{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35108","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers gathered inside of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent black-and-white clip approximately one minute long, civil rights workers including Ralph David Abernathy and possibly John Lewis are gathered inside of Montgomery, Alabama's First Baptist Church, while state and local law officials in Montgomery, Alabama mobilize outside of the church to address activity and crowds outside. Events probably took place on and around the Montgomery Freedom Rides on May 21, 1961.","The clip begins with two daytime shots of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama; the first shot is followed by a close-up of the church facade; the church door is open, and people are gathered upon the steps outside. This is followed by a shot of a large crowd of predominantly African American women assembled together inside of a church; some of the women are waving paper fans to cool down. Next, in another shot taken inside the church, Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy (pastor of the First Baptist Church from 1951 to 1961) claps his hands together at the pulpit, while a procession of young African American men walk past the pulpit, and down several steps into the church congregation; he is joined in applause by others in the church. A glimpse of a young civil rights worker, possibly John Lewis, can be seen in the foreground at about sixteen and a half seconds into the clip; he has a bandaged head. A white cameraman takes still photographs of the young men as they make their way into the audience. The clip jumps to a shot of the predominantly African American church audience gathered together; members of the crowd stand clapping their hands together while one woman in the audience waves her hands in the air. The clip then jumps back to the procession of young men walking from behind the pulpit led by Reverend Abernathy cheering from the pulpit and clapping his hands in the air, again, joined by the rest of the crowd in the church. In the foreground of the shot, another white cameraman takes still photographs of the young men walking into the audience.","Next, in a nighttime shot taken outdoors, a group of four Alabama state troopers are gathered together in discussion around the open door of a police vehicle. The camera pans around the group and focuses on a rifle harness worn on the back by of one of the state troopers. One trooper holds his right hand in the air. This is followed by another nighttime shot, this time of a troop of national guardsmen wearing helmets, holding bayonets upright, and marching in formation along a paved road; they turn and march together down a sidewalk while a cameraman holding a floodlight moves behind them. The clip jumps briefly to a crowd of white men in plain clothes gathered together outside at night. One man, in a suit, is holding a cigarette in his right hand as he gestures and speaks; several other white men in the group appear to be holding batons.","This is followed by a shot of a group of Montgomery city police officers having a discussion; one of the policemen is seated on a motorcycle. This is followed by footage of automobiles traveling at night on a busy street while clouds of vapor or smoke rise from the ground. The clip breaks to a group of national guardsmen emerging from the rear of a large covered truck. This is followed by a shot of a cluster of fire hoses attached to a fire hydrant adjacent to a signpost that reads \"Columbus St.\" (the location of the First Baptist Church is at the corner of Columbus and North Ripley Streets in Montgomery Alabama). The camera follows the path of the fire hoses back to a Montgomery city firetruck, where several firemen are also standing; the stained glass windows of the First Baptist church can be seen in the background behind the firetruck. Next, a group of firemen and state troopers are seen from the back, standing together by a street sign that reads \"Closed\"; the clip ends with a shot of the camera turning back to a group of helmeted national guardsmen walking down the street at night while a still photographer follows alongside.","On May 4, 1961, two groups of volunteers known as \"Freedom Riders\" trained in nonviolence planned to travel from Washington D.C. to New Orleans. Sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); these volunteers traveled in groups throughout the South to challenge laws prohibiting integrated bus travel. On May 10 both buses of Freedom Riders were ambushed by violent mobs in Anniston, Alabama, and one bus was ambushed again in Birmingham. Alabama state troopers, sent after negotiations between state leaders and officials at the Department of Justice, and student reinforcements from Nashville protected the Freedom Riders on their journey from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. Alabama state troopers, sent after negotiations between state leaders and officials at the Department of Justice, and student reinforcements from Nashville protected the Freedom Riders on their journey from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. However, local police who were supposed to protect the riders in Montgomery were not at the bus station when the travelers arrived, and rioting white crowds beat the riders, newsmen, and federal officials at the scene. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. flew to Montgomery on May 21 for a mass meeting held in Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy's First Baptist Church. On May 21, Freedom Riders were joined by other Montgomery civil rights workers and supporters who met at the church; they were surrounded that evening by rioting white segregationists who burned automobiles parked outside of the church and threatened to set the church ablaze with the civil rights workers inside. After local law enforcement failed to restore order, King negotiated federal protection with U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy; Kennedy contacted Alabama governor John Patterson, who ultimately ordered the Alabama National Guard to disperse the mob. The congregation was kept in the church until four-thirty the next morning when Alabama National Guard trucks finally transported African Americans home. Further negotiations between state and federal officials brought National Guard troops to Montgomery to protect the Freedom Riders in their journey. The group was protected until their arrival in Jackson, Mississippi, where they were beaten, arrested, and sent to Parchman Penitentiary; others who later arrived in Jackson to continue the ride were also arrested. Although the Freedom Riders never made it to New Orleans, the federal Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ruled segregation in travel between states illegal as well as in facilities serving those travelers; the ruling went into effect November 1, 1961.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35108"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Montgomery","Demonstrations--Alabama--Montgomery","Police--Alabama--Montgomery","Violence--Prevention","Race relations","Facades--Alabama--Montgomery","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Segregation in transportation--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","Photographers--Alabama--Montgomery","Photojournalists--Alabama--Montgomery","Church buildings--Alabama--Montgomery","African American churches--Alabama--Montgomery","Pulpits--Alabama--Montgomery","Clergy--Alabama--Montgomery","African American clergy--Alabama--Montgomery","Organ (Musical instrument)--Alabama--Montgomery","Microphone","Direct action--Alabama--Montgomery","Passive resistance--Alabama--Montgomery","Violence--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Violence against--Alabama--Montgomery","Fire fighters--Alabama--Montgomery","Motorcycle police--Alabama--Montgomery","Police, State--Alabama","Public safety--Alabama--Montgomery","Police-fire integration--Alabama--Montgomery","Fans--Alabama--Montgomery","Applause--Alabama--Montgomery","Military weapons--Alabama--Montgomery","Rifles--Alabama--Montgomery","Bayonets--Alabama--Montgomery","Holsters--Alabama--Montgomery","Helmets--Alabama--Montgomery","Riot helmets--Alabama--Montgomery","Police vehicles--Alabama--Montgomery","Fire engines--Alabama--Montgomery","Automobiles, Military--Alabama--Montgomery","Automobile driving at night--Alabama--Montgomery","Street signs--Alabama--Montgomery","Street names--Alabama--Montgomery","Hydrants--Alabama--Montgomery","Fire hose","Freedom Rides, 1961","Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers gathered inside of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35108"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35108"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn35108, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers gathered inside of the First Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0778, 30:20/31:20, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","Lewis, John, 1940-2020"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35162","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of police commissioner L. B. Sullivan speaking about the Freedom Rides and about race riots in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Sullivan, L. B."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from May 21, 1961, Montgomery, Alabama police commissioner L. B. Sullivan speaks about the Freedom Rides and the race riots in the city during an interview with a reporter.","The clip begins by focusing on a sign for the Greyound bus station in Montgomery. African American and white people walk down the sidewalk under the sign. White policemen and another white man stand together on the edge of the bus parking lot. The camera moves to show a Greyhound bus parked in the parking lot. Next the camera focuses on the sign over the door to the Montgomery Police headquarters.","Following these images an off-screen reporter interviews Montgomery police commissioner L. B. Sullivan. The reporter's first question is incompletely recorded. Sullivan responds to the question of the possibility of further trouble by expressing hope that there will not be more trouble. Sullivan reminds the reporter that Montgomery did not invite the Freedom Riders to come to the city. He feels that race relations in the community have improved recently and worries about the negative effects of the presence of the Freedom Riders. The reporter asks Sullivan why there is such a negative response to the Freedom Rides. Sullivan explains that it is \"against the law of human nature\" for people to respond well when things are forced upon them. He praises Montgomery citizens as \"the finest people in the world\" and declares that racial problems could be solved locally. Sullivan answers the reporter's question about plans in case of further troubles by first announcing increased patrol coverage. He goes on to condemn United States attorney general Robert F. Kennedy for sending United States marshals to Montgomery. According to Sullivan, local resources including police, the sheriff's office, and the highway patrol \"are perfectly competent to take care of the matter.\" Sullivan later clarifies that while Montgomery law enforcement did not invite the U.S. marshals, he did not say they would not cooperate with the federal representatives. The clip ends with Sullivan's assertion that Montgomery is capable of taking care of local problems.","In the summer of 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized an interracial \"Freedom Ride\" through the South to test compliance with the United States Supreme Court ruling banning segregation in interstate transportation. The ride, patterned after CORE's 1947 \"Journey of Reconciliation,\" began in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961 after three days of nonviolence training. Riders traveled in two groups, one by Greyhound and one by Trailways. The group met minor resistance in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. However, on May 14, both groups of travelers were attacked by white mobs in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. In both communities, local law enforcement were purportedly aware of plans for mob violence and made arrangements for the mob to attack the riders before the police arrived. On May 15, officials from the United States Department of Justice, including Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, began negotiating with Alabama officials in an attempt to arrange safe passage for the riders from Birmingham to Montgomery. When Kennedy was unable to get Alabama governor John Patterson to agree to protect the riders, he arranged for the Freedom Riders to fly to New Orleans.  A second group of riders arranged by the Nashville, Tennessee, student movement, was also attacked on May 20 in Montgomery, Alabama. During the riot in Montgomery, John Seigenthaler, Attorney General Robert Kennedy's personal assistant, was severely beaten. The riot in Montgomery following the riders' arrival lasted several hours and caused President John F. Kennedy to finally authorize federal marshals to go to the city and protect the riders. White mobs again gathered and threatened the riders at a mass meeting held at First Baptist Church on May 21. The mobs were finally dispersed early in the morning of May 22, after Alabama governor John Patterson declared martial law and sent members of the Alabama National Guard to the church. Once there they escorted the weary meeting participants home. On May 24, riders were heavily protected during the trip from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi. Once in Jackson, under a secretly negotiated deal between Department of Justice officials and Mississippi state leaders, the riders were all arrested under \"breach of peace\" charges as they got off the bus. Throughout the summer, subsequent groups of Riders who also traveled to Jackson were arrested. In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the governmental body responsible for interstate travel, issued a ruling forbidding segregation in facilities serving interstate passengers.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35162"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Interviews--Alabama--Montgomery","Reporters and reporting--Alabama--Montgomery","Race riots--Alabama--Montgomery","Race relations","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","Federal-state controversies--Alabama","Violence--Alabama","United States marshals--Alabama--Montgomery","Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama--Montgomery","Attorneys general--United States","Police--Alabama--Montgomery","Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of police commissioner L. B. Sullivan speaking about the Freedom Rides and about race riots in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35162"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35162"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-21"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn35162, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of police commissioner L. B. Sullivan speaking about the Freedom Rides and about race riots in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0780, 1:41/03:42, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 1 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Sullivan, L. B."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn31824","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a burned out Greyhound bus and injured Freedom Riders in the hospital in Anniston, Alabama, 1961 May 14","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Bigelow, Albert, 1906-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Calhoun County, Anniston, 33.65983, -85.83163"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-14"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from May 14, 1961, a Greyhound bus smolders, and injured Freedom Riders wait in the hospital and speak of a mob attack earlier in the day in Anniston, Alabama.","The clip begins with the destroyed Greyhound bus, the company logo partially visible. The bus is extensively damaged by fire, and all of the windows are broken. Later in a hospital emergency room, African American Freedom Rider Mae Frances Moultrie (Howard), a twenty-four-year-old student at Morris College in South Carolina, sits in a wheelchair. Another woman, probably freelance writer and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) activist Charlotte Devree, wears a print dress and appears to speak to a reporter. Her comments are not recorded. The camera again focuses on Moultrie sitting in the wheelchair; also in the picture is an African American young man who sits on a bench near Moultrie. The young man may be Jimmy McDonald, a folksinger from New York City and one of the Freedom Riders. Next, Freedom Rider Bert Bigelow, a former Navy captain and anti-nuclear activist, holds a microphone and speaks to off-screen reporters. He indicates that during the attack he saw four or five mob members with clubs or pieces of pipe. He also reports that there were no police on hand during the attack. Bigelow credits a Greyhound company agent and the bus driver with keeping mob members off the bus, calling it \"suicide\" to have left the bus.","The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized the 1961 Freedom Ride to test compliance in the South with a United States Supreme Court ruling against segregation in transportation crossing state lines. In 1960, the Supreme Court outlawed segregation in interstate transportation in Boynton v. Virginia. The ride began in Washington, D.C. on May 4, 1961 and was scheduled to reach New Orleans by May 17. The riders planned to join a celebration in New Orleans commemorating the 1954 Supreme Court ruling Brown v. Board of Education. The riders, divided into two groups, traveled either by Greyhound or by Trailways buses from Washington D.C. and through Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia before arriving in Alabama on Mother's Day, May 14. The first bus, a Greyhound that left Atlanta, Georgia at eleven that morning, was attacked by a white mob in the Anniston bus terminal. Mob members beat on the side of the bus, broke windows, and slashed the bus tires. Two members of the Alabama Highway Patrol, Corporals Ell Cowling and Harry Sims, kept mob members off the bus and protected the seven Freedom Riders until local police arrived at the scene and cleared a path for the bus to leave the station. A police escort followed the bus to the city limits, then turned around and left the bus. Carloads of mob members followed the bus and attacked it again when flat tires caused it to pull off the road. Patrolmen Cowling and Sims again protected the riders. At one point, two other highway patrolmen arrived on the scene; the new arrivals did not attempt to disperse the mob. After the mob's unsuccessful attempts to overturn the bus by rocking it and demands that riders come out of the bus, one mob member threw a bundle of flaming rags through a broken window on the bus. All of the passengers were able to get off the bus, and eventually the observing patrolmen dispersed the mob. Thirteen passengers were taken to the hospital in Anniston where several were treated for smoke inhalation before hospital employees, fearful of a threatening mob that had gathered outside, ordered the riders to leave the hospital as soon as possible. Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth of Birmingham, Alabama led a caravan of African Americans who rescued the riders and took them to Birmingham.","The two groups of Freedom Riders reunited in Birmingham. The Trailways bus and its riders had been told of the attack on the Greyhound bus in Anniston and were able to avoid the mob. However, when the Trailways bus arrived in Birmingham, a mob brutally beat the riders and several bystanders. The Birmingham police had agreed to give the mob fifteen minutes to attack the Riders before the police ended the attack. The next day, May 15, Attorney General Robert Kennedy tried to organize protection for the riders for the Birmingham to Montgomery portion of their journey. Unable to reach a compromise with Alabama officials, the riders were eventually flown to New Orleans that evening. A replacement group of Freedom Riders, organized by Nashville student civil rights workers including Diane Nash, traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20 where they were again met by a white mob and brutally beaten. On May 24, riders were heavily protected during the trip from Montgomery, Alabama, to Jackson, Mississippi. Once in Jackson, under a secretly negotiated deal between Department of Justice officials and Mississippi state leaders, the riders were all arrested under \"breach of peace\" charges as they got off the bus. Throughout the summer, subsequent groups of riders who also traveled to Jackson were arrested. In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the governmental body responsible for interstate travel, issued a ruling forbidding segregation in facilities serving interstate passengers.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn31824"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama--Anniston","African American civil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama--Anniston","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Anniston","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Anniston","Violence--Alabama--Anniston","Race riots--Alabama--Anniston","Reporters and reporting--Alabama--Anniston","Hospitals--Alabama--Anniston","Mobs--Alabama--Annison","Buses--Alabama--Anniston","Buses--Fires and fire prevention--Alabama--Anniston","Wheelchairs--Alabama--Anniston","Discrimination in medical care--Alabama--Anniston","Anniston (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a burned out Greyhound bus and injured Freedom Riders in the hospital in Anniston, Alabama, 1961 May 14"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn31824"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn31824"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-14"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn31824, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a burned out Greyhound bus and injured Freedom Riders in the hospital in Anniston, Alabama, 1961 May 14, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0713, 32:13/33:03, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 50 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Howard, Mae Frances","Devree, Charlotte","McDonald, Jimmy, 1931-2000","Bigelow, Albert, 1906-1993"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42092","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Governor Ernest Vandiver commenting on the actions of Attorney General Robert Kennedy in the Prince Edward County school case, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 9","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Vandiver, S. Ernest (Samuel Ernest), 1918-2005"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Virginia, Prince Edward County, 37.2243, -78.44108"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-09"],"dcterms_description":["This silent WSB newsfilm clip from May 9, 1961, shows Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver commenting on a federal school desegregation lawsuit recently initiated by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy against the school board of Prince Edward County, Virginia.","The clip is divided into two parts. In the first segment of the clip, Vandiver, standing at a podium, appears to be speaking candidly to the audience. In the second part of the clip, Vandiver is filmed from the side while seated at a desk. Holding a lit cigarette, he speaks to a reporter who is off-camera.","School desegregation lawsuits were first introduced in Virginia in 1951 in Davis, et al. v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, a suit that was later included in the 1954 United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled against segregation in public education. In response, Virginia legislators passed a series of laws designed to prevent school integration. Dubbed \"massive resistance\" by Virginia senator Harry F. Byrd, the laws eliminated funding and shut down integrated schools while they simultaneously furnished white families with tuition grants to educate their children in private schools. In the fall of 1959, Prince Edward county's schools closed rather than integrate.","In April of 1961, with Prince Edward County public schools still closed, the United States Department of Justice filed a motion in Federal District Court to prevent Virginia from providing financial support to any public school in the state until the schools were reopened on a desegregated basis. Officials in Georgia maintained an interest in the outcome of the Justice Department case against Prince Edward County because the city of Atlanta had also been ordered by federal courts to integrate their schools that fall. Shortly after the lawsuit was filed, on May 6, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy delivered a speech at the University of Georgia School of Law, where he condemned the situation in Prince Edward County, informed his audience that the Department of Justice would act on those who circumvented court orders, and praised the recent desegregation of the University of Georgia.","As a gubernatorial candidate, Ernest Vandiver vowed to maintain segregation in Georgia public schools, though victorious desegregation lawsuits such as Holmes v. University of Georgia prevented him from doing so. The Holmes v. University of Georgia decision in January of 1961 resulted not only in the integration of the University of Georgia, but also necessitated an early repeal of the state's massive resistance legislation. Although Georgia had followed Virginia's precedent in establishing anti-desegregation legislation, the prompt ruling in Holmes v. University of Georgia had unexpectedly shifted Georgia's desegregation battle from the Atlanta public schools to the state's land grant university. Georgia's rural legislators who controlled the General Assembly could easily find support to close Atlanta public schools in order to uphold segregation, but the prospect of shutting down the state's flagship university for the same cause proved to be unpopular. Governor Vandiver continued to express opposition to integration, but worked with Atlanta mayor William Hartsfield to ensure order when it became Atlanta's turn to integrate its public schools later that same year. In the fall of 1961, Atlanta public schools peacefully complied with court-ordered desegregation. Back in Prince Edward County, Virginia, public schools remained closed until the fall of 1964.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42092"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Governors--Georgia","Attorneys general--United States","Segregation in education--Virginia","Segregation in education--Georgia","Segregation in education--Southern States","Federal-state controversies--Virginia","Federal-state controversies--Georgia","Federal-state controversies--Southern States","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Virginia--Prince Edward County","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Southern States","School integration--United States","School integration--Southern States","School integration--Georgia","School integration--Virginia--Prince Edward County","Government, Resistance to--Southern States--History--20th century","Government, Resistance to--Virginia--History--20th century","Government, Resistance to--Georgia--History--20th century","African Americans--Education","African Americans--Civil rights--Virginia","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia","Public school closings--Virginia--Prince Edward County","Press conferences--Georgia--Atlanta","Politicians--Tobacco use","Smoking--Georgia--Atlanta","Smoking in the workplace--Georgia--Atlanta","Microphone","Prince Edward County (Va.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Race relations--History--20th century","Virginia--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Governor Ernest Vandiver commenting on the actions of Attorney General Robert Kennedy in the Prince Edward County school case, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 9"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42092"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42092"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-09"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42092, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Governor Ernest Vandiver commenting on the actions of Attorney General Robert Kennedy in the Prince Edward County school case, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 9, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0915, 00:20/00:46, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 26 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.","1 clip (about 19 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Vandiver, S. Ernest (Samuel Ernest), 1918-2005","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968","Byrd, Harry F. (Harry Flood), 1887-1966","Davis, Dorothy E.--Trials, litigation, etc.","Brown, Oliver, 1918-1961--Trials, litigation, etc."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33345","title":"COFFIN COMMENTS ON EFFECT OF U.S. SEGREGATION ON EFFECTIVENESS OF PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEERS","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-01"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation","International relations","Volunteers","Peace Corps (U.S.)"],"dcterms_title":["COFFIN COMMENTS ON EFFECT OF U.S. SEGREGATION ON EFFECTIVENESS OF PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEERS"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33345"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33345"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn33345, (No title), WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0743, 50:56/51:46, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Coffin, William Sloane, Jr., 1924-2006"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35200","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Assistant Attorney General Byron White speaking to reporters about the presence of federal marshals following an attack on the Freedom Riders in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from May 1961, Assistant Attorney General Byron White speaks to reporters about the presence of federal marshals in Montgomery, Alabama, following an attack on the Freedom Riders.","The clip begins with White walking from an airplane hangar; several cameramen take pictures of White as he walks on the tarmac. White stands in front of an airplane with several microphones in front of him and a reporter standing on either side. An off-screen reporter asks White about the danger of further violence in Montgomery, to which White replies that while he believes the possibility of further violence is remote, the marshals will stay in Montgomery for a few days in case of violence in the community or surrounding areas. The reporter then asks if White still thinks marshals are necessary in Montgomery. White declares that \"it was a wise decision\" to send marshals to the city after mob violence indicated law and order was not maintained in the community. In the end, White points out, Alabama governor John Patterson declared martial law and brought in members of the Alabama National Guard.","The 1961 Freedom Ride, organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), began in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961 and traveled through Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia with only minor disturbances. The interracial group of riders tested compliance with a 1960 Supreme Court ruling against segregation in interstate travel in these Deep South states. On May 14, Mother's Day, the two groups of Freedom Riders were attacked in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. A second group of riders arranged by the Nashville, Tennessee student movement, was also attacked on May 20 in Montgomery, Alabama. During the riot in Montgomery, John Seigenthaler, Attorney General Robert Kennedy's personal assistant, was severely beaten. The riot in Montgomery following the riders' arrival lasted several hours, and President John F. Kennedy finally authorized federal marshals to go to the city and protect the riders. White mobs again gathered and threatened the riders at a mass meeting held at First Baptist Church on May 21. The mobs were finally dispersed early in the morning of May 22, after Alabama governor John Patterson declared martial law and sent members of the Alabama National Guard to the church where they escorted the weary meeting participants home.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35200"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Government attorneys--United States","Reporters and reporting--Alabama--Montgomery","United States marshals--Alabama--Montgomery","Race riots--Alabama--Montgomery","Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Southern States","Airplanes--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama--Montgomery","Governors--Alabama","Camera operators--Alabama--Montgomery","Federal-state controversies--Alabama","Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Assistant Attorney General Byron White speaking to reporters about the presence of federal marshals following an attack on the Freedom Riders in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35200"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35200"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn35200, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Assistant Attorney General Byron White speaking to reporters about the presence of federal marshals following an attack on the Freedom Riders in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0781, 2:54/03:54, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["White, Byron R., 1917-2002","Patterson, John, 1921 September 27-2021"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33504","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of lunch counter employees shutting down operations to avoid integration, and Freedom Riders sitting in the Trailways bus terminal and then being arrested in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 May","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, Hinds County, Jackson, 32.29876, -90.18481"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from May 1961, white lunch counter operators close to avoid integration and Freedom Riders sit in the white waiting room and later are arrested at the Trailways bus terminal in Jackson, Mississippi.","The clip begins with white waitresses in uniform standing behind a lunch counter while a man in a suit stands at the edge of the counter. A white male employee ropes off the lunch counter; handwritten signs attached to the rope read \"closed.\" Next, four African American men sit in a waiting room. One of the men pulls out a book while he waits. A white young man sits down at one end of the bench. Two other young men, one African American and one white, sit next to each other and appear to speak to one another. In the waiting room, a soldier with a gun slung across his back is seen from behind. Over his shoulder, a cameraman takes pictures of the interracial group in the waiting room. Later, several soldiers with \"MP\" armbands board a bus. Two African American men get off another bus and walk to a waiting group; a cameraman takes a picture and walks away. A sign on the door of the Trailways station indicates the waiting room is for white passengers traveling within Mississippi. Back inside the waiting room, a white police officer speaks to two African American men who sit on benches. Officers help both men stand up as men with cameras take pictures. Both men are frisked by policemen before they are directed to go outside. Outside, an African American woman carrying a suitcase is followed by a policeman as she walks towards and then gets in a paddy wagon. Finally a white man follows her and also gets in the police vehicle.","In the summer of 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized an interracial \"Freedom Ride\" through the South to test compliance with the United","States Supreme Court ruling banning segregation in interstate transportation. The ride, patterned after CORE's 1947 \"Journey of Reconciliation,\" began in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961 after three days of nonviolence training. Riders traveled in two groups, one by Greyhound and one by Trailways. The group met minor resistance in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. However, on May 14, both groups of travelers were attacked by white mobs in Alabama. In Anniston, the Trailways bus was attacked in the bus station and then burned just outside of town; riders who were trapped on the bus when the fire began suffered from smoke inhalation. In Birmingham, the Greyhound riders were attacked by a mob that viciously beat them and several bystanders. In both cases, local law enforcement officials appear to have been aware of the mob's plans yet arrived after the attack had begun. On May 15, officials from the United States Department of Justice, including Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, began negotiating with Alabama officials in an attempt to arrange safe passage for the riders from Birmingham to Montgomery. When Kennedy was unable to get Alabama governor John Patterson to agree to protect the riders, he arranged for the Freedom Riders to fly to New Orleans. Students from the Nashville movement, feeling it important to continue the Freedom Ride, gathered in Birmingham and on May 20 traveled to Montgomery. In Montgomery, another white mob attacked the riders and several bystanders, including John Seigenthaler, Kennedy's personal assistant in Alabama. President John F. Kennedy authorized federal marshals to be sent to Alabama to restore order following continued racial rioting in the city. After further negotiations between the Justice Department and officials from Alabama and Mississippi, the Freedom Riders traveled from Montgomery to Jackson, Mississippi on May 24. Unbeknownst to the riders, the Justice Department had agreed to allow Mississippi officials to arrest the riders upon their arrival in Jackson. Throughout the summer, subsequent groups of riders traveled to Jackson and were also arrested. In September 1961, at the urging of the Justice Department, the Interstate Commerce Commission banned segregation in facilities serving interstate passengers.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn33504"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Buses--Mississippi--Jackson","Bus terminals--Mississippi--Jackson","Police--Mississippi--Jackson","African American civil rights workers--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights workers--Mississippi--Jackson","Arrest--Mississippi--Jackson","Jackson (Miss.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Police vehicles--Mississippi--Jackson","Photographers--Mississippi--Jackson","Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Mississippi--Jackson","Luggage--Mississippi--Jackson","Reporters and reporting--Mississippi--Jackson","Discrimination in restaurants--Mississippi--Jackson","Restaurants--Mississippi--Jackson","Military police--Mississippi--Jackson"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of lunch counter employees shutting down operations to avoid integration, and Freedom Riders sitting in the Trailways bus terminal and then being arrested in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 May"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33504"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33504"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn33504, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of lunch counter employees shutting down operations to avoid integration, and Freedom Riders sitting in the Trailways bus terminal and then being arrested in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 May, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0746, 55:35/56:49, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 14 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42140","title":"Series of WSB newsfilm clips of attorney James Venable commenting on his arrest in Louisiana and the actions of Attorney General Robert Kennedy and F.B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover on his behalf, Louisiana, 1961 April 6","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Venable, James"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, 31.00047, -92.0004"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-04-06"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB newsfilm clips possibly from Louisiana, on April 6, 1961, attorney James Venable comments on his arrest in Louisiana and the actions of Attorney General Robert Kennedy and F.B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover on his behalf.","The clips begin with a shot of attorney James Venable. From off camera, an unidentified male reporter is heard speaking, apparently in mid sentence. The reporter says \"... who apprehended you?\" Venable replies, \"I recognized him by previous description given me by one of my clients, who he and others had kidnapped and unmercifully beat some time during the month of July, nineteen hundred and sixty.\" The clips cut to a shot of the unidentified white male reporter, then to a shot of the reporter and Venable, who are seated across from each other. The reporter asks, \"Was there anything wrong with their booking procedure, that of the police department?\" Venable replies, \"Nothing wrong with booking the driver of this vehicle, perhaps speeding, but there was certainly something in with booking me with suspicion of automobile theft. The vehicle in which we were riding in was registered in Mr. Wright's name, the nineteen sixty and sixty one tag was registered to his name, but he did not have his identification tag slip of nineteen sixty one. But he had other identification cards and paraphernalia, as well as myself.\" The clips cut to a shot of the unidentified white male reporter, and then back to a shot of Venable. From off camera, the reporter asks, \"Mr. Venable, do you know whether or not Attorney General Kennedy interceded for you at all?\" Venable says, \"I was told that he did intercede in my behalf, as well as J. Edgar Hoover.\" The reporter asks, \"Have you had any previous correspondence or talks with the Attorney General?\" Venable says, \"I had a personal letter from the Honorable Robert Kennedy some two weeks ago in reference to the Louisiana episode of this religious sect.\" The reporter asks, \"Are you at liberty to tell us the meaning of the letter?\" Venable says, \"He ordered an investigation be made by the Civil Rights Commission.\"","Title supplied by cataloger.","Supporting information was taken from the following source: \u003ci\u003eThe Atlanta Constitution\u003c/i\u003e, 7 Apr. 1961:4. Web. 12 May 2020."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42140"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Arrest--Louisiana"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB newsfilm clips of attorney James Venable commenting on his arrest in Louisiana and the actions of Attorney General Robert Kennedy and F.B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover on his behalf, Louisiana, 1961 April 6"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42140"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42140"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-04-06"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42140, Series of WSB newsfilm clips of attorney James Venable commenting on his arrest in Louisiana and the actions of Attorney General Robert Kennedy and F.B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover on his behalf, Louisiana, 1961 April 6, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0917, 26:07/27:45, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 38 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968","Hoover, J. Edgar (John Edgar), 1895-1972","Venable, James"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41659","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an an African American man being interviewed, Savannah, Georgia, 1961 March 23","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah, 32.08354, -81.09983"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-03-23"],"dcterms_description":["Black man being interviewed and with other Blacks","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn41659"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Savannah","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Savannah","Segregation--Georgia--Savannah","Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an an African American man being interviewed, Savannah, Georgia, 1961 March 23"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41659"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41659"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-03-23"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn41659, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an an African American man being interviewed, Savannah, Georgia, 1961 March 23, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0901, 11:17/12:36, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 19 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42857","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Johnny Reb's Canteen after it reopened following an agreement ending civil rights demonstrations in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 March 8","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-03-08"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from Johnny Reb's Canteen in Atlanta, Georgia on March 8, 1961, white employees serve white patrons following a demonstration-ending agreement leading to the reopening of segregated lunch counters. The clip begins with a mostly empty lunch counter; a few couples sit in lunch booths. Behind the counter a man in a Confederate soldier's cap serves a customer in a cowboy hat. A man and woman sitting at a table in a booth drink coffee; women sitting at the counter also drink coffee and pay for their food. Other women work behind the counter taking orders and serving customers. Although a variety of civil rights organizations worked to better the situation of African Americans in Atlanta throughout the twentieth century, African American students from the Atlanta University Center became heavily involved in leading protests following the nationally publicized February 1960 student-led sit-ins in Greensville, North Carolina. Atlanta University Center students involved with the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) worked with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to organize segregation protests in Atlanta beginning in March 1960. On March 7, 1961 African American attorney A. T. Walden and Chamber of Commerce head Ivan Allen, Jr. announced a demonstration-ending agreement in which lunch counters would remain segregated until a \"reasonable time\" after Atlanta schools desegregated that fall. Merchants agreed to rehire \"where practicable\" five to six hundred African Americans laid off during the sit-ins. While many demonstrators were unhappy with the arrangements, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other African American leaders argued for trust and unity. On September 28, 1961 seventy-five stores agreed to open their lunch counters to African American patrons, making Atlanta the one hundred fourth city to integrate its counters since February 1960, according to the Southern Regional Council.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42857"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Negotiation--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","Sit-ins--Georgia--Atlanta","Central business districts--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Employees","Flags--Confederate States of America"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Johnny Reb's Canteen after it reopened following an agreement ending civil rights demonstrations in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 March 8"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42857"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42857"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-03-08"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42857, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Johnny Reb's Canteen after it reopened following an agreement ending civil rights demonstrations in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 March 8, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0953, 7:39/08:18, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 39 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33098","title":"Blacks Demonstrate at United Nations Against the Death of Patrice Lumumba","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-02-25"],"dcterms_description":["Blacks Demonstrate at United Nations Against the Death of Patrice Lumumba","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn33098"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Blacks","Demonstrations and Riots","Discrimination","Freedom and Human Rights"],"dcterms_title":["Blacks Demonstrate at United Nations Against the Death of Patrice Lumumba"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33098"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33098"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-02-25"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn33098, Blacks Demonstrate at United Nations Against the Death of Patrice Lumumba, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0736, 58:16/60:19, Walter J. 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