{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"wsu_wsuboh_duncan-interview1","title":"Mrs. Armeta Duncan, April 4, 1974","collection_id":"wsu_wsuboh","collection_title":"Black Oral History Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Montana, Silver Bow County, 45.90236, -112.65672","United States, Montana, Silver Bow County, Butte, 46.00382, -112.53474"],"dcterms_creator":["Duncan, Armeta"],"dc_date":["1974-04-04"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Mrs. Armeta Duncan of Butte, Montana.","TAPE 1, SIDE A: 1 - 4 Born in Virginia near where Lee surrendered. Story of her aunt being visited by Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant. Family background. 4 - 7","She traveled from Philadelphia with a couple as a servant in 1905. She stayed in Butte because she met her future husband. 7 - 10 She worked at the Four Jacks Club as a waitress. Other jobs. Two black churches when she moved to Butte, a Methodist and a Baptist. Other Negro social clubs. 10 - 14 Black businesses. Blacks were employed throughout the city. Frank Castle, the black policeman. 14 - 20 Well-known blacks in Butte. Her family and their accomplishments. She maintains contact with relatives in Virginia. 21 - 27 Other black families in Butte. Sports activities. Black baseball team. Black musicians. Charlie Pride is from Montana. 27 - 29 NAACP Chapter in town. 29 - 30 Her husband was a foot specialist.","TAPE 1, SIDE B: 0 - 2 She talks about her husband's work. She reads from an article about him. 2 - 5 Jobs other blacks had in town--janitors, waiters, porters. Many were personal servants of wealthy mine owners. 5 - 10 The black servants were generally well-treated by their white employers. Names of some of the rich families. Blacks who worked in local government. 10 - 12 Why black people moved out of Butte. Many went to work in the shipping yards in WW II. 12 - 14 Blacks in surrounding areas. Publications they read to keep up with black activities in other places. Her daughter talks a bit about working for the Amsterdam News. 14 - 19 Blacks interactions with other minorities in Butte. Other black newspapers. 19 - 23","Feelings about living in Butte. Her daughter also talks about life in Butte.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Black Oral History Interviews, 1972-1974, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of online collection: Black Oral History Interviews Collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Oral history--United States","Family--History--Virginia","African Americans--Montana--Butte","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","Butte (Mont.)--Social conditions--20th century","Community life--Montana--Butte","African Americans--Employment--Montana","Domestics--Montana--Butte","Four Jacks Club (Butte, Mont.)","Four Jacks Club (Butte, Mont.)--Employees","Waitresses--Montana--Butte","Job vacancies--Montana--Butte","African American churches--Montana--Butte","Churches--Montana--Butte","African Americans--Religion","African American Baptists--Montana--Butte","Baptists--Montana--Butte","African American Methodists--Montana--Butte","Methodists--Montana--Butte","Clubs--Montana--Butte","Societies--Montana--Butte","Social groups--Montana--Butte","African Americans--Societies, etc.","African American business enterprises--Montana--Butte","Business enterprises--Montana--Butte","African American businesspeople--Montana--Butte","Businesspeople--Montana--Butte","African American police--Montana--Butte","Police--Montana--Butte","Singers--Montana--Butte","African American singers--Montana--Butte","Musicians--Montana--Butte","African American musicians--Montana--Butte","African Americans--Music","Entertainment events--Montana--Butte","African American entertainers--Montana--Butte","Entertainers--Montana--Butte","African Americans--Recreation","Recreation--Montana--Butte","Sports--Montana--Butte","African Americans--Sports","African American athletes--Montana--Butte","Athletes--Montana--Butte","African American baseball players--Montana--Butte","Baseball players--Montana--Butte","Baseball teams--Montana--Butte","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Butte Chapter","African Americans--Civil rights--Montana--Butte","Civil rights--Montana--Butte","Podiatry--Montana--Butte","Podiatrists--Montana--Butte","Foot--Diseases--Montana--Butte","African American physicians--Montana--Butte","Physicians--Montana--Butte","Janitors--Montana--Butte","Porters--Montana--Butte","Waiters--Montana--Butte","Rich people--Montana--Butte","Mines and mineral resources--Ownership--Montana--Butte","Ownership--Montana--Butte","Butte (Mont.)--Officials and employees","Shipyards--Montana--Butte","Shipbuilding industry--Employees","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--African Americans","Amsterdam news","African American newspapers--Montana","Newspapers","African Americans--Periodicals","African Americans--Relations with Indians","Montana--Race relations","Butte (Mont.)--Race relations","Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Mrs. Armeta Duncan, April 4, 1974"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Washington State University. Library. Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://content.libraries.wsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/5985/id/55"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["For permission to publish, please contact Washington State University Libraries, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (509) 335 - 6691."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":["audio/x-pn-realaudio"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Duncan, Armeta","Duncan, Miss","Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), 1807-1870","Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), 1822-1885","Castle, Frank, policeman","Pride, Charley","Duncan, Dr."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"wsu_wsuboh_williamknott","title":"William Knott, April 2, 1974","collection_id":"wsu_wsuboh","collection_title":"Black Oral History Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Montana, Cascade County, 47.30802, -111.34715","United States, Montana, Cascade County, Great Falls, 47.50024, -111.30081"],"dcterms_creator":["Knott, William, 1896-"],"dc_date":["1974-04-02"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with William Knott of Great Falls, Montana.","TAPE 1, SIDE A: 0 - 5 His parents came by train from Memphis in 1892. Family background. Early Great Falls--sporting girls and cow punchers. Father first worked as a janitor. 5 - 7 Not many Negroes in Great Falls. Black barbershops wouldn't cut blacks' hair. Black church. The African Methodist Episcopal Church. 7 - 11 Black social clubs. There were not enough colored men in town to organize anything. No Negro section of town. Other black businesses. 11 - 14 Schooling. There was no segregation in the school but prejudice was obvious once he got out of school. Alva Jacobs, a well-known black from the area. 14 - 18 He is in close contact with other relatives. Large black families in the area. Sports activities. Entertainment. Shows that came through town. 18 - 22 Describes his work as a tailor--he had two shops. Worked 14 years for the state liquor board. Other jobs available for blacks. 22 - 27 Most blacks were Democrats. Black politicians and government workers. Blacks left the city for work elsewhere. 27 - 29 Prejudice. TAPE 1, SIDE B: 0 - 3 Many blacks were railroad men and moved with the railroad. Blacks in surrounding towns. He always kept in touch with other blacks. 3 - 4 He didn't care for the Chicago Defender. 4 - 7 Contacts with other ethnic groups--they always got along with the Mexicans and the Indians. Black soldiers. 7 - 10 His experiences and feelings about living in Great Falls. He loves the mountains and the climate. Hunting and fishing.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Black Oral History Interviews, 1972-1974, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of online collection: Black Oral History Interviews Collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Oral history--United States","Family--History--Tennessee--Memphis","African Americans--Montana--Great Falls","Great Falls (Mont.)--History--20th century","Great Falls (Mont.)--Social conditions--20th century","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","Community life--Montana--Great Falls","Cowgirls--Montana--Great Falls","Cowboys--Montana--Great Falls","Janitors--Montana--Great Falls","Cleaning personnel--Montana--Great Falls","Barbers--Montana--Great Falls","Barbershops--Montana--Great Falls","Barbering--Montana--Great Falls","African American barbers--Montana--Great Falls","African Americans--Religion","African American churches--Montana--Great Falls","Churches--Montana--Great Falls","African Methodist Episcopal Church. Montana Conference","Clubs--Montana--Great Falls","Societies--Montana--Great Falls","African Americans--Societies, etc.","African American neighborhoods--Montana--Great Falls","Ethnic neighborhoods--Montana--Great Falls","Neighborhood--Montana--Great Falls","African Americans--Recreation","Recreation--Montana--Great Falls","African American business enterprises--Montana--Great Falls","Business enterprises--Montana--Great Falls","African American businesspeople--Montana--Great Falls","Businesspeople--Montana--Great Falls","Discrimination against African Americans","Discrimination in education--Montana--Great Falls","Education--Montana--Great Falls","Public schools--Montana--Great Falls","Schools--Montana--Great Falls","Teaching--Montana--Great Falls","African Americans--Education--Montana--Great Falls","Prejudices--Montana--Great Falls","Communication in the family--Montana","Chicago defender","African American newspapers","Newspapers","African Americans--Relations with Indians","African Americans--Relations with Hispanic Americans","Race relations","Great Falls (Mont.)--Race relations","Civil rights--Montana--Great Falls","African Americans--Civil rights--Montana--Great Falls","African American soldiers--Montana","African American soldiers","Soldiers--Montana","Soldiers--United States","United States--Armed Forces--African Americans","United States. Army--African American troops","Communication in the family--Tennessee","Sports--Montana--Great Falls","African Americans--Sports","African American athletes--Montana--Great Falls","Athletes--Montana--Great Falls","Entertainment events--Montana--Great Falls","Tailors--Montana--Great Falls","Tailoring--Montana--Great Falls","Clothing and dress--Montana--Great Falls","African Americans--Clothing","Men's clothing--Montana--Great Falls","Stores, Retail--Montana--Great Falls","License system--Montana","Liquor laws--Montana","Alcohol--Law and legislation--Montana","Montana. Liquor Control Board","Montana. Liquor Control Board--Officials and employees","Employees--Montana","Montana--Officials and employees","Job vacancies--Montana--Great Falls","African American politicians--Montana--Great Falls","Politicians--Montana--Great Falls","African American political activists--Montana--Great Falls","Political activists--Montana--Great Falls","Great Falls (Mont.)--Officials and employees","Public employees","Government employees","African Americans--Employment--Montana--Great Falls","Democratic Party (Mont.)","Political parties--Montana","Political participation--Montana","African Americans--Politics and government","Mountains--Montana","Mountains--Montana--Great Falls","Climate","Great Falls (Mont.)--Climate","Montana--Climate","Weather"],"dcterms_title":["William Knott, April 2, 1974"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Washington State University. Library. Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://content.libraries.wsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/5985/id/57"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["For permission to publish, please contact Washington State University Libraries, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (509) 335 - 6691."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":["audio/x-pn-realaudio"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Knott, William, 1896-","Jacobs, Alva"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"wsu_wsuboh_raymondjohnson","title":"Raymond Johnson, March 3, 1974","collection_id":"wsu_wsuboh","collection_title":"Black Oral History Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Montana, Missoula County, 47.03649, -113.92371","United States, Montana, Missoula County, Missoula, 46.87215, -113.994"],"dcterms_creator":["Johnson, Raymond, 1925-"],"dc_date":["1974-03-03"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Raymond Johnson of Missoula, Montana.","TAPE 1, SIDE A: 0 - 3 His parents were from Minneapolis. He was born here. How his parents met and married. Family background. 3 - 5 Black Methodist church in Missoula. Black population. Jobs blacks worked in. Almost all owned their own property. Black businesses. 5 - 9 Jimmy Dorsey, a successful black lawyer from Missoula. Maintains contacts with relatives. Other black families. Black athletes. Famous blacks that came through the area. 9 - 10 Most blacks were Democrats. Talks about his stint in the service during World War II. 10 - 13 The black population has really decreased in Missoula. Job opportunities better elsewhere. Blacks in neighboring towns. Black newspapers and magazines. 13 - 14 Blacks had a lot of contact with other minority groups, especially Indians. 14 - 17","His feelings about his life and experiences in Missoula. More about when blacks started moving out of Missoula. 17 - 21 Talks about some of the early Negro cowboys. Development of civil rights legislation.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Black Oral History Interviews, 1972-1974, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of online collection: Black Oral History Interviews Collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Oral history--United States","Family--History--Minnesota","African Americans--Montana--Missoula","African Americans--Employment--Montana--Missoula","Occupations--Montana--Missoula","Job vacancies--Montana--Missoula","African American churches--Montana--Missoula","Churches--Montana--Missoula","African Americans--Religion","Methodists--Montana--Missoula","African American Methodists--Montana--Missoula","Population","Missoula (Mont.)--Population","African Americans--Population","Land tenure--Montana--Missoula","African Americans--Land tenure--Montana--Missoula","Landowners--Montana--Missoula","Real property--Montana--Missoula","African American business enterprises--Montana--Missoula","Business enterprises--Montana--Missoula","African American businesspeople--Montana--Missoula","Businesspeople--Montana--Missoula","African American lawyers--Montana--Missoula","Lawyers--Montana--Missoula","African American athletes--Montana--Missoula","Athletes--Montana--Missoula","Democratic Party (Mont.)","Political parties--Montana","Politics, Practical--Montana","African Americans--Politics and government","Montana--Politics and government--20th century","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--African Americans","African American soldiers","Soldiers--United States","United States--Armed Forces--African Americans","African American periodicals","Periodicals","African American newspapers","Newspapers","Ethnic relations","Missoula (Mont.)--Ethnic relations","African Americans--Relations with Indians","Race relations","Missoula (Mont.)--Race relations","African American cowboys","African American cowboys--Montana","Cowboys--United States","Cowboys--Montana","Rodeo performers--United States","Rodeo performers--Montana","African American rodeo performers","African American rodeo performers--Montana","African Americans--Civil rights--Montana","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil rights--Montana","Civil rights--United States","Constitutional law--United States","Janitors--Montana--Missoula","African American domestics--Montana--Missoula","Domestics--Montana--Missoula"],"dcterms_title":["Raymond Johnson, March 3, 1974"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Washington State University. Library. Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://content.libraries.wsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/5985/id/72"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["For permission to publish, please contact Washington State University Libraries, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (509) 335 - 6691."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":["audio/x-pn-realaudio"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Johnson, Raymond, 1925-","Dorsey, Jimmy, lawyer"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"wsu_wsuboh_carvergayton","title":"Carver Gayton, August 7, 1973","collection_id":"wsu_wsuboh","collection_title":"Black Oral History Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Davidson County, Nashville, 36.16589, -86.78444","United States, Washington, King County, 47.49084, -121.83583","United States, Washington, King County, Black Diamond, 47.30871, -122.00317","United States, Washington, King County, Hazelwood, 47.55093, -122.19151","United States, Washington, King County, Seattle, 47.60621, -122.33207"],"dcterms_creator":["Gayton, Carver"],"dc_date":["1973-08-07"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Mr. Carver Gayton of Seattle, Washington. Tape 1, Side A: 0 - 3 Family background. Father born in Seattle, mother from Nashville. Talks about growing up in Seattle. Parents worked for the post office. Other jobs. 3 - 7 Black churches. YMCA and YWCA. Other social activities. Famous black performers. 7 - 10 The Hendrix family. Other social clubs. Grandfather's activity in Republican Party. Many blacks lined up with leftist concerns. 10 - 12 Father worked at the Black Diamond Coal Mine in what is now Hazelwood. Grandfather moved there in the 20's. 12 - 14 Black businesses in Seattle. 14 - 17 Talks about his children. Not many contacts with relatives back East. Other black families in the area. Changes in black fashions. 17 - 25 Sports activities. Carver AC's an all-black baseball team. Other social activities. Black music. 27 - 29 Talks about his job."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Black Oral History Interviews, 1972-1974, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of online collection: Black Oral History Interviews Collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Oral history--United States","African Americans--Washington (State)--Seattle","African Americans--Tennessee--Nashville","Family--History","Hendrix family","Seattle Post Office","Seattle Post Office--Officials and employees","Postal service--Washington (State)--Seattle","Postal service--Officials and employees--Washington (State)--Seattle","African American churches--Washington (State)--Seattle","African Americans--Religion","YMCA (Seattle, Wash.)","YWCA (Seattle, Wash.)","Clubs--Washington (State)--Seattle","Societies--Washington (State)--Seattle","Social groups--Washington (State)--Seattle","Republican Party (Wash.)","Republican Party (Seattle, Wash.)","African American political activists--Washington (State)--Seattle","African Americans--Politics and government","African American radicals--Washington (State)--Seattle","Radicals--Washington (State)--Seattle","Left-wing extremists--Washington (State)--Seattle","Entertaining--Washington (State)--Seattle","Amusements--Washington (State)--Seattle","Entertainment events--Washington (State)--Seattle","African American entertainers--Washington (State)--Seattle","African American entertainers","Entertainers--Washington (State)--Seattle","Entertainers--United States","Black Diamond Coal Company","Coal mines and mining--Washington (State)--Black Diamond","African American coal miners--Washington (State)--Black Diamond","Coal miners--Washington (State)--Black Diamond","African American business enterprises--Washington (State)--Seattle","Business enterprises--Washington (State)--Seattle","African American businesspeople--Washington (State)--Seattle","Businesspeople--Washington (State)--Seattle","African American children--Washington (State)--Seattle","African American families--Washington (State)--Seattle","Clothing and dress--Washington (State)--Seattle","Fashion--Washington (State)--Seattle","African Americans--Clothing--Washington (State)--Seattle","African American baseball players--Washington (State)--Seattle","Baseball players--Washington (State)--Seattle","Baseball players--United States","Baseball teams--United States","Baseball teams--Washington (State)--Seattle","Sports--Washington (State)--Seattle","African Americans--Sports","Recreation--Washington (State)--Seattle","African Americans--Recreation","Carver AC's (Baseball team)","African Americans--Music","African American musicians--Washington (State)--Seattle","African American teachers and the community--Washington (State)--Seattle","Civic leaders--Washington (State)--Seattle","African American civic leaders--Washington (State)--Seattle","African American teachers--Washington (State)--Seattle","Teachers--Washington (State)--Seattle","Washington (State). Employment Security Dept.--Employees","Washington(State)--Officials and employees"],"dcterms_title":["Carver Gayton, August 7, 1973"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Washington State University. Library. Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://content.libraries.wsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/5985/id/89"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["For permission to publish, please contact Washington State University Libraries, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (509) 335 - 6691."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":["audio/x-pn-realaudio"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Gayton, Carver"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"wsu_wsuboh_banks-interview","title":"Mr. and Mrs. A.E. Banks, July 21, 1973","collection_id":"wsu_wsuboh","collection_title":"Black Oral History Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Banks, A. E., Mrs., -1894"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Montana, Lewis and Clark County, 47.12234, -112.39035","United States, Montana, Lewis and Clark County, Fort William Henry Harrison","United States, Montana, Lewis and Clark County, Helena, 46.59271, -112.03611","United States, Montana, Meagher County, 46.59819, -110.88564","United States, Montana, Meagher County, White Sulphur Springs, 46.54828, -110.90216","United States, Montana, Pompeys Pillar","United States, Montana, Yellowstone County, 45.93725, -108.27435","United States, Oklahoma, 35.49209, -97.50328"],"dcterms_creator":["Banks, A. E., -1895"],"dc_date":["1973-07-21"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Mr. and Mrs. A. E. Banks of Helena, Montana. TAPE 1, SIDE A: 0 - 6 Mr. Banks came to Helena in 1917 from Alabama. Father a mechanic. Family background. Why he moved to Montana. Cousin in the cavalry at Ft. Harrison, Montana. He planned to attend Carroll College but didn't. 6 - 8 Lived in Billings for a while. Also stayed in Missoula for a while but there was no social life. 8 - 10 Attended the Southern Christian Institute in Edwards, Mississippi. Talks about playing baseball for them. 10 - 11 He worked at the post office with his cousin for a while and then worked for the Union Bank and Trust Company. 11 - 17 There were quite a few blacks in Helena when he arrived--many were from the Army. Two black churches in Helena. Many other towns in Montana had black residents. Other forts in Montana. Ft. Harrison was mostly black soldiers. 17 - 22 Recollections of black social clubs in the area. Al Walton was a black U.S. Marshall from Oklahoma. TAPE 1, SIDE B: 0 - 3 The Powers family of Helena were quite powerful. He doesn't remember any outstanding black families. Generally the blacks stuck to themselves. 3 - 4 He has one daughter who lives in Portland. He doesn't communicate with any other relatives. Other families in Helena. 4 - 5 Not very much in the way of black social activities. 5 - 8 Worked as a porter in a hotel. No blacks owned or operated hotels that he knew of. Mrs. Banks thinks the cold weather prevented many blacks from settling. 8 - 11 Mrs. Banks was born in Montana--her father was born in Germany and was brought back to Montana by a Montana family. Her mother was French. Her family background. 11 - 13 Most blacks in Helena were brought as servants by white families. Many blacks left during winter. There was no difference in social life between blacks and whites. Black businesses in town. One black newspaper called The Plain Dealer. 13 - 15 Joe Clark's Tonsorial Parlor and also did charocaty (dentist) work and massage work. More about Al Walton, the marshall. 16 - 17 Prominent blacks in Helena--she remembers the C.W. Dorseys; Gladys Alexander became an opera singer. Taylor Gordon, a black singer from White Sulphur Springs. 17 - 20 She worked checking wraps at the Montana Club. How they met. Black churches in Helena. 20 - 22 She thinks most blacks in Helena now work as bartenders. There is also janitorial work available although there are not many blacks left in Helena. 22 - 26 Generally the blacks voted for whoever they thought the best man was. Doesn't recall any blacks running for office. 26 - 30 Many blacks moved away from Montana. Job opportunities for blacks. TAPE 2, SIDE A: 0 - 2 His work for the highway department. 2 - 5 They don't know any blacks in nearby towns. She talks about why blacks don't seem to settle in the area. They knew some of the cavalrymen in Billings. No segregation of schools. 5 - 8 Limited contact with Indians. Legend of York, a black settler who came with Lewis and Clark. Pompey's Pillar. 8 - 16 They talk about their feelings about Montana and what their lives have been like. She likes the freedom of the West. He talks about his work at the Capitol Post Office. Cold weather.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of online collection: Black Oral History Interviews Collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Black Oral History Interviews, 1972-1974, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University"],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Montana--Helena","Oral history--United States","Family--History--Alabama","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","Helena (Mont.)--Social conditions--20th century","African Americans--Employment--Montana","Automobile mechanics--Alabama","Mechanics (Persons)--Alabama","Cavalry--Montana","United States. Army--Cavalry","Cavalry pioneer troops","Pioneer troops--Montana","United States.  Army--African American troops","African American soldiers--Montana","Soldiers--Montana","United States--Armed Forces--African Americans","Carroll College (Helena, Mont.)","Southern Christian Institute (Edwards, Miss.)","Southern Christian Institute (Edwards, Miss.)--Baseball","African American baseball players--Mississippi--Edwards","Baseball players--Mississippi--Edwards","Baseball teams--Mississippi--Edwards","Union Bank and Trust Company (Helena, Mont.)","Bank employees--Montana--Helena","Helena Post Office (Helena, Mont.)","Postal service--Employees","African American churches--Montana--Helena","Churches--Montana--Helena","African Americans--Religion","Fortification--Montana","United States--Defenses","Clubs--Montana--Helena","Societies--Montana--Helena","Social groups--Montana--Helena","United States marshals--Oklahoma","Powers family","African American women--Oregon--Portland","Women--Oregon--Portland","Daughters--Oregon--Portland","Entertaining--Montana--Helena","Amusements--Montana--Helena","Entertainment events--Montana--Helena","Recreation--Montana--Helena","African Americans--Recreation","Hotels--Montana--Helena","Hotels--Employees","Porters--Montana--Helena","Winter--Montana--Helena","Cold weather conditions","Weather","Helena (Mont.)--Climate","Weather--Physiological effect--Montana--Helena","Domestics--Montana--Helena","Helena (Mont.)--Social life and customs","African Americans--Social life and customs","Community life--Montana--Helena","African American business enterprises--Montana--Helena","Business enterprises--Montana--Helena","African American businesspeople--Montana--Helena","Businesspeople--Montana--Helena","Plain Dealer (Helena, Mont.)","African American newspapers--Montana--Helena","Newspapers","Joe Clark's Tonsorial Parlor (Helena, Mont.)","African American barbers--Montana--Helena","Barbers--Montana--Helena","Barbering--Montana--Helena","Dentistry--Montana--Helena","Teeth--Extraction--Montana--Helena","Massage--Montana--Helena","Masseurs--Montana--Helena","Singers--Montana--White Sulphur Springs","African American singers--Montana--White Sulphur Springs","Singers--Montana--Helena","African American singers--Montana--Helena","African American women singers--Montana--Helena","Women singers--Montana--Helena","Harlem Renaissance","American literature--African American authors","African American authors--Montana--White Sulphur Springs","Authors, American--Montana--White Sulphur Springs","Montana Club (Helena, Mont.)","Bartenders--Montana--Helena","Janitors--Montana--Helena","Cleaning personnel--Montana--Helena","Voting--Montana--Helena","Suffrage--Montana--Helena","African Americans--Suffrage--Montana--Helena","Job vacancies--Montana--Helena","Road construction workers--Montana--Helena","Roads--Design and construction","School integration--Montana--Helena","Public schools--Montana--Helena","Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)","Freedom","Liberty","Equality--Montana"],"dcterms_title":["Mr. and Mrs. A.E. Banks, July 21, 1973"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Washington State University. Library. Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://content.libraries.wsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/5985/id/91"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["For permission to publish, please contact Washington State University Libraries, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (509) 335 - 6691."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["audio/x-pn-realaudio"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Banks, A. E.,  -1895","Banks, A. E., Mrs., -1894","Walton, Al (United States Marshal)","Dorsey, C. W.","Alexander, Gladys","Gordon, Taylor, 1893-1971","York, approximately 1775-approximately 1815"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"wsu_wsuboh_jameslee","title":"James Lee, July 20, 1973","collection_id":"wsu_wsuboh","collection_title":"Black Oral History Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Oregon, Multnomah County, 45.54687, -122.41534","United States, Oregon, Multnomah County, Portland, 45.52345, -122.67621","United States, Oregon, Multnomah County, Vanport City (historical), 45.60206, -122.7001"],"dcterms_creator":["Lee, James, 1907-"],"dc_date":["1973-07-20"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Mr. James Lee of Portland, Oregon. TAPE 1, SIDE A: 0 - 2 Came to Portland in 1929 from Texas. Family background. He was a railroad worker. 2 - 5 Black churches in Portland. Black social clubs and organizations. Blacks lived mostly between the river and Broadway. Black businesses. 5 - 9 Well-known blacks in the area. NAACP. He has one daughter who attended school in Portland. Maintains contact with relatives in Texas. 9 - 13 Entertainment for blacks. Famous singers and dancers. Work as a porter for the Pullman Company. Other work. Black unions. 13 - 18 Blacks coming into Portland during World War II. Most blacks were Republican through the 30's. Black politicians. Shipyard work, during WW II. 18 - 23 Housing for blacks in Vanport City which was washed away in the 50's. 23 - 25 He still thinks lots of new blacks come into Portland. Knows blacks in surrounding areas. 25 - 27 Found out about blacks in other areas through the NAACP. The Sentinel, a black newspaper. 27 - 30 One school named after a black. No contact with other ethnic groups. Feelings about living in Portland. TAPE 1, SIDE B: 0 - 3 More about his feelings about living in Portland. Not many jobs were open to blacks. 3 - 4 More about work in the NAACP.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Black Oral History Interviews, 1972-1974, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of online collection: Black Oral History Interviews Collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Oral history--United States","African Americans--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Civil rights--Oregon--Portland","Civil rights--Oregon--Portland","Family--History","Railroads--Oregon--Portland--Employees","Porters--Oregon--Portland","Pullman Company--Employees","African American railroad employees--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Employment","African American churches--Oregon--Portland","Churches--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Religion","Clubs--Oregon--Portland","Societies--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Societies, etc.","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Portland Branch (Portland, Or.)","African American business enterprises--Oregon--Portland","Business enterprises--Oregon--Portland","African American businesspeople--Oregon--Portland","Businesspeople--Oregon--Portland","Housing--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Housing--Oregon--Portland","Dwellings--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Dwellings--Oregon--Portland","African American neighborhoods--Oregon--Portland","Ethnic neighborhoods--Oregon--Portland","Neighborhood--Oregon--Portland","Community life--Oregon--Portland","Civic leaders--Oregon--Portland","African American civic leaders--Oregon--Portland","Public schools--Oregon--Portland","Schools--Oregon--Portland","African American girls--Education--Oregon--Portland","Girls--Education--Oregon--Portland","African American women--Education--Oregon--Portland","Women--Education--Oregon--Portland","African American entertainers--Oregon--Portland","Entertainers--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Music","Music--Oregon--Portland","African American musicians--Oregon--Portland","Musicians--Oregon--Portland","African American singers--Oregon--Portland","Singers--Oregon--Portland","African American dancers--Oregon--Portland","Dancers--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Recreation","Recreation--Oregon--Portland","African American labor union members--Oregon--Portland","Labor union members--Oregon--Portland","Labor unions--Oregon--Portland","Railroads--Employees--Labor unions--Oregon--Portland","Porters--Labor unions--Oregon--Portland","Politicians--Oregon--Portland","African American politicians--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Politics and government","Republican Party (Or.)","Political parties--Oregon--Portland","Portland (Or.)--Politics and government--20th century","World War, 1939-1945--Oregon--Portland","World War, 1939-1945--African Americans","World War, 1939-1945--War work","War work","Shipyards--Oregon--Portland","Shipbuilding--Oregon--Portland","Shipbuilding industry--Employees","Shipbuilding industry--Oregon--Portland","Floods--Oregon--Vanport","Natural disasters--Oregon--Vanport","Sentinel (Portland, Or.)","African American newspapers--Oregon--Portland","Newspapers"],"dcterms_title":["James Lee, July 20, 1973"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Washington State University. Library. Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://content.libraries.wsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/5985/id/60"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["For permission to publish, please contact Washington State University Libraries, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (509) 335 - 6691."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":["audio/x-pn-realaudio"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Lee, James, 1907-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"wsu_wsuboh_cawhite","title":"C.A. White, July 18, 1973","collection_id":"wsu_wsuboh","collection_title":"Black Oral History Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Oregon, Multnomah County, 45.54687, -122.41534","United States, Oregon, Multnomah County, Portland, 45.52345, -122.67621","United States, Oregon, Multnomah County, Portland, Albina District","United States, Oregon, Multnomah County, Vanport City (historical), 45.60206, -122.7001"],"dcterms_creator":["White, C. A."],"dc_date":["1973-07-18"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Mr. C.A. White of Portland, Oregon. Tape 1, Side A: 0 - 3 He came to Portland in 1947 from Texas. He did a lot of odd jobs at first. Family background. 3 - 5 Mt. Olive Baptist Church in Portland. Other black churches. Black social clubs and organizations. 5 - 8 Vanport, a black community between Vancouver and Portland. Most blacks lived in Albina area. Vanport flood in 1948. Not many black businesses. 8 - 14 NAACP active since 1914, Well-known blacks, from the community, Phil Reynolds and Edgar Williams who worked with the NAACP. 14 - 17 Kept in close contact with relatives in Texas. Entertainment for blacks. Black baseball teams. 17 - 20 Work as a stockman and informational specialist. Industry in Portland. Job opportunities for blacks. 20 - 22. Most blacks are Democrats. Blacks in county and city jobs. Black politicians.","22 - 25 Most blacks remained in Portland. Contacts with blacks in surrounding areas. Portland Reporter, a black newspaper. 25 - 28 City sites named after blacks. Black doctors in town. 28 - 30 Feelings about living in the Northwest.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Black Oral History Interviews, 1972-1974, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of online collection: Black Oral History Interviews Collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Oral history--United States","African Americans--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Texas","Family--History","Mount Olive Baptist Church (Portland, Or.)","African American churches--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Religion","African Americans--Societies, etc.","Societies--Oregon--Portland","Clubs--Oregon--Portland","Social groups--Oregon--Portland","Vanport (Or.)","Albina (Portland, Or.)","Floods--Oregon--Vanport","Communities--Oregon","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","African Americans--Civil rights--Oregon--Portland","Civil rights--Oregon--Portland","Portland (Or.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Race relations","African American entertainers--Oregon--Portland","Entertainers--Oregon--Portland","Entertainment events--Oregon--Portland","African American baseball players--Oregon--Portland","Baseball players--United States","Baseball players--Oregon--Portland","Baseball teams--United States","Baseball teams--Oregon--Portland","Livestock workers--Oregon","Information services industry--Employees","Industries--Oregon--Portland","Job vacancies--Oregon--Portland","Unemployed--Oregon--Portland","Unemployment--Oregon--Portland","Labor supply--Oregon--Portland","Democratic Party (Or.)","African American political activists--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Politics and government","African American politicians--Oregon--Portland","Politicians--Oregon--Portland","Government employees","Portland (Or.)--Officials and employees","Multnomah County (Or.)--Officials and employees","Portland Reporter","African American newspapers--Oregon--Portland","African American physicians--Oregon--Portland","Public spaces--Oregon--Portland","Community life--Oregon--Portland"],"dcterms_title":["C.A. White, July 18, 1973"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Washington State University. Library. Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://content.libraries.wsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/5985/id/87"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["For permission to publish, please contact Washington State University Libraries, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (509) 335-6691."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":["audio/x-pn-realaudio"],"dlg_subject_personal":["White, C. A.","White, C. A.--Family--Texas","Reynolds, Phil","Williams, Edgar"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"wsu_wsuboh_harris","title":"Mr. and Mrs. Levi Harris, July 18, 1973","collection_id":"wsu_wsuboh","collection_title":"Black Oral History Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Harris, Levi, Mrs."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Oregon, Multnomah County, 45.54687, -122.41534","United States, Oregon, Multnomah County, Portland, 45.52345, -122.67621"],"dcterms_creator":["Harris, Levi"],"dc_date":["1973-07-18"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Mr. and Mrs. Levi Harris of Portland, Oregon.","TAPE 1, SIDE A: 0 - 5 He came to Portland in 1930. She arrived in 1933. Family backgrounds. 5 - 8 Black Baptist church in Portland. Other black churches. Black Population. Black families. Job opportunities for blacks. 8 - 12 Black social clubs. Blacks lived in all parts of Portland. 12 - 18 Vanport was a housing project built by the city, where many blacks lived. Blacks were actively recruited to work in the shipyards. Black businesses. 18 - 23 NAACP and the Urban League. Black community and business leaders in Portland. When the war started many blacks moved into the community. 23 - 25 They keep in contact with Eastern relatives.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Black Oral History Interviews, 1972-1974, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of online collection: Black Oral History Interviews Collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Oral history--United States","Family--History","African Americans--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Social conditions--20th century","Portland (Or.)--Social conditions--20th century","African Americans--Employment--Oregon","African American churches--Oregon--Portland","Churches--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Religion","African American Baptists--Oregon--Portland","Baptists--Oregon--Portland","Job vacancies--Oregon--Portland","Clubs--Oregon--Portland","Societies--Oregon--Portland","Social groups--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Societies, etc.","Housing--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Housing--Oregon--Portland","Dwellings--Oregon--Portland","African Americans--Dwellings--Oregon--Portland","African American neighborhoods--Oregon--Portland","Ethnic neighborhoods--Oregon--Portland","Neighborhood--Oregon--Portland","Community life--Oregon--Portland","Vanport (Or.)--History--20th century","Public housing--Oregon--Vanport","Shipbuilding industry--Employees","Shipyards--Oregon--Portland","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--African Americans","African American business enterprises--Oregon--Portland","Business enterprises--Oregon--Portland","African American businesspeople--Oregon--Portland","Businesspeople--Oregon--Portland","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Portland (Or.) Branch","Urban League of Portland (Or.)","African Americans--Civil rights--Oregon--Portland","Civil rights--Oregon--Portland","African American civic leaders--Oregon--Portland","Civic leaders--Oregon--Portland"],"dcterms_title":["Mr. and Mrs. Levi Harris, July 18, 1973"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Washington State University. Library. Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://content.libraries.wsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/5985/id/50"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["For permission to publish, please contact Washington State University Libraries, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (509) 335 - 6691."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":["audio/x-pn-realaudio"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Harris, Levi","Harris, Levi, Mrs."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"wsu_wsuboh_mrandmrswarnerterrell","title":"Mr. \u0026 Mrs. Warner Terrell, June 5, 1973","collection_id":"wsu_wsuboh","collection_title":"Black Oral History Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Terrell, Warner, Mrs."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Idaho, Ada County, 43.45112, -116.24109","United States, Idaho, Boise, 43.61656, -116.200835","United States, Utah, 39.25024, -111.75103"],"dcterms_creator":["Terrell, Warner, 1909-1987"],"dc_date":["1973-06-05"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Mr. and Mrs. Warner Terrell of Boise, Idaho. TAPE 1, SIDE A: 0 - 5 She has been in Boise since 1932. He was born in Boise in 1909. Family background. Her family traveled with Brigham Young to Utah. 5 - 9","Black churches in Boise. She grew up in the Mormon religion, but later became Methodist. Black social organizations and clubs. Blacks generally lived across the tracks. 9 - 14 No segregation in the schools. Blacks in the schools. Well- known blacks from the community. 14 - 18 Maintain contacts with relatives. Other black families in the Boise area. Entertainment. Black baseball team, the Boise Monarchs. Famous singers and dancers from Boise. 18 - 23 Job opportunities for blacks have opened up. Many worked for hotels in town. Many rich people in Boise. 23 - 27","Most blacks were Republicans. Not many black city workers or politicians in the area. TAPE 1, SIDE B: 0 - 4 Blacks in surrounding areas. Contact with other ethnic groups. Tracy Thompson, the cowboy. 5 - 8 Feelings about living in Boise. Changes for blacks.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Black Oral History Interviews, 1972-1974, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of online collection: Black Oral History Interviews Collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Oral history--United States","African Americans--Idaho--Boise","Family--History","Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","Mormons--Utah","Mormons--Idaho--Boise","African American Mormons--Utah","African American Mormons--Idaho--Boise","Mormon Church--Utah","Mormon Church--Idaho--Boise","Methodists--Idaho--Boise","African American Methodists--Idaho--Boise","Methodist Church--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Religion","African American churches--Idaho--Boise","Churches--Idaho--Boise","Pioneers--Utah","African American pioneers--Idaho","Clubs--Idaho--Boise","Societies--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Societies, etc.","Housing--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Housing--Idaho--Boise","Dwellings--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Dwellings--Idaho--Boise","African American neighborhoods--Idaho--Boise","Ethnic neighborhoods--Idaho--Boise","Neighborhood--Idaho--Boise","Community life--Idaho--Boise","Civic leaders--Idaho--Boise","African American civic leaders--Idaho--Boise","Public schools--Idaho--Boise","Schools--Idaho--Boise","African American entertainers--Idaho--Boise","Entertainers--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Music","Music--Idaho--Boise","African American musicians--Idaho--Boise","Musicians--Idaho--Boise","African American singers--Idaho--Boise","Singers--Idaho--Boise","African American dancers--Idaho--Boise","Dancers--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Recreation","Recreation--Idaho--Boise","African American baseball players--Idaho--Boise","Baseball players--Idaho--Boise","Baseball teams--Idaho--Boise","Sports--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Sports","Boise Monarchs (Baseball team)","Hotels--Idaho--Boise--Employees","Hotels--Idaho--Boise","Bellhops--Idaho--Boise","Porters--Idaho--Boise","Railroads--Idaho--Boise--Employees","African American railroad employees--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Employment","Politicians--Idaho--Boise","African American politicians--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Politics and government","Republican Party (Idaho)","Political parties--Idaho--Boise","Boise (Idaho)--Politics and government--20th century","Job vacancies--Idaho--Boise","Rich people--Idaho--Boise","Cowboys--Idaho","African American cowboys--Idaho","Rodeo performers--Idaho","African American rodeo performers--Idaho"],"dcterms_title":["Mr. \u0026 Mrs. Warner Terrell, June 5, 1973"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Washington State University. Library. Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://content.libraries.wsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/5985/id/82"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":["For permission to publish, please contact Washington State University Libraries, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections (509) 335 - 6691."],"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":null,"dcterms_extent":["audio/x-pn-realaudio"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Terrell, Warner, 1909-1987","Terrell, Warner, Mrs.","Young, Brigham, 1801-1877","Thompson, Tracy, -1930"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"wsu_wsuboh_charleswarren","title":"Charles Warren, June 4, 1973","collection_id":"wsu_wsuboh","collection_title":"Black Oral History Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Idaho, Ada County, 43.45112, -116.24109","United States, Idaho, Boise, 43.61656, -116.200835"],"dcterms_creator":["Warren, Charles"],"dc_date":["1973-06-04"],"dcterms_description":["Oral history interview with Mr. Charles Warren of Boise, Idaho. TAPE 1, SIDE A: 0 - 5 Has lived in Boise since 1958. His feelings about racism and discrimination in the Northwest. A qualified black has always been able to find work. Changes in Boise. 5 - 12 Originally from Arkansas. Family background. Family moved to California. Father a minister who established Bethel AME Church in Boise. Other black churches in Boise. 12 - 15 Black organizations and clubs. Not many blacks involved in politics. Leroy Jones, a black lawyer. 15 - 19 He is president of the local NAACP. Most members are white. History of the local chapter. 19 - 24 Blacks live all over town. A few discrimination problems. 24 - 30 Not many black businesses in Boise. TAPE 1, SIDE B: 0 - 2 More about problems starting businesses owned by blacks. 2 - 5 Maintains close contact with relatives. Blacks in surrounding areas. 5 - 10 Black athletes in the area. Other forms of entertainment. Belinda Hubbard, a singer from the area. He has played saxophone for various bands. 10 - 15 He now works as a masonry contractor. Involvement with program to recruit minorities. Placing non-union blacks in union positions. 15 - 21 Many resources available to blacks in the Boise area although he feels they are not taken advantage of.  21 - 26  No blacks on his construction crew because he can't find any qualified blacks who want to work.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Black Oral History Interviews, 1972-1974, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of online collection: Black Oral History Interviews Collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Oral history--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Employment","African Americans--Civil rights--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Civil rights workers--Idaho--Boise","Civil rights--Idaho--Boise","Civil rights workers--Idaho--Boise","Discrimination--Idaho--Boise","Discrimination in employment--Idaho--Boise","Race discrimination--Idaho--Boise","Race relations","Boise (Idaho)--Race relations","Family--History","Bethel AME Church (Boise, Idaho)","African American clergy--Idaho--Boise","Clergy--Idaho--Boise","African American churches--Idaho--Boise","Churches--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Religion","Clubs--Idaho--Boise","Societies--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Societies, etc.","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Boise (Idaho) Chapter","African American lawyers--Idaho--Boise","Lawyers--Idaho--Boise","Politicians--Idaho--Boise","African American politicians--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Politics and government","Entertainment events--Idaho--Boise","African American entertainers--Idaho--Boise","African American entertainers","Entertainers--Idaho--Boise","Entertainers--United States","African American business enterprises--Idaho--Boise","Business enterprises--Idaho--Boise","African American businesspeople--Idaho--Boise","Businesspeople--Idaho--Boise","Sports--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Sports","African American athletes--Idaho--Boise","Athletes--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Recreation","Recreation--Idaho--Boise","African Americans--Music","Music--Idaho--Boise","African American musicians--Idaho--Boise","Musicians--Idaho--Boise","African American singers--Idaho--Boise","Singers--Idaho--Boise","African American women singers--Idaho--Boise","Women singers--Idaho--Boise","Bands (Music)--Idaho--Boise","Musical groups--Idaho--Boise","African American civic leaders--Idaho--Boise","Civic leaders--Idaho--Boise","Masonry--Idaho--Boise","Masonry industry--Idaho--Boise","Contractors--Idaho--Boise","Masonry industry--Employees--Recruiting--Idaho--Boise","Bricklayers--Recruiting--Idaho--Boise","Bricklayers--Labor unions--Idaho--Boise","Labor unions--Idaho--Boise","African American construction workers--Idaho--Boise","Construction workers--Idaho--Boise","Construction workers--Labor unions--Idaho--Boise"],"dcterms_title":["Charles Warren, June 4, 1973"],"dcterms_type":["Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["Washington State University. Library. 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She was an only child. Schooling in Texas. Family background. Talks about her teaching in Texas. 4 - 7 The black church in Seattle. Communists organizations. NAACP and the Urban League were connected with the church. 7 - 10 Travelling on the train first-class from Dallas. Problems with discrimination. 10 - 14 Other black organizations she worked with. Clubs in the area. More blacks lived in the central area. Not many owned property; most blacks weren't born in Seattle. 14 - 17 Black businesses in Seattle. Black undertaker did a good job. She and her husband lived in a large mansion in Seattle that another woman owned. Church club meetings in the house. 17 - 21 Problem with a woman who thought the first black teacher in the area should have been from Seattle. 21 - 24 Teaching in the Seattle area. Not many blacks went to college. 24 - 30 Discrimination towards her while at the University of Washington. A black had never taught a white child in Seattle. Recommendations for her first job. TAPE 1, SIDE B: 0 - 3 More about teaching. Clothing styles in the 40's. She was always \"smartly dressed.\" Other blacks who dressed well. 3 - 6","Sports activities that blacks participated in. Entertainment included private parties and dances. Blackwell was a famous black-musician from the area. Other black singers and dancers. 6 - 11 Teaching union. Trouble with discrimination when going on conventions. Other black teachers hired after her. 11 - 14 Political persuasion was generally Republican among blacks. She was a delegate to several Democratic conventions, Black politicians. 14 - 21 She generally kept up with what other blacks in the area were doing. She feels communication among blacks is better now. She tried to keep up with the black journals and newspapers. She maintained contacts with people she worked with in the South. 21 - 25 Negroes feelings towards other minorities and vice versa. Organizations she has worked for. 25 - 29 Her feelings about living in Seattle and the cooperation blacks have received. Discipline in the schools has been a problem.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":null,"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":["Black Oral History Interviews, 1972-1974, Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University"],"dc_relation":["Forms part of online collection: Black Oral History Interviews Collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Oral history--United States","Family--History--Texas","African Americans--Washington (State)--Seattle","African American women--Washington (State)--Seattle","Women--Washington (State)--Seattle","Education--Washington (State)--Seattle","Public schools--Washington (State)--Seattle","Schools--Washington (State)--Seattle","African American teachers--Washington (State)--Seattle","Teachers--Washington (State)--Seattle","Teaching--Washington (State)--Seattle","African Americans--Education--Washington (State)--Seattle","African Americans--Education (Graduate)--Washington (State)--Seattle","Universities and colleges--Graduate work","University of Washington--Graduate work","Women--Education (Graduate)--Washington (State)--Seattle","Women--Education--Washington (State)--Seattle","Public schools--Texas","Schools--Texas","African American schools--Texas","African American girls--Education--Texas","Girls--Education--Texas","African American women--Education--Texas","Women--Education--Texas","African American churches--Washington (State)--Seattle","Churches--Washington (State)--Seattle","African Americans--Religion","Communism--Washington (State)--Seattle","Communists--Washington (State)--Seattle","African American communists--Washington (State)--Seattle","Communist parties--Washington (State)--Seattle","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. 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From Mississippi and came to Washington in 1916. Her father worked for the railroad. Other blacks in Pasco. Most lived in railroad cars on the east side of town. Then they went to California and Chicago. Life in Chicago. They returned to Pasco. He died after being run over by a train while working. 10 - 14 They married in 1927. She was the first colored girl to graduate from Pasco High School (1924). She almost married a foot doctor. Her experiences teaching school. 14 - 21 There were no black farmers in the area. Other black families in the area. He was from Chicago and came out to Pasco in 1944. He worked as a cook for the railroad in 1915 or so. The Great Northern paid more than the Pullman Company. He then went into the taxi business in 1916. 21 - 30 He bought property in Pasco in the 30's but didn't move there. He talks about his businesses in Seattle- he was the first Negro general contractor in Washington. Experiences working in Denver in 1920--there was trouble working with whites.  TAPE 9 (1st), SIDE B: 0 - 6 Their marriage. She had attended Whitman College. More about his businesses in Seattle and his associates. How he got his hardware business. Two colored lawyers in Seattle. He lost a lot of money on the hardware store. 6 - 8 Working as a contractor. The unions didn't like coloreds working in certain areas of town. 8 - 12 They returned to Pasco in 1944. He had pastored a rescue mission in Olympia until 1938 when the Lord told him he was evangelistic. They traveled continuously until the gas rationing. Then he worked in order to get gas stamps. 12 - 18 They built a home on their property in Pasco in 1943. He established the first black church in 1944 on the request of white ministers in town. Many were coming into town for the Hanford project. Problems with building the church because he wanted to build it on his own property. 18 - 22 His activities with the Missionary Pentecostal Association until 1944. They worked more with white people than with colored when they were travelling evangelists. Black churches throughout the West. 22 - 26 More about his church and other churches in Pasco. He ran his church until 1949. In 1944 through the NAACP and the Urban League they tried to get restaurants to serve blacks. TAPE 10 (2nd), SIDE A: 0 - 10 More about the NAACP. The whites in town wanted all the minorities on the east side of the RR tracks. The problems he had trying to build on the west side. Troubles with his lawyers. 10 - 13 Talks about the land he owned and who he sold it to. Talks about his relatives. 13 - 23 He has never been involved with politics. A rich man and a politician have no place in heaven. More about problems building in Pasco. He had a cafe in town, too, and fed some of the black workers on the Hanford project. Problems getting paid. Other property problems. 23 - 26 Selling his property after the war. He refused to buy property on the east side of the tracks on principle. TAPE 10 (2nd), SIDE B: 0 - 3","Talks about the railroad and working with Turner, a redcap. Other families in the area. Her parents owned property in Pasco, too. 3 - 29 More about their evangelism in mostly white churches. Black churches in Seattle. Growth of black churches in the Northwest. Black evangelists. The Pentecostals often criticized other religions. 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