{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41989","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American civil rights workers, Georgia National Guardsmen, and city officials in Albany, Georgia, 1961 December","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Dougherty County, Albany, 31.57851, -84.15574"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-12-00"],"dcterms_description":["This series of silent WSB newsfilm clips from December 1961 in Albany, Georgia, includes shots of a mass meeting in Shiloh Baptist Church; groups of African Americans entering city hall; Albany mayor Asa D. Kelley and police chief Laurie Pritchett each speaking to reporters from their offices; Georgia National Guardsmen gathering at the local armory building; and African American students in the Trailways bus station.  The clip begins with police cars driving past Shiloh Baptist Church as groups of African Americans wait outside.  Inside the meeting, movement activists sing and clap their hands with the crowd while a woman (possibly Goldie Jackson, Albany Movement corresponding secretary) and later an unidentified man sing from the pulpit; a young man (possibly Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) member Charles Jones) also addresses the congregation.  Interspersed with the scenes from Shiloh Baptist Church are shots of African American men and women entering Albany City Hall, often watched by white onlookers, presumably to represent Albany Movement concerns or supporters who may be in jail.  They include Jones and attorneys Donald Hollowell and C. B. King.  Also in the clip, Mayor Kelley speaks to reporters from his office.  Next, footage of the Georgia National Guard Armory, identified by signs on and beside the building, precedes filmed segments that show white guardsmen in uniform exiting parked cars and entering the building; they listen to instructions from a man at a blackboard and collect their supplies from the \"Company B\" supply room.  A man in a helmet holding a rifle stands guard outside the building.  On Thursday, December 14, concerned with the increasingly frequent demonstrations, arrests, and the threat of violence, Mayor Kelley requested that Georgia Governor Ernest Vandiver send the Georgia National Guard to help restore order in Albany if needed.  City and state officials ultimately cooperated to avoid violence and the threat of federal government intervention in Albany.  Also in the clip, reporters and cameramen film African American students, probably from nearby Albany State College, Monroe High School, and Carver Junior High School, in the Trailways waiting room; the students buy tickets, read newspapers, and wait at tables in the bus station's dining area.  Other African Americans stand in clusters outside the station (including Jones, Hollowell, and C. B. King) and speak to reporters.  Next, Chief Pritchett speaks to Norma Anderson, active demonstrator and wife of Dr. William G. Anderson, who is standing with a group of African Americans in \"Freedom Alley,\" a dead-end road beside city hall where demonstrators waited for processing after being arrested.  Several students from the bus station watch Chief Pritchett and Mrs. Anderson as they speak.  Later, police speak to a white man outside, then lead students from the bus station and help them into the paddy wagon as crowds watch.  Finally, Chief Pritchett, back in his office, answers reporters' questions.  Earlier in 1961, the federal Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ruled segregation illegal on interstate buses and trains, and in stations that serviced interstate travelers.  Several protests in Albany were directed at the bus station to test Albany's compliance with the ICC ruling which went into effect November 1.  During one of those protests on Thursday, December 14, the Trailways terminal restaurant served ten black patrons before it was closed; Albany police then arrested them, allegedly for their own protection.  City officials professed compliance with the ICC ruling, but continued to arrest activists for spurious offenses such as failure to obey an officer, disorderly conduct, blocking the sidewalk, and obstructing traffic.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn41989"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Albany","African American students--Georgia--Albany","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Albany","Direct action--Georgia--Albany","Passive resistance--Georgia--Albany","Police--Georgia--Albany","Segregation--Georgia--Albany","Segregation in transportation--Georgia--Albany","Mass meetings--Georgia--Albany","African Americans--Georgia--Albany","Press conferences--Georgia--Albany","Music--Georgia--Albany","Mayors--Georgia--Albany","African Americans--Songs and music","Lawyers--Georgia--Albany","African American lawyers--Georgia--Albany","Governors--Georgia","African American women--Georgia--Albany","Singing--Georgia--Albany","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Albany","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Albany","Intervention (Federal government)--Georgia","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Albany","Bus terminals--Georgia--Albany","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Albany","Arrest--Georgia--Albany","Police chiefs--Georgia--Albany","Albany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Albany (Ga.)--Politics and government--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American civil rights workers, Georgia National Guardsmen, and city officials in Albany, Georgia, 1961 December"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41989"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41989"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-12-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn41989, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of African American civil rights workers, Georgia National Guardsmen, and city officials in Albany, Georgia, 1961 December, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0911, 8:12/18:56, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 10 mins., 44 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Kelley, Asa D., 1922-1997","Pritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000","Jones, Charles, 1937-2019","Hollowell, Donald L., 1917-2004","King, C. B. (Chevene Bowers), 1923-1988","Anderson, Norma L. (Norma Lee)","Jackson, Goldie"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44758","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at a mass meeting as well as a civil rights march and the arrest of marchers in Albany, Georgia, 1961 December","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Gay, Benjamin"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Dougherty County, Albany, 31.57851, -84.15574","United States, Georgia, Dougherty County, Albany, Freedom Alley"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-12-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Albany, Georgia, in December, 1961, police detain African American civil rights protesters in an alley; a march leaves Shiloh Baptist Church and is met downtown by Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett; and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaks to a mass meeting at Shiloh Baptist Church and encourages listeners to continue their struggle against segregation.","The clip begins with a group of African Americans gathered in an alley which is blocked by a car. Policemen are on one side of the car, and cameramen filming the incident are on the other. Several African American men carry an unconscious woman from the alley to the car where police help her inside. Some of the African Americans waiting in the alley examine a camera, comfort each other, and later kneel and pray. Next, images of a mass meeting in Shiloh Baptist Church are interspersed with scenes of a march leaving the church and continuing through the African American section of Albany. March leaders include King, Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy, Dr. William G. Anderson, president of the Albany Movement, and his wife, Norma Anderson. Chief Pritchett addresses the march participants with a bullhorn when they reach downtown. Other African Americans, raingear-clad police, and media representatives observe the march. On Saturday, December 16, 1961, after city officials refused to meet with local black leaders, more than 250 Albany residents joined King, Abernathy, and the Andersons, marched downtown, and were arrested. Finally, the audio portion of the clip begins with scenes of a standing-room-only mass meeting in Shiloh Baptist Church where the congregation sings \"Pray on\" in a call-and-response style, led by a man, possibly Reverend Benjamin Gay, chaplain of the Albany Movement. King also addresses the meeting, emphasizing that Albany needs to be informed that African Americans do not like segregation. He stresses that segregation is still the \"Negro's burden and America's shame;\" he notes that by pressing on with anti-segregation demonstrations, that activists could reach beyond Albany's African American community and prove the continuation of segregation to be too costly to the nation. Individuals identified on the dais in the clip include King; Dr. Anderson; Reverend Wyatt Walker, director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); Marion Page, executive secretary of the Albany Movement; and Ruby Hurley, lawyer for the NAACP. At the conclusion of King's speech, the audience sings, \"Everybody Wants Freedom.\"  King's speech was probably given December 15, after his arrival in Albany and before his arrest December 16.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn44758"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Police--Georgia--Albany","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Albany","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Albany","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Albany","Civil rights movements--Southern States--History--20th century","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Albany","Parades--Georgia--Albany","Protest marches--Georgia--Albany","Segregation--Georgia--Albany","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Albany","Prayer--Georgia--Albany","Public worship--Georgia--Albany","Physicians--Georgia--Albany","African American physicians--Georgia--Albany","Passive resistance--Georgia--Albany","Direct action--Georgia--Albany","Everybody wants freedom (Song)","Singing--Georgia--Albany","Music--Georgia--Albany","African Americans--Songs and music","Protest songs--Georgia--Albany","Violence--Georgia--Albany","African American women--Georgia--Albany","Mass meetings--Georgia--Albany","Imprisonment--Georgia--Albany","Albany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at a mass meeting as well as a civil rights march and the arrest of marchers in Albany, Georgia, 1961 December"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44758"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44758"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-12-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn44758, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking at a mass meeting as well as a civil rights march and the arrest of marchers in Albany, Georgia, 1961 December, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1039, 46:39/54:23, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 7 mins., 44 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Pritchett, Laurie, 1926-2000","Abernathy, Ralph, 1926-1990","Anderson, William G., 1927-","Anderson, Norma L. (Norma Lee)","Walker, Wyatt Tee","Page, Marion S., -1971","Hurley, Ruby","Gay, Benjamin"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43472","title":"Marchers at Grady Hospital Protest Unspecified Discriminatory Policy","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-11-10"],"dcterms_description":["Marchers at Grady Hospital Protest Unspecified Discriminatory Policy","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn43472"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Blacks","Demonstrations and Riots","Discrimination"],"dcterms_title":["Marchers at Grady Hospital Protest Unspecified Discriminatory Policy"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43472"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43472"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-11-10"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43472, Marchers at Grady Hospital Protest Unspecified Discriminatory Policy, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0978, 31:48/33:17, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 29 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42944","title":"Dr. West Says Fulton County Schools will be Involved with Court Suits","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["West, Paul D."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-11-01"],"dcterms_description":["Dr. West Says Fulton County Schools will be Involved with Court Suits","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42944"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Courts","Segregation","Education","Blacks","Schools"],"dcterms_title":["Dr. West Says Fulton County Schools will be Involved with Court Suits"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42944"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42944"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-11-01"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42944, Dr. West Says Fulton County Schools will be Involved with Court Suits, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0958, 4:32/06:19, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 47 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36066","title":"Report on Southerners Continuing Segregation","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-11-01"],"dcterms_description":["Report on Southerners Continuing Segregation","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn36066"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Blacks","Discrimination","Segregation"],"dcterms_title":["Report on Southerners Continuing Segregation"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36066"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36066"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-11-01"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn36066, Report on Southerners Continuing Segregation, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0796, 58:50/59:28, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 38 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42964","title":"HUGHES COMMENTS ON FINANCING RURAL EDUCATION","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-10-20"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Finance","Education","Rural conditions","Segregation","African Americans","Schools"],"dcterms_title":["HUGHES COMMENTS ON FINANCING RURAL EDUCATION"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42964"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42964"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42964, (No title), WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0958, 39:03/41:57, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 3 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Hughes, Frank"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44781","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia Institute of Technology president Dr. Ed Harrison speaking to reporters about the school's integration and Ford Greene, Ralph Long, Jr., and Lawrence Williams, the school's first African American students, arriving on the campus in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 September 18","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Harrison, Edwin D., 1916-2001"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-09-18"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from a press conference held in Atlanta, Georgia on September 18, 1961 Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) president Dr. Ed Harrison speaks to reporters about the school's integration, and the school's first African American students, Ford Greene, Ralph Long, Jr. and Lawrence Williams, arrive on campus for freshman orientation.","The first segment, which is about ten minutes long, begins with the school's president, Dr. Ed Harrison, speaking to reporters at a YMCA near campus about the logistics of freshmen arriving on campus, especially the first three African American students at the Institute. Harrison thanks the press for their support of Georgia Tech, crediting them in part with the school's success. He notes that he was unavailable at a press conference held September 15 because of a previous commitment to the YMCA. When asked if Georgia Tech expects problems with the school's integration, Harrison says he is not sure what to expect, but he is working to be prepared and to take precautions. He indicates that one of his precautions, a result of recently acquired \"additional information,\" is to limit the access of reporters and photographers to students on campus. Although asked several times to elaborate on the additional information shaping his decisions, Harrison refuses to comment further or to reveal his source. Harrison takes responsibility for the decision to integrate Georgia Tech, indicating that he conferred informally with members of the Board of Regents, state citizens, and Georgia governor Ernest Vandiver, but was not influenced by outsiders. He reports that governor Vandiver agreed to provide protection to state property and to those on campus, including providing plainclothes troopers to observe the situation and to assist in maintaining order. While the reporters are unhappy with Harrison's decision to limit press access to the campus and to the students, Harrison refuses to disclose all of the reasons shaping his decisions.","Speaking further about his September 15 commitment, Harrison, a private pilot, describes flying to Toccoa, Georgia, but then choosing not to land based on the possibility of a closed airport. Continuing the press conference, Harrison indicates on a chart beside him the physical areas of potential growth for the Atlanta-based school. When questioned further about the scheduled arrival of the three African American students, Harrison refuses to give any details but does acknowledge that the students will be living off-campus. Further images of Harrison speaking to reporters are interspersed in the rest of the clip.","The second segment of the clip, a silent portion, is about six minutes long. Each of the three African American students integrating Georgia Tech are seen in turn, beginning with Ralph Long, Jr., a seventeen-year-old Turner High School graduate who majored in electrical engineering at Georgia Tech. Ford Greene, who wears a letterman jacket, is filmed outdoors speaking to an older man, possibly his father. Greene arrived on campus as a chemical engineering student. Ralph Long, Jr. is seen sitting on a living room couch. Finally, Lawrence Williams, an eighteen-year-old graduate of Booker T. Washington High School in Atlanta and a communications and electronics student, stands in a room with many trophies, and speaks to an unidentified man, who may or may not be his father.","The three young men are also seen on the campus of Georgia Institute of Technology wearing the traditional \"rat caps,\" which were worn by freshmen until the annual football game against the University of Georgia. At one point, one of the young men, probably Lawrence Williams, appears to wait for registration information while standing in front of a sign which reads \"W - Z.\" Photographers take pictures and notes of the students on campus, and white students, possibly from the Sigma Chi fraternity, carry couches into a campus building. The clip ends with an unidentified older white gentleman apparently speaking from his office; the man's comments are not recorded.","After the court-ordered integration of the University of Georgia in January 1961, Georgia Tech president Dr. Ed Harrison began preparing students for the school's probable integration, establishing guidelines against \"student involvement in riots, demonstrations, or disturbances.\" Although he sought guidance from the University System of Georgia Board of Regents, state leaders left Harrison to make the integration decision on his own. On May 11, 1961, Harrison announced the school had accepted three African American students from the thirteen who had applied for admission in the fall. On Friday, September 15, Harrison barred the press from campus for the registration of students on Monday, September 18 and the beginning of classes on Wednesday, September 20. Georgia Institute of Technology became the first academic institution in the Deep South to integrate without a court order and did not experience any rioting with the integration. Although none of the first three African American students graduated from Georgia Tech, other African American students continued to enroll at the school; Ronald L. Yancey, an electrical engineering student who transferred from Atlanta's Morehouse College in 1962, became the first African American to graduate from the school in 1965.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn44781"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["College integration--Georgia--Atlanta","Press conferences--Georgia--Atlanta","African American college students--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta","Governors--Georgia","Police, State--Georgia--Atlanta","Air pilots--Georgia--Atlanta","College students--Georgia--Atlanta","College presidents--Georgia--Atlanta","College integration--Georgia--Atlanta--Press coverage"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia Institute of Technology president Dr. Ed Harrison speaking to reporters about the school's integration and Ford Greene, Ralph Long, Jr., and Lawrence Williams, the school's first African American students, arriving on the campus in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 September 18"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44781"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44781"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-09-18"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn44781, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Georgia Institute of Technology president Dr. Ed Harrison speaking to reporters about the school's integration and Ford Greene, Ralph Long, Jr., and Lawrence Williams, the school's first African American students, arriving on the campus in Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 September 18, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1043, 27:48/37:48, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 10 mins.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.","1 clip (about 6 mins., 12 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Harrison, Edwin D., 1916-2001","Greene, Ford","Williams, Lawrence","Long, Ralph","Vandiver, S. Ernest (Samuel Ernest), 1918-2005"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn56944","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Atlanta mayoral candidates stating their platforms while African Americans vote at the polls, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 September 13","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Brown, Charlie, 1902-1995","Smith, M. M. (Milton Morton), 1901-","Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-09-13"],"dcterms_description":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Atlanta mayoral candidates stating platforms. Blacks vote at polls.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Date from \"Our Campaigns, Atlanta Mayor, Race Details\" at: http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=659130 Viewed 9 Sept. 2012."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn56944"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta--Election","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Voting--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Politics and government"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Atlanta mayoral candidates stating their platforms while African Americans vote at the polls, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 September 13"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn56944"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn56944"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-09-13"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn56944, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Atlanta mayoral candidates stating their platforms while African Americans vote at the polls, Atlanta, Georgia, 1961 September 13, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1565, 7:32/20:19, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 12 mins., 47 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.","1 clip (about 14 mins., 8 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Brown, Charlie, 1902-1995","Smith, M. M. (Milton Morton), 1901-","Maddox, Lester, 1915-2003","Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35763","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students at Andrew H. Wilson and William Frantz elementary schools, two of six integrated schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, 1961 September","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Louisiana, Ninth Ward New Orleans, 30.089567, -89.86922","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, 30.06864, -89.92813","United States, Louisiana, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, 29.95465, -90.07507"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-09"],"dcterms_description":["In this silent WSB newsfilm clip from September 1961, white and African American students attend two integrated schools, Andrew H. 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A white policeman speaks to several white women, one of whom has a child in a stroller. Another white woman stands on the corner and speaks to three white policemen. Behind a chain-link fence several white children play on a merry-go-round. A white woman stands nearby while a white policeman in a helmet watches from the other side of the fence. Next, a white man sits in a lawn chair while across the street, a white policeman speaks to a white woman as they both stand behind a barricade.","New Orleans schools first integrated on November 14, 1960 following several years of legal battles and interference by the state legislature. Officials from Norfolk, Virginia, who had recently undergone court-ordered desegregation, consulted with the Orleans Parish School Board and warned them against integrating poor schools first. A group of New Orleans parents organized the \"Save Our Schools\" movement to counteract legislative calls for closing the schools and volunteered to integrate the Lusher and Andrew H. Wilson elementary schools. Both the Lusher and the Wilson schools were in more affluent neighborhoods. The Orleans Parish School Board ignored this advice and selected four African American girls to integrate two schools, William Frantz and McDonogh 19, in the poor Ninth Ward of New Orleans. Many parents from the Ninth Ward felt their children were being sacrificed to integration and resented that the children of school board members, community leaders, and even Judge Wright still attended segregated schools. Segregationist demonstrators, nicknamed the \"cheerleaders\" by the press, protested at the integrated schools every morning and afternoon, yelling and throwing things at the African American girls and the few white parents and children who ignored the Citizens' Council's boycott of the schools. The second year of integration was much more peaceful, although each school was guarded by sixty specially trained men and barricades were set up to keep unauthorized people a block away from the schools. In the fall of 1961, the Orleans Parish School Board desegregated four more elementary schools: Andrew H. Wilson, Robert M. Lusher, McDonogh 11, and Judah P. Benjamin. According to newspaper reports, the new schools were \"in or adjacent to neighborhoods made up largely of substantial, law abiding citizens.\"","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35763"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African American women--Louisiana--New Orleans","Women, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","Children, White--Louisiana--New Orleans","African American girls--Louisiana--New Orleans","Police--Louisiana--New Orleans","Elementary schools--Louisiana--New Orleans","School children--Louisiana--New Orleans","School integration--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregationists--Louisiana--New Orleans","Segregation in education--Louisiana--New Orleans","Race relations","New Orleans (La.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of students at Andrew H. 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Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43176"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn43176"],"dcterms_temporal":["1961-08-14"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn43176, Mayor Explains Plans for TV and Radio Coverage of First School, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0969, 15:07/16:01, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 54 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm.","1 clip (about 1 mins., 18 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35091","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers arrested during the Freedom Ride going to court to appeal their arrests in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 August 14","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Mississippi, Hinds County, Jackson, 32.29876, -90.18481"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-08-14"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from August 14, 1961, civil rights workers return to Jackson, Mississippi to appeal their conviction for participation in the Freedom Rides.","The clip begins with a Greyhound bus driving down the street and parking along the side of the road. The bus's windows are down and people are seen through the windows. An African American woman and two white women get off the bus; later a white man gets off the bus. The interracial group of men and women walk up a flight of stairs. Cameramen and policemen observe the group as it walks up the stairs. The clip ends with spectators watching the group enter the building.","In 1961 the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized a test of interstate transportation dubbed the Freedom Ride. The ride, patterned after the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, began in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961 after three days of nonviolence training. The trip met little resistance through Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. However, on May 14, the two groups of riders were attacked in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. Although the riders eventually flew to New Orleans on May 15, student civil rights workers from Nashville, Tennessee organized replacement riders to continue the journey. After several days of delay, on May 20, 1961, the reorganized Freedom Riders traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery. In Montgomery, the riders were again attacked by a white mob that beat the riders and several bystanders, including John Seigenthaler, personal assistant to attorney general Robert F. Kennedy. Following several more days of negotiations attempting to guarantee the riders' safety, the group traveled from Montgomery to Jackson, Mississippi on May 25. Mississippi officials promptly arrested Freedom Riders who arrived that day as well as every subsequent group of riders that came to Jackson. Many riders, following the \"jail, no bail\" policy of civil rights workers, would stay in jail the thirty-nine days required for appeals before being bailed out. Eventually over one hundred fifty people were arrested and convicted on charges of breach of the peace. Those convicted returned to Jackson on August 14 to appeal their convictions. In September 1961 the Interstate Commerce Commission issued a ruling banning segregation on interstate buses, trains, and stations that serviced interstate travelers. That ruling went into effect on November 1, 1961.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35091"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Jackson (Miss.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Segregation in transportation--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights demonstrations--Mississippi--Jackson","Courts--Mississippi--Jackson","Freedom Rides, 1961","Civil rights workers--Mississippi--Jackson","African American civil rights workers--Jackson--Mississippi","Civil rights movements--Mississippi--Jackson","African Americans--Civil rights--Mississippi--Jackson","Civil rights--Mississippi--Jackson","Buses--Mississippi--Jackson","Photographers--Mississippi--Jackson","Police--Mississippi--Jackson","Courthouses--Mississippi--Jackson","Race relations","Segregation--Mississippi--Jackson"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of civil rights workers arrested during the Freedom Ride going to court to appeal their arrests in Jackson, Mississippi, 1961 August 14"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 50 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn32959","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a rally in support of the Freedom Riders held at Battery Park and at the foot of the Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island in New York City, New York, 1961 August 13","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, New York, New York County, New York, 40.7142691, -74.0059729","United States, New York, New York, Battery Park, 40.7030119, -74.01582493946844"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1961-08-13"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from August 13, 1961, an interracial group of demonstrators hold a rally at Battery Park and on Liberty Island at the foot of the Statue of Liberty in support of the Freedom Riders.","The clip begins in Battery Park and focuses on a box of buttons with the slogan \"Freedom Ride\" and on armbands with the slogan \"Fast for freedom.\" An African American man takes a button from the box and pins it on his shirt as other demonstrators walk behind him. Hands of African American and white people take buttons and armbands. A white woman pins a \"Fast for freedom\" armband on another white woman. Next, the demonstrators line up and wait to board the Statue of Liberty Ferry. Several policemen standing nearby watch the demonstrators. A sign advertises information about the ferry which appears to travel between Battery Park and Liberty Island. Several groups of people, some wearing arm bands, board the ferry. On the ferry an interracial group of women wearing armbands sits in a row. Other demonstrators on the ferry watch the Statue of Liberty. Later, on Liberty Island, a park ranger watches the the demonstrators get off the ferry. The demonstrators walk around the island and sit and stand at the base of the Statue of Liberty.","In 1961 the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized a test of interstate transportation dubbed the Freedom Ride. The ride, patterned after the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, began in Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961 after three days of nonviolence training. The trip met little resistance through Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. However, on May 14, the two groups of riders were attacked in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. Although the riders eventually flew to New Orleans on May 15, student civil rights workers from Nashville, Tennessee organized replacement riders to continue the journey. After several days of delay, on May 20, 1961, the reorganized Freedom Riders traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery. In Montgomery, the riders were again attacked by a white mob that beat the riders and several bystanders, including John Seigenthaler, personal assistant to attorney general Robert F. Kennedy. Following several more days of negotiations attempting to guarantee the riders' safety, the group traveled from Montgomery to Jackson, Mississippi on May 25. Mississippi officials promptly arrested the May 25 Freedom Riders and every subsequent group of riders that came to Jackson. Many riders, following the \"jail, no bail\" policy of civil rights workers, would stay in jail the thirty-nine days required for appeals before being bailed out. On August 13, the New York CORE branch held a rally supporting the local Freedom Riders who were scheduled to return to Jackson the next day to appeal their arrest. The rally began at Battery Park in Manhattan and then moved to Liberty Park until the park closed. Many demonstrators vowed to \"fast for freedom\" for the twenty-four hours of the demonstration to show solidarity with the arrested riders.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn32959"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Reporters and reporting--New York (State)--New York","Freedom Rides, 1961","Segregation in transportation--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--New York (State)--New York","Civil rights workers--New York (State)--New York","African American civil rights workers--New York (State)--New York","Ferries--New York (State)--New York","Statue of Liberty (New York, N.Y.)"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of a rally in support of the Freedom Riders held at Battery Park and at the foot of the Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island in New York City, New York, 1961 August 13"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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