{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43721","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers holding a sit-in and picketing in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-25"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip possibly from November 25, 1960, African Americans hold a sit-in at a lunch counter and picket the McCrory's and F.W. Woolworth stores in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The clip begins with a group of two African American men and two African American women standing together on the sidewalk next to a building. Under a store's awning, other African Americans walk past the store or into the building. A small number of African Americans with picket signs walk back and forth in front of McCrory's store. In an unidentified store, African American students wait for service at a lunch counter sit-in. Outside, other protesters carry signs with the slogans, \"Jim Crow must go\" and \"Don't pay to be segregated.\"  The camera pans past the F.W. Woolworth store and a next-door parking lot. Although a variety of civil rights organizations worked to better the situation of African Americans in Atlanta throughout the twentieth century, African American students from the Atlanta University center became heavily involved in leading protests following the nationally publicized February 1960 student-led sit-ins in Greensville, North Carolina. Atlanta University Center students involved with the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) worked with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to organize segregation protests in Atlanta. The two groups organized a \"Fall Campaign\" beginning on October 19, 1960; on October 22 African American leaders agreed to a month-long truce in which city officials, business owners, and African Americans worked toward a compromise. When no agreement was reached by November 25, African American students joined by white students from Emory University and Agnes Scott College resumed protests and flooded downtown stores including Rich's, Woolworth's, and McCrory's.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43721"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Sit-ins--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American college students--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Politics and government","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","College students--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Direct action--Georgia--Atlanta","Central business districts--Georgia--Atlanta","Passive resistance--Georgia--Atlanta","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Stores, Retail--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers holding a sit-in and picketing in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43721"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43721"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-25"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43721, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers holding a sit-in and picketing in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0988, 2:53/03:55, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 2 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39015","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of law enforcement officers trying to control white demonstrators protesting the court-ordered integration of elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 16","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Ninth Ward New Orleans, 30.089567, -89.86922","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-16"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 16, 1960, white policemen try to control white demonstrators during a protest against the court-ordered integration of two elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana. The clip's audio is inconsistent; some portions may not be completely recorded.","The clip begins with two white policemen, one on foot and one on horseback, trying to direct white spectators onto sidewalks in front of homes. Later, other policemen are also seen directing the crowd. Next another group of white demonstrators crosses a bridge in what appears to be downtown New Orleans. The protesters hold signs and appear to chant. An unidentified protester walks by the camera holding a flag with the letters \"KKK\" on it. Another sign has the phrase, \"Must we shed blood?\" Later demonstrators appear to cheer and policemen on horseback chase the crowd and try to maintain control. Finally police pull a man from a doorway and push him against a car.","Although a federal judge overturned New Orleans school segregation laws in 1956, pressure from the Louisiana legislature helped the Orleans Parish School Board resist integration until 1960, when federal judge J. Skelly Wright ordered the school board to begin a grade-a-year integration plan starting with first grade that fall. The school board accepted 135 applications from African American students seeking to transfer to white schools; from those applications the school board chose four African American girls to integrate first-grade classes in two schools. Officials Norfolk, Virginia, which had recently undergone court-ordered integration, warned the school board against integrating poor schools first. The school board ignored the advice and selected two schools in the poorer Ninth Ward, William Frantz and McDonogh 19. White segregationists, angered by the school integration and the choice of poor schools, demonstrated every morning and afternoon at both schools for the entire school year. Protesters yelled at the African American girls and their federal marshal escorts and at the white parents and children who ignored the Citizens' Council's boycott of the schools. On Wednesday, November 16, two days after classes were first integrated, over two thousand teenagers left their classes at nearby Francis T. Nicholls High School and charged toward McDonogh 19. When they were repulsed there, the protesters, joined by adult New Orleans residents, went downtown and demonstrated in front of the school board and mayor's offices before firemen and a police line used fire hoses to disperse the crowd.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn39015"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race relations","Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","Children, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","High school students--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Signs and signboards--Louisiana--New Orleans","Mounted police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Whites--Louisiana--New Orleans","Violence--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race riots--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of law enforcement officers trying to control white demonstrators protesting the court-ordered integration of elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 16"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39015"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39015"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-16"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn39015, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of law enforcement officers trying to control white demonstrators protesting the court-ordered integration of elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 16, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0160, 48:06/48:43, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 37 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42003","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white demonstrators protesting court-ordered school desegregation; city and state officials urging parents to discourage their children from demonstrating; people injured by the demonstrating mob in the hospital; and debates by state legislators, New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1960 November 16","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Davis, Jimmie, 1899-2000","Morrison, deLesseps S. (deLesseps Story), 1912-1964"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, East Baton Rouge Parish, 30.53824, -91.09562","United States, Louisiana, East Baton Rouge Parish, Baton Rouge, 30.44332, -91.18747","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-16"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 16, 1960, white demonstrators protest court-ordered school desegregation, city and state officials discourage demonstrations, and injured bystanders wait at the hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana; in Baton Rouge, legislators welcome a congressional delegation and speak in favor of segregation.","The clip begins in New Orleans with white demonstrators in cars driving down the street; one boy hangs out of a car window and waves a flag. A group of white protesters stand in front of New Orleans city hall and chant \"Two, four, six, eight, we don't want to integrate.\" After a break in the clip, another group of demonstrators stands in the city's downtown shopping district with picket signs. Police and firemen turn on a hose and begin to spray the crowd; most of the demonstrators rush back from the hose although a few appear to play in the water. Two policemen carry an angry demonstrator, and groups of teenage protesters run down the street and are later held back by police.","During a brief night scene, police cars drive past with their lights on while other officers appear to try and put out a fire. Other men examine a rocket on the side of the road. The clip breaks again and returns to a daytime scene. More police cars and police motorcycles drive down the street. Law enforcement officers walk toward city hall. Teenage demonstrators hold flags and chant segregation slogans. Several policemen in dark uniforms stand in a line with their backs to the camera; demonstrators appear to face the policemen. Back in the shopping district, teenage demonstrators dance in the water as officials use hoses to try and disperse the students. Afterwards the clip shows several scenes of groups of demonstrators running down the street.","Next, New Orleans mayor deLesseps Morrison, standing in front of a United States flag, urges parents to keep their children inside at night in an attempt to prevent further rioting in the city. Following Mayor Morrison's comments, the camera shows nurses in a hospital treating white and African American patients who were injured during the demonstrations; the patients lay on gurneys in the hallway. Later in Baton Rouge, an unidentified legislator proposes that in order to lessen the impact of court-ordered desegregation governments \"should be moving to reduce their reliance upon public education and offer all reasonable cooperation to parents who wish to provide for the education of their children in private schools.\" He goes on to suggest that such action will facilitate an orderly transition. While he recognizes that private schools will require a lot of work and financial support, he feels it is the best way to ensure \"separate schools for white children.\" Another unidentified legislator introduces members of the Louisiana congressional delegation. At the request of the state legislature, United States senator Russell B. Long and Representatives Overton Brooks, Edwin E. Willis, Harold B. McSween, and F. Edward Herbert came to Baton Rouge to confer with state officials on the court-ordered integration of New Orleans schools. After a break in the clip, reporters appear to interview Louisiana governor Jimmie Davis, who also urges New Orleans residents upset by the school integration to let the legislature fight against desegregation.","The clip ends back in New Orleans with another segment of white students protesting integration, shouting and chanting segregation slogans. Some images from earlier in the clip are repeated, including police vehicles and officers lined up with their backs to the camera. Police lead an agitated white woman away. More students demonstrate, yelling and waving flags. A large crowd walks towards the downtown area, yelling and cheering. Policemen on motorcycles drive down the street while other officers stand along the sidewalk and keep the crowd back. Demonstrators walking past the camera shout and wave as they pass. Officers lead a white man away from the crowd. Firemen pull out a hose and later spray demonstrators as they chant, \"Two, four, six, eight, we don't want to integrate\" and dance in the water. The camera focuses on a young woman who tries to encourage the crowd. More images are repeated from earlier in the clip including police leading a man away from the crowd and police pushing the crowd back. Two young men fill their shoes with water that they later fling at the line of policemen and firefighters before two policemen lead them away. A sign on the back of a police motorcycle has the slogan, \"School's open, drive carefully.\" The camera pans to the right and focuses on a fireman holding the hose and talking to another officer.","In 1956 federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws. Legal maneuvering by the state legislature and Orleans Parish School Board delayed integration until 1960, when Judge Wright ordered the school board to begin desegregating the first grade that fall. State officials refused to accept the court order and held several special sessions before and after the November 14 integration in an attempt to prevent or reverse desegregation. On Wednesday, November 16, two thousand high school students from nearby Francis T. Nicholls high school left class and marched toward McDonogh 19, one of the integrated schools, chanting slogans against integration. When they were turned back from the school, the crowd marched downtown to city hall and then to the school board headquarters. The demonstrators were eventually dispersed when city officials authorized the use of fire hoses on the crowd. Rioting that evening resulted in twelve assault cases against African Americans; many people ended up in the hospital because of violence.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42003"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New Orleans","Demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","Civil rights movements--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","Crowds--Louisiana--New Orleans","Whites--Louisiana--New Orleans","Federal-state controversies--Louisiana","Governors--Louisiana","Legislative bodies--Louisiana","Legislators--Louisiana","Mayors--Louisiana--New Orleans","Signs and signboards--Louisiana--New Orleans","Picketing--Louisiana--New Orleans","Fire hose--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police vehicles--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Flags--United States","Nurses--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Louisiana--New Orleans","Private schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","Protest marches--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white demonstrators protesting court-ordered school desegregation; city and state officials urging parents to discourage their children from demonstrating; people injured by the demonstrating mob in the hospital; and debates by state legislators, New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1960 November 16"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42003"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42003"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-16"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42003, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white demonstrators protesting court-ordered school desegregation; city and state officials urging parents to discourage their children from demonstrating; people injured by the demonstrating mob in the hospital; and debates by state legislators, New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1960 November 16, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0912, 6:17/12:20, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 6 mins., 3 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Davis, Jimmie, 1899-2000","Morrison, deLesseps S. (deLesseps Story), 1912-1964"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40294","title":"POLICE BREAK UP DEMONSTRATION OVER INTEGRATION OF SCHOOL","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-15"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation","African Americans","Demonstrations","Police","Education","Discrimination","Schools"],"dcterms_title":["POLICE BREAK UP DEMONSTRATION OVER INTEGRATION OF SCHOOL"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40294"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40294"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn40294, (No title), WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0853, 11:33/12:47, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39014","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American first-grade girls integrating McDonogh 19 Elementary School as they are watched by white policemen and by cheering African Americans in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Ninth Ward New Orleans, 30.089567, -89.86922","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-14"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 14, 1960, two African American girls integrate the previously all-white McDonogh 19 Elementary School in New Orleans, Louisiana, watched by white policemen and by cheering African Americans.","The clip begins with a car driving past the camera; inside a young African American girl with a white bow in her hair looks out the window. Next, white policemen in dark uniforms get off a bus. A white federal marshal walks with an African American woman and young girl up the stairs of McDonogh 19 school. The clip then shows African American women cheering and clapping their hands before the camera turns back to the African American woman and girl entering the school. Another woman and girl climb the steps and also enter the school. Finally, the camera again focuses on policemen as they get off a bus.","During the clip, an unseen reporter narrates the action. The clip audio is inconsistent and comments may not be completely recorded. The reporter indicates that the four African American girls integrating the two elementary schools in New Orleans were driven by United States marshals, who \"made sure no harm came to the children or their parents as they entered and left school.\" The reporter also explains that while white policemen were there \"to see that integration took place without trouble,\" segregationist spectators yelled at the children and their mothers, and African American spectators applauded the integration.","Although federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws in 1956, pressure from the Louisiana state legislature helped the Orleans Parish School Board resist integration until 1960, when Judge Wright ordered the school board to begin a grade-a-year integration plan, starting with the first grade, that fall. The school board accepted 135 applications from African Americans seeking to transfer to white schools and then chose four first-grade girls to attend two schools in the Ninth Ward. Officials from Norfolk, Virginia, who had undergone a court-ordered integration in 1959, warned the Orleans Parish School Board against integrating poor schools first. The board rejected this advice and assigned the girls to William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools in the poor Ninth Ward of the city. On November 14, 1960, about 150 federal marshals were in New Orleans to ensure integration would proceed as ordered by the courts and against the wishes of the Louisiana legislature. Federal marshals wearing yellow armbands escorted the four girls and their mothers into the two schools. African American demonstrators applauded and cheered as the girls entered school while white demonstrators, tipped off by the presence of police at the schools, protested the integration by screaming at the children and their mothers. The \"cheerleaders\" as they came to be known, protested the same way every morning and afternoon throughout the school year. The girls, Leona Tate, Tessie Prevost, and Gaile Etienne at McDonogh 19 and Ruby Bridges at William Frantz, later reported that the noise and the crowds at the schools made it seem like Mardi Gras. By the end of the first day of integration, so many parents had taken their children out of the schools that only forty students remained at McDonogh 19. The Citizens' Council encouraged parents to boycott the integrated schools, and for most of the year the only students at McDonogh 19 were the three African American girls.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn39014"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race relations","Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American girls--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American women--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American students--Louisiana--New Orleans","United States marshals--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Civil rights demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American first-grade girls integrating McDonogh 19 Elementary School as they are watched by white policemen and by cheering African Americans in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39014"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39014"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-14"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn39014, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American first-grade girls integrating McDonogh 19 Elementary School as they are watched by white policemen and by cheering African Americans in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0160, 47:38/48:05, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 27 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34549","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Orleans Parish superintendent of schools Dr. James Redmond and school board president Lloyd Rittiner speaking to a reporter following the first day of court-ordered school desegregation, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Redmond, James F.","Rittiner, Lloyd J., 1916-1991"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-14"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 14, 1960, a reporter interviews Orleans Parish School Board president Lloyd Rittiner and superintendent of schools Dr. James Redmond about the first day of court-ordered school integration in New Orleans, Louisiana. The clip's audio may be difficult to hear at times.","The clip begins with the reporter, Lloyd Rittiner, and Dr. James Redmond standing in front of a wall-mounted map of the city of New Orleans. The reporter asks school board president Rittiner if the first day of integrated classes in New Orleans public school went well. Rittiner reports that he is pleased that \"the people of Orleans Parish have accepted a difficult situation very admirably.\" Continuing, Rittiner expresses his belief that while some anti-integration demonstrations may continue, \"the worst is over.\" The reporter next turns to Dr. James Redmond and asks him about legislation passed by the Louisiana state legislature the day before, Sunday, November 13, seeking to forcibly prevent desegregation by firing Dr. Redmond and the school board's lawyer, Sam Rosenberg. Dr. Redmond declares that he still works for the Orleans Parish School Board. Asked if there have been reports on the day's events from teachers or principals, Dr. Redmond indicates that the school board wanted to let the teachers and principals concentrate on their work and did not ask them for reports. After a break in the clip, the reporter asks Rittiner if he expects more interference from the state legislature. Rittiner replies that he anticipates that any legislation trying to stop school desegregation will be overturned by federal courts.","In 1956, federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws and ordered the Orleans Parish School Board to submit desegregation plans. In response to this ruling and to the 1954 United States Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, the Louisiana state legislature passed several laws seeking to prevent school integration in the state. Following several years of legal maneuvers, Judge Wright ordered the Orleans Parish School Board to begin a grade-a-year integration plan in the fall of 1960. Louisiana legislators met in several special sessions that fall, and on November 6 and November 13, passed resolutions to forcibly prevent desegregation by making it a crime for anyone to carry out school integration. The legislature also fired both Orleans Parish superintendent of schools Dr. James Redmond and school board attorney Sam Rosenberg. They then replaced the school board with legislators committed to maintaining segregation. After each of these attempts, Judge Wright declared the legislature's actions unconstitutional and ordered the Orleans Parish elected officials to continue with desegregation. On November 14, 1960, four African American first-grade girls integrated two New Orleans schools, William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools, both in the poor Ninth Ward of the city. Although the names of the desegregated schools were not published, segregationist demonstrators, tipped off by police cars surrounding the schools, gathered at each location to taunt and shout at the African American girls and their federal marshals escorts. The segregationist demonstrators, nicknamed the \"cheerleaders\" by the press, kept morning and afternoon vigils at the schools the rest of the school year. Segregationist protesters also demonstrated in the city of New Orleans the following two days, Tuesday, November 15 and Wednesday, November 16. Demonstrations both days were larger and more violent than the day before, culminating with the November 16 demonstrations that were eventually broken up with fire hoses and a strong police presence. White parents pulled their children out of Frantz and McDonogh 19 schools, many enrolling their children in newly-opened private schools or in all-white schools in neighboring St. Bernard Parish. However, nearly three-hundred white children in the area did not attend school that year.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn34549"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","School boards--Louisiana--New Orleans","Reporters and reporting--Louisiana--New Orleans","School board presidents--Louisiana--New Orleans","School superintendents--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","Maps","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New Orleans","Central-local government relations--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Louisiana--Politics and government"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Orleans Parish superintendent of schools Dr. James Redmond and school board president Lloyd Rittiner speaking to a reporter following the first day of court-ordered school desegregation, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34549"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34549"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-14"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn34549, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Orleans Parish superintendent of schools Dr. James Redmond and school board president Lloyd Rittiner speaking to a reporter following the first day of court-ordered school desegregation, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0766, 50:13/51:27, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 14 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Redmond, James F.","Rittiner, Lloyd J., 1916-1991"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34130","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white demonstrators protesting the court-ordered integration of schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Ninth Ward New Orleans, 30.089567, -89.86922","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-14"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 14, 1960, white demonstrators protest the integration of William J. Frantz elementary school in New Orleans, Louisiana. The clip's image quality is inconsistent; some images may appear washed out.","The clip begins with federal marshals escorting Ruby Bridges, an African American first grade student to William J. Frantz school. In the background a woman shouts, \"They've got places for you.\" More demonstrators are heard yelling at the students; one screaming woman holds her child in her arms. New Orleans policemen stand between the women and the street, preventing them from approaching the school. Another mother prompts her child to tell a reporter \"We don't want to integrate.\" The child turns into his mother to cry.","In 1956 Federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws and ordered the Orleans Parish school board to submit an integration plan. After four years of delay, caused in part by pressure from the Louisiana state legislature, the school board agreed to a grade-a-year integration plan beginning with the first grade in November 1960. The board asked African American parents to submit applications to transfer their children to white schools. From the 135 applications received, the board selected four girls to attend William Frantz and McDonogh 19 schools in New Orleans' poor Ninth Ward. Officials from Norfolk, Virginia, who had already undergone court-ordered integration, warned Orleans Parish school board members not to begin desegregation with poor schools. Parents from two New Orleans elementary schools in more affluent sections of the city also volunteered their schools for integration. The board's decision to ignore the advice and integrate Ninth Ward schools caused extra tension among local parents. Many parents felt their children were being sacrificed to integration and resented that the children of school board members, community leaders, and even judge Wright still attended segregated schools. While the school board did not disclose which schools were to be integrated November 14, the presence of police cars in front of the schools tipped off demonstrators. Many of the demonstrators were mothers who brought their children with them. The women, nicknamed the \"cheerleaders\" by the press, came to the schools every morning and afternoon through the school year to yell, throw eggs and tomatoes, and spit at the girls as they walked to and from school, escorted by federal marshals.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn34130"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","African American girls--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American students--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Education--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","Crowds--Louisiana--New Orleans","Demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","Discrimination in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","Children, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race discrimination--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","United States marshals--Louisiana--New Orleans","Women, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white demonstrators protesting the court-ordered integration of schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34130"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34130"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-14"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn34130, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of white demonstrators protesting the court-ordered integration of schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 14, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0759, 49:51/50:28, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 37 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34524","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of people marching in Washington, D.C. for civil rights, 1960 November 8","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-08"],"dcterms_description":["This series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from November 8, 1960 shows people marching in Washington, D.C. for civil rights. Some of the signs that the people are holding read \"Human rights are above states' rights,\" \"There is no excuse for the evil of segregation,\" \"Discrimination hurts America, and \"Freedom and justice for all.\"","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn34524"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights demonstrations--Washington (D.C.)","Civil rights--Washington (D.C.)"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of people marching in Washington, D.C. for civil rights, 1960 November 8"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34524"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34524"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-08"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn34524, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of people marching in Washington, D.C. for civil rights, 1960 November 8, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0766, 24:57/25:33, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 36 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43669","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips in which a reporter interviews Orleans Parish School Board member Matthew Sutherland; white men meet in offices and outside office buildings; Louisiana attorney general Jack Gremillion speaks to a reporter; Louisiana legislators speak about court-ordered school integration; white demonstrators protest the integration of New Orleans schools; a white man speaks at a Citizens' Council rally; and reporters speak to several local leaders outside of district court in New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1960 November","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Gremillion, Jack P. F.","Sutherland, Matthew R. (Matthew Rozelius), 1919-","Byrd, Daniel Ellis, 1910-1984"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, East Baton Rouge Parish, Baton Rouge, 30.44332, -91.18747","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11"],"dcterms_description":["In this compilation WSB newsfilm clip from November 1960, a reporter interviews school board member Matthew Sutherland; white men meet in offices and outside office buildings; Louisiana attorney general Jack Gremillion speaks to a reporter; state legislators speak against court-ordered school integration; white demonstrators protest school integration; an unidentified white man speaks at a Citizens' Council rally; and reporters speak to several local leaders outside of district court in New Orleans, Louisiana.","The clip begins with a reporter interviewing Orleans Parish School Board member Matthew Sutherland following his November 8 reelection to the board. Sutherland explains that he views his reelection as an indication that \"the people of New Orleans want the public schools open.\" He also believes that citizens accept pupil placement, since it was the only option to keep the schools open at election time. Asked if he believes New Orleans schools will be open Monday, November 14, the day of court-ordered desegregation, he expresses his uncertainty about the situation, citing the \"contest between the state and the federal government.\"","Next, several white men in suits are seen moving through an office and speaking to each other. At one point, Harry Booth, an attorney from Shreveport and a member of the state Democratic committee is seen standing to the right of another man to whom he is speaking. Later, State Representative Risley Triche from Assumption Parish, chair of the legislative committee appointed to replace the Orleans Parish School Board, sits in a conference room; Triche appears to be speaking, but his comments are not recorded. Other members of the committee included Representative Parvey P. Branton, Senator Charles E. Deichmann, Senator E. W. Gravolet, and Representative Val M. Deloney. Louisiana attorney general Jack P. F. Gremillion appears later in the meeting. After a break in the clip, white men leave a building and walk along the sidewalk; some of the men wear hats, others are bare-headed. One of the men in the group is Leander Perez, political boss of Plaquemine Parish and influential segregationist. The Louisiana state legislature attempted to prevent school desegregation by passing legislation removing the elected Orleans Parish School Board and replacing it with a committee appointed to lead the school board until a new board, presumably one that would maintain segregation, could be elected. The New Orleans Times-Picayune reported on November 10 that Representatives Branton, Deloney, and Triche and Senators Gravolet, and Deichmann had been appointed to the replacement school board. While the federal courts ruled against such action, on November 11, members of the committee met with members of the state sovereignty commission, the joint legislative segregation committee, and the \"interposition\" committee, which sought to place the authority of the state legislature between the federal government and local New Orleans officials as another way of preventing integration. The joint meeting consulted with several lawyers, including Girard Rault, C. C. Woods, Wade O. Martin, Jr., Scott Wilkinson, and J. R. Fuller. The meeting was guarded by state police detective sergeant Leon Kordek, lieutenant Ben Skidmore, and trooper Winton Bordelon.","After this, a reporter interviews state attorney general Jack P. F. Gremillion. Gremillion, responding to a question that was not recorded, indicates that the transfer between the elected Orleans Parish School Board and the legislature-appointed replacement board went smoothly, and that the replacement board \"is only following the dictate of the legislature and the governor of our state.\" Asked if he will resign as attorney general if the committee moves to close the schools, Gremillion states that he does have enough information to answer the question, but does not support closing the schools. Answering the next question, Gremillion reports that he himself does not know the names of the five African American girls the Orleans Parish School Board selected to transfer to white schools. Although five African Americans were originally selected to integrate New Orleans schools, the fifth girl withdrew her application when it was discovered her parents were not married when she was born.","The clip breaks and then shows several white men standing together in a room. The men appear to be listening to a radio or recording device. Next, another man holds a radio or recording device to up to a microphone in a legislative chamber so the men in the audience can hear. An African American choir of students stands on the steps of the state capitol and later walks inside the building.","Following this, several white men speak in a legislative chamber. The clip breaks several times; comments may not be completely recorded. The first man, a member of the House of Representatives, declares that only those who elected him have the right to restrain his activities. He asserts that the federal courts do not have the right to limit his activities and refuses to comply with an order he does not view as \"valid, legal, or binding.\" The next man recognizes that federal judge J. Skelly Wright, the judge that ordered New Orleans school integration, was obligated to rule the way he did or he would have been removed from office. However, the speaker does not defend Judge Wright but instead condemns the federal court for preventing the legislature from speaking for the citizens of the state. The subsequent speaker chastises the Orleans Parish School Board for refusing to observe a school holiday implemented by the legislature on November 14, the day scheduled for school integration. The state department of education had declared November 14 a state-wide school holiday in an attempt to buy more time for the legal fight against desegregation. The Orleans Parish School Board was the only school system in the state that did not observe the school holiday, in part because of the court order they were under to desegregate the schools that day.","The clip jumps to show McDonogh 19, one of the two schools in New Orleans integrated November 14. Cars and trucks drive down the street in front of the school; white demonstrators stand on the corner of a sidewalk protesting the school's integration. An African American mother and her daughter walk past police and up the stairs to the school entrance. White women walk along the sidewalk and over a bridge as a car drives past. Later police help a woman into a car as the protesters appear to yell at her. White people get out of a car and wave at the camera above them.","Later an unidentified white man speaks at a Citizens' Council rally held at the municipal auditorium in New Orleans on November 15, the day after the schools were integrated. The speaker praises the teachers in the Orleans Parish school system. He stresses that violence is not a good solution and will bring disgrace to the city. He urges parents to follow the governor's advice and boycott the integrated schools, insisting that there is no longer a compulsory education act in the state and that truant officers will not pick up parents or their children for staying home. Nearly all the parents from the two integrated schools, McDonogh 19 and William Frantz, followed the counsel of the Citizens' Council and of the governor and boycotted the integrated schools. Students in the fourth through sixth grades were allowed to enroll in the neighboring St. Bernard Parish schools, and parents created a cooperative school for first through third grade students that was eventually absorbed into the St. Bernard system. However, nearly three hundred white children from the two schools were not sent to school during the first year of integration.","The clip ends with images from the United States District Court in New Orleans. The camera focuses on the outside of the building, showing the sign for the district court. Inside men sit on benches or walk around the room. New Orleans superintendent of police Joseph Giarrusso walks into another room. A reporter speaks to African American attorney Daniel Byrd, but his comments are not recorded at that time. Dr. James Redmond, superintendent of Orleans Parish schools is also seen in the hallway. Later a reporter interviews Matthew Sutherland of the school board. Sutherland states he believes the restraining order the judge issued against the legislature and the replacement school board allows the elected school board to continue running the schools. Next African American attorney Daniel Byrd refuses to comment on issues under the consideration of the court and indicates he does not know when the court will issue a ruling. Another man speaking to the reporter expresses that he does not doubt the governor's sincerity in school matters, but does think the governor has erred in some of the legislation he has supported. Finally a reporter asks Dr. Redmond about the schools' condition. Dr. Redmond's reply is not recorded.","In 1956 federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws. Legal maneuvering by the school board and the Louisiana state legislature delayed integration until Judge Wright ordered the school board to begin desegregating the first grade in the fall of 1960. The legislature held several special sessions both before and after the November 14 desegregation date and passed legislation seeking to prevent integration; all the legislation passed was eventually overturned by federal courts.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43669"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New Orleans","School boards--Louisiana--New Orleans","Men, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","Reporters and reporting--Louisiana--New Orleans","Attorneys general--Louisiana","Lawyers--Louisiana--New Orleans","Legislators--Louisiana","Legislative bodies--Louisiana","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","White Citizens councils--Louisiana--New Orleans","Civil rights movements--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","Whites--Louisiana--New Orleans","Federal-state controversies--Louisiana","African Americans--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Louisiana--Baton Rouge","Portable radios--Louisiana--New Orleans","Choirs (Music)--Louisiana--Baton Rouge","Courts--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips in which a reporter interviews Orleans Parish School Board member Matthew Sutherland; white men meet in offices and outside office buildings; Louisiana attorney general Jack Gremillion speaks to a reporter; Louisiana legislators speak about court-ordered school integration; white demonstrators protest the integration of New Orleans schools; a white man speaks at a Citizens' Council rally; and reporters speak to several local leaders outside of district court in New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1960 November"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43669"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43669"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43669, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips in which a reporter interviews Orleans Parish School Board member Matthew Sutherland; white men meet in offices and outside office buildings; Louisiana attorney general Jack Gremillion speaks to a reporter; Louisiana legislators speak about court-ordered school integration; white demonstrators protest the integration of New Orleans schools; a white man speaks at a Citizens' Council rally; and reporters speak to several local leaders outside of district court in New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1960 November, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0985, 44:10/58:24, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 14 mins., 14 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Gremillion, Jack P. F.","Sutherland, Matthew R. (Matthew Rozelius), 1919-","Perez, Leander, 1891-1969","Giarrusso, Joseph, 1923-2005","Byrd, Daniel Ellis, 1910-1984","Redmond, James F."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44809","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a paid newspaper advertisement urging community support for the Orleans Parish School Board and white demonstrators protesting court-ordered desegregation at McDonogh 19 and William Frantz elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November and December","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Ninth Ward New Orleans, 30.089567, -89.86922","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-01"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from New Orleans, Louisiana in November and December 1960, a newspaper advertisement urges community support for the Orleans Parish school board and white demonstrators protest the court-ordered desegregation of two elementary schools. Some images in the clip repeat and others are interspersed with scenes from other days.","The clip begins focusing on a folded newspaper sitting on a table next to an ashtray with a cigarette in it. Although the text of the paid advertisement is not legible, several headings in the document are, including \"We appeal to the citizens of New Orleans,\" \"Segregation of the races,\" \"Since the 1954 decision,\" \"Because many citizens,\" and \"But we recognize.\" The advertisement, reprinted in the Times-Picayune December 14, 1960, recognizes that most citizens prefer segregated education, and that the Orleans Parish School Board and the Louisiana legislature have done all in their power to try and maintain segregated schools. The article goes on to assert that \"we are called upon to abide by the action of our legally constituted courts.\" It urges \"an immediate end to threats, defamation and resistance to those who administer our laws,\" and appeals for \"an end to the street demonstrations,\" asking that \"support be given to the city officials, the police, and the duly elected school board of the parish of Orleans.\" Over one hundred white businessmen signed the petition reprinted in the advertisement.","The next images come from the first days of court-ordered integration at William Frantz and McDonogh 19 schools in New Orleans. Some of the images repeat and are seen in different sequences. A white man, woman, and young girl stand on a sidewalk facing a corner as cars drive past. A group of demonstrators appear to yell as they wave their arms and picket signs while standing near parked cars; policemen on the other side of the cars watch the group. A policeman walks by the camera with a nightstick in his hand before the clip briefly returns to the newspaper advertisement. Then, the images of the people on the corner, the demonstrators, and the police are repeated. Later policemen lead demonstrators away. Another crowd fills a street corner and a white woman walks past men in hats and suits toward a building; the camera again focuses on the crowd and later a woman is seen leading a child out of William Frantz school. After showing the crowd again the camera returns to the man, woman, and girl seen earlier standing on the street corner. The man appears to kiss the girl on the cheek before grabbing the woman's hand and raising it in the air. White women demonstrators clap and appear to cheer.","After this, the clip jumps to McDonogh 19, the second New Orleans public school integrated November 14 under a court-ordered desegregation plan. Men in suits walk in front of the school, and a federal marshal in a suit with a light-colored arm band appears to wait near the doorway for someone walking up the stairs of the school. New Orleans police chief Joseph Giarrusso stands under a tree in front of McDonogh 19. Later, two white women walk through a group of people standing on the sidewalk; each of the women carries several books in her arms. After another view of the crowd, two more women carrying books walk through the crowd and across the street. The clip ends with another group of women and children crossing the street and walking through the crowd.","In 1956, federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws and ordered the Orleans Parish School Board to begin school desegregation. Legal maneuvers by the school board and the Louisiana legislature delayed desegregation until 1960, when Judge Wright ordered the school board to begin a grade-a-year plan beginning with the first grade that fall. On November 14, the first day of integration, white parents returned to the integrated schools, William Frantz and McDonogh 19, and removed their children and their children's school books. For the rest of the year, white demonstrators, upset by the court-ordered integration and the choice of two of the poorest elementary schools in the community, gathered at the two integrated schools every morning and afternoon to protest. A Citizens' Council-organized boycott of the schools kept all white students out of McDonogh 19 most of the year and was almost as successful at Frantz school. Legislators in Baton Rouge met in special session throughout November and December, passing legislation aimed at preventing or reversing the school desegregation. The legislature's legal tactics against integrated schools included laws dismissing the locally-elected Orleans Parish School Board, creating a replacement school board with members selected by the governor, freezing school board assets, and threatening to revoke the charter of banks who did business with the school board. These efforts caused a financial crisis in the school system, and many teachers, principals, and other school system employees suffered from paychecks delayed a month or longer. After a December 12 ruling by the United States Supreme Court against reversing integration or further delays, local businessmen and community leaders who had previously maintained a \"wait-and-see\" attitude about the \"school crisis\" began publicly supporting the school board and urging other community members to do the same.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Optical sound.","Condition notes: 2009-03-01, Leader Replaced (Yancey)"],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn44809"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Advertising, Newspaper--Louisiana--New Orleans","School boards--Louisiana--New Orleans","Demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","Whites--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Civil rights movements--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New Orleans","Newspapers--Louisiana--New Orleans","School children--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race relations","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Signs and signboards--Louisiana--New Orleans","Picketing--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police chiefs--Louisiana--New Orleans","Crowds--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a paid newspaper advertisement urging community support for the Orleans Parish School Board and white demonstrators protesting court-ordered desegregation at McDonogh 19 and William Frantz elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November and December"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44809"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44809"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-01"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn44809, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a paid newspaper advertisement urging community support for the Orleans Parish School Board and white demonstrators protesting court-ordered desegregation at McDonogh 19 and William Frantz elementary schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November and December, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1046, 57:58/60:01, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 3 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Giarrusso, Joseph, 1923-2005"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn45008","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a press conference held by the Orleans Parish School Board; the office of a news organization; a man reading a report to the press; state representative John S. Garrett of Claiborne Parish speaking at a White Citizens' Council rally; white protesters and United States marshals at the court-ordered desegregation of William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools; and comments by reporter Ray Moore about school integration in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Moore, Ray, 1922-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11"],"dcterms_description":["In this compilation WSB newsfilm clip from November 1960, the Orleans Parish School Board holds a press conference; reporters work in the office of an unidentified news office; a man reads a report to the press; state representative John S. Garrett speaks at a White Citizens' Council rally; white demonstrators protest the court-ordered desegregation of William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools while United States marshals escort the four African American girls integrating the schools; and WSB-TV reporter Ray Moore comments on school integration in New Orleans, Louisiana.","The clip begins with a silent section during which members of the Orleans Parish School Board sit around a table in an office. Recently reelected member Matthew Sutherland, wearing a bow tie, sits in the middle of the group; to the left sit school board president Lloyd Rittiner and superintendent of schools Dr. James Redmond. The camera later focuses on Sutherland who appears to be speaking. Reporters in the room review handouts and take notes on the meeting; others record the conversation. Superintendent Redmond hands out papers to those at the press conference; behind him on the wall is a large map of the city of New Orleans. Later, he also is seen speaking to the press conference.","Next, the camera focuses on white reporters working in the office of a news agency. One man sits at a typewriter. Behind him a woman also sits at a typewriter with her back to the camera, and another man is in a glass-enclosed room. Later four other white men walk around the room, and two televisions play in the background. The camera returns to the man at the typewriter. Behind a glass wall are machines with feeds from the Associated Press; above the machines are maps of the world and the United States. Elsewhere in the main room, reporters work at tables surrounded by stacks of newspapers. In another office, a man sits at a desk, looks through piles of papers, and types.","After the images from the newsroom are scenes from another press conference. School board president Lloyd Rittiner stands behind school board attorney Samuel Rosenberg, who speaks to reporters. Rosenberg appears to refer to a legal document in his hands. Newsmen and women listen to Rosenberg, take notes, and film the news conference.","Later state representative John S. Garrett from Claiborne Parish speaks to an audience gathered at the Municipal Auditorium for a Citizens' Council rally on November 15 against the court-ordered desegregation of New Orleans schools. Garrett, chair of the joint legislative committee on segregation, reportedly called for the arrest of federal judge J. Skelly Wright as well as the United States marshals escorting the African American students to the integrated schools. When the camera pans to show the auditorium, participants appear to clap and cheer for Garrett.","Following the scenes of the rally are images from William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools. A United States marshal in front of Frantz school opens a door for an African American woman getting out of a car. Other cars drive down the street, and a mounted policeman watches the traffic. A reporter with a microphone stands near a group of white women and school-age children. The women appear to answer questions or shout. Crowds of mostly white people stand outside along the street, in front of homes; among the crowd are cameramen filming the scene and policemen. Later policemen in uniform stand at the bottom of the stairs leading to the entrance of McDonogh 19 Elementary School; more cars drive down the street past the school. More crowds stand on other corners and the camera again focuses on the group of women and children the reporter spoke to earlier. Three white men, including police superintendent Joseph Giarrusso, stand together under trees near McDonogh 19. The clip briefly shows marshals leading an African American girl and her mother into McDonogh 19 before showing a white mother leading her daughter down the street. Cars drive down streets lined with white protesters who are being watched by policemen. Men walk in front of McDonogh 19 School. Later a female crossing guard helps a mother and child across the street near Frantz School, and other white parents walk up the school steps. Outside of a home, more crowds stand on the sidewalk and groups of white parents stand in front of another unidentified building that appears to be a school. Joseph Giarrusso and another white man walk across the street. White mothers walk towards Frantz School, and policemen speak to members of a crowd and follow them as they walk down the street. A young woman holds a young boy on her lap; he later gets up and toddles toward the camera.","The next sequence shows WSB-TV reporter Ray Moore sitting on a stool in front of a curtain and providing a recap of the school integration in New Orleans. Moore highlights the parallels between New Orleans and Atlanta, which was under court orders to integrate its schools the next fall. Moore reports on the defiance of Louisiana legislators who have called the federal judge \"mentally un-right\" and compared the federal marshals to Hitler's Storm Troopers. He suggests that even though legislators are defiant about the court-ordered integration, they also recognize \"integration will surely come.\" According to Moore, several Georgia legislators have privately expressed the same sentiment. Moore explains that no one in the Louisiana legislature \"has seriously talked of giving up public education\" and believes Georgia legislators will behave similarly when Atlanta schools are integrated in the fall of 1961. The clip breaks, and Moore reports on the hatred demonstrated earlier in the day by white demonstrators witnessing the school integration. After another break in the clip, Moore reports that New Orleans citizens have \"a begrudging admiration for a police force that worked forcefully to prevent bloodshed.\" He concludes by recounting seeing a well-dressed African American woman smile and wave while driving by booing crowds of demonstrators, and in return two white women \"laughed and waved back.\"","The clip ends with more scenes from the integration of Frantz and McDonogh 19 schools. Marshals escort an African American student into McDonogh 19, and across the street white demonstrators appear to yell in protest. Policemen stand along the sidewalk and on the other side of the street stand more demonstrators. An African American man stands near a sign advertising key-making, and later another African American man walks away between two white police officers. Among the crowd a white woman holds a child who has fallen asleep. Back at McDonogh 19 men walk in and out of the school, and several cars drive past the crowd across the street. Someone in the crowd waves a Confederate battle flag. A white man holds his daughter's hand as they walk on the sidewalk across the street from the crowd. Reporters in sunglasses stand across the street from the crowd near the school. A camera sits on the grass with a white rag over its lens. White women, some carrying flags, walk across the street. A crowd under a tree holds picket signs and hangs an effigy, possibly of a monkey, from the tree. White policemen stand around Frantz School while more white protesters stand on the sidewalk. The camera pans right and shows crowds gathered on several streets. School-age boys carry picket signs through the demonstrators. One sign has the slogan, \"All I want for Christmas is a clean white school.\" Several white men stand together and appear to talk about something. Later several cars drive near Frantz School, and a white woman leaves the school with her daughter. A white policeman stands in the doorway of the school. Across the street, white parents and their children stand together and watch the school. The clip ends with a white woman and school-age girl walking down the street.","In 1956 federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans school segregation laws. Legal maneuvering by the state legislature and the Orleans Parish School Board prevented school integration until 1960, when judge Wright ordered the school board to begin desegregating the first grade that fall. Four of the five members of the school board decided it was better to have open schools with token integration than to close all of New Orleans public schools. These board members began working with judge Wright to establish a pupil placement plan for integration. The legislature refused to accept the decision of the judge or of the school board and held several sessions before and after the November 14 integration to try and prevent or reverse the desegregation.","Eventually, the Orleans Parish School Board chose four African American girls to integrate two elementary schools from the 135 applications for transfer they received. Officials from Southern communities who had already completed court-ordered desegregation warned the Orleans Parish School Board against desegregating poor neighborhoods first. The Orleans Parish School Board ignored this advice, and choose to desegregated two schools in the poor Ninth Ward, William Frantz and McDonogh 19. White parents, upset by the integration and by the school selection, pulled their children out of school. The boycott against McDonogh 19 was nearly complete for most of the school year. A few white parents, disregarding the boycott, tried to send their children to Frantz but eventually community pressure, including job loss, caused the families to leave Louisiana. Local White Citizens' Councils helped white parents set up a cooperative school located in nearby St. Bernard Parish for families from McDonogh 19 and Frantz schools; by the end of the year, the cooperative school was absorbed into the St. Bernard school system. Even with these accommodations, nearly three hundred children in New Orleans from the two effected schools did not attend school the first year of integration.","Reporter: Moore, Ray, 1922-","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn45008"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Press conferences--Louisiana--New Orleans","School boards--Louisiana--New Orleans","School board presidents--Louisiana--New Orleans","News agencies--Louisiana--New Orleans","Reporters and reporting--Louisiana--New Orleans","White Citizens councils--Louisiana","Whites--Louisiana--New Orleans","United States marshals--Louisiana--New Orleans","Demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race relations","Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","Civil rights movements--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","Federal-state controversies--Louisiana","School superintendents--Louisiana--New Orleans","Maps","Typewriters--Louisiana--New Orleans","Television--Receivers and reception","Lawyers--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Crowds--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police chiefs--Louisiana--New Orleans","School crossing guards--Louisiana--New Orleans","Flags--Confederate States of America","Automobiles--Louisiana--New Orleans","Pickets--Louisiana--New Orleans","Signs and signboards--Louisiana--New Orleans","Executions in effigy--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a press conference held by the Orleans Parish School Board; the office of a news organization; a man reading a report to the press; state representative John S. Garrett of Claiborne Parish speaking at a White Citizens' Council rally; white protesters and United States marshals at the court-ordered desegregation of William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools; and comments by reporter Ray Moore about school integration in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn45008"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn45008"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn45008, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a press conference held by the Orleans Parish School Board; the office of a news organization; a man reading a report to the press; state representative John S. Garrett of Claiborne Parish speaking at a White Citizens' Council rally; white protesters and United States marshals at the court-ordered desegregation of William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools; and comments by reporter Ray Moore about school integration in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1065, 36:54/49:30, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 12 mins., 36 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Garrett, John S.","Moore, Ray, 1922-","Sutherland, Matthew R. (Matthew Rozelius), 1919-","Rittiner, Lloyd J., 1916-1991","Redmond, James F.","Rosenberg, Samuel I. (Samuel Irving), 1915-1993","Giarrusso, Joseph, 1923-2005"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39378","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of interviews with Police Chief Joseph Giarrusso, the Gabrielle family, and Mayor deLesseps Morrison as well as images of the community of New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Moore, Ray, 1922-","Giarrusso, Joseph, 1923-2005","Morrison, deLesseps S. (deLesseps Story), 1912-1964","Gabrielle, James","Gabrielle, Daisy","Gabrielle, Yolanda"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 1960, Atlanta reporter Ray Moore interviews New Orleans Police Chief Joseph Giarrusso, Mayor DeLesseps Morrison, and the Gabrielle family, and the camera focuses on images of the community of New Orleans, Louisiana.","The clip begins with New Orleans Police Chief Joseph Giarrusso sitting in an office being interviewed; reporter Ray Moore speaks to Giarrusso off-screen. Giarrusso explains that following a large demonstration against court-ordered school desegregation, the police barricaded an area and did not arrest demonstrators. Giarrusso explains the need to be \"cognizant of community sentiment and feeling\" and for the need \"to be patient and tolerant with both elements if we are going to succeed.\"","After a break in the clip, reporter Ray Moore is seen sitting in a home with a white family, James and Daisy Gabrielle and their first-grade daughter, Yolanda. Moore asks Daisy when she decided to take Yolanda to the integrated William Frantz Public School. Daisy explains that after the week-long Thanksgiving holiday, she decided to send Yolanda to the integrated school, even though she was scared, because she believed it was the right thing to do. The clip breaks again, and Moore asks James Gabrielle if he had anticipated his job loss and the community's strongly negative reaction to sending Yolanda to an integrated school. Gabrielle admits that he expected the neighbors would disapprove of the action, but decided it was more important to send his daughter to school than to keep his job. Moore speaks briefly to Yolanda who indicates that she has enjoyed school and has not felt scared. Moore begins to ask Daisy another question, but a break in the clip cuts him off and returns in the middle of Daisy's response to his question.","Next, Moore asks James if he and his wife had discussed the possible effects of sending Yolanda to an integrated school. James reports that they talked things over with Yolanda, and she said she wanted to go to Frantz school. The decided to send her to school rather than remover her. If needed, they would permit her to take a few days off. Responding to another question, James affirms his belief in the importance of education.","The clip breaks again and returns to Daisy responding to a question about the public's reaction to her choice. Daisy reports that while she has received a few crank letters, she has also received hundreds of letters of support from all over the country. Moore then asks James about his job; following a lot of pressure at work, James quit his job and began looking for another in New Orleans. He indicates that he would like to keep his family in New Orleans, but if he cannot find another job, he will move to Rhode Island. He explains that he grew up in Rhode Island and that his family still lives there. The camera focuses on the family for a few moments after the interview ends.","After a black screen, Moore is seen in another office interviewing New Orleans Mayor deLesseps Morrison. Moore begins to ask a question about the November 16 demonstration, but the question is interrupted by a break in the clip. When the clip returns, Mayor Morrison talks about the demonstration, explaining that a large group of teenagers gathered in front of city hall and then moved on to the school board office. Although the demonstrators were fairly calm at city hall, in part because of the police presence, they grew more rowdy at the school board office. Morrison reports that police used hoses to control the demonstration. After another break in the clip, Morrison goes on to say that the city did not allow the Citizens' Council from Jefferson to demonstrate later that week because the city felt protesters had abused the right to peacefully demonstrate. Also, recent events had overt-taxed the police force. Morrison also speaks of trying to arrest leaders of the demonstrations, but authorities found that the group did not have a true leadership structure.","After a final break, the clip shows several images from around town. First, the camera focuses on an unidentified school building with cars parked out front and others driving past. Second, a policeman walks along a sidewalk in a neighborhood of block-style apartment buildings. Finally the clip shows a night shot of downtown New Orleans in the Canal Street business district. Among the street lights are signs for the Holmes Department Store.","In 1956, federal Judge J. Skelly Wright overturned the New Orleans school segregation laws. After several years of resistance by the Orleans Parish School Board and the Louisiana state legislature, Judge Wright ordered the school board to begin desegregating the first grade in the fall of 1960. White protesters, angered by the court-ordered integration which took place November 14, demonstrated in downtown New Orleans on November 16 and were eventually turned back by policemen using hoses. James and Daisy Gabrielle, a white couple living in New Orleans' Ninth Ward, resisted the Citizens' Council's boycott of the integrated schools and sent their daughter Yolanda to William Frantz elementary school. Pressure, anger, and resentment from the community James to quit his job and to move the family to Rhode Island in December 1960. By the time the family moved, they were so afraid for their safety that they traveled in two groups.","Reporter: Moore, Ray, 1922-","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn39378"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","Students--United States","Children, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","Reporters and reporting--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Whites--Louisiana--New Orleans","Interviews--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race relations","Civil rights movements--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","Federal-state controversies--Louisiana","Mayors--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police chiefs--Louisiana--New Orleans","Demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","Central business districts--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of interviews with Police Chief Joseph Giarrusso, the Gabrielle family, and Mayor deLesseps Morrison as well as images of the community of New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39378"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39378"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn39378, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of interviews with Police Chief Joseph Giarrusso, the Gabrielle family, and Mayor deLesseps Morrison as well as images of the community of New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0251, 25:00/35:41, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 10 mins., 41 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Moore, Ray, 1922-","Giarrusso, Joseph, 1923-2005","Morrison, deLesseps S. 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