{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42302","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporter Ray Moore interviewing United States attorney general Robert F. Kennedy about the Freedom Rides and about school integration, Washington, D.C., 1961","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Moore, Ray, 1922-","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997","United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798","United States, Virginia, Prince Edward County, 37.2243, -78.44108"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-08-01"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from the summer of 1961 in Washington, D.C., WSB reporter Ray Moore interviews United States attorney general Robert F. Kennedy about the Freedom Rides and school integration.","The clip begins with United States attorney general Robert F. Kennedy sitting in a room with an Americanflag behind him. WSB reporter Ray Moore appears to be listening to something; in front of him are several pages with portions of text blacked out. The clip breaks a few times before the audio portion of the interview beings. Moore's first question to Kennedy about riots in Montgomery, Alabama, is incompletely recorded. In response to the question, Kennedy declares the unspecified charges are \"simply untrue.\" Asked about his relationship with the Freedom Ride sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Kennedy claims that he first heard about the Freedom Ride on Monday, May 15, 1961, the day after the attack and bus burning in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. He asserts that he had not had any prior conversations about the rides with \"CORE or anybody else.\" According to accounts of the civil rights workers involved in the Freedom Rides, the CORE office sent informational letters about the Freedom Rides two weeks before the May 4 departure from Washington, D.C. They reported sending letters to president John F. Kennedy; Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director J. Edgar Hoover, attorney general Robert F. Kennedy; the chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and the presidents of Trailways and Greyhound bus companies. CORE received no responses. Simeon Booker, a reporter who traveled with the riders from Washington D.C. also met with Robert Kennedy and his assistant John Seigenthaler the day before the ride began but felt after the visit that the attorney general had not been paying full attention.","Kennedy then volunteers to tell Moore about his experience with the Freedom Rides. He opens with the events following the May 14 bus burning in Anniston and the beatings in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. According to Kennedy, the Freedom Riders were in Birmingham on Monday, May 15 and were trying to continue their journey to New Orleans. Kennedy reports he spoke with Alabama director of public safety, Floyd Mann, after having been unsuccessful in his attempts to contact Alabama governor John Patterson. Mann was able to get governor Patterson to agree to provide some protection to the Freedom Riders. However, after Kennedy relayed that information to the Freedom Riders and they got on the bus in Birmingham, Mann called Kennedy and told him that the bus driver wouldn't drive the bus. Kennedy confirms that after hearing from Mann, he called the manager of the Greyhound station in Birmingham, George Cruit, and expressed his desire the Freedom Riders make their trip. Cruit recorded that conversation, and it later received significant attention in Alabama.","At this point, Moore interrupts Kennedy to repeat the statements made by George Cruit. At an unspecified hearing about the Freedom Rides, Cruit testified that Kennedy said he had gone to a lot of trouble for the Freedom Riders and would be upset if the riders did not complete their trip to Montgomery. Kennedy admits that he and his staff at the Justice Department had put a lot of effort into getting the Freedom Riders safely from Birmingham to Montgomery. He refutes allegations that his attention to the Freedom Rider's safety proves that he supported their protest and that they were sent by the Federal government. Kennedy asserts that those allegations are untrue and explains again that he was concerned with the safety of the travelers. Asked about governor Patterson's assurance that the riders would be safe, Kennedy clarifies that he did not personally speak with governor Patterson. Through Kennedy's conversations with Mann the governor assured Kennedy that the riders would be protected \"and that they wouldn't have difficulty or problems.\" Unfortunately, Mann later called Kennedy to say the governor changed his mind and that if the riders traveled, they would do so on their own and without protection. Kennedy expressed his frustration to Mann, telling Mann \"that where I come from is somebody gives their word about something that they live up to their word.\" When Moore asks Kennedy if he spoke to Mann as calmly as he is speaking in the interview, Kennedy says he did.","Moore asks Kennedy about Governor Patterson's call to President John F. Kennedy on Friday, May 19. Kennedy postpones the question and returns to the events of May 15. He recounts that after the challenges at the bus terminal on May 15, the Freedom Riders flew to New Orleans that evening. Kennedy recalls that after the first group of riders arrived in New Orleans, he began hearing about other groups coming to Birmingham to continue the plan to travel by bus to New Orleans. Although he did not question the legal right of civil rights workers to travel on Freedom Rides, Kennedy confirms the situation was stormy. Kennedy tried to contact Governor Patterson for several days to talk about the situation but was unsuccessful. Finally, President John F. Kennedy tried to get Patterson to promise to protect the new Freedom Riders. Kennedy points out that the riders had safely traveled through several states, without any intervention by the federal government. He confirms the desire of the Justice Department and the president that Alabama officials handle the situation. On Friday, May 19, Governor Patterson through a messenger asked to meet with a personal representative of the president. Robert Kennedy says he sent John Seigenthaler, a staff member at the Department of Justice, to Alabama that day. Seigenthaler met with Governor Patterson that evening and, as Kennedy reports, received assurance from Patterson that Alabama had \"the means, the ability, and the will to protect\" the Freedom Riders. Kennedy reports that twelve hours after these assurances, Seigenthaler \"was lying on the ground in Montgomery, unconscious, having been beaten\" by a mob about which the FBI had warned the Montgomery Police Department. Kennedy blames a small group of people for the mob attack, although he recognizes that many people in Alabama do not support the Freedom Riders. Since Kennedy and others in the federal government \"found that law and order couldn't be maintained for people traveling in interstate commerce,\" they sent federal marshals \"to ensure that there was protection in interstate commerce.\"","Moore follows up on the decision to send federal marshals to Alabama, asking why the government chose to send marshals instead of troops. Kennedy replies that he is against sending troops in when he feels marshals can do the job. Moore asks if the Justice Department had organized a plan for using federal marshals following the riots surrounding the court-ordered integration of Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Kennedy denies that the department had organized a plan for using marshals, although a few had subsequently received training to deal with riot situations. Kennedy affirms that there is now a plan to make better use of trained marshals in future cases of unrest.","Next, Moore asks Kennedy to comment on governor Patterson's claim that the federal government does not have the authority to move federal forces into a state unless they are requested. Kennedy counters Patterson's assertion and insists the law clearly \"shows that we had a legal right to move the marshals into the state of Alabama.\" Moore then asks Kennedy why he waited until after rioting in Montgomery to request a \"cooling off period.\" Kennedy replies that after the mob attack and riots in Montgomery, he felt the situation \"became more acute.\" Continuing, Kennedy again recognizes the legal right of integrated interstate travel and praises authorities in Chicago who have protected travelers rather than letting them be attacked for several minutes before responding. Returning to the question of federal intervention in Alabama, Kennedy maintains he would not have sent marshals if state leaders had met their responsibility. He also argues that if he had not sent marshals he would be derelict in his duty, responsibility, obligation, and oath.","Following this, Moore asks the cameraman to pause recording; after the pause, Moore asks Kennedy about a \"friend of the court\" brief the Justice Department filed supporting a case by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) against segregated transportation in Jackson, Mississippi. Asked why the department did not follow the NAACP's lead asking for an end to police harassment, Kennedy recognizes the department opposed the NAACP on that issue because they felt \"it would impede the operations of the police department and policemen in Jackson.\" In July 1961, the NAACP on behalf of three African Americans from Jackson, Mississippi, filed a suit seeking an end to segregation in interstate and intrastate travel. The case was brought before a three-judge circuit court in September 1961. In February 1962, the United States Supreme Court in Bailey v. Patterson ruled in favor of the NAACP and against segregation in transportation facilities.","Finally, Moore brings up the topic of school desegregation, beginning with tuition grants in Prince Edward County, Virginia. Moore asks Kennedy why the Justice Department tried to enter the case as a friend of the court on behalf of African American parents challenging the closing of the public schools and the issuance of tuition grants for private educational facilities. In his reply, Kennedy explains that there are 1,700 African American students who have not had access to public education since the school system closed in the fall of 1959. Continuing, he expresses his belief that tuition grants are not the proper way of handling the situation. Moore comments that the judge in the case did not accept the Justice Department's friend of the court brief. Kennedy responds that the Justice Department only took action in the case when their attempts to encourage local leaders to reopen the public schools were unsuccessful. He declares that the Justice Department will remain interested in the school situation in Prince Edward County. Asked if the department will ask Congress for power to initiate school desegregation suits, Kennedy replies that they have no plans to do so.","Moore then turns to upcoming school desegregation of the eleventh and twelfth grades in Atlanta in the fall of 1961. Moore quotes Georgia attorney general Eugene Cook who condemns visits by two Justice Department employees as implying that Atlanta will not comply with court-ordered integration. Kennedy counters by expressing his confidence in the citizens of Atlanta and Georgia. He recognizes that school integration is a challenging situation and affirms that discussions recognizing the challenges of desegregation help smooth the process. He asserts that he does not anticipate problems in school desegregation in Atlanta and that it is also wise to \"make sure that we all understand what the situation is and to assure that we also have met our responsibilities.\" Kennedy then refuses to make a firm statement on tuition grants, expressing his need to review specific laws before making judgments. The clip ends with an image of Kennedy and Moore sitting across the table from each other.","Reporter: Moore, Ray, 1922-","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42302"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Reporters and reporting--Washington (D.C.)","Attorneys general--United States","Interviews--Washington (D.C.)","Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in education--Virginia--Prince Edward County","School integration--Virginia--Prince Edward County","Private schools--Virginia--Prince Edward County","School integration--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation in education--Georgia--Atlanta","Flags--United States","Civil rights workers--United States","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil rights movements--United States","Race riots--Alabama","Race riots--Alabama--Montgomery","Segregation--United States","Discrimination--United States","Governors--Alabama","Presidents--United States","Police, State--Alabama","Buses--Alabama","Civil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama","Federal-state controversies--Alabama","Federal government--United States","United States marshals--Alabama","Segregation in transportation--Mississippi--Jackson","Amici curiae--Virginia--Prince Edward County","Attorneys general--Georgia--Atlanta","Interstate commerce--United States","Violence--Alabama","Alabama--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporter Ray Moore interviewing United States attorney general Robert F. Kennedy about the Freedom Rides and about school integration, Washington, D.C., 1961"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42302"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42302"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-08-01"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42302, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of reporter Ray Moore interviewing United States attorney general Robert F. Kennedy about the Freedom Rides and about school integration, Washington, D.C., 1961, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0926, 1:56/24:21, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 22 mins., 25 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968","Moore, Ray, 1922-","Mann, Floyd H., 1920-1996","Patterson, John, 1921 September 27-2021","Cruit, George","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963","Seigenthaler, John, 1927-2014","Cook, Eugene, 1904-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33052","title":"BLACK MUSLIM LEADER, ELIJAH MUHAMMAD, ADDRESSES CROWD IN WASHINGTON, D.C.; SEPARATION OR DEATH","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-06-26"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Black Muslims","Politics and government","RELIGION AND CHURCHES","Washington (D.C.)"],"dcterms_title":["BLACK MUSLIM LEADER, ELIJAH MUHAMMAD, ADDRESSES CROWD IN WASHINGTON, D.C.; SEPARATION OR DEATH"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33052"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33052"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn33052, (No title), WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0736, 1:26/03:48, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Elijah Muhammad, 1897-1975"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33551","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified official from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) speaking to a reporter about ongoing the Freedom Rides, New York City, New York, 1961 May or June","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, New York, New York County, New York, 40.7142691, -74.0059729","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-06"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) headquarters in New York City, New York, in May or June, 1961, an unidentified CORE official speaks to a reporter about the ongoing Freedom Rides.","The clip begins outside the CORE offices. A white man, seen from behind, opens the door and walks into the office. Inside the office, office workers sit in front of typewriters at several desks throughout the room. An African American woman speaks on the telephone while a white woman and an African American man sit at typewriters.","After general office scenes, an off-screen reporter interviews an unidentified CORE official. The CORE official, a white man wearing a dark suit, suggests several reasons Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy may have requested a cooling-off period in the Freedom Rides, including the threat to prestige of the United States in foreign countries. Specifically, because President John F. Kennedy is heading to a conference with international leaders, civil rights workers should \"refrain from doing anything that might reflect badly on this nation.\" The official counters this idea, declaring that the \"cancer of segregation\" hurts the country's prestige more than Freedom Rides, and asserting that it is more important to solve the problem of segregation than to ignore it.","After a break in the clip, the reporter asks the CORE worker about the possibility, presented by the attorney general, that more Freedom Rides might incite more violence in the South. The official replies that the state leaders in Mississippi have shown that the police can protect people from violence without the aid of federal marshals. The reporter then asks the CORE worker about the goals of the Freedom Rides. The man announces that CORE hopes to integrate Greyhound and Trailways bus terminals, lunch counters, and waiting rooms. The reporter asks when the integration might happen; the reply is not recorded.","In 1961, CORE organized the Freedom Ride as a test of bus facilities for interstate passengers. According to the 1960 Boynton v. Virginia United States Supreme Court ruling, segregation in interstate bus facilities was illegal. CORE hoped to test compliance by sponsoring a Washington-to-New Orleans trip through several Southern States. Patterned after the 1947 \"Journey of Reconciliation,\" the trip began in Washington D.C. with three days of nonviolence training before the May 4 departure. The riders divided into two groups, one traveling by Greyhound and the other by Trailways buses. The ride met little resistance in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. However, on May 14, the Trailways bus was attacked and burned in Anniston, Alabama, and the Greyhound riders were beaten by a white mob in Birmingham, Alabama. In both cases, local law enforcement officers allowed the mob to attack the riders for several minutes before ending the riot. Attorney General Robert Kennedy and the Justice Department tried to arrange safe passage for the rest of the ride, but on May 20 another group of riders traveling from Birmingham to Montgomery were met by a mob in Montgomery, and the riders and several bystanders, including Kennedy's personal representative John Seigenthaler, were severely beaten. On May 24, riders traveled from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi with heavy police escort the whole way. Unfortunately, under a secret arrangement between Mississippi officials and the Justice Department, the riders were arrested immediately in Jackson and charged with breach of peace. That same day, concerned about the reputation of the United States and President John F. Kennedy's upcoming conferences with European leaders, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy called for a \"cooling-off period\" and asked civil rights workers to stop subsequent Freedom Rides. Several civil rights organizations, including the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the Nashville Christian Leadership Conference (NCLC), and the National Student Association, joined with CORE to form the Freedom Ride Coordinating Committee (FRCC) and arrange for continuing attacks on segregated transportation throughout the South and especially in Jackson, Mississippi. After several months of rides, arrests, and ongoing trials, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in September ruled that interstate buses and facilities must desegregate beginning November 1.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn33551"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Reporters and reporting--New York (State)--New York","Freedom Rides, 1961","Offices--New York (State)--New York","Segregation in transportation--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Clerks--New York (State)--New York","Typewriters--New York (State)--New York","Attorneys general--United States","Presidents--United States","Violence--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Southern States","Buses--Southern States","Direct action--Southern States","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified official from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) speaking to a reporter about ongoing the Freedom Rides, New York City, New York, 1961 May or June"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33551"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33551"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-06"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn33551, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an unidentified official from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) speaking to a reporter about ongoing the Freedom Rides, New York City, New York, 1961 May or June, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0747, 34:03/35:34, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 31 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963","Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33344","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. asking that president John F. Kennedy issue a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation\" declaring segregation illegal, 1961 June","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-06-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip possibly from June 1961, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. calls upon president John F. Kennedy to issue a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation\" declaring segregation illegal. King asserts that the time has come for the president to issue an executive order against segregation. He declares that the United States' world position demands an end to segregation.","President Abraham Lincoln issued the first emancipation proclamation which ended slavery in Southern states on January 1, 1863. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. proposed on several occasions that president John F. Kennedy should issue an executive order which he referred to as a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation\" which would end segregation in the nation; King hoped such an order would be announced before the centennial of the first emancipation proclamation. King felt that the United States limited its influence as a world power by continuing to keep a large percentage of its population as second-class citizens. He prepared supporting documentation which he later presented to president Kennedy, although the president declined to issue such an order. Kennedy did announce and propose civil rights legislation ending segregation in public accommodations, government, housing, and employment in June 1963 after the University of Alabama integration. The legislation became the 1964 Civil Rights Act signed by president Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn33344"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil rights","Segregation--United States","Civil rights movements--United States"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. asking that president John F. Kennedy issue a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation\" declaring segregation illegal, 1961 June"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33344"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33344"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-06-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn33344, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. asking that president John F. Kennedy issue a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation\" declaring segregation illegal, 1961 June, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0743, 50:28/50:54, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 26 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34959","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter speaking to Atlanta mayor William B. Hartsfield about race relations in Atlanta, Georgia and about the Freedom Rides, Washington, D.C., 1961 May 25","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Hartsfield, William Berry"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, District of Columbia, Washington, 38.89511, -77.03637","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-25"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Washington D.C. on May 25, 1961, Atlanta mayor William B. Hartsfield speaks to a reporter about the Freedom Rides and about race relations in Atlanta, Georgia.","The clip begins with Mayor Hartsfield standing outside near an unidentified building. An off-screen reporter asks Hartsfield about his reaction to the Freedom Ride. The Freedom Ride began as an interracial journey through the South testing segregated transportation facilities and was sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a New York-based Civil Rights organization. Hartsfield reports that he did not hear about the Freedom Ride until after they passed through Atlanta. Blaming \"publicity that put some people under tension,\" he recognizes that both the Freedom Riders and the white community made mistakes in the situation. Hartsfield acknowledges that African American citizens deserve full freedom everywhere; he also calls for restraint and compares efforts to force confrontation to digging holes in wet sand. Although he is saddened by the violence and arrests in Alabama and Mississippi, Hartsfield expresses pride that there were no confrontations with the Freedom Riders while they were in Atlanta or in Georgia. He explains that people in Atlanta are too busy building a great city to hate others. Continuing, he asserts that he and other leaders in Atlanta are working together to improve race relations and help African Americans obtain their rights.","The reporter then asks Hartsfield about his recent meeting with United States president John F. Kennedy. On May 25, Hartsfield and three other leaders of the Mayors-of-American-Unity Committee presented President Kennedy with a scroll signed by nearly 1,500 mayors expressing their support of him. Kennedy was preparing to travel to Europe the following week to meet with French president Charles de Gaulle and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev. Referring to the meeting, the reporter asks Hartsfield if the mayors discussed the Freedom Rides with the president during the meeting. Hartsfield responds that the mayors met with Kennedy to express national unity; that there was not much time in the brief meeting for discussion; and that he would not have brought up the topic unless the president did. Asked if Southern mayors have had any communication about the Freedom Rides, Hartsfield replies that they have not, noting the unique situation of each community and suggesting most communities work with their state governments. Hartsfield points out that although most Southern mayors are members of the United States Conference of Mayors and the American Municipal Association, \"each mayor is sort of a product of his own town.\" Focusing on Atlanta, Hartsfield extols the community as a \"great crossroads city\" with people from all over the country. He claims that this diversity leads to \"a more liberal approach and a more tolerant approach to everything.\" Hartsfield declares Atlanta is an American city with national reputation and influence, one that cannot obsess about race any more than other major communities throughout the United States.","In 1961, CORE organized a Freedom Ride to test Southern compliance with orders to desegregated interstate transportation. Patterned after the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, the ride started in Washington D.C. on May 4. It continued without major interruption until May 14 when riders were attacked in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. Mobs also attacked reinforcement riders from Nashville who traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery, Alabama, on May 20. The next night, May 21, another mob of white Montgomery citizens laid an all-night siege to First Baptist Church during a mass meeting held in support of the Freedom Ride. In response, the federal government sent marshals to Alabama; eventually governor John Patterson declared martial law and sent in members of the Alabama National Guard. After further negotiations, Freedom Riders traveled from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi on May 24. Upon reaching Jackson the riders were arrested. In September the Interstate Commerce Commission ruled segregation in interstate transportation, as well as facilities serving interstate travelers, illegal.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn34959"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Southern States","Reporters and reporting--Washington (D.C.)","Interviews--Washington (D.C.)","Civil rights movements--United States","African Americans--Civil rights","Segregation in transportation--Southern States","Race riots--Alabama","Race relations","Freedom Rides, 1961","Presidents--United States","Violence--Southern States","United States--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter speaking to Atlanta mayor William B. Hartsfield about race relations in Atlanta, Georgia and about the Freedom Rides, Washington, D.C., 1961 May 25"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34959"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34959"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-25"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn34959, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a reporter speaking to Atlanta mayor William B. Hartsfield about race relations in Atlanta, Georgia and about the Freedom Rides, Washington, D.C., 1961 May 25, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0775, 00:00/04:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 4 mins., 32 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963","Hartsfield, William Berry"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33552","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Alabama National Guardsmen protecting an interracial group of Freedom Riders as they arrive at the Greyhound bus terminal in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 24","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-24"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from May 24, 1961, members of the Alabama National Guard protect an interracial group of Freedom Riders as they arrive in Montgomery, Alabama, and leave the Greyhound bus terminal.","The clip begins with soldiers holding guns as they get out of the back of a truck; the soldiers then walk toward a line of buses. Two police officers on motorcycles escort a Greyhound bus into the parking lot. The sign on the bus indicates it is continuing on to New Orleans, Louisiana. Across the street a crowd watches the bus's arrival as soldiers and state troopers line the sidewalk in front of the bus terminal. Other observers are seen in upstairs windows of the building across the street.","Next, reverend A. D. King, brother of Martin Luther King, Jr., gets into the front seat of a waiting car. Another African American man, Clyde Carter, a student at Johnson C. Smith University in Charlotte, North Carolina, gets into the backseat. Two white professors from Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut are also in the car; John Maguire sits in the front seat and David Swift sits in the backseat. Troops stand between crowds on the sidewalk and the cars as they drive away from the bus station. The clip ends as a caravan of cars leaves the bus station.","On May 23, 1961, a group of professors from Yale and Wesleyan Universities met up with Charles Jones and Clyde Carter, students from Johnson C. Smith University in North Carolina. The students and the professors met in Atlanta, Georgia, and decided to join the ongoing Freedom Rides; riders had been beaten after arriving in Montgomery, Alabama on May 21, 1961. The students and professors held a press conference in Atlanta on May 24 before their 12:30 pm departure to Montgomery. Although the bus was scheduled to make stops along the way, the bus driver and bus company avoided the possibility of further violence following the May 14 attack on two buses in Anniston, Alabama and instead drove directly to Montgomery. The bus and the seven Freedom Riders were met in Montgomery by several hundred Alabama National Guardsmen who held back a crowd of white observers. Reverends Ralph Abernathy and Fred Shuttlesworth drove the men from the bus station to private homes for the evening. The next day, May 25, the seven freedom riders, joined by Abernathy, Shuttlesworth, Wyatt Walker, and Bernard Lee sought service at the \"white-only\" lunch counter at the Montgomery bus station and were arrested for disorderly conduct, preventing them from traveling to Jackson, Mississippi as they had planned.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn33552"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Alabama--Montgomery","Race relations","African American college students--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Politics and government","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","College teachers--Alabama--Montgomery","College chaplains--Alabama--Montgomery","Men, White--Alabama--Montgomery","Buses--Alabama--Montgomery","Automobiles--Alabama--Montgomery","Police--Alabama--Montgomery","Motorcycles--Alabama--Montgomery","Clergy--Alabama--Montgomery","African American clergy--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Montgomery","Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Alabama National Guardsmen protecting an interracial group of Freedom Riders as they arrive at the Greyhound bus terminal in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 24"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33552"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33552"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-24"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn33552, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Alabama National Guardsmen protecting an interracial group of Freedom Riders as they arrive at the Greyhound bus terminal in Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 24, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0747, 35:36/36:42, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 6 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Carter, Clyde L. (Clyde Larocque)","Maguire, John David","Swift, David Everett, 1914-","King, A. D., 1930-1969"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38283","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interracial group of Freedom Riders holding a press conference before leaving Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 24","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-24"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from May 24, 1961, an interracial group of Freedom Riders including Reverends Gaylord Noyce and William S. Coffin, Jr., professors John Maguire and David Swift, and African American students George B. Smith, Charles Jones, and Clyde Carter speak to reporters in Atlanta, Georgia before traveling by bus to Montgomery, Alabama. The clip begins with several people leaving a building; the image is obscured, and the individuals cannot be identified.","Next an interracial group of men walk into a building and sit down in a room with folding chairs and a piano. The men sit around a table and appear to hold a press conference; their comments are not recorded. The men at the table are, from left to right, Dr. John Maguire, professor at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut; Clyde Carter, student at Johnson C. Smith University in Charlotte, North Carolina; Dr. David Swift, professor at Wesleyan; William Coffin, chaplain at Yale University; George Smith, Yale University law student; Charles Jones, also a student at Johnson C. Smith University; and Gaylord Noyce, professor at Yale Divinity school. While the camera focuses on different men in the group, a photographer takes pictures, and reporters take notes. One of the microphones in front of the men is identified by a sign as from the WAOK station, an African American station in the Atlanta area. After the press conference, the men walk outside and stand with several other men while a reporter appears to interview them again; the clip is again dark, and it is hard to identify everyone. The camera focuses on a cross outside a building, possibly a church. The men from the press conference are seen briefly before a Greyhound bus as it backs out of a parking spot. Finally the camera focuses on a building with many windows before showing two men in front of a car, apparently trying to fix something.","On May 23, 1961, a group of professors from Yale and Wesleyan Universities met up with Charles Jones and Clyde Carter, students from Johnson C. Smith University in North Carolina. The students and the professors decided to join the ongoing Freedom Rides; riders had been beaten after arriving in Montgomery, Alabama on May 21, 1961. The students and professors held a press conference on May 24 before their 12:30 pm departure from Atlanta to Montgomery. Although the bus was scheduled to make stops along the way, the bus driver and bus company apparently decided to avoid the possibility of further violence following the May 14 attack on two buses in Anniston, Alabama and instead drove directly to Montgomery. The bus and the seven Freedom Riders were met in Montgomery by several hundred Alabama National Guardsmen who held back a crowd of white observers. Reverends Ralph Abernathy and Fred Shuttlesworth drove the men from the bus station to private homes for the evening. The next day, May 25, the seven freedom riders, joined by Abernathy, Shuttlesworth, Wyatt Walker, and Bernard Lee sought service at the \"white-only\" lunch counter at the Montgomery bus station and were arrested for disorderly conduct, preventing them from traveling to Jackson, Mississippi as they had planned.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn38283"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African American college students--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Politics and government","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Folding chairs--Georgia--Atlanta","College teachers--Georgia--Atlanta","College chaplains--Georgia--Atlanta","Photographers--Georgia--Atlanta","Men, White--Georgia--Atlanta","Piano--Georgia--Atlanta","Buses--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Press conferences--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation in transportation--Georgia--Atlanta","Freedom Rides, 1961"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interracial group of Freedom Riders holding a press conference before leaving Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 24"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38283"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38283"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-24"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn38283, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of an interracial group of Freedom Riders holding a press conference before leaving Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 24, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0052, 53:23/58:58, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 5 mins., 35 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Jones, Charles, 1937-2019","Carter, Clyde L. (Clyde Larocque)","Swift, David Everett, 1914-","Maguire, John David","Smith, George Bundy, 1937-","Coffin, William Sloane, Jr., 1924-2006","Noyce, Gaylord B."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33088","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Trailways bus driving through downtown and then parking at a bus station and police arresting two African American female Freedom Riders in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 May 24","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, Hinds County, Jackson, 32.29876, -90.18481"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-24"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from May 24, 1961, police observe a Trailways bus as it parks at the Jackson, Mississippi, station and then arrest two African American female Freedom Riders.","The clip begins with a Trailways bus driving through a downtown area of Jackson, Mississippi. Several uniformed police officers stand on the sidewalk and watch as the bus pulls into the station. Later, more policemen are seen; one of the policemen holds the leash of the dog next to him. Policemen escort two African American women, Julia Aaron and Jean Thompson, from the bus station to a waiting paddy wagon. The women carry suitcases, and a photographer takes pictures of the two as they approach the vehicle.","In 1961 the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized a \"Freedom Ride\" beginning in Washington, D.C. on May 4 with the plan to arrive in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 17. In New Orleans, the riders planned to join a celebration of the seventh anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education United States Supreme Court case ruling against segregated public education. During the journey, the Freedom Riders planned to test compliance with another Supreme Court ruling, Boynton v. Virginia. The Boynton case banned segregation in transportation facilities serving passengers traveling across state lines. The 1961 Freedom Ride was patterned after a 1947 \"Journey of Reconciliation\" during which CORE activists traveled through the upper South testing compliance with the Boynton decision. During the 1961 Freedom Ride, civil rights workers traveled in two groups, one by Greyhound and one by Trailways buses. On Mother's Day, May 14, the group traveling by Greyhound was attacked in Anniston, Alabama. A mob slashed the bus tires and firebombed the bus. Later in the day, a white mob met the Trailways riders in Birmingham and beat both the riders and several bystanders. By arrangement with local law enforcement, the mob had fifteen minutes to attack the Freedom Riders before the police would come to return order. Following the attacks, officials at the United States Department of Justice, including Attorney General Robert Kennedy, stepped in and tried to work with Alabama officials to guarantee protection for the Freedom Riders. When negotiations failed, the riders flew to New Orleans on May 16. Diane Nash and members of the Nashville Christian Leadership (NCLC) recognized the importance of continuing the Freedom Ride and arranged for subsequent groups of riders to continue the journey. A reorganized Freedom Ride traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery, Alabama on May 20, 1961. Montgomery law enforcement again agreed to not interfere as a white mob beat the riders. The following evening, local African Americans gathered at First Baptist Church in Montgomery for a mass meeting in support of the Freedom Riders. During the meeting, a mob surrounded the church and prevented the participants from leaving. The next morning, the Alabama National Guard and United States Marshals dispersed the crowd and escorted the meeting participants home. Over the next few days, civil rights leaders, Freedom Riders, Justice Department officials, and Alabama and Mississippi officials negotiated a plan for the riders to safely travel from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi. On May 24, two groups of riders boarded one Greyhound and one Trailways bus bound for Mississippi. Unbeknownst to the riders, they would be arrested in Mississippi as they exited the buses. After the arrests in Mississippi, most of the riders, following the \"jail, no bail\" policy began earlier the year as part of on-going sit-in demonstrations, refused bail in Mississippi and were sent to Parchman Penitentiary. Subsequent groups of riders throughout the rest of the summer also traveled to Mississippi and were arrested and sent to Parchman. The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) finally passed policies against racial segregation in transportation that went into effect in November 1961.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn33088"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Buses--Mississippi--Jackson","Central business districts--Mississippi--Jackson","Bus terminals--Mississippi--Jackson","Police--Mississippi--Jackson","African American women--Mississippi--Jackson","African American civil rights workers--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights workers--Mississippi--Jackson","Trailways","Police dogs--Mississippi--Jackson","Arrest--Mississippi--Jackson","Police vehicles--Mississippi--Jackson","Luggage--Mississippi--Jackson","Photographers--Mississippi--Jackson","Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Mississippi--Jackson","Direct action--Mississippi--Jackson","Jackson (Miss.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Trailways bus driving through downtown and then parking at a bus station and police arresting two African American female Freedom Riders in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 May 24"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33088"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33088"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-24"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn33088, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a Trailways bus driving through downtown and then parking at a bus station and police arresting two African American female Freedom Riders in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 May 24, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0736, 45:11/45:45, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 34 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Humbles, Julia Aaron","Thompson, Jean C. (Jean Catherine), 1942-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35045","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a press conference with comments by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. about the Freedom Ride, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, 32.22026, -86.20761","United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-23"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from a press conference about the continuation of the Freedom Ride held in Montgomery, Alabama, on May 23, 1961, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. discusses the imperative to continue the struggle. The clip begins with Dr. King, Reverend Abernathy, and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) president John Lewis sitting down at a table; Lewis has a bandage on his head from injuries he received on May 21 when he and a group of students from Nashville were beaten after arriving in Montgomery. Wyatt Walker, SCLC executive secretary stands in the background. A group of cameramen and reporters line up in front of the table; the group of reporters includes an African American man as well as a white woman. King, apparently responding to a reporter's question, declares that encouraging African Americans to wait passively for their citizenship rights is impractical and immoral and asserts that \"the time is always right to do right.\" He criticizes those who would say civil rights demonstrations and violent white resistance hurts the image of the United States in the international community, replying that \"the thing that is hurting us most is the continued existence of segregation and discrimination.\" The clip ends with King's emphasizing that the struggle for civil rights \"is a struggle to save the soul of America.\" The Freedom Rides, organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) during the summer of 1961, tested federal laws outlawing segregation in travel between states. Two groups of volunteers trained in nonviolence planned to travel from Washington D.C. to New Orleans, leaving May 4. On May 10 both buses were ambushed by violent mobs in Anniston, Alabama, and one bus was ambushed again in Birmingham, injuring Freedom Riders, newsmen, and bystanders. Student civil rights workers from Nashville, Tennessee, went to Montgomery, Alabama to continue the freedom ride and were also beaten. Federal officials sent National Guard troops to Montgomery to restore order and protect the Freedom Riders in their journey. The group was protected until their arrival in Jackson, Mississippi, where they were beaten, arrested, and sent to Parchman Penitentiary; others who later arrived in Jackson to continue the ride were also arrested. Although the Freedom Riders never made it to New Orleans, the federal Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ruled segregation in travel between states illegal as well as in facilities serving those travelers; the ruling went into effect November 1, 1961.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35045"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Press conferences--Alabama--Montgomery","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Segregation in transportation--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","Reporters and reporting--Alabama--Montgomery","Camera operators--Alabama--Montgomery","Direct action--Alabama--Montgomery","Passive resistance--Alabama--Montgomery","Violence--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Violence against--Alabama--Montgomery","Freedom Rides, 1961"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a press conference with comments by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. about the Freedom Ride, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35045"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35045"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-23"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn35045, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a press conference with comments by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. about the Freedom Ride, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0776, 58:02/59:16, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 14 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968--Interviews","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","Lewis, John, 1940-2020","Walker, Wyatt Tee"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34963","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference during which Alabama governor John Patterson condemns the Freedom Riders for instigating racial trouble and demands that the Freedom Riders and Martin Luther King, Jr. leave the state, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Patterson, John Malcolm, 1921-"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, 32.36681, -86.29997"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-05-23"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from a press conference held in Montgomery, Alabama on May 23, 1961, Alabama governor John Patterson demands that \"agitators\" Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Freedom Riders leave Alabama immediately and condemns the Freedom Riders for seeking to cause racial trouble.","The clip begins with Alabama governor John Patterson, wearing a suit with a flower in the lapel, and sitting in a chair in front of several microphones and with a curtain behind him. An off-screen reporter appears to ask governor Patterson a question. His comments are not completely recorded. Later, governor Patterson begins speaking, condemning Martin Luther King, Jr. as \"the worst of all the agitators in this country.\" He asserts that King came to Montgomery in order to cause a race riot and that he was assisted by the federal government. Patterson declares that \"the best thing for King and all of the so-called Freedom Riders is to return to their homes, go back to their books, and mind their own business.\"","After a break in the clip, Patterson continues his criticism of the Freedom Ride. He counters the Freedom Riders' claim of interstate travel, reporting that the Freedom Riders are not traveling as interstate travelers but are instead buying tickets from one community to another. Additionally, he claims the riders, African American men and white women, seek to \"force themselves into situations which tend to inflame the local people.\" He accuses the Freedom Riders of violating tradition and city ordinances in order to provoke violent reactions. Although he recognizes the state's responsibility to protect travelers, he insists that Freedom Riders are instigators, not traditional interstate passengers.","In 1961, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized an interracial \"Freedom Ride\" through the South to test compliance with federal regulations against segregated travel. Beginning in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961, the riders traveled in two groups through Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia with relatively little opposition. Upon reaching Alabama on May 14, the two groups were attacked by white mobs; in Anniston, the mob attacked and burned the Greyhound bus and in Birmingham the mob brutally beat the Trailways riders. After the United States Justice Department was unable secure a guarantee that Alabama officials would protect the riders as they traveled through the state, the riders were flown to New Orleans on May 15. Students from the Nashville Civil Rights movement, unwilling to let mob violence defeat the ride, organized a group to travel from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. This second group of riders were met by another mob in Montgomery, and several riders and bystanders were severely beaten. Among those attacked in Montgomery was John Seigenthaler, attorney general Robert F. Kennedy's personal assistant. Martin Luther King, Jr. flew from Alabama to Montgomery, his former home, to try and assist the riders. During a May 21 mass meeting held at First Baptist Church in Montgomery where King was scheduled to speak in support of the riders, a white mob tried to attack the church. President John F. Kennedy sent federal marshals to Montgomery, and Governor Patterson later declared martial law in the city and sent the Alabama National Guard to the church to protect the meeting participants and to escort them home in the morning. After more negotiations between federal officials and leaders from Alabama and Mississippi, the Freedom Riders traveled from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi on May 24. Once in Jackson, under a secretly negotiated deal between Department of Justice officials and Mississippi state leaders, the riders were all arrested under \"breach of peace\" charges as they got off the bus. Subsequent groups of riders who also traveled to Jackson were arrested throughout the summer. In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the governmental body responsible for interstate travel, issued a ruling forbidding segregation in facilities serving interstate passengers.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn34963"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Press conferences--Alabama--Montgomery","Reporters and reporting--Alabama--Montgomery","Race riots--Alabama--Montgomery","African Americans--Civil rights--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","Federal-state controversies--Alabama","Violence--Alabama","United States marshals--Alabama--Montgomery","Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Violence against--Alabama--Montgomery","Governors--Alabama","Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Southern States-Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference during which Alabama governor John Patterson condemns the Freedom Riders for instigating racial trouble and demands that the Freedom Riders and Martin Luther King, Jr. leave the state, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34963"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34963"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-05-23"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn34963, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a press conference during which Alabama governor John Patterson condemns the Freedom Riders for instigating racial trouble and demands that the Freedom Riders and Martin Luther King, Jr. leave the state, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 23, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0775, 10:00/12:17, Walter J. 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Cook explains that the Justice Department case against Prince Edward County attacks laws similar to those passed by the Georgia legislature in 1954 and 1961. He affirms that he will file a brief indicating Georgia's \"support of the position taken by the attorney general of Virginia in opposition to the position taken by the Department of Justice.\"","The 1954 United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education brough together five cases from around the country; Prince Edward County, Virginia was one of the localities included in the case. In response to the Supreme Court decision, Virginia, Georgia, and several other Southern states began a program of \"massive resistance\" and passed laws designed to prevent school integration. In Virginia, Prince Edward County closed its public school system in 1959 instead of complying with court-ordered integration. The county set up a private school system for white students funded by state and county tuition grants. In April 1961, the United States Department of Justice filed a motion in Federal District Court to prevent Virginia from providing financial support to any public school in the state until the Prince Edward County public schools were reopened on a desegregated basis. There were two reasons Georgia officials were particularly interested in the outcome of the Justice Department case against Prince Edward County. First, federal courts had ordered the Atlanta school system to begin school integration that fall. Secondly, the Georgia legislature had passed similar legislation. They allowed communities to choose to close public school systems when faced with integration and provided tuition grants for white students displaced when schools closed. After several years of continuing legal cases, the Prince Edward County public schools were reopened in 1964, after denying the 1,700 African American students in the county a public education for nearly five years.","Title supplied by cataloger.","DigiBeta preservation master.","Condition notes: 2007-10, Leader Replaced (Benyshek)"],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43553"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Attorneys general--Georgia","Segregation in education--Virginia--Prince Edward County","School integration--Virginia--Prince Edward County","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Virginia--Prince Edward County","Public school closings--Virginia--Prince Edward County","Press conferences--Georgia--Atlanta","Injunctions--Virginia--Prince Edward County","Segregation in education--Georgia","School integration--Georgia","School integration--Massive resistance movement--Georgia","School closings--Georgia","Federal-state controversies--Virginia","Federal-state controversies--Georgia"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia attorney general Eugene Cook speaking about a U.S. Department of Justice case against Prince Edward County, Virginia, county government which had closed public schools to avoid court-ordered integration, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 May 23"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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King informs the audience that members of the National Guard are on their way to Montgomery to protect the church from the mob outside and asks people to stay inside the church. He also encourages the audience to remain nonviolent to achieve \"the moral victory.\"","On May 4, 1961, two groups of students trained in nonviolence left Washington D.C. bound for New Orleans on a \"Freedom Ride,\" an attempt to test the 1960 United States Supreme Court ruling outlawing segregation in travel between states. The groups were ambushed in Anniston, Alabama on May 14; one of the groups was attacked again in Birmingham. Alabama state troopers, sent after negotiations between state leaders and officials at the Department of Justice, and student reinforcements from Nashville protected the Freedom Riders on their journey from Birmingham to Montgomery on May 20. However, local police who were supposed to protect the riders in Montgomery were not at the bus station when the travelers arrived, and rioting white crowds beat the riders, newsmen, and federal officials at the scene. King flew to Montgomery May 21 for a mass meeting held in Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy's First Baptist Church. Rioting white crowds outside kept the congregation in the church until four-thirty the next morning when Alabama National Guard trucks transported the African Americans home. Further negotiations between state and federal officials moved the Freedom Riders from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi where the original group of Freedom Riders and their reinforcements were arrested and jailed in Parchman Penitentiary, ending the Freedom Ride before it reached New Orleans.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35199"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Mass meetings--Alabama--Montgomery","Freedom songs--Alabama--Montgomery","Race riots--Alabama--Montgomery","Nonviolence--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights movements--Alabama--Montgomery","Baptist church buildings--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","African American civil rights workers--Alabama--Montgomery","Civil rights demonstrations--Alabama--Montgomery","Intimidation--Alabama--Montgomery","Freedom Rides, 1961","Montgomery (Ala.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of a mass meeting held at First Baptist Church where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encourages nonviolence during a riot outside, Montgomery, Alabama, 1961 May 21"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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