{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41688","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Wyatt T. Walker, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and an unidentified young man speaking at a mass meeting, Augusta, Georgia, 1962 April 3","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Walker, Wyatt Tee"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Richmond County, Augusta, 33.47097, -81.97484"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1962-04-03"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips from April 3, 1962, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) leaders Reverend Wyatt T. Walker and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as well as an unidentified young man from the Augusta National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Youth Council speak to an audience in Tabernacle Baptist Church in Augusta, Georgia. The clip begins with a piano playing while the camera focuses on a podium. An unidentified young man pledges that he and the other members of the Augusta NAACP Youth Council will \"fight hard and continuously without fear from any side\" in order to help African Americans. He indicates that he will recite a poem that is not recorded in the clip. Next SCLC executive director Wyatt T. Walker speaks to the audience about the relationship between the NAACP and the SCLC, as well as about the work and the financial needs of the SCLC before asking the audience for financial contributions to SCLC. The clip breaks, and the audience sings a slow version of \"Rise, shine, give God the glory\" before the director asks the congregation to stand and sing \"We are climbing Jacob's ladder.\" After the singing, Dr. King begins his address by quoting the statistic that the majority of the two billion, eight hundred million people in the world are not white and they live in Asia and Africa. King reminds the audience that while in the past the people in Asia and Africa have been \"dominated politically, exploited economically, segregated and humiliated,\" things have changed. He points out that in the past twenty-five years, the number of independent countries in African grew from three to nearly thirty. King asserts that these newly independent countries in Africa \"are saying that racism and colonialism must go\" and they refuse to \"follow or respect any nation that will subject a segment of its citizenry on the basis of race and color.\" King suggests that those who fight against segregation \"are working to make the American dream a reality and these persons may well be the saviors of democracy.\" He proposes in order to \"save the soul of America,\" people must reject segregation since it relegates a person to the status of a thing and \"is a cancer in the body politic which must be removed before our democratic health can be realized.\" King recognizes the progress made so far and seems to indicate more must be done; the clip breaks and the rest of King's comments are not recorded.\u003cp\u003eCivil rights efforts in Augusta were led by the Reverend C. S. Hamilton, pastor of Tabernacle Baptist Church and local NAACP president. In early April 1962, he led over one hundred young African Americans to test segregation at lunch counters. They found most lunch counters accepted their presence without imposing racial bars; Hamilton next announced plans to equalize job opportunities and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. made his first formal appearance in Augusta. By the end of the month, picketing at a grocery store that refused to hire more African American cashiers and butchers led to violence, and a white sixteen-year-old boy was killed. The death of the young man apparently shocked the community and ended the violence. Augusta African Americans continued overcoming racial barriers; in 1963, local parks integrated as did voting places, and Brenda Cohen became the first African American at an all-white school in Richmond County.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn41688"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Augusta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Augusta","Piano--Georgia--Augusta","Rise, shout, give God glory (Song)","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Augusta","African Americans--Politics and government","Mass meetings--Georgia--Augusta","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Augusta","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Augusta","Segregation--Georgia--Augusta","Direct action--Georgia--Augusta","Augusta Movement (Augusta, Ga.)"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Wyatt T. Walker, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and an unidentified young man speaking at a mass meeting, Augusta, Georgia, 1962 April 3"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41688"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn41688"],"dcterms_temporal":["1962-04-03"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn41688, Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Wyatt T. Walker, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and an unidentified young man speaking at a mass meeting, Augusta, Georgia, 1962 April 3, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0902, 27:24/38:21, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 10 mins., 57 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Walker, Wyatt Tee"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44230","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and reverend C. S. Hamilton speaking to a mass meeting, Augusta, Georgia, 1962 April 3","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Hamilton, C. S. (Charles Spencer), 1927-1997"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Richmond County, Augusta, 33.47097, -81.97484"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1962-04-03"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Augusta, Georgia on April 3, 1962, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. promotes a \"second emancipation proclamation,\" and Reverend C. S. Hamilton, local civil rights movement leader, speaks to a mass meeting.","The clip begins with Dr. King, who is in Augusta with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), declaring that United States president John F. Kennedy should issue an executive order outlawing segregation in public facilities, something King refers to as a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation.\" Kings comments are also recorded in WSB clip 38276. After a break in the clip, the camera focuses on the listening audience filling the Tabernacle Baptist Church in Augusta as well as on King, although no audio is recorded. The clip breaks again before showing an outdoor scene with people walking on a golf course and standing around the green, presumably at the Augusta National Golf Club where the Masters Golf Tournament is held each April. Back in Tabernacle Baptist Church, African Americans fill the pews and crowd in the organ loft in a mass meeting. Reverend C. S. Hamilton, president of the local branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), tells the congregation the plan to integrate and attend the Masters Golf Tournament on Sunday. The audience responds with applause. Finally, Dr. King explains that the first Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential executive order. Although Abraham Lincoln outlawed physical slavery, King asserts that segregation \"is nothing but slavery covered up with certain niceties of complexity.\" The audience applauds again.","African Americans in Augusta protested segregation beginning in 1960; in 1961 under court order, Augusta bus service was desegregated. Local NAACP officials organized protests in April 1962 that led to some racial rioting in the city after a white youth driving in a black neighborhood was shot and killed. King spoke several times about a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation\" hoping that president John F. Kennedy would issue an executive order making segregation illegal before the centennial anniversary of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. Several lawyers worked with King to prepare documentation supporting such an executive order which was presented to president Kennedy. While Kennedy never issued a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation,\" he did promise civil rights legislation after the July 1963 integration of the University of Alabama which became the 1964 Civil Rights Act signed by president Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn44230"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Augusta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Augusta","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Augusta","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Augusta","Mass meetings--Georgia--Augusta","Presidents--United States","Segregation--United States","Discrimination in public accommodations--United States","Golf--Georgia--Augusta","Executive orders--United States","Discrimination in sports--Georgia--Augusta","Augusta Movement (Augusta, Ga.)"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and reverend C. S. Hamilton speaking to a mass meeting, Augusta, Georgia, 1962 April 3"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44230"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44230"],"dcterms_temporal":["1962-04-03"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn44230, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and reverend C. S. Hamilton speaking to a mass meeting, Augusta, Georgia, 1962 April 3, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1012, 1:45/04:37, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 52 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Hamilton, C. S. (Charles Spencer), 1927-1997","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38276","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking of African American civil rights, including voting rights, Augusta, Georgia, 1962 April 2","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Hamilton, C. S. (Charles Spencer), 1927-1997"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Richmond County, Augusta, 33.47097, -81.97484"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1962-04-02"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip, given in a church in Augusta, Georgia, April 2, 1962, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. shares his call for a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation,\" and presents the goal of doubling the number of registered African American voters in the South. King describes his October 1961 request to President John F. Kennedy to issue a \"Second Emancipation Proclamation,\" symbolically freeing African Americans from discrimination and marking the centennial of President Abraham Lincoln's initial declaration. King also addressed the issue of African American voting, saying \"one of the most significant steps that the Negro can take at this hour is that short walk to the voting booth.\"  The statement was made in advance of intensified voter registration efforts by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and their work with the Voter Education Project (VEP) with the goal of doubling the number of registered African American voters in the South. King proposed that every Southern church should have a social action committee with the motto of \"Every member ... a registered voter.\"  King quips that \"even Mr. Roy Harris respects votes.\"  Roy V. Harris, Augusta native and former Speaker of the house in the Georgia House of Representatives, was considered a \"master of white-only, rural-dominated politics\" and was known to staunchly support segregation. The selections of King's comments end with affirmations that although those in the movement may face violence, jail, death, and slander, ultimately, \"we shall overcome.\" After a period of applause for Dr. King's remarks, reverend C. S. Hamilton, leader of the Civil Rights movement in Augusta, speaks about the plans for the week of the Masters Golf Tournament, including mass meetings celebrating the week and newspaper sales.","Title supplied by cataloger.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn38276"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights movements--Southern States--History--20th century","Voter registration--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Voting--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Direct action--Southern States","Legislators--Georgia","Religion and politics--Southern States","Christians--Political activity","African Americans--Politics and government","Race discrimination--Southern States","Mass meetings--Georgia--Augusta","Golf--Tournaments--Georgia--Augusta","Augusta Movement (Augusta, Ga.)","Southern States--Race relations--History--20th century","Georgia--Politics and government--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking of African American civil rights, including voting rights, Augusta, Georgia, 1962 April 2"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38276"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn38276"],"dcterms_temporal":["1962-04-02"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn38276, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking of African American civil rights, including voting rights, Augusta, Georgia, 1962 April 2, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0051, 00:00/09:29, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 9 mins., 29 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963","Harris, Roy Vincent, 1895-1985","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Hamilton, C. S. (Charles Spencer), 1927-1997"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40215","title":"Statement on Voting Violations by Discrimination Against Blacks In","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1962-03-28"],"dcterms_description":["Statement on Voting Violations by Discrimination Against Blacks In","Southern States","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn40215"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Discrimination","Voting","Congress","Blacks"],"dcterms_title":["Statement on Voting Violations by Discrimination Against Blacks In"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40215"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40215"],"dcterms_temporal":["1962-03-28"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn40215, Statement on Voting Violations by Discrimination Against Blacks In, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0851, 26:42/27:38, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 56 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33833","title":"Public Hearing on Voting Discrimination through the Use of Literacy","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1962-03-27"],"dcterms_description":["Public Hearing on Voting Discrimination through the Use of Literacy","Tests","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn33833"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Literacy tests (Election law)","Congress","Discrimination","Public Hearings"],"dcterms_title":["Public Hearing on Voting Discrimination through the Use of Literacy"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33833"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn33833"],"dcterms_temporal":["1962-03-27"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn33833, Public Hearing on Voting Discrimination through the Use of Literacy, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0753, 17:34/19:44, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 10 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn32108","title":"NEW YORK ANTI-SEGREGATION DEMONSTRATION; DEMONSTRATORS PICKET WHILE BLACK ACTIVIST DISCUSSES SEGREGATIONIST EFFORTS IN THE SOUTH","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1962-03-15"],"dcterms_description":["Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":null,"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation","African Americans","Demonstrations","Discrimination","Legislation"],"dcterms_title":["NEW YORK ANTI-SEGREGATION DEMONSTRATION; DEMONSTRATORS PICKET WHILE BLACK ACTIVIST DISCUSSES SEGREGATIONIST EFFORTS IN THE SOUTH"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn32108"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn32108"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn32108, (No title), WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0717, 50:35/51:35, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 min.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34727","title":"Powell Announces Desegregation Probe; Criticizes Noncompliance of Federal Government","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Powell, Adam Clayton, 1908-1972"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1962-02-02"],"dcterms_description":["Powell Announces Desegregation Probe; Criticizes Noncompliance of Federal Government","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn34727"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation","Legislation","Congress","Congresses and conventions"],"dcterms_title":["Powell Announces Desegregation Probe; Criticizes Noncompliance of Federal Government"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34727"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn34727"],"dcterms_temporal":["1962-02-02"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn34727, Powell Announces Desegregation Probe; Criticizes Noncompliance of Federal Government, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0770, 19:31/20:49, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 18 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35814","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of local civil rights leader William P. Randall speaking at a mass meeting about the bus boycott in Macon, Georgia, 1962 February","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Randall, William P., 1919-1995"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Bibb County, Macon, 32.84069, -83.6324"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1962-02"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Macon, Georgia, in February 1962, William P. Randall, civil rights leader and president of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) speaks at a mass meeting about a boycott against Macon's segregated bus system.","The clip begins with a bus heading toward \"East Macon\"; movement seems to indicate people are boarding the bus. However, they are not visible. The bus pulls away from the sidewalk and drives through a downtown street. Next African American women stand in a line along the sidewalk. The women are all dressed in warm clothes. Several cars are parked along the sidewalk, and at one point African American women get into one of the cars.","After this, the clip focuses on William P. Randall as he speaks to an audience at a mass meeting supporting the bus boycott. Randall declares that African American civil rights efforts in Macon will continue \"until Macon is the best place to live in Georgia.\" The audience cheers and applauds. The camera pulls back to show other African American men sitting behind Randall on the dais. Randall assures the audience that they can have confidence in the leaders of the boycott (who are sitting behind him). He asserts \"they cannot be intimidated, they cannot be browbeaten, and you just can't scare them.\" The audience applauds this declaration. Randall expresses pity for people who choose not to join the boycott and proclaims that the boycott will be successful because it is right; because the African American community is willing to fight; and because God is on the side of the boycott. The audience applauds again and the clip ends by focusing on African American men sitting in the front of the church.","On February 9, 1962 four African American ministers from Macon sat down in the front of a bus and were arrested when they refused to move to the back. Macon African Americans organized an extremely effective bus boycott against the Bibb Transit Company beginning February 12. Groups of white Macon citizens tried to counteract the effects of the boycott by participating in \"ride-ins\" and by buying tokens from bus drivers who sold them door-to-door. On February 27, 1962, the United States Supreme Court declared all segregation in travel within or between states to be illegal. On March 2, United States district court judge William A. Bootle overturned a number of Georgia laws calling for the separate seating of races in buses. Bootle also restrained the Bibb Transit Company from enforcing segregated travel. The bus boycott ended March 4, 1962.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35814"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Boycotts--Georgia--Macon","Buses--Georgia--Macon","Segregation--Georgia--Macon","Segregation in transportation--Georgia--Macon","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Macon","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Macon","Mass meetings--Georgia--Macon","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Macon","Civil rights--Georgia--Macon","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Macon","African American civic leaders--Georgia--Macon","Direct action--Georgia--Macon"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of local civil rights leader William P. Randall speaking at a mass meeting about the bus boycott in Macon, Georgia, 1962 February"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35814"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35814"],"dcterms_temporal":["1962-02"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn35814, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of local civil rights leader William P. Randall speaking at a mass meeting about the bus boycott in Macon, Georgia, 1962 February, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0792, 50:50/52:17, Walter J. 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Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 36 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42231","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American ministers arrested for trying to integrate bus service and their lawyers in Macon, Georgia, 1962 February","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Bibb County, Macon, 32.84069, -83.6324"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1962-02-00"],"dcterms_description":["This mostly silent WSB newsfilm clip from Macon, Georgia in February 1962 shows scenes from the bus boycott as well as African American attorneys Donald Hollowell and Horace Ward standing outside the United States Post Office and Courthouse with Reverends Elisha B. Paschal, Van J. Malone, Ellis S. Evans, and H. R. Rancifer who were arrested for trying to integrate bus service on February 9.","The clip begins by showing the United States Post Office and Courthouse in Macon, Georgia. Several African Americans exit the court building including Atlanta attorneys Hollowell and Ward. Four other African American men stand outside the courthouse; these are reverends Paschal, Malone, Evans, and Rancifer. The four men tested the Bibb Transit Company for enforcement of segregation in bus seating and were arrested February 9 for refusing to move to the back of the bus. Next scenes of downtown Macon are interspersed with scenes of the courthouse and statues. White citizens wait to board a bus; African Americans standing on the sidewalk appear to wait for cars that periodically stop at the curb. Signs have the slogan \"Macon Ave.,\" \"Houston Ave.\" and \"Bellevue Hillcrest Hgts.\" Downtown another bus makes a stop, and two white women get off the bus before several other white citizens board the bus. A section of the clip appears to be inserted upside-down and backwards. Finally whites standing on the side of the road approach a waiting bus.","On February 9, 1962 Reverends Paschal, Malone, Evans, and Rancifer sat in the front of the bus in Macon, Georgia and were arrested when they refused to move to the back of the bus. Macon African Americans organized an extremely effective bus boycott against the Bibb Transit Company beginning February 12. Groups of white Macon citizens tried to counteract the effects of the boycott by participating in \"ride-ins\" and by buying tokens from bus drivers who sold them door to door. On February 27, 1962 the United States Supreme Court declared all segregation in travel within or between states to be illegal. On March 2 United States district court judge William A. Bootle ruled unconstitutional a number of Georgia laws calling for the separate seating of races in buses. Bootle also restrained the Bibb Transit Company from enforcing segregated travel. The bus boycott ended March 4, 1962.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn42231"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Courthouses--Georgia--Macon","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Macon","African American clergy--Georgia--Macon","African American lawyers--Georgia--Macon","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Macon","Boycotts--Georgia--Macon","Buses--Georgia--Macon","Civil rights--Georgia--Macon","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Macon","Clergy--Georgia--Macon","Direct action--Georgia--Macon","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Macon","Local transit--Georgia--Macon","Segregation in transportation--Georgia--Macon","Central business districts--Georgia--Macon","African Americans--Politics and government"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American ministers arrested for trying to integrate bus service and their lawyers in Macon, Georgia, 1962 February"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42231"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn42231"],"dcterms_temporal":["1962-02-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn42231, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of African American ministers arrested for trying to integrate bus service and their lawyers in Macon, Georgia, 1962 February, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0921, 1:09/09:49, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 8 mins., 40 secs.): black-and-white, silent ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Hollowell, Donald L., 1917-2004","Ward, Horace T. (Horace Taliaferro), 1927-2016","Paschal, Elisha B., -1962","Malone, Van J.","Evans, Ellis S. (Ellis Sylvanus), 1916-2000","Rancifer, H. R. (Hosea R.), 1906-1989"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40681","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney Charles J. Bloch speaking to an audience about boycotts and race relations in Macon, Georgia, 1962 February","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Bloch, Charles J."],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Bibb County, Macon, 32.84069, -83.6324"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1962-02-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from Macon, Georgia in February 1962, local attorney Charles J. Bloch speaks to an audience about boycotts and race relations. The clip begins with Charles J. Bloch standing behind a lectern; another white man, possibly Albany Herald editor James Gray, sits behind Bloch. Bloch explains that he first heard the word \"boycott\" when he was a child. When one boy would get mad at another, he would try to convince other friends that they \"ought to have nothing to do with him.\" Bloch says that he has never liked the idea of boycotts, either as a child or as an adult. He proposes that \"good men and good women\" should let those who are boycotted know of their support.  Audience applause interrupts Bloch's comments for a moment before he continues by saying that the question of race \"is purely a political, legal question.\" Speaking rhetorically, he asks the audience how segregation became \"irreligious on May 17, 1954\"--the day the United States Supreme Court ruled against segregation in the Brown vs. Board of Education court case. The clip ends with the audience again applauding Bloch. On February 9, 1962, four African American ministers sat in the front of the bus in Macon, Georgia and were arrested when they refused to move to the back of the bus. Macon African Americans organized a bus boycott against the Bibb Transit Company beginning February 12 which was nearly one-hundred-percent effective. Groups of white Macon citizens tried to counteract the effects of the boycott by \"ride-ins\" and buying tokens from bus drivers who sold them door to door. On February 27, 1962 the United States Supreme Court declared all segregation in travel within or between states to be illegal. On March 2 United States district court judge William A. Bootle ruled unconstitutional a number of Georgia laws calling for the separate seating of races on buses. Bootle also restrained the Bibb Transit Company from enforcing segregated travel; the bus boycott ended March 4, 1962. Macon attorney Charles J. Bloch was considered a constitutional authority who wrote in favor of states rights and was asked to testify before the United States Congress on several occasions.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn40681"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Lawyers--Georgia--Macon","Boycotts--Georgia--Macon","Buses--Georgia--Macon","Segregation--Georgia--Macon","Segregation in transportation--Georgia--Macon","Segregationists--Georgia--Macon"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney Charles J. Bloch speaking to an audience about boycotts and race relations in Macon, Georgia, 1962 February"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40681"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn40681"],"dcterms_temporal":["1962-02-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn40681, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of attorney Charles J. Bloch speaking to an audience about boycotts and race relations in Macon, Georgia, 1962 February, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0861, 34:50/36:57, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 2 mins., 7 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Bloch, Charles J.","Gray, James H., 1915-1986"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn44818","title":"Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Marion Page, executive secretary of the Albany Movement, interviewed by an unidentified reporter from WALB regarding the Albany Movement's efforts to secure civil rights for African Americans in Albany, Georgia, 1962 January 31","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Page, Marion S., -1971","Kelley, Asa D., 1922-1997"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Dougherty County, Albany, 31.57851, -84.15574"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1962-01-31"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB newsfilm clips from Albany, Georgia on January 31, 1962, an unidentified WALB reporter interviews Marion Page, executive secretary of the Albany Movement, about the goals and efforts of the Albany Movement, including the ongoing bus boycott, the dearth of negotiations, and an appeal to the goodwill of all citizens.","Page responds to the reporter's question about the movement's plans for long-term transportation goals by affirming his hope for adequate public transportation, as well as the ongoing cooperation of local African Americans in organizing carpools and patronizing taxi services as long as necessary. Page explains freedom is the real issue, and that while carpools and taxis may be expensive, no price is too great to pay for freedom. Interspersed with Page's comments on the bus boycott are images of parked buses, the bus barn, and African Americans using carpools, as well as Albany Mayor Asa D. Kelley stating the need for discussion \"among honest people seeking honest answers.\"","The Albany Movement-led bus boycott began after the January 12, 1962 arrest of Albany State College student Ola Mae Quarterman, called the \"Rosa Parks of Albany\" by some. On January 29, the Albany Movement and the local bus company Cities Transit successfully negotiated a compromise to end the boycott. However, the city commission not only refused to recognize the agreement between the two parties; they also refused to sign a written statement that they would not interfere with their arrangements. Bus service ended at midnight, January 31; that same day, the city commission issued a statement denying they had made any concessions during the December 18, 1961 discussions that had ended the December demonstrations in Albany. The commission also refused to establish a biracial committee for discussion.","Page explains that the city commission is unwilling to compromise because they are caught up in the \"tide of southern politics\" and feel they have to suppress African American resistance. While Page views Mayor Kelley as a standout leader and someone wiling to work with the Albany Movement, he is surprised that the white community has largely remained silent during the marches, protests, and boycotts. When asked about the movement's plans, Page refuses to reveal a specific strategy, but affirms that the Albany Movement is more unified, larger, and stronger than ever. Although Page downplays the chance that the movement will resume marching, he asserts that previous marches succeeded at bringing attention to the city commission and exposed their unwillingness to compromise on any matter. He hopes that the conflict can be resolved without the interference of federal marshals and that a normal, peaceful, daytime routine can be reinstated without the interference of a police state. He asserts that the Albany Movement seeks good will among all residents of Albany, and that the members are willing to meet with any group at any time. Page vouches that \"there is a social revolution, not only in South Georgia, but in the whole world.\" And people \"don't delay it, they merely make it go around in another way.\" At the interview's conclusion, Page is hopeful for a resolution in spite of the stalemate with the city council.\u003cp\u003e In the last clip, the reporter refers to \"Hal\" in a statement that could be used as an introduction to the piece. He is probably referring to Hal Suit, who was the WSB anchorman and political editorialist for the station during that time period.\u003c/p\u003e","Title supplied by cataloger.","Optical sound.","IMLS Grant, 2008.","Digibeta Center Cut (4 x 3) downconvert from HDD5 1080/23.98PsF film transfer.","Condition notes: 2009-03-01, Leader Replaced (Yancey)"],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn44818"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Albany","Television stations--Georgia--Albany","Boycotts--Georgia--Albany","Negotiation--Georgia--Albany","Local transit--Georgia--Albany","Car pools--Georgia--Albany","Mayors--Georgia--Albany","African American college students--Georgia--Albany","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Albany","African American women--Georgia--Albany","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Albany","Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Albany","Intervention (Federal government)--Georgia","Buses--Georgia--Albany","Direct action--Georgia--Albany","Interviews--Georgia--Albany","Passive resistance--Georgia--Albany","Segregation--Georgia--Albany","Segregation in transportation--Georgia--Albany","United States marshals--Georgia--Albany","Bus lines--Georgia--Albany","Albany (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Albany (Ga.)--Politics and government--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB-TV newsfilm clips of Marion Page, executive secretary of the Albany Movement, interviewed by an unidentified reporter from WALB regarding the Albany Movement's efforts to secure civil rights for African Americans in Albany, Georgia, 1962 January 31"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. 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