lines. Its success led to a November 1956 Supreme Court decision overturning segregated transportation that was legalized by the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, an area left untouched by the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas decision to desegregate public schools.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1489","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King","mediums":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Coretta Scott King, most widely known as the wife and widow of slain civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., who carried on his vision of nonviolent protest to effect social change after his death in 1968. She founded the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change that year and later opposed apartheid in South Africa and participated in other human rights struggles.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"loc_rosaparks_rosaparks","record_class":"Item","title":"Rosa Parks papers","mediums":["photographs","personal papers"],"dcterms_description":["The Rosa Parks Papers digital collection contains items from the Manuscript Division  and the Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress that document many aspects of Parks's private life and public activism on behalf of civil rights for African Americans."]},{"record_id":"aar_amg_16356","record_class":"Item","title":"Driver for Montgomery City Lines during the bus boycott by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["black-and-white negatives"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"aar_alabamaphoto_1135","record_class":"Item","title":"Johnnie Carr and Rosa Parks on a bus boycott reenactment in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":null},{"record_id":"lru_tulane-goreau_12436779310006326","record_class":"Item","title":"LG017 Interviews: Reverend Ralph Abernathy; Juanita Abernathy","mediums":["interviews"],"dcterms_description":["Side 1: Interview with Reverend Ralph Abernathy at the SCLC Headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia on 1972-12-14. Side 2: Interview with Juanita Abernathy on 1972-12-18, conducted by telephone to Atlanta, Georgia. Abstract for Ralph Abernathy and Juanita Abernathy: [00:00–59:16] On LG017Goreau_Side1a, in this December 14, 1972 interview, activist Reverend Ralph Abernathy speaks about his first meeting with Jackson in Montgomery, Alabama in 1956, noting that she was the first artist to give a concert to raise funds for the Civil Rights Movement. He speaks about the founding and foreground of the SCLC, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and Jackson's role in it. Rev. Abernathy speaks about the beginnings of his relationship with Dr. King – 14:01 and goes on to describe the atmosphere of his neighborhood and home, providing context to the violence he faced and the bombing that occurred there in 1956 – 16:14. They speak about Jackson's contributions to the founding of SCLC and her ideas for organizing the Black community, especially in Chicago – 23:11, referencing the Rally for Civil Rights that she helped organize at Soldier Field – 31:36. He goes on to discuss the attack on the march in Gage Park, Chicago in 1966, recalling Jackson as both a comforting presence and a useful contact between SCLC and Chicago politicians – 35:31. Abernathy discusses their relationship after King's assassination – 43:01 and Jackson's thoughts on the Women's Liberation movement – 45:42, along with discussion about Jackson's relationships with Minters Galloway, Reverend Joe Mays, and Russell Roberts – 47:17. [00:00–02:08] LG017Goreau_Side1b continues from Reverend Abernathy's interview with a touching statement on his views of Jackson as a person and singer. [00:21–21:43] LG017Goreau_Side2 features a December 18, 1972 interview with Juanita Abernathy, who describes her first meeting with Jackson in Montgomery in 1956. They speak about the meals they ate and the people who congregated at the house as they held meetings and performances for the bus boycott. They discuss the SCLC board meeting in Charleston, where Jackson vouched for Reverend and Juanita Abernathy for SCLC leadership, which was in contention with Jesse Jackson – 09:20. She describes Jackson's commitment to the movement and her concern with the well being of others, which Abernathy attributes to her deep religious convictions – 15:35.","This recording was digitized in 2017 by George Blood, LP.","For further information, please contact Tulane University Special Collections at specialcollections@tulane.edu."]},{"record_id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1580","record_class":"Item","title":"Modern Civil Rights Movement in Alabama","mediums":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about the modern civil rights movement in Alabama which began with a single act of civil disobedience by Rosa Parks in Montgomery in 1955. It began to fade from the public eye a decade later, following the formation of the original Black Panther Party in Lowndes County. During the intervening years, Alabama was the site of some of the most defining events of the civil rights era. These events transformed the state and profoundly changed America.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"loc_crhp_crhp0009","record_class":"Item","title":"Jamila Jones oral history interview conducted by Joseph Mosnier in Atlanta, Georgia, 2011-04-27","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)","interviews","transcripts","moving images"],"dcterms_description":["Jamila Jones recalls participating in the Montgomery Bus Boycott as a child and forming a singing group at age 11, the Montgomery Gospel Trio, to raise money for the Civil Rights Movement. She recalls helping the Freedom Riders, visiting the Highlander Folk Center, writing a new verse of the song \"We Shall Overcome,\" and founding the Harambee Singers."]},{"record_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_596074","record_class":"Item","title":"Police Report on Arrest of Rosa Parks","mediums":["reports"],"dcterms_description":["The police report shows that Rosa Parks was charged with \"refusing to obey orders of bus driver.\" Police officers arrested Parks on December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama. According to the report, she was taken to the police station, where she was booked, fingerprinted, and briefly incarcerated."]},{"record_id":"bcri_bcri-ohpc_105","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. Robert Hughes","mediums":["oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_description":["Rev. Robert Hughes discusses starting the Alabama Council on Human Relations after beginning his career as a Methodist minister."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs11","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. S.S. Seay","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend S. S. Seay taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Seay's arrest number is 7028.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs13","record_class":"Item","title":"Frank Powell, Jr.","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Frank Powell, Jr. taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Powell's arrest number is 7030.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs22","record_class":"Item","title":"C.W. Lee","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of C. W. Lee taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Lee's arrest number is 7040.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs29","record_class":"Item","title":"Booker T. Holmes","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of booker T. Holmes taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Holmes' arrest number is 7047.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs33","record_class":"Item","title":"Cora McHaney","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Cora McHaney taken after her arreston February 21, 1956 for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. McHaney's arrest number is 7051.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs41","record_class":"Item","title":"Ronald R. Young","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Ronald R. Young taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Young's arrest number is 7059.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs43","record_class":"Item","title":"George Henderson","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of George Henderson taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Henderson's arrest number is 7061.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs45","record_class":"Item","title":"Wesley Tolbert","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Wesley Tolbert taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Tolbert's arrest number is 7063.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs46","record_class":"Item","title":"E.H. Ligon","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of E. H. Ligon taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Ligon's arrest number is 7064.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs63","record_class":"Item","title":"Lottie Green Varner","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Lottie Green Varner taken after her arrest on February 21, 1956 for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Varner's arrest number is 7081.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs69","record_class":"Item","title":"Eddie Bradford","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Web site with a mug shot of Eddie Bradford taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Bradford's arrest number is 7087.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs76","record_class":"Item","title":"Mose W. Richburg","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Mose W. Richburg taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Richburg's arrest number is 7094.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs84","record_class":"Item","title":"Willie James Kemp","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Willie James Kemp taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Kemp's arrest number is 7104.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs86","record_class":"Item","title":"Jackson Knox","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Jackson Knox taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Knox's arrest number is 7106.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"suc_localtvnews_91","record_class":"Item","title":"Septima Clark--outtakes","mediums":["motion pictures (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["Septima Clark, often referred to as the \"grandmother\" or \"mother\" of the Civil Rights movement, speaks to a class of African-American university students on her civil rights experiences. Seated at a table next to University of South Carolina professor Dr. Grace McFadden, Ms. Clark recounts activities with Rosa Parks; the start of the Montgomery, Alabama Bus Boycott; and escaping from a fire-bombed church in Mississippi. The poor audio quality in the early portion of the piece is caused by irreversible degradation of the 16mm film element's magnetic soundtrack."]},{"record_id":"loc_crhp_crhp0108","record_class":"Item","title":"Abernathy family oral history interview conducted by Hasan Kwame Jeffries in Atlanta, Georgia, and Stuttgart, Germany, 2013 October 10","mediums":["interviews","oral histories (literary genre)","video recordings (physical artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Donzaleigh Abernathy, Juandalynn Abernathy, and Ralph Abernathy, III, recall their father, Ralph David Abernathy and their own experiences as children in the Civil Rights Movement. The Abernathy children spent much of their childhoods with the children of Martin Luther King, Jr. Unlike the King children, the Abernathy siblings actively participated in direct action, including the Poor People's Campaign. All three children felt palpably the fear of violence in their everyday lives. This interview offers an intimate portrait of the home of a civil rights icon and of the intense friendship between Abernathy and King.","Recorded in Atlanta, Georgia, and Stuttgart, Germany on October 10, 2013.","Civil Rights History Project Collection (AFC 2010/039), Archive of Folk Culture, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.","Donzaleigh Abernathy is an actress, producer, director, and writer in Los Angeles, California.","Juandalynn R. Abernathy is an opera, concert, and African-American spirituals singer.","Ralph David Abernathy, III, is a social justice activist, and a former Georgia State Senator and member of the State House of Representative.","The Civil Rights History Project is a joint project of the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress and the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of African American History and Culture to collect video and audio recordings of personal histories and testimonials of individuals who participated in the Civil Rights movement.","In English.","Finding aid https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/eadafc.af013005"]},{"record_id":"nge_ngen_coretta-scott-king-1927-2006","record_class":"Item","title":"Coretta Scott King (1927-2006)","mediums":["articles"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about Coretta Scott King, a proponent of civil and human rights, who helped her husband, the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., lead the modern civil rights movement. During their life together, she was his helpmate, raising their four children while supporting his efforts to promote nonviolent social change in race relations during the 1950s and 1960s. Born in 1927 in Heiberger, Alabama, she graduated from Lincoln Normal School, a private school in Marion, Alabama, supported by the American Missionary Association. She then studied music education and sang with choirs at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, graduating in 1951. Her excellence as a singer earned her a scholarship to New England Conservatory of Music in Boston where she received further music training. She often used her singing talents to raise funds for various civil and human rights causes and activities. She and Martin Luther King, Jr., met in Boston and were married in 1953.After her husband's assassination in 1968, she articulated a vision of his nonviolence expressed internationally through the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change that she founded in Atlanta as a memorial to her slain husband.To foster remembrance of his life and work, she advocated a federal holiday to celebrate his January birthday. She died in January 2006 at a holistic health hospital in Mexico and was both the first woman and the first African American to lie in state at the state capitol rotunda in Atlanta, Georgia.She was buried with her husband at the King Center.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.","GSE identifier: SS8H11, SS2H1"]},{"record_id":"aar_wsfa_2746","record_class":"Item","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D111.0057","mediums":["film (material by form)"],"dcterms_description":["Johnnie Carr speaking at a press conference held in Montgomery, Alabama, to discuss a local fund drive launched to raise money for Rosa Parks. Carr, treasurer of the fundraising committee, explains the circumstances that led to the financial challenges Parks was facing at her home in Detroit, Michigan; stresses that, contrary to previous reports, Parks was not on welfare at the time; and pleads with local citizens to recognize their indebtedness to Parks for her bravery during the Montgomery Bus Boycott: \"And further, if Mrs. Parks had the money that she would need maybe to live on, I feel that we, as people in Montgomery who are reaping the benefits of the thing that she did when she refused to get up and give her seat that day, would warrant everybody doing all that they could to let her know that we appreciate the stand that she took in 1955.\""]},{"record_id":"aar_wsfa_1257","record_class":"Item","title":"WSFA audiovisual item D047.0009","mediums":["16mm (photographic film size)"],"dcterms_description":["Kinescope footage of \"Look There,\" a program produced by WSFA-TV and presented by news director Crawford Rice. In it, two prominent Montgomery citizens respond to Martin Luther King Jr.'s appearance on the NBC program \"Look Here.\" Both men defend the city's segregationist policies and attitudes. Dr. Henry L. Lyon, minister of Highland Avenue Baptist Church speaks first, followed by Clyde C. Sellers, Montgomery's Commissioner of Public Affairs. (\"Look There\" was originally broadcast on November 3, 1957, immediately after WSFA aired a recording of \"Look Here.\")"]},{"record_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_641627","record_class":"Item","title":"Fingerprint Card of Rosa Parks","mediums":null,"dcterms_description":["The fingerprint card of Rosa Parks was produced in association with her arrest for refusing to obey orders of a bus driver on December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama."]},{"record_id":"eoa_eoaa_h-1355","record_class":"Item","title":"E. D. Nixon","mediums":["articles","interactive resource"],"dcterms_description":["Encyclopedia article about E. D. Nixon (1899-1987), a long-time leader of the civil rights movement in Alabama. He worked tirelessly to increase the number of registered blacks voters in Montgomery and was one of the key organizers of the Montgomery Improvement Association and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. He also helped bail Rosa Parks out of jail after she was arrested for violating segregation laws. Heavily influenced by his membership in the largely African American Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), Nixon became an outspoken activist for African American voting rights and employment opportunities in the years between World War II and the early years of the civil rights movement in the mid-1950s. Nixon also was the first black candidate in the twentieth century to run for a seat on Montgomery County's Democratic Executive Committee in 1954. He lost his bid but was allowed to question candidates for the city commission, which functioned as Montgomery's central government, about issues of race the following year.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs10","record_class":"Item","title":"Alberta J. James","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Alberta J. James taken after her arrest on February 21, 1956 for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. James' arrest number is 7027.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs12","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. H.J. Palmer","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend H. J. Palmer taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Palmer's arrest number is 7029.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs2","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. R. J. Glassco","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend R. J. Glassco taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Glassco's arrest number is 7019.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs20","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. W.F. Alford","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend W. F. Alford taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Alford's arrest number is 7038.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs27","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. B.J. Simms","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend B. J. Simms taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Simms' arrest number is 7045.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs3","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. A. H. Hoffman","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend A. H. Hoffman taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Hoffman's arrest number is 7020.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs31","record_class":"Item","title":"Arthur Murphy","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Arthur Murphy taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Murphy's arrest number is 7049.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs38","record_class":"Item","title":"J.E. Pierce","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of J. E. Pierce taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Pierce's arrest number is 7056.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs39","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. J.W. Bonner","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend J. W. Bonner taken after his arrest in February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Bonner's arrest number is 7057.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs4","record_class":"Item","title":"E.D. Nixon","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of E. D. Nixon taken after his arrest 0n February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Nixon's arrest number is 7021.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs44","record_class":"Item","title":"Burl M. Averhart","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Burl M. Averhart taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Averhart's arrest number is 7062.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs56","record_class":"Item","title":"B.D. Lambert","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of B. D. Lambert taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Lambert's arrest number is 7074.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs6","record_class":"Item","title":"Addie J. Hamerter","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Addie J. Hamerter taken after her arrest on February 21, 1956 for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Hamerter's arrest number is 7023.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs60","record_class":"Item","title":"J.N. King","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of J. N. King taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. King's arrest number is 7078.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs61","record_class":"Item","title":"Henry Williams","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Henry Williams taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Williams' arrest number is 7079.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs64","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. E.N. French","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of E. N. French taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. French's arrest number is 7082.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs66","record_class":"Item","title":"J.C. Smith","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Web site with a mug shot of J. C. Smith taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Smith's arrest number is 7084.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs67","record_class":"Item","title":"George Hill","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of George Hill taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Hill's arrest number is 7085.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs71","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. M.L. King, Jr.","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. King's arrest number is 7089.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs74","record_class":"Item","title":"Henry A. McClain","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Henry A. McClain taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. McClain's arrest number is 7092.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs77","record_class":"Item","title":"Calvin Varner","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Calvin Varner taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Varner's arrest number is 7095.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs79","record_class":"Item","title":"James T. Primus","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of James T. Primus taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Primus' arrest number is 7097.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs80","record_class":"Item","title":"Alfred Ellis","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Alfred Ellis taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Ellis' arrest number is 7098.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs82","record_class":"Item","title":"Fuddie Morris","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Fuddie Morris taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Morris' arrest number is 7100.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs83","record_class":"Item","title":"George H. Jordan","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of George H. Jordan taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Jordan's arrest number is 7101.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs85","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. R.W. Hilson","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend R. W. Hilson taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Hilson's arrest number is 7105.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs87","record_class":"Item","title":"Richard S. Jordan","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Richard S. Jordan taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Jordan's arrest number is 7110.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"smokinggun_hotcrm_1103052mmugs9","record_class":"Item","title":"Rev. W.J. Powell","mediums":["identification photographs"],"dcterms_description":["Mug shot of Reverend W. J. Powell taken after his arrest on February 21, 1956 for his role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Powell's arrest number is 7026.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"narase_usdistrictcourt_civilaction1147","record_class":"Item","title":"Testimony from Aurelia S. Browder et al. v. W. A. Gayle, et al., No 1147","mediums":["civil court records","testimonies"],"dcterms_description":["Browder v. Gayle was a federal court case filed in 1956 in the U. S. District Court for the Northern (Montgomery) Division of the Middle District of Alabama.  The case challenged segregation within the Montgomery, Alabama, public transportation system.  The court ruled that the Montgomery segregation codes were unconstitutional due to their violation of the due process and equal protection clauses of the 14th Amendment.  The U. S. Supreme Court later affirmed the District Court's judgment.","Browder v. Gayle, is well known in civil rights history because it brought to public attention a 25-year-old Montgomery, Alabama, minister--Martin Luther King, Jr.  As president of the Montgomery Improvement Association, King led the Montgomery bus boycott after Rosa Parks was arrested.  Mrs. Parks refused to give up her seat to a white person on a crowded Montgomery bus in 1955, an incident that became a milestone in civil rights history.  Although not a party to the case, Rosa Parks' arrest record and fingerprints are exhibits to the case.  The plaintiffs in this case were Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, Claudette Colvin, and Mary Louise Smith, all of whom had been either arrested for refusing to give up their seats to white passengers or harmed by being forced to comply with segregation codes.","Among those who testified before the court on May 11, 1956, were Aurelia Browder, Mary Louise Smith, and Claudette Colvin."]},{"record_id":"aar_alabamaphoto_34858","record_class":"Item","title":"Cleveland Avenue bus from the 1955 Montgomery City Lines fleet, parked in front of Union Station in Montgomery, Alabama.","mediums":["photographs"],"dcterms_description":["The vehicle was restored to resemble the bus Rosa Parks was riding when she was arrested on December 1, 1955."]},{"record_id":"aar_alabamaphoto_439","record_class":"Item","title":"Newspaper photo of African Americans holding a civil rights meeting in a church.","mediums":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_description":["Newspaper photo accompanied article \"Negroes to Continue Boycott\" in the Montgomery Advertiser, Dec. 6, 1955"]},{"record_id":"suc_p17173coll18_37","record_class":"Item","title":"Septima Clark--outtakes","mediums":["motion pictures (visual works)"],"dcterms_description":["Septima Clark, often referred to as the \"grandmother\" or \"mother\" of the Civil Rights movement, speaks to a class of African-American university students on her civil rights experiences. Seated at a table next to University of South Carolina professor Dr. Grace McFadden, Ms. Clark recounts activities with Rosa Parks; the start of the Montgomery, Alabama Bus Boycott; and escaping from a fire-bombed church in Mississippi. The poor audio quality in the early portion of the piece is caused by irreversible degradation of the 16mm film element's magnetic soundtrack."]}],"educator_resources":[{"record_id":"wgbh_tdcr_067","record_class":"Item","title":"Rosa Parks","mediums":["instructional materials","teaching guides","resource units","interviews","transcripts"],"dcterms_description":["The leadership of the Civil Rights movement was largely defined by major figures like Martin Luther King Jr., but behind the scenes were people like Lola Hendricks who helped organize the community and filed lawsuits to end discrimination and segregation. In this interview, Hendricks describes her role in the Civil Rights movement.","Major funding for this project is provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Supported in part by a grant from the Open Society Institute.","Grade range: 6-12.","A transcript of the Quicktime movie is available.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]},{"record_id":"zcu_cdrs_amistad","record_class":"Item","title":"Amistad Digital Resource for Teaching African American History","mediums":["instructional materials","maps (documents)","timelines (chronologies)","photographs","sound recordings","letters (correspondence)","articles","legislative records","teaching guides"],"dcterms_description":["Web site with responding to mandates requiring resources for teaching African American history into the social studies curriculum in K-12 public schools, to provide a more inclusive and accurate record of American history. It is designed as a multimedia resource for secondary school teachers to enhance their knowledge and ability in teaching African American history. It includes photographs, audio recordings, news clips, and excerpts of oral history interviews with a descriptive narrative text explaining significant themes and key events in African American history, from slavery to the twenty-first century. The narrative is event driven in order to fit easily into classroom curriculum, while emphasizing the role of the individual.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."]}]}}}