{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"fqr_miamicivilrights","title":"The Civil Rights Movement and the Black experience in Miami","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Florida, Miami-Dade County, 25.60897, -80.49867","United States, Florida, Miami-Dade County, Miami, 25.77427, -80.19366"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1960/1989"],"dcterms_description":["The Civil Rights Movement and the Black experience in Miami reverberates with both strife and triumph. In Miami, as with other cities across the United States, cultural clashes between ethnicities contributed significantly to civil unrest and racial tension. Champions of equality whose lives and hearts were committed to making Miami a place of peace and understanding between races evolved out of a deeply segregated, yet shared environment.","This presentation is the online companion of the Special Collections exhibit located on the 2nd floor of the Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami (February 18 - May 1, 2009). The selected images tell a story of struggle, community challenges, and hope for Black Miami in the 20th century. Through a combination of personal papers, books, professional photography, fliers and reports of civil rights activities this exhibition on Black Miami presents a sobering glimpse at what was and illustrates a path of civic involvement and pride."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Florida--Miami","African American clergy--Florida--Miami","African Americans--Florida--Miami--History--20th century","African Americans--Florida--Miami--Politics and government"],"dcterms_title":["The Civil Rights Movement and the Black experience in Miami","Civil Rights Movement and the Black experience in Miami"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Miami. Library. Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://scholar.library.miami.edu/miamiCivilRights/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["photographs","texts (document genres)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Gibson, Theodore R.  (Theodore Roosevelt), 1915-1982","Simms, Bob, 1927-","Brown, John O., 1922-2007","Brown, Marie Faulkner","Carlebach, Michael L."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"dde_civil-rights-civil-rights-act","title":"Civil rights-- Civil Rights Act of 1957","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1957"],"dcterms_description":["The online collection includes Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr.'s cabinet paper outlining the administration's civil rights agenda; a press release about the proposed civil rights legislation (which would later become the Civil Rights Act of 1957); a fact paper about the administration's civil rights program; a memo from E. Frederic Morrow, Eisenhower's Administrative officer for special projects and an African American, to Chief-of-Staff Sherman Adams; a letter from Republican National Committee Director of Minorities Val J. Washington urging Eisenhower not to compromise on civil rights legislation; a press release from Washington containing a letter to Lyndon B. Johnson on his criticism of Nixon's comments on the Senate's stance on the administration's civil rights legislation; a letter from Attorney General William P. Rogers outlining the amendments made to the proposed civil rights legislation by the Senate; press release from Representative Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. making congratulations about the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957; the act itself; a February 27, 1959 report from the Executive Branch  in cooperation with the Commission on Civil Rights outlining the Commission's authority, duties, responsibilities and actions); a pamphlet of The Commission on Civil Rights; and a photograph of President Eisenhower signing the bill.","\"In 1957, President Eisenhower sent Congress a proposal for civil rights legislation.  The result was the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.  The new act established the Civil Rights Section of the Justice Department and empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against interference with the right to vote. It also established a federal Civil Rights Commission with authority to investigate discriminatory conditions and recommend corrective measures.  The final act was weakened by Congress due to the lack of support among the Democrats.\"--Eisenhower Library Web page.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["System requirements: Adobe Acrobat reader."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["United States. Civil Rights Act of 1957","Civil rights--Law and legislation--United States","African Americans--Civil rights--United States","United States Commission on Civil Rights","African Americans--Suffrage","United States. Dept. of Justice. Civil Rights Division"],"dcterms_title":["Civil rights-- Civil Rights Act of 1957"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Dwight D. Eisenhower Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/civil-rights-act-1957"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["texts (document genres)","black-and-white photographs","letters (correspondence)","reports","press releases","legislative acts"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 1904-1996","Morrow, E. Frederic (Everett Frederic), 1909- ","Adams, Sherman, 1899-1986","Washington, Val J., 1903-1995","Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 1904-1996--Correspondence","Morrow, E. Frederic (Everett Frederic), 1909- --Correspondence","Adams, Sherman, 1899-1986--Correspondence","Washington, Val J., 1903-1995--Correspondence"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"dde_littlerock","title":"Civil rights-- Little Rock school integration","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1957/1958"],"dcterms_description":["This online collection contains a telegram from President Eisenhower to Governor Orval Faubus calling for the peaceful integration of Central High School; a telegram from Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus stating his travel arrangements to meet President Eisenhower for a conference at his vacation headquarters in Rhode Island; a press release stating Governor Faubus' intention of cooperating with the integration of Central High School after his conference with President Eisenhower; a diary entry concerning the September 14, 1957 meeting between President Eisenhower and Governor Faubus in Newport, Rhode Island;  a press release statement by President Eisenhower discussing the major events occurring in the City of Little Rock on September 20, 1957; a telegram to President Eisenhower from Woodrow Wilson Mann, Major of Little Rock describing the mob activity at Central High School on September 23, 1957; an Obstruction of Justice Proclamation from President Eisenhower ordering those hindering the integration of Central High to cease and desist; a Proclamation providing for the Removal of an Obstruction of Justice within the State of Arkansas, September 24, 1957; a telegram from Woodrow Wilson Mann to President Eisenhower pleading for federal troops to restore order and complete the integration process in Arkansas; a letter from President Eisenhower to General Alfred Gruenther; handwritten notes by President Eisenhower on decision to send troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, September 1957; a press release, containing speech on radio and television by President Eisenhower, September 24, 1957; an undated draft of speech on Little Rock; a summary of telephone conversations between President Eisenhower and Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr. on September 24, 1957 after the Obstruction of Justice Proclamation was issued; a summary of telephone calls made by President Eisenhower on September 25, 1957; a telegram from Congressman Oren Harris of Arkansas to President Eisenhower protesting the ordering of federal troops to enforce school integration; a letter from  President Eisenhower to Congressman Oren Harris, September 30, 1957; a telegram from Georgia Senator Richard B. Russell to President Eisenhower condemning the use of federal troops to mix the races in public schools in Little Rock; a letter from President Eisenhower to Senator Russell, September 27, 1957; a telegram from the parents of the nine African-American students to President Eisenhower, October 1, 1957; a letter from President Eisenhower to Mr. W.B. Brown, father of one of the Little Rock Nine on October 4, 1957 [identical letter sent to each set of parents]; a telegram from Senator John Stennis, Mississippi to President Eisenhower, October 1, 1957 deploring forced integration of public schools; a letter from President Eisenhower to Senator Stennis, October 7, 1957; a letter from J. Lee Rankin, U.S. Solicitor General, to Sherman Adams, Assistant to the President, concerning list of Court orders and plans for school desegregation, October 28, 1957; undated attachments to Rankin letter listing court orders and plans for school desegregation; several situation reports between December 17, 1957 and March 10, 1958 regarding Central High?s adjustment after integration; a letter from Jackie Robinson to President Eisenhower, May 13, 1958; and a letter from President Eisenhower to Jackie Robinson, June 4, 1958.","\"On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education that segregated schools are \"inherently unequal.\"  In September 1957, as a result of that ruling, nine African-American students enrolled at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The ensuing struggle between segregationists and integrationists, the State of Arkansas and the federal government, President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus has become known in modern American history as the \"Little Rock Crisis.\" The crisis gained attention world-wide. When Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to keep the nine students from entering the school, President Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division into Little Rock to insure the safety of the \"Little Rock Nine\" and that the rulings of the Supreme Court were upheld. The manuscript holdings of the Eisenhower Library contain a large amount of documentation on this historic test of the Brown vs. Topeka ruling and school integration.\"--Eisenhower Library Web page.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["System requirements: Adobe Acrobat reader."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Segregation in education--Law and legislation--United States","Discrimination in education--Law and legislation--United States","African Americans--Civil rights--United States","Segregation--Southern States","Obstruction of justice--Arkansas--Little Rock","Federal-state controversies--Arkansas--Little Rock","Intervention (Federal government)","Executive orders","Federal-city relations--United States","Government, Resistance to--Arkansas--Little Rock","Arkansas--Politics and government--1951-","African Americans--Government policy","United States--Politics and government--1953-1961","Civil rights movement--United States","High school students--Political activity","Central High School (Little Rock, Ark.)","School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock","Mobs--Arkansas--Little Rock","Race riots--Arkansas--Little Rock","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"dcterms_title":["Civil rights-- Little Rock school integration"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Dwight D. Eisenhower Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/civil-rights-little-rock-school-integration-crisis"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["texts (document genres)","press releases","diaries","telegrams","letters (correspondence)","transcripts","reports"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969","Faubus, Orval Eugene, 1910-1994","Mann, Woodrow Wilson, 1916-2002","Gruenther, Alfred M. (Alfred Maximilian), 1899-1983","Harris, Oren, 1903-","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971","Brown, W. B.","Stennis, John C. (John Cornelius), 1901-1995","Robinson, Jackie, 1919-1972","Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 1904-1996","Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969--Correspondence","Faubus, Orval Eugene, 1910-1994--Correspondence","Mann, Woodrow Wilson, 1916-2002--Correspondence","Gruenther, Alfred M. (Alfred Maximilian), 1899-1983--Correspondence","Harris, Oren, 1903- --Correspondence","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971--Correspondence","Brown, W. B.--Correspondence","Stennis, John C. (John Cornelius), 1901-1995--Correspondence","Robinson, Jackie, 1919-1972--Correspondence"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"dde_eisenhowercivilrightsfiles","title":"Civil rights-- Eisenhower \u0026 the Eisenhower administration","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1955/1960"],"dcterms_description":["This online collection includes Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr.'s cabinet paper summarizing the various steps taken by the Eisenhower administration to end racial segregation and discrimination in education, transportation, and hospitals; a press release praising the administration's contributions towards civil rights released by Val J. Washington, the Republican National Committee Director of Minorities; a memo from E. Frederic Morrow, Eisenhower's Administrative Officer for Special Projects and an African American, to Chief-of-Staff Sherman Adams regarding the repeated requests of African American leaders seeking to meet with President Eisenhower about race relations in the United States; a twenty-five page paper presenting contextual information about the origins of racial tension in the U.S.; correspondence between President Eisenhower and Rev. Billy Graham about methods by which ministers could promote progress and understanding of race relations; a letter from the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, J. Edgar Hoover to William H. Jackson, the Special Assistant to President Eisenhower about the monograph \"The Communist Party and the Negro from 1953-1956\"; a letter from Representative Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. urging President Eisenhower to make a statement in support of racial harmony in the South; a memo from Cabinet Secretary Maxwell Rabb to Sherman Adams regarding the proposed May 17, 1957 march at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.; a memo from E. Frederic Morrow to Sherman Adams addressing a meeting between African American leaders and President Eisenhower; a memo from Maxwell Rabb to Sherman Adams discussing the meeting of Dr. Martin Luther King and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy and Vice President Richard M. Nixon on June 13, 1957; a memo from Maxwell Rabb to Sherman Adams discussing when and which African American leaders would meet with President Eisenhower; a memo detailing the recommendations reached after the meeting with African American leaders on June 23, 1958; a letter from NAACP Executive Director Roy Wilkins to President Eisenhower expressing gratitude for holding meeting with leaders; a memo from Rocco Siciliano, the Special Assistant to President Eisenhower declaring the meeting \"an unqualified success;\" and a memo prepared by E. Frederic Morrow entitled \"Student Protest Movement in the South, March 7, 1960\" which discusses the sit-in protest of four freshman from North Carolina A\u0026T College on February 1, 1960 at a Woolworth store in Greensboro, N.C.","\"The 1950s were a significant time period in the history of civil rights in this country.  The Eisenhower Administration worked quietly on this front.  The following documents include official government reports on civil rights, as well as President Eisenhower's personal views on this issue.\"--Eisenhower Library Web site.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["System requirements: Adobe Acrobat reader."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Segregation in education--Law and legislation--United States","Segregation in transportation--Law and legislation--United States","Discrimination in education--Law and legislation--United States","African Americans--Civil rights--United States","Discrimination in medical care--United States","Sit-ins--North Carolina--Greensboro","Direct action--Southern States","African Americans--Government policy","United States--Politics and government--1953-1961","Church and state--United States","African American civil rights workers--United States","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Civil rights movement--United States","Student movements--North Carolina--Greensboro","Protest marches--Washington (D.C.)","Communism--United States","Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina--Students","United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation","Meetings"],"dcterms_title":["Civil rights-- Eisenhower \u0026 the Eisenhower administration"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Dwight D. Eisenhower Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/civil-rights-president-eisenhower-and-eisenhower-administration"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["texts (document genres)","letters (correspondence)","memorandums","reports"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969","Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 1904-1996","Washington, Val J., 1903-1995","Morrow, E. Frederic (Everett Frederic), 1909- ","Adams, Sherman, 1899-1986","Graham, Billy, 1918-2018","Hoover, J. Edgar (John Edgar), 1895-1972","Powell, Adam Clayton, 1908-1972","Rabb, Maxwell M., 1910- ","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-1994","Wilkins, Roy, 1901-1981","Siciliano, Rocco C.","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969--Correspondence","Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 1904-1996--Correspondence","Washington, Val J., 1903-1995--Correspondence","Morrow, E. Frederic (Everett Frederic), 1909- --Correspondence","Adams, Sherman, 1899-1986--Correspondence","Graham, Billy, 1918-2018--Correspondence","Hoover, J. Edgar (John Edgar), 1895-1972--Correspondence","Powell, Adam Clayton, 1908-1972--Correspondence","Rabb, Maxwell M., 1910- --Correspondence","Wilkins, Roy, 1901-1981--Correspondence","Siciliano, Rocco C.--Correspondence"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"dde_emmetttillcase","title":"Civil rights-- Emmett Till case","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, Tallahatchie County, 33.95047, -90.17326","United States, Mississippi, Tallahatchie County, Sumner, 33.97095, -90.3687"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1955/1956"],"dcterms_description":["This online collection contains a telegram from the Chicago Defender to the White House about the kidnapping and lynching of Emmett Louis Till on September 1, 1955; a letter from J. William Barba, Assistant to the Special Counsel of the President to the Chicago Defender on September 2, 1955, a telegram from Mrs. Mamie Bradley, mother of Emmett Till, to President Eisenhower on September 2, 1955; a document summarizing letters sent to President Eisenhower submitted to the Department of Justice by Chief-of-Staff Sherman Adams on September 6, 1955; a letter from J. Edgar Hoover to Dillon Anderson, Special Assistant to the President about The Communist Party?s campaign protesting the murder of Emmett Till; a letter form Dillon Anderson to J. Edgar Hoover; a memorandum from the National Administrative Committee about the Emmett Louis Till lynching; a letter from J. Edgar Hoover to Dillon Anderson on October 11, 1955; a letter from William Nunn of the Pittsburgh Courier to Cabinet Secretary Maxwell Rabb suggesting officials make a statement condemning the Emmett Till lynching; a letter from J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, to Dillon Anderson providing a copy of letter issued by Communist Party, USA to exert pressure against the Eisenhower administration in regards to the Emmett Till lynching; a memorandum for the Record deploring the Emmett Till lynching from E. Frederic Morrow, Eisenhower?s Administrative Officer for Special Projects; a memorandum from E. Frederic Morrow to Maxwell Rabb; a letter from Roy Wilkins, Executive Director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to E. Frederic Morrow; a memorandum from Maxwell Rabb to James Hagerty, Press Secretary about Mrs. Mamie Bradley alleged involvement with the Communist Party; and a memorandum from Maxwell Rabb to James Hagerty on October 24, 1956.","\"In August 1955, a fourteen year old African American boy from Chicago named Emmett Till went to visit relatives near Money, Mississippi.  While he had experienced racial discrimination in his hometown of Chicago, he was unaccustomed to the severe segregation he encountered in Mississippi.  Soon after talking in too friendly a manner with a young white woman in a store, he was kidnapped in the night at gunpoint and brutally murdered by two white men.  He was badly beaten before being shot and the corpse was nearly unrecognizable.  His mother insisted on an open casket funeral in Chicago and news of Emmett Till's murder shocked America and the world.  An all-white jury failed to convict the accused murderers, adding a further sense of injustice.  The case is viewed as a turning point in the civil rights movement because of the notoriety it gave to the plight of African Americans in the South.\"--Eisenhower Library Web page.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["System requirements: Adobe Acrobat reader."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American youth--Violence against--Mississippi","African Americans--Violence against--Mississippi--History--20th century","African Americans--Mississippi","Hate crimes--Mississippi","Lynching--Mississippi--History--20th century","Mississippi--Race relations","Racism--Mississippi--History--20th century","Trials (Murder)--Mississippi--Sumner"],"dcterms_title":["Civil rights-- Emmett Till case"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Dwight D. Eisenhower Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/civil-rights-emmett-till-case"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["texts (document genres)","letters (correspondence)","memorandums","telegrams"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Till, Emmett, 1941-1955","Milam, J. W.","Till-Mobley, Mamie, d. 2003","Adams, Sherman, 1899-1986","Hoover, J. Edgar (John Edgar), 1895-1972","Hagerty, James C. (James Campbell), 1909-1981","Morrow, E. Frederic (Everett Frederic), 1909- ","Wilkins, Roy, 1901-1981","Sengstacke, John Herman Henry, 1912-1997","Anderson, Dillon, 1906-1974","Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969","Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 1904-1996","Till, Emmett, 1941-1955--Death and burial","Milam, J. W.--Trials, litigation, etc.","Till-Mobley, Mamie, d. 2003--Correspondence","Adams, Sherman, 1899-1986--Correspondence","Hoover, J. Edgar (John Edgar), 1895-1972--Correspondence","Hagerty, James C. (James Campbell), 1909-1981--Correspondence","Morrow, E. Frederic (Everett Frederic), 1909- --Correspondence","Wilkins, Roy, 1901-1981--Correspondence","Anderson, Dillon, 1906-1974--Correspondence","Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969--Correspondence"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"dde_civil-rights-brownvsboe","title":"Civil rights-- Brown vs. Board of Education","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Kansas, Shawnee County, Topeka, 39.04833, -95.67804","United States, Louisiana, 31.00047, -92.0004","United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009","United States, Texas, 31.25044, -99.25061"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1951","1953/1954","1957"],"dcterms_description":["The online collection consists of scanned copies of the Brown's 1951 complaint, a 1951 court order related to the case, and a 1953 memorandum from Eisenhower to the Secretary of Defense in reference to school segregation on army posts. In addition, correspondence from 1953 between Eisenhower and governors Shivers of Texas, Byrnes of South Carolina and Kennon of Louisiana about school desegregation is included. Finally, two personal letters to boyhood friend Swede Hazlett contain comments on desegregation.","\"In 1950, members of the Topeka, Kansas, Chapter of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) challenged the \"separate but equal\" doctrine governing public education through a class action suit when they were denied the opportunity to enroll their children in the white only schools.  When the Topeka case made its way to the United States Supreme Court it was combined with other NAACP cases from Delaware, Virginia, South Carolina and Washington, D.C.  The combined cases became known as Oliver L. Brown et. al. vs. The Board of Education of Topeka (KS).  On May 17, 1954 the Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision overturning \"separate but equal\" as unconstitutional, stating that segregation in public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment.\"--Eisenhower Library Web site.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["System requirements: Adobe Acrobat reader."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Topeka (Kan.). Board of Education--Trials, litigation, etc.","Segregation in education--Law and legislation--United States","Discrimination in education--Law and legislation--United States","Segregation in education--United States--History--20th century--Sources","Discrimination in education--United States--History--20th century--Sources","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka","Brown, Oliver, 1918- --Trials, litigation, etc.","Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969--Correspondence","Shivers, Allan, 1907- --Correspondence","Kennon, Robert Floyd, 1902- --Correspondence","Byrnes, James F. (James Francis), 1882-1972--Correspondence"],"dcterms_title":["Civil rights-- Brown vs. Board of Education"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Dwight D. Eisenhower Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/civil-rights-brown-vs-board-education"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["texts (document genres)","letters (correspondence)","memorandums","judicial records"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969","Shivers, Allan, 1907-","Kennon, Robert Floyd, 1902- ","Byrnes, James F. (James Francis), 1882-1972","Brown, Oliver, 1918-1961"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"libraryofamerica_reportingcivilrights","title":"Reporting civil rights","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1941/1973"],"dcterms_description":["This Web site presents information relating to journalists who reported on the civil rights movement in the American South and includes a timeline (1941-1973), information on the reporters, and civil rights resources. The site is a companion to the two-volume Reporting Civil Rights by the Library of America which collects contemporary articles and essays about the movement.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Reporters and reporting--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights"],"dcterms_title":["Reporting civil rights"],"dcterms_type":null,"dcterms_provenance":["Library of America"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://reportingcivilrights.loa.org/"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["instructional materials","black-and-white photographs","texts (document genres)","web sites","timelines (chronologies)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ncc_nccalbum","title":"An African American album vol. 2 : the Black experience in Charlotte and Mecklenburg County","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Mecklenburg County, Charlotte, 35.22709, -80.84313"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1940/1999"],"dcterms_description":["Web site presenting the history of African Americans in Charlotte, North Carolina, from the 1940s through the 1990s. 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