{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43242","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives member Lucius Black speaking to a reporter about proposed legislation granting financial aid to students expelled from the University of Georgia and of representative Marvin L. Summers condemning the United States Supreme Court for legislating from the bench in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Black, James Lucius, 1915-2004","Summers, Marvin L., 1927-1997"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Atlanta, Georgia in January 1961, House of Representatives member Lucius Black of Webster County speaks to a reporter about a grant for students expelled from the University of Georgia, and representative Marvin Lester Summers of Crisp county condemns the Supreme Court for legislating from the bench.","The clip begins with a reporter interviewing representative Black about a House resolution to provide grants to students expelled from the University of Georgia for peaceful demonstrations. Black explains that the resolution would provide the tuition a student would have to pay to attend another school. He believes that the university was wrong in expelling students for peaceful demonstrations against segregation. After a January 11 over-time loss in a basketball game against Georgia Tech, a crowd gathered outside Charlayne Hunter's dormitory and began throwing things at the dormitory. The crowd was eventually dispersed through the use of tear gas, and some white students were expelled from the university for their involvement in the protest. Although the bill was read twice in the House of Representatives, the record does not indicate it was ever sent to the Senate.","Next, representative Marvin Lester Summers from Crisp County speaks to the House of Representatives. He declares that the United States Constitution is the law of the land, and asserts that there is a gap between the constitution and the United States Supreme Court. Summers proclaims that United States citizens will rectify the problem because they do not \"stand quietly by while they are robbed of their last liberties.\" He reminds the audience that the Georgia legislature has previously denounced the Supreme Court's \"illegal actions,\" demanding that \"that tyrant sitting on that court be impeached.\" Summers reaffirms the legislature's previous position.","Two African American students who had filed a lawsuit for admittance to the University of Georgia were ordered admitted by federal judge William A. Bootle on January 6, 1961. The state of Georgia petitioned the Supreme Court for a reversal of the decision on January 10, but their petition was denied.  Opinion of the forced integration varied among citizens and lawmakers in Georgia. After judge Bootle declared the 1956 appropriations law blocking the transfer of state funds to integrated institutions, Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver encouraged the state to move from a position of massive resistance to one of accepting integration.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43242"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Legislators--Georgia--Attitudes","College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Athens","Resolutions, Legislative--Georgia--Athens","Tuition--Georgia--Athens","College students--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","Government, Resistance to--Georgia","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia","College integration--Georgia--Athens--Public opinion","Public opinion--Georgia--Athens"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives member Lucius Black speaking to a reporter about proposed legislation granting financial aid to students expelled from the University of Georgia and of representative Marvin L. Summers condemning the United States Supreme Court for legislating from the bench in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43242"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43242"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43242, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives member Lucius Black speaking to a reporter about proposed legislation granting financial aid to students expelled from the University of Georgia and of representative Marvin L. Summers condemning the United States Supreme Court for legislating from the bench in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0970, 54:24/56:30, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 6 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Black, James Lucius, 1915-2004","Summers, Marvin L., 1927-1997"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43212","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives members Byrom Mashburn Fitzgerald and Edgar Blalock addressing a committee about the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Fitzgerald, Byrom Mashburn, 1913-1969","Blalock, Edgar, 1901-1999"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, Georgia in January 1961, House of Representatives members Byrom Mashburn Fitzgerald of Ludowici, Long County and Edgar Blalock of Jonesboro, Clayton County address a committee about the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia. The clip begins with a portion of a statement by representative Fitzgerald who is speaking with his back to the camera. Next, representative Blalock reports that he had advised students at the university, but he is unsure of the impact of his counsel. He emphasizes that the federal courts have taken the matter of integration out of the hands of the Georgia legislature. African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in the summer of 1959 but were denied, according to the university, based on lack of space. After several other unsuccessful applications, lawyers Donald Hollowell, Horace T. Ward, and Constance B. Motley filed a federal lawsuit against the university on behalf of the students. On January 6, 1961 federal judge William A. Bootle ordered the university to admit the students and to stop rejecting applicants solely based on race. State officials debated closing the university rather than integrating, but in the end choose to allow the university to integrate.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43212"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["College students--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","Legislators--Georgia--Attitudes","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia","Government, Resistance to--Georgia","College integration--Georgia--Athens--Public opinion","Public opinion--Georgia--Athens"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives members Byrom Mashburn Fitzgerald and Edgar Blalock addressing a committee about the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43212"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43212"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43212, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia House of Representatives members Byrom Mashburn Fitzgerald and Edgar Blalock addressing a committee about the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0970, 7:05/07:41, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 36 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Fitzgerald, Byrom Mashburn, 1913-1969","Blalock, Edgar, 1901-1999"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43214","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students at the University of Georgia responding to a reporter's questions about the school's integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Bireley, Denoe A."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Athens, Georgia in January 1961, several unidentified white students at the University of Georgia respond to a reporter's questions regarding the university's integration.  The students stand near Sanford Stadium, the University of Georgia's football stadium. The first student affirms his belief that African Americans are entitled to attend the university; he adds that he is against integration too quickly \"because there are certain southern traditions that if pushed too fast will cause violence, and I am against violence.\" The second student believes that integration at the university could be handled with very little trouble. Next, a young woman, identified as Denoe \"DeeDee\" Bireley from Ft. Lauderdale, Florida says that she would not like living in a dormitory with an African American woman and believes the other women in the dormitories would not like it either. Finally, the last student interviewed, possibly junior Mary King also believes that women would not like an African American in the dorm, stating \"they would probably just ignore her.\" King does reply to a reporter's question that an African American student living off campus probably would not cause any problems. Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in the summer of 1959, but were denied based on lack of space according to the university. After several other unsuccessful applications, lawyers for the two students filed a federal lawsuit against the university. On January 6, 1961, federal judge William A. Bootle ordered the university to admit the students and to stop rejecting applicants solely based on race; Hunter and Holmes began attending classes at the University of Georgia on January 11, ending 176 years of segregation.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43214"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Interviews--Georgia--Athens","College students--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","College integration--Georgia--Athens","Race relations","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia","College integration--Georgia--Athens--Public opinion","Public opinion--Georgia--Athens","Athens (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students at the University of Georgia responding to a reporter's questions about the school's integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43214"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43214"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43214, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students at the University of Georgia responding to a reporter's questions about the school's integration in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0970, 9:25/10:29, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 4 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Bireley, Denoe A.","Holmes, Hamilton, 1941-","Hunter-Gault, Charlayne"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36888","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students debating integration at the University of Georgia following the court-ordered admission of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from January 1961, several unidentified white students at the University of Georgia debate the university's court-ordered integration and the admission of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes. The debating students, standing on the steps of a campus building, are divided by their opinion; those against African American students at the university stand on the left and the student arguing for the African American students at the university stands on the right. The students against integration argue that the state provides educational institutions for African Americans and ask why Holmes and Hunter do not want to attend those institutions. The student for integration explains that the African American colleges do not provide the same opportunities as white colleges. One of the students against integration responds that the University of Georgia also pays to send African American students to out-of-state institutions if they want to go. The student for integration asks his fellow debaters if they would like to have to attend school out of state instead of having the privilege of staying close to home. The students against integration repeat that the state provides African American institutions, adding that African Americans would not be able to build the schools without the state's financial support. The student for integration counters that African Americans do not have the same employment opportunities and so do not pay as much in taxes as white citizens. Continuing, he asserts that the African American students seeking integration want to improve their economic and educational status. He concludes by asking if African Americans are lesser citizens of the state than those with whom he is debating.","During the 1950s, African American Horace T. Ward unsuccessfully sought to attend the University of Georgia Law school. In 1959, Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes applied to attend the university but their applications were denied, allegedly based on lack of space. After several other unsuccessful attempts, lawyers for Hunter and Holmes filed a federal lawsuit. On January 6, 1961 federal judge William A. Bootle ordered that the university could not refuse the students admission based solely on their race. Hunter and Holmes began attending the university January 11, 1961, ending 176 years of segregation on the campus. Although some white students and citizens felt the university should be closed rather than agree to federally-ordered integration, state officials chose to keep the school open.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn36888"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["College students--Georgia--Athens","College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia--Athens","Debates and debating--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia--Athens","College integration--Georgia--Athens--Public opinion","Public opinion--Georgia--Athens"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students debating integration at the University of Georgia following the court-ordered admission of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36888"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36888"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn36888, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students debating integration at the University of Georgia following the court-ordered admission of African American students Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes in Athens, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0815, 49:56/51:40, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 44 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42486","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the chairman of the University System of Georgia Board of Regents Robert O. Arnold speaking to reporters about the recent integration of the University of Georgia from offices in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Arnold, Robert O."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from January 1961, chairman of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia, Robert O. Arnold, speaks to reporters about integration at the University of Georgia from an office in Atlanta, Georgia.","The clip begins with a man putting a microphone around the neck of Robert O. Arnold, chairman of the Board of Regents. The man also adjusts a small table in front of Arnold with several microphones on it. A reporter sits down on the couch next to Arnold and asks him to identify the reason for the recent calm at the University of Georgia which had been integrated by court order January 9, 1961. Arnold praises the \"fine conduct of everybody concerned with this affair.\" He specifically mentions the Sunday, January 15 agreement between University officials and news reporters where the reporters agreed to stay away from campus. University officials believed such efforts would minimize the possibility of crowds gathering and help students build a routine.","Arnold declines to comment on restrictions university officials have placed on students because he has not visited the campus in several days. He also declines to comment on the students' mood for the same reason. Responding to a follow up question about the press and crowds Arnold states that \"crowds gather around the press and the press gathers around the crowds.\" Arnold refuses to comment on the possible involvement of the press in the January 11 riot on campus, in part because \"other people have commented too much already about this.\" The first reporter asks Arnold about African American applicants to other segregated schools in the University System of Georgia. Arnold expresses his confidence that admissions offices at other schools in the system will evaluate the merits of applicants. The Georgia Institute of Technology integrated in the fall of 1961 when three African American young men were admitted to the school. Asked again about the press's influence on racial tension at the university, Arnold suggests the press provides sensation to people who are looking for it. Finally a reporter counters Arnold's claim by asserting that the press presents \"exactly what happened as we see it.\"","Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first applied to the University of Georgia in July 1959. University officials claimed \"lack of space\" and refused to admit the two African American students for several quarters. In the fall of 1960, African American attorneys Donald Hollowell, Constance B. Motley, and Horace T. Ward filed a federal lawsuit seeking admission for the two students. Federal judge William A. Bootle on January 6, 1961 ordered the university to admit the two students, ending the university's segregation. Holmes and Hunter registered for classes January 9, and attended their first classes on campus January 11. White students and citizens rioted on January 11 following a basketball game where the University of Georgia team lost to Georgia Tech, leading to the suspension of Hunter and Holmes and their return to Atlanta. Some of the white students who were arrested during the riot were also suspended, leading other legislators to propose bills paying their tuition at other institutions. On January 13, judge Bootle ordered the university to readmit the two students, and they returned to classes January 16.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42486"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","College integration--Georgia--Athens","Segregation in education--Georgia","Microphone","Tables--Georgia--Atlanta","Sofas--Georgia--Atlanta","Crowds--Georgia--Athens","Race riots--Georgia--Athens","African American college students--Georgia--Athens","Press conferences--Georgia--Atlanta","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia--Athens","College integration--Georgia--Athens--Press coverage","Athens (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the chairman of the University System of Georgia Board of Regents Robert O. Arnold speaking to reporters about the recent integration of the University of Georgia from offices in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42486"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42486"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-01-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42486, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the chairman of the University System of Georgia Board of Regents Robert O. Arnold speaking to reporters about the recent integration of the University of Georgia from offices in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 January, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0935, 25:44/30:23, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 4 mins., 39 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Arnold, Robert O.","Aderhold, O. C., 1899-1969"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33012","title":"CHILDREN RECEIVE ESCORTS INTO SCHOOL","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-12-08"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Education","Legislation","Segregation","Police","Schools"],"dcterms_title":["CHILDREN RECEIVE ESCORTS INTO SCHOOL"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33012"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33012"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn33012, (No title), WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0735, 3:39/04:21, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44811","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of an interracial classroom, interviews with Armand Duvio and Louise Tate, a reporter speaking about the influence of the Louisiana legislature, and outtakes from commentary on the school integration crisis in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 December","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Moore, Ray, 1922-","Duvio, Armand","Tate, Louise"],"dcterms_spatial":["Mississippi River, 39.548248, -91.153628","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-12-01"],"dcterms_description":["In this compilation WSB newsfilm clip from December 1960, students in an interracial classroom sit at desks; reporter Ray Moore interviews Armand Duvio about private education for white students and later speaks to Louise Tate, the mother of an African American student sent to a previously all-white school; an unidentified reporter talks about the role of the Louisiana state legislature in school desegregation; and Ray Moore records commentary on the court-ordered school integration in New Orleans, Louisiana.","The clip begins by showing an interracial group of students in an unidentified classroom. The students sit at desks with their hands folded while they look at the camera. In the back of the room, an open book sits on a table with its pages blowing in the breeze. This clip appears to come from an area other than New Orleans. In New Orleans, only the first grade in two schools desegregated in 1960. However, after the schools integrated, the school board reclassified the two schools as \"girl only\" schools.","Next, WSB-TV reporter Ray Moore interviews Armand Duvio, a New Orleans plumber with a central role in arranging private education for white students from the desegregated William Frantz and McDonogh 19 elementary schools. Duvio explains that since the courts will not reverse the order to integrate schools, parents who want segregated education have to provide alternatives for their children. He indicates that he is upset with the school integration partly because of the selection of poor schools and partly because those enforcing integration do not send their children to integrated schools. Duvio says he has no problem with parents who choose to send their children to the integrated schools as long as they are not paid to do so. His comment refers to Daisy Gabrielle and Reverend Lloyd Foreman, two white parents who ignored the school boycott and sent their daughters to William Frantz elementary school. He goes on to praise the alternative school organized by white parents with the help of the Citizens' Council and declares that it is better than the public schools in New Orleans. Duvio, who had been actively involved with parent-supported programs at Frantz school before the court-ordered integration, was instrumental in helping set up the Arabi Elementary Annex. With the aid of the White Citizens' Council, white parents from Frantz and McDonough 19 schools set up and ran the segregated, cooperative school. The school opened December 7 in a former automobile assembly plant and housed several hundred first-, second-, and third-grade students. It was later absorbed into the St. Bernard school system which also provided education for the fourth- through sixth-grade students from the integrated schools.","After a break in the clip, Moore interviews Louise Tate, mother of Leona Tate, one of the three African American girls who integrated McDonogh 19 elementary school on November 14. Mrs. Tate sits with a young boy on her lap. The recorded interview begins with Moore asking Tate what she thinks will happen during the school integration crisis, as the media called it. Tate replies that she does not know what the outcome will be. Asked when she began thinking of Leona attending an integrated school, Tate reports that after they filled in the application and Leona passed the test, the family began considering the idea. She explains that she saw information about the application in the newspaper, and that she thinks Leona will get a better education at McDonogh 19 than in the school for African Americans she had attended before. She also indicates that before submitting the application, she did not know A. P. Tureaud, one of the African American lawyers involved in the school desegregation lawsuit. Tate also reports that she has not received any threats as a result of her daughter integrating the elementary school.","The clip breaks again and then focuses on several white men sitting in a news office. An unidentified reporter speaks about the Louisiana state legislature which held several special sessions about the court-ordered desegregation in the fall of 1960. The reporter explains that while most legislators do not speak during the floor debate, nearly all the legislators vote for total segregation. Those who do speak denounce the federal courts, the mayor and police force of New Orleans, and the federal marshals protecting the African American students. One legislator \"urged a lynch party for what he called 'integrationist white parents,'\" a comment the reporter suggests was in poor taste but was not meant to be taken literally. As a whole, the legislature has asked parents to boycott integrated schools and to demonstrate peacefully. The reporter is unsure whether these legislative promptings have encouraged some of the \"very minor incidents of violence\" experienced in New Orleans. He is also unsure if the legislature will eventually change its attitude, even though many recognize the choice will eventually be between open, integrated schools or closed schools, with the option for private education. Legislators, he continues, feel responsible to the people they represent, who want them to fight for segregated education. After another break in the clip, the camera shows more images of the news office and Ray Moore speaking to others there.","After another clip break, outtakes show Ray Moore preparing commentary on school integration in New Orleans as he stands on a boat in the Mississippi River. Because New Orleans was ordered to integrate the year before Atlanta schools, WSB-TV covered the integration closely in order to inform and prepare the community for the scheduled integration.","In 1956, federal judge J. Skelly Wright, responding to a lawsuit brought by African American lawyers A. P. Tureaud, Daniel Byrd with the help of Thurgood Marshall, overturned New Orleans school segregation laws. After several years of resistance by the Orleans Parish school board and the Louisiana state legislature, Wright ordered the board to begin desegregating the first grade in the fall of 1960. The state legislature continued its fight against integration even beyond the first day of integrated school, November 14, 1960. Legislators passed laws removing the school board and attempted to interpose their authority between the federal courts and New Orleans. Federal judges continually thwarted these legislative attempts by overturning the legislation and issuing injunctions banning the legislature, the governor, and other state officials from interfering with the schools. The majority of the school board recognized the inevitability of the court-ordered integration and began preparing for integration by implementing a pupil-placement plan and seeking applicants willing to transfer to white schools in the middle of the school year. From the 135 applications received, the board chose four African American girls to integrate two elementary schools, William Frantz and McDonogh 19. Both schools were located in the poor Ninth Ward of the city. Officials from Southern communities that had already begun desegregation warned the Orleans Parish school board against desegregating poor schools first. The school board ignored this advice. White parents, angered by the integration and the school selection protested outside the schools every morning and afternoon, boycotted the schools, and refused to send their children to Frantz or McDonogh 19. Although many of the one-thousand white students affected enrolled in the St. Bernard Parish schools or the private cooperative schools, an estimated three hundred students did not attend school that year.","Reporter: Moore, Ray, 1922-","Title supplied by cataloger.","Optical sound.","Condition notes: 2009-03-01, Leader Replaced (Yancey)"],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn44811"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","Students--United States","Children, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American children--Louisiana--New Orleans","Reporters and reporting--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Men, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American women--Louisiana--New Orleans","Legislative bodies--Louisiana--New Orleans","Private schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","Interviews--Louisiana--New Orleans","Lawyers--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American lawyers--Louisiana--New Orleans","Boats and boating--Louisiana--New Orleans","News agencies--Louisiana--New Orleans","White Citizens councils--Louisiana","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race relations","Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","Civil rights movements--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","Federal-state controversies--Louisiana","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of an interracial classroom, interviews with Armand Duvio and Louise Tate, a reporter speaking about the influence of the Louisiana legislature, and outtakes from commentary on the school integration crisis in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 December"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44811"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44811"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-12-01"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn44811, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of an interracial classroom, interviews with Armand Duvio and Louise Tate, a reporter speaking about the influence of the Louisiana legislature, and outtakes from commentary on the school integration crisis in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 December, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1046, 46:20/57:56, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 11 mins., 36 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Moore, Ray, 1922-","Duvio, Armand","Tate, Louise","Tureaud, Alexander Pierre, 1899-1972"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42576","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the William Frantz and McDonogh elementary schools after court-ordered desegregation, white demonstrators protesting integration, and a segregated cooperative school in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 December","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Duvio, Armand","Gabrielle, James"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507","United States, Louisiana, Saint Bernard Parish, 29.87399, -89.82422"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-12"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from December 1960, white demonstrators protest the court-ordered integration of William Frantz Public School, white parents ignore a boycott and take their daughters to school, and other white parents organize an alternative, segregated school for students from Frantz and McDonogh 19 schools in New Orleans, Louisiana.","The clip begins with white demonstrators standing outside of the William Frantz public school protesting its November 14 integration. The men and women are dressed in warm clothes; many wear hats, scarves, and heavy jackets. A white woman and her daughter, Daisy and Yolanda Gabrielle, walk up the sidewalk towards Frantz school. Next, two men are seen walking with a child between them. The men are Methodist minister Lloyd A. Foreman, who is taking his daughter Pamela Lynn to school, and Catholic priest Jerome A. Drolet. After the November 14 integration of William Frantz and McDonogh 19 schools, the local White Citizens Council organized a boycott of the schools. Most parents took their children out of the schools and either organized private schools or did not send their children to school that year. Two families, the Gabrielles and the Foremans, ignored the boycott and continued to walk through crowds of shouting demonstrators to take their daughters to school. Community pressure caused both families to leave New Orleans by December 14.","Next, the clip briefly shows the Louisiana state capitol building in Baton Rouge and men in a legislative chamber talking to one another over the dais. When the clip returns to the Frantz school in New Orleans, some of the images from the beginning of the clip are repeated. After the repeating images, a reporter interviews white women standing in the crowd in front of Frantz school. Two women enthusiastically commit to \"keep fighting\" against integration. Another woman indicates her desire to maintain segregated schools regardless of federal court decisions. Threatened by the court-ordered school desegregation scheduled to begin November 14, the Louisiana state legislature had passed several series of laws to block integration. On November 30, a three-judge federal court ruled against the legislature's laws, refused to suspend desegregation, and enjoined more than seven hundred state and local officials, including all the members of the state legislature and Governor Jimmy H. Davis from further intervention in school integration. According to some accounts, the ruling was the thirty-seventh time the federal courts had denied requests for segregated classes.","After the women's comments, police and other cars drive down the street while a crowd of white protesters stand on the sidewalk. At times, the image is washed out and not clear. At one point, a car drives past with a Confederate battle flag on the antenna. Following the washed-out clip section, policemen stand at the bottom of the stairs in front of McDonogh 19 school, the other school integrated by African American first grade students November 14. Then, a white man in a coat and hat speaks to an off-screen reporter. Asked about second and third grade students from Frantz and McDonogh schools, the man, Armand Duvio, a plumber who headed the Frantz-McDonogh Private Cooperative, indicates there will be alternate segregated facilities for every white student from the two integrated schools, either in the private school or in the schools in neighboring St. Bernard Parish. Duvio, backed by the White Citizens Council and other local segregationists, led an effort to organize a private cooperative school for whites in neighboring St. Bernard Parish. Even with the cooperative school and the option of attending schools in the still-segregated St. Bernard Parish, nearly three hundred white children did not attend school following the November 14 desegregation.","The clip then focuses on a block-style housing building that has white children and a full clothesline. Inside, James, Daisy, and Yolanda Gabrielle sit on chairs and a couch. James Gabrielle speaks to the camera before his comments are recorded. When he speaks, he indicates that he was forced out of his job and is unable to find another because of community dissapproval. He confirms that although the family may have to leave Louisiana, he feels he is doing the right thing. After nearly a month of walking through shouting crowds of angry white demonstrators, losing a job, and receiving threatening phone calls and letters, the Gabrielles and their six children left Louisiana and moved to Rhode Island. The family was so concerned for their safety that they did not travel together as they left the state, choosing to send half of the family by car and half by train.","Later, white men direct a bus with the sign \"Free private bus\" as it pulls up to a large building that looks like an airplane hangar. Inside the building, white men walk around. Outside, white children get off the bus and walk past adults standing nearby. A white man steps on the bus as it pulls away. On December 1, 1960, Armand Duvio and other white parents organizing alternative education signed leases on two buildings (including a former mortar rebuilding plan) to be converted into private schools. They announced plans for volunteer workers, mostly union men, to prepare the buildings on the weekend. News reports also indicated the state planned to provide text books, and the school would start holding classes the following week. The school was dubbed Arabi Elementary Annex, named for a nearby school in St. Bernard Parish, and was eventually absorbed into the St. Bernard school system.","The clip ends back in front of the Frantz school. People get out of cars parked near a police officer and walk down the sidewalk. Another car has a sign on its side, \"Free coffee for all white mothers.\" White women fill cups from coffee pots sitting on the car's tailgate and groups of white men and women stand around, some with cups in their hands. Finally, a white couple stands on a street corner.","In 1956, Federal judge J. Skelly Wright overturned New Orleans' school segregation laws. Orleans Parish School Board officials and the Louisiana state legislature fought integration for several years until 1960, when school board officials agreed to Judge Wright's grade-a-year integration plan. The plan desegregated the first grade in November 1960. During consultations with leaders from other Southern communities that had integrated their schools under court orders, the Orleans Parish School Board was discouraged from desegregating schools in poor neighborhoods first. The school board ignored this advice and choose to integrate two schools in the poor Ninth Ward of New Orleans, William Frantz and McDonogh 19. While the school board did not reveal the chosen schools or the names of the four African American girls selected to integrate the schools, a large police presence at the schools tipped off white demonstrators, who gathered and shouted at the students and their federal marshals escorts. Groups gathered every morning and afternoon for the rest of the year to yell and throw things at both the African American students and the few white parents who tried to send their children to Frantz school. Among those who helped establish the private white schools were Louisiana state legislators who each contributed fifty dollars from their salaries to support the efforts to continue segregation. By December 1, nearly five hundred white students from Frantz and McDonogh had enrolled in the still-segregated St. Bernard Parish schools. However, even with the opportunities to attend the private school or the schools in St. Bernard Parish, nearly 300 children did not receive a formal education that school year.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42576"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","Demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race relations","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Private schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","African Americans--Civil rights--Louisiana--New Orleans","Civil rights movements--Louisiana--New Orleans","Whites--Louisiana--New Orleans","White Citizens councils--Louisiana--New Orleans","Legislative bodies--Louisiana","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police vehicles--Louisiana--New Orleans","Flags--Confederate States of America","African American students--Louisiana--New Orleans","Buses--Louisiana--New Orleans","Coffeepots--Louisiana--New Orleans","Clergy--Louisiana--New Orleans","Intimidation--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Louisiana--Capital and capitol"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the William Frantz and McDonogh elementary schools after court-ordered desegregation, white demonstrators protesting integration, and a segregated cooperative school in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 December"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42576"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42576"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-12"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42576, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of the William Frantz and McDonogh elementary schools after court-ordered desegregation, white demonstrators protesting integration, and a segregated cooperative school in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 December, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0938, 36:43/39:52, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 3 mins., 9 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Gabrielle, Daisy","Gabrielle, Yolanda","Foreman, Lloyd Andrew","Foreman, Pamela Lynn","Drolet, Jerome Andrew, 1908-1995","Duvio, Armand","Gabrielle, James"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39675","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of segregationist demonstrators protesting the integration of William Frantz Public School, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 29","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Ninth Ward New Orleans, 30.089567, -89.86922","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-29"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from November 29, 1960, segregationist mothers in New Orleans demonstrate against the integration of William Frantz Public School and shout at Daisy Gabrielle and her daughter, Yolanda, as they walk to school.","The clip begins in a New Orleans Ninth Ward neighborhood; cars drive down the street and people walk along the sidewalk. A white mother and schoolgirl, Daisy Gabrielle and her six-year-old daughter Yolanda, walk down the sidewalk escorted by policemen who walk in front of and behind the two. In the background, people shout at the two as they walk. Later, some of the yelling women walk behind the Gabrielles. The protesting women jump up and down and clap their hands; another woman comes out of her house, apparently to ask the protesters to leave her yard. Next, women holding a Bible chant, \"Two, four, six, eight, we don't want to integrate.\" Another woman yells at someone off-screen, \"Reverend, we have a Bible out here.\" And \"I ain't seen integration in here yet.","Federal judge J. Skelly Wright ordered the Orleans Parish School Board to begin integrating schools in the fall of 1960 after nearly four years of delay from his original integration ruling in 1956. The school board agreed to integrate schools on a grade-a-year plan, beginning with the first grade that fall. The board then invited African Americans parents who wanted to transfer their children to white schools to submit applications to the school board. Of the 135 transfer applicants, four first-grade girls were selected to attend two schools in the poorer Ninth Ward. After assigning Ruby Bridges to William Frantz school and Leona Tate, Tessie Prevost, and Gail Etienne to McDonogh 19, the board reclassified the schools as all-girl schools. Officials from Norfolk, Virginia, who had already undergone court-ordered integration, warned school board members not to begin desegregation with poor schools. Parents from two New Orleans elementary schools in more affluent sections of the city also volunteered their schools for integration. The board's decision to ignore the advice and assistance of others and integrate Ninth Ward schools caused extra tension among local parents. Many parents felt their children were being sacrificed to integration and resented that the children of school board members, community leaders, and even Judge Wright still attended segregated schools. The four girls began attending the previously all-white schools on November 14. White segregationist women, nicknamed \"the cheerleaders,\" protested integration every morning and afternoon at both schools by screaming and yelling at the African American girls, who were escorted to and from school by Federal marshals. The \"cheerleaders\" and other whites also attacked the few white parents who ignored a boycott of the schools arranged by the Louisiana Citizens' Council and braved the crowds to send their children to the elementary schools. Daisy Gabrielle was one of the white parents to send a child to William Frantz from November 14 until December 14. After her husband lost his job and the community turned on the family, the Gabrielles finally left the state. Methodist minister Lloyd Andrew Foreman also took his daughter Pamela Lynn to the integrated William Frantz for a month before pressure by white community members also caused the family to move. Roman Catholic priest Reverend Jerme Drolet escorted Foreman and his daughter to school and was also maligned by the crowd.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn39675"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Crowds--Louisiana--New Orleans","Demonstrations--Louisiana--New Orleans","Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","School children--Louisiana--New Orleans","Children, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Women, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race relations--Religious aspects","Intimidation--Louisiana--New Orleans","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of segregationist demonstrators protesting the integration of William Frantz Public School, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 29"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39675"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn39675"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-29"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn39675, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of segregationist demonstrators protesting the integration of William Frantz Public School, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1960 November 29, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0838, 46:59/48:08, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 9 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Gabrielle, Yolanda","Gabrielle, Daisy"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn37054","title":"SURVEY OF RACIAL TENSION IN MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, 32.75041, -86.75026"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-25"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African Americans","Social history","Football","Discrimination","Montgomery (Ala.)"],"dcterms_title":["SURVEY OF RACIAL TENSION IN MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn37054"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn37054"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43244","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students from the Atlanta University Center picketing segregated downtown stores in Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-25"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip possibly from November 25, 1960, African American students from the Atlanta University Center leave the campus of Morris Brown College to picket segregated stores in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The clip begins with African American students marching toward an unidentified building on the campus of the Atlanta University Center. A young man in a hat stands outside smoking. One marching student appears to have a bundle under his arm. Students stand around outside the building while others walk into the building. Later an interracial group of students appears to sing as they walk past cars and across a street watched by observers, including an African American woman in an apron who stands in a storefront. A few students hand out picket signs to others; the picket signs have the slogans \"Don't buy here,\" \"Wear old clothes with new dignity don't buy here,\" \"Don't buy at Kress,\" \"Christ died for all,\" and \"Don't buy at W.T. Grant.\" Students lined up along a sidewalk wave to someone or something off camera. The camera also shows the Morris Brown clock tower. The demonstrators march up a sidewalk heading downtown; the streets appear to have a light amount of snow. Many of the signs carried by the students have the slogan \"Rich's sells segregation\" and \"Don't buy at Rich's.\" Although a variety of civil rights organizations worked to better the situation of African Americans in Atlanta throughout the twentieth century, African American students from the Atlanta University Center became heavily involved in leading protests following the nationally publicized February 1960 student-led sit-ins in Greensville, North Carolina. Atlanta University Center students involved with the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) worked with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to organize segregation protests in Atlanta. The two groups organized a \"Fall Campaign\" beginning on October 19, 1960; on October 22, African American leaders agreed to a month-long truce in which city officials, business owners, and African Americans worked toward a compromise. When no agreement was reached by November 25, African American students joined by white students from Emory University and Agnes Scott College resumed demonstrations and flooded downtown stores including Rich's, Woolworth's, and McCrory's.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43244"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African American college students--Georgia--Atlanta","College students--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Central business districts--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Stores, Retail--Georgia--Atlanta","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Direct action--Georgia--Atlanta","Protest marches--Georgia--Atlanta","Passive resistance--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Singing--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students from the Atlanta University Center picketing segregated downtown stores in Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43244"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43244"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-25"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43244, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students from the Atlanta University Center picketing segregated downtown stores in Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0970, 58:29/60:29, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43154","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students picketing several segregated stores in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1960-11-25"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip possibly from November 25, 1960, African Americans and whites picket several segregated stores in downtown Atlanta including Rich's, W.T. Grant, J. Newberry Co., and the National Shirt Shops. The clip begins with an interracial group of students walking along a sidewalk and down steps on the campus of Morris Brown college, part of the historically African American Atlanta University Center. The students continue walking on a sidewalk up a hill carrying signs with the slogans \"Don't shop at Rich's\" and \"Rich's sells segregation.\" In downtown Atlanta people cross busy streets and two white women appear to watch something. Picketers walk in front of a store, carrying signs with the slogans, \"Khrushchev can eat here???\" \"Wear old clothes with new dignity. Don't buy here!\" \"Christ died for all,\" and \"Don't buy at W.T. Grant.\" Other African Americans walking in front of the J. Newberry Co. also carry picket signs. Other picket sign slogans include \"Don't buy at Kress, Don't buy at W.T. Grant,\" Don't buy segregation\" and \"Stay away--segregation sold here.\" The camera focuses on a street sign for Peachtree Street N.E. and Pryor Street before again showing a downtown intersection and students walking on the Morris Brown campus. The Rich's building is also shown as is a long line of more picketers, most of whom carry signs with the slogan \"Wear old clothes with new dignity. Don't buy here!\" White picketers are also seen with the signs \"Rich's sells segregation.\" Later, an African American man walks in front of a shoe store with the sign \"Don't buy segregation\"; other African Americans observe the picketers. Marchers, probably on their way downtown from campus, walk around a corner, and other demonstrators protest in front of the Newberry Co. as well as the National Shirt Shops and an unidentified shoe shore. White observers, including two male students, watch the demonstrators; white women appear to ignore them. Although a variety of civil rights organizations worked to better the situation of African Americans in Atlanta throughout the twentieth century, African American students from the Atlanta University center became heavily involved in leading protests following the nationally publicized February 1960 student-led sit-ins in Greensville, North Carolina. Atlanta University Center students involved with the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) worked with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to organize segregation protests in Atlanta. The two groups organized a \"Fall Campaign\" beginning on October 19, 1960; on October 22, African American leaders agreed to a month-long truce in which city officials, business owners, and African Americans worked toward a compromise. When no agreement was reached by November 25, African American students joined by white students from Emory University and Agnes Scott College resumed demonstrations and flooded downtown stores including Rich's, Woolworth's, and McCrory's.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43154"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African American college students--Georgia--Atlanta","College students--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Central business districts--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Stores, Retail--Georgia--Atlanta","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Direct action--Georgia--Atlanta","Protest marches--Georgia--Atlanta","Passive resistance--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Singing--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students picketing several segregated stores in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43154"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43154"],"dcterms_temporal":["1960-11-25"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43154, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American students picketing several segregated stores in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, 1960 November 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0967, 31:32/34:19, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 47 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null}],"pages":{"current_page":91,"next_page":92,"prev_page":90,"total_pages":123,"limit_value":12,"offset_value":1080,"total_count":1475,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false},"facets":[{"name":"type_facet","items":[{"value":"MovingImage","hits":1475},{"value":"StillImage","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"creator_facet","items":[{"value":"WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)","hits":1474},{"value":"Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_facet","items":[{"value":"Segregation","hits":411},{"value":"Discrimination","hits":326},{"value":"Blacks","hits":302},{"value":"Education","hits":248},{"value":"Schools","hits":246},{"value":"Race","hits":235},{"value":"African Americans","hits":234},{"value":"Legislation","hits":134},{"value":"Demonstrations and Riots","hits":113},{"value":"Race relations","hits":107},{"value":"Demonstrations","hits":76}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_personal_facet","items":[{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":66},{"value":"Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","hits":37},{"value":"Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","hits":30},{"value":"Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","hits":27},{"value":"Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963","hits":25},{"value":"King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006","hits":22},{"value":"Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968","hits":20},{"value":"Hunter-Gault, Charlayne","hits":18},{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Interviews","hits":18},{"value":"Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","hits":17},{"value":"Faubus, Orval Eugene, 1910-1994","hits":16}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"name_authoritative_sms","items":[{"value":"King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","hits":109},{"value":"Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","hits":40},{"value":"Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","hits":31},{"value":"Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","hits":28},{"value":"Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963","hits":27},{"value":"King, Coretta Scott, 1927-2006","hits":22},{"value":"Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968","hits":21},{"value":"Hunter-Gault, Charlayne","hits":18},{"value":"Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973","hits":17},{"value":"Faubus, Orval Eugene, 1910-1994","hits":16},{"value":"Moore, Ray, 1922-","hits":15}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"event_title_sms","items":[{"value":"Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Nobel Prize","hits":66},{"value":"Housing Act of 1961","hits":49},{"value":"University of Georgia Integration","hits":28},{"value":"New Orleans school integration","hits":20},{"value":"Freedom Rides","hits":16},{"value":"Birmingham Demonstrations","hits":11},{"value":"Sit-ins: Atlanta, Ga.","hits":9},{"value":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","hits":8},{"value":"Dr. King's Assassination","hits":7},{"value":"Little Rock Central High School Integration","hits":7},{"value":"Ole Miss Integration","hits":7}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"location_facet","items":[{"value":"United States, 39.76, -98.5","hits":445},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","hits":374},{"value":"United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","hits":182},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","hits":151},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Dougherty County, Albany, 31.57851, -84.15574","hits":44},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Clarke County, Athens, 33.96095, -83.37794","hits":38},{"value":"United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637","hits":33},{"value":"United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434","hits":29},{"value":"United States, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Little Rock, 34.74648, -92.28959","hits":26},{"value":"United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507","hits":20},{"value":"United States, Georgia, Richmond County, Augusta, 33.47097, -81.97484","hits":19}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"us_states_facet","items":[{"value":"Georgia","hits":800},{"value":"Alabama","hits":50},{"value":"Arkansas","hits":40},{"value":"District of Columbia","hits":33},{"value":"Mississippi","hits":30},{"value":"Louisiana","hits":21},{"value":"New York","hits":18},{"value":"Virginia","hits":18},{"value":"","hits":15},{"value":"Tennessee","hits":13},{"value":"California","hits":7}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"year_facet","items":[{"value":"1970","hits":260},{"value":"1963","hits":247},{"value":"1969","hits":233},{"value":"1968","hits":229},{"value":"1960","hits":222},{"value":"1962","hits":215},{"value":"1961","hits":197},{"value":"1957","hits":195},{"value":"1971","hits":181},{"value":"1958","hits":175},{"value":"1967","hits":175},{"value":"1974","hits":164},{"value":"1965","hits":161},{"value":"1966","hits":156},{"value":"1964","hits":152},{"value":"1973","hits":151},{"value":"1972","hits":150},{"value":"1959","hits":144},{"value":"1978","hits":138},{"value":"1975","hits":132},{"value":"1976","hits":132},{"value":"1977","hits":130},{"value":"1979","hits":123},{"value":"1980","hits":121},{"value":"1956","hits":118},{"value":"1955","hits":76},{"value":"1954","hits":75},{"value":"1981","hits":75},{"value":"1948","hits":73},{"value":"1949","hits":73},{"value":"1950","hits":73},{"value":"1951","hits":73},{"value":"1952","hits":73},{"value":"1953","hits":73},{"value":"1903","hits":1},{"value":"1925","hits":1},{"value":"1926","hits":1},{"value":"1927","hits":1},{"value":"1928","hits":1},{"value":"1929","hits":1},{"value":"1930","hits":1},{"value":"1931","hits":1},{"value":"1932","hits":1},{"value":"1933","hits":1},{"value":"1934","hits":1},{"value":"1935","hits":1},{"value":"1936","hits":1},{"value":"1937","hits":1},{"value":"1938","hits":1},{"value":"1939","hits":1},{"value":"1940","hits":1},{"value":"1941","hits":1},{"value":"1942","hits":1},{"value":"1943","hits":1},{"value":"1944","hits":1},{"value":"1945","hits":1},{"value":"1946","hits":1},{"value":"1947","hits":1},{"value":"1982","hits":1},{"value":"1983","hits":1},{"value":"1984","hits":1},{"value":"1985","hits":1},{"value":"1986","hits":1},{"value":"1987","hits":1},{"value":"1988","hits":1},{"value":"1989","hits":1},{"value":"1990","hits":1},{"value":"1991","hits":1},{"value":"1992","hits":1},{"value":"1993","hits":1},{"value":"1994","hits":1},{"value":"1995","hits":1},{"value":"1996","hits":1},{"value":"1997","hits":1},{"value":"1998","hits":1},{"value":"1999","hits":1},{"value":"2000","hits":1},{"value":"2001","hits":1},{"value":"2002","hits":1},{"value":"2003","hits":1},{"value":"2004","hits":1},{"value":"2005","hits":1},{"value":"2006","hits":1},{"value":"2007","hits":1},{"value":"2008","hits":1},{"value":"2009","hits":1},{"value":"2010","hits":1},{"value":"2011","hits":1},{"value":"2012","hits":1},{"value":"2013","hits":1},{"value":"2014","hits":1},{"value":"2015","hits":1},{"value":"2016","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null},"min":"1903","max":"2016","count":5024,"missing":0},{"name":"medium_facet","items":[{"value":"news","hits":1474},{"value":"unedited footage","hits":1474},{"value":"moving images","hits":1060},{"value":"photographs","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"rights_facet","items":[{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/","hits":1475}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"collection_titles_sms","items":[{"value":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","hits":1475},{"value":"Civil Rights and the Pulitzer Prize in Georgia","hits":1},{"value":"Vanishing Georgia","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"provenance_facet","items":[{"value":"Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection","hits":1474},{"value":"Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication","hits":1},{"value":"Spider Martin Civil Rights Collection","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"class_name","items":[{"value":"Item","hits":1475}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"educator_resource_b","items":[{"value":"false","hits":1475}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}}]}}