{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"dde_civil-rights-brownvsboe","title":"Civil rights-- Brown vs. Board of Education","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Kansas, Shawnee County, Topeka, 39.04833, -95.67804","United States, Louisiana, 31.00047, -92.0004","United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009","United States, Texas, 31.25044, -99.25061"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1951","1953/1954","1957"],"dcterms_description":["The online collection consists of scanned copies of the Brown's 1951 complaint, a 1951 court order related to the case, and a 1953 memorandum from Eisenhower to the Secretary of Defense in reference to school segregation on army posts. In addition, correspondence from 1953 between Eisenhower and governors Shivers of Texas, Byrnes of South Carolina and Kennon of Louisiana about school desegregation is included. Finally, two personal letters to boyhood friend Swede Hazlett contain comments on desegregation.","\"In 1950, members of the Topeka, Kansas, Chapter of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) challenged the \"separate but equal\" doctrine governing public education through a class action suit when they were denied the opportunity to enroll their children in the white only schools.  When the Topeka case made its way to the United States Supreme Court it was combined with other NAACP cases from Delaware, Virginia, South Carolina and Washington, D.C.  The combined cases became known as Oliver L. Brown et. al. vs. The Board of Education of Topeka (KS).  On May 17, 1954 the Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision overturning \"separate but equal\" as unconstitutional, stating that segregation in public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment.\"--Eisenhower Library Web site.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["System requirements: Adobe Acrobat reader."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Topeka (Kan.). Board of Education--Trials, litigation, etc.","Segregation in education--Law and legislation--United States","Discrimination in education--Law and legislation--United States","Segregation in education--United States--History--20th century--Sources","Discrimination in education--United States--History--20th century--Sources","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka","Brown, Oliver, 1918- --Trials, litigation, etc.","Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969--Correspondence","Shivers, Allan, 1907- --Correspondence","Kennon, Robert Floyd, 1902- --Correspondence","Byrnes, James F. (James Francis), 1882-1972--Correspondence"],"dcterms_title":["Civil rights-- Brown vs. Board of Education"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["Dwight D. Eisenhower Library"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/civil-rights-brown-vs-board-education"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["texts (document genres)","letters (correspondence)","memorandums","judicial records"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969","Shivers, Allan, 1907-","Kennon, Robert Floyd, 1902- ","Byrnes, James F. (James Francis), 1882-1972","Brown, Oliver, 1918-1961"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tqx_clark","title":"Papers of Justice Tom C. 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McClung."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Tom C. 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If you wish to publish an entire document from the Tom C. Clark Papers, you must obtain permission from the Tarlton Law Library."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["judicial records"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Brown, Oliver, 1918-1961","McClung, Ollie","McLaurin, G. W.","Sweatt, Heman M.","Clark, Tom C. (Tom Campbell), 1899-1977"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"okd_sipuel","title":"Ada Lois Sipuel v. Board of Regents University of Oklahoma, 1948-","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Oklahoma, 35.49209, -97.50328"],"dcterms_creator":["Oklahoma. Supreme Court"],"dc_date":["1946/1948"],"dcterms_description":["Housed in the Oklahoma State Archives, this digital collection features 251 imaged documents from the Oklahoma State Supreme Court, Civil Case No. 32756 regarding the first African-American woman admitted to the University of Oklahoma law school in 1948. The collection includes defendant and plaintiff briefs as well as a trial transcript from the district court, all available through Oklahoma Crossroads.","A leading activist, lawyer, administrator, and educator Ada Lois Sipuel came of age during Oklahoma's Jim Crow era, Sipuel challenged the legal fiction of \"separate but equal\", opening higher education to African-American students in the state and laying the foundation for the Brown v. Board of Education landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. Born on February 8, 1924, and raised in Chickasha, Oklahoma, Sipuel was the daughter of a minister and a homemaker. Her parents provided the family with financial security and a strong belief in racial equality. Following her brother's rejection of NAACP leaders suggestion to serve as plaintiff to challenge the segregationist admissions policy of the state's exclusively white law school at the University of Oklahoma, in the fall of 1945, her family volunteered Sipuel, a top student at Langston University. On January 14, 1946, the University of Oklahoma Law School rejected Sipuel's application for admission. Sipuel's attorneys, led by Thurgood Marshall and Oklahoman Amos T. Hall, filed a lawsuit alleging that the failure of the state to provide a comparable law school for African American students required that Sipuel be admitted to the university. Losing in state courts, Marshall argued Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma before the United States Supreme Court. There, Marshall argued that the state law school must open its doors to Sipuel, because it offered no comparable facility and that the entire doctrine of \"separate but equal\" should be abandoned. On January 12, 1948, the Supreme Court ruled that Sipuel was entitled to a legal education provided by the state and that Oklahoma must provide instruction for blacks equal to that of whites. In order to comply, Oklahoma officials stonewalled efforts to admit Sipuel to the University of Oklahoma by quickly constructing a makeshift black law school in the state capital building, Langston University School of Law. Further litigation was necessary to prove that this law school was inferior to the University of Oklahoma law school. Before a lawsuit challenging the new school was resolved, the law school ran out 1 of funds and this facility closed in 1949. The president of the University of Oklahoma law school admitted Sipuel who enrolled on June 18, 1949, becoming the first African American woman to attend an all white law school in the South. New challenges awaited Sipuel inside the classroom, including sitting in a segregated seat marked \"colored\" that was roped off from the rest of the class. She also had to eat in a separate chained-off guarded area of the law school cafeteria. Her lawsuit and tuition were supported by hundreds of small donations, and she believed she owed it to those donors to succeed. With the support of classmates, professors, and family, she graduated in 1951 with a law degree from the University of Oklahoma. After passing the bar, Sipuel practiced law until 1956, when she left legal practice to work as the public relations director for Langston University. She became a full time faculty member in 1959, eventually becoming head of the school's social science department. She returned to the University of Oklahoma, where she earned a master's degree in the late 1960s, and in 1991 she received an honorary doctorate from the law school. In 1992, Sipuel's life came \"full circle\" when she was appointed by Governor David Walters as a member of the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma. Sipuel passed away on October 18, 1995, one of the most outstanding black women to have affected the course of American history."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Supreme Court of the State of Oklahoma, Civil Case No. 32756"],"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Discrimination in education-- Law and legislation--Oklahoma","African Americans--Civil rights--Oklahoma","African Americans--Segregation","Segregation in higher education--United States","African American women civil rights workers--Oklahoma","University of Oklahoma. 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For further information regarding the rights to this collection, please visit www.crossroads.odl.state.ok.us/cdm4/rights.php"],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["judicial records"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":["Fisher, Ada Lois Sipuel, 1924-1995--Trials, litigation, etc."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"narase_usdistrictcourt","title":"Civil Case Files, 1938-1995, Records of the District Courts of the United States","collection_id":null,"collection_title":null,"dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":null,"dc_date":["1938/1995"],"dcterms_description":["Civil case files were maintained by the court as a permanent record of the various proceedings in civil litigation.","By an act of Congress dated June 19, 1934 (48 Stat. 1064), the Supreme Court could, at any time, unite the general rules prescribed by it for cases in equity with those in actions at law so as to secure one form of civil action and procedure for both. The Supreme Court issued such an order on December 20, 1937 and this order took effect in the regular session of the District Court on January 3, 1938. In 1966, admiralty cases were also consolidated with civil action cases. ","This series contains papers filed in civil proceedings which may include petitions, bills of complaint, transcripts of testimony and of record, writs, answers, depositions, exhibits, motions, court orders, decrees, findings of fact and conclusions of law, cross-petitions, affidavits, decisions, writs of error, notices, summonses, mandates, pleas, praecipes, subpoenas, and other related papers. 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Kennedy; the United States Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision declaring segregated schools unconstitutional; a 1960 New Orleans broadside promoting a boycott of Ford Motor Co. for its support of the Civil Rights Movement; Governor George C. Wallace's 1964 reply to a letter from Pamela Martin of Cedar Springs, Michigan, in which he defends the status quo of segregation in Alabama and blames \"outside agitators\" for unrest between black and white citizens; a 1919 Thanksgiving address by Reverend Francis J. Grimke examining unrest following World War I, discussing African Americans' lack of civil rights, and exploring the interaction between race issues and religion; a copy of an 1873 \"act to protect all persons in their civil rights, in the state of Arkansas, and to furnish means for their vindication\"; a copy of a 1968 poster in support of the sanitation workers' strike in Memphis, Tennessee, which states \"I am a man\"; and a pair of abolitionist movement slave tokens from the eighteenth or nineteenth century.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":null,"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["United States--History--Sources","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","United States--Civil War, 1861-1865","United States--History--1815-1861","Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877)","United States--History--1865-1898","United States--History, Military","United States--Social conditions","United States--Politics and government","United States--Civilization","United States. 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