{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46925","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Chamber of Commerce president Opie L. Shelton urging businesses to comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 July","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Shelton, Opie L. (Opie Lee), 1915-1999"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-07-00"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from July 1964, Atlanta Chamber of Commerce president Opie L. Shelton gives a statement encouraging local businesses to comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The clip begins by showing a sign for the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. Shelton declares that while the Chamber of Commerce feels the federal government should not legislate public accommodations, the Chamber continues to urge its members \"soliciting businesses from the general public to do so without regard to race, creed, or color.\" The clip breaks, and Shelton repeats that voluntary integration has been successful. The camera focuses on a picture of an Atlanta street scene on the wall behind Shelton; interspersed with this, Shelton repeats the statement about the Chamber's voluntary policy. The clip ends by showing a three-dimensional mural of people and a domed building. The Atlanta Chamber of Commerce encouraged members to voluntarily integrate their businesses both before and after the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. While some restaurants integrated in June 1963, many had resegregated by the end of the year. Two Atlanta businesses fought the legality of the 1964 Civil Rights Act in cases eventually decided by the United States Supreme Court in favor of the law in December 1964. Following the ruling the Heart of Atlanta Motel desegregated, and segregationist and later Georgia governor Lester Maddox closed his restaurant rather than serve African Americans.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn46925"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Central business districts--Georgia--Atlanta","Business enterprises","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Federal-city relations--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Interviews--Georgia--Atlanta","Reporters and reporting--Georgia--Atlanta"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Chamber of Commerce president Opie L. Shelton urging businesses to comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 July"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46925"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46925"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964-07-00"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn46925, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Chamber of Commerce president Opie L. Shelton urging businesses to comply with the 1964 Civil Rights Act in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 July, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1186, 24:33/29:48, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 5 mins., 15 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Shelton, Opie L. (Opie Lee), 1915-1999"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46569","title":"Senator Russell has No Apologies to Make about Fighting Against The","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-06-23"],"dcterms_description":["Senator Russell has No Apologies to Make about Fighting Against The","Civil Rights Act","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn46569"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Freedom and Human Rights","Segregation","Congress","Social history"],"dcterms_title":["Senator Russell has No Apologies to Make about Fighting Against The"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46569"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46569"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964-06-23"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn46569, Senator Russell has No Apologies to Make about Fighting Against The, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1166, 29:06/41:15, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 12 mins., 9 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46822","title":"Profile of Grady High School's Progress with Regard to Desegregation Process","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Suit, Hal, 1922-1994","Letson, John W., 1911-1990"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-06-04"],"dcterms_description":["Profile of Grady High School's Progress with Regard to Desegregation Process","Reporter: Suit, Hal, 1922-1994","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn46822"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Segregation","Education","Blacks","Student activities","Schools"],"dcterms_title":["Profile of Grady High School's Progress with Regard to Desegregation Process"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46822"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46822"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964-06-04"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn46822, Profile of Grady High School's Progress with Regard to Desegregation Process, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 1180, 43:40/50:00, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 6 mins., 20 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36360","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstrators protesting against de facto school segregation and of African American leaders Malcolm X and Adam Clayton Powell speaking in favor of the school boycott in New York City, New York, 1964 March 16","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["X, Malcolm, 1925-1965","Powell, Adam Clayton, 1908-1972"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, New York, New York County, New York, 40.7142691, -74.0059729"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-03-16"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from March 16, 1964, an interracial group of demonstrators protests de facto school segregation in New York City, New York, and African American leaders Malcolm X and representative Adam Clayton Powell speak in favor of the school boycott.","The clip begins with an interracial group of demonstrators marching down a street holding picket signs. Slogans on the signs include, \"Segregation can't teach democracy,\" \"A good school for all children,\" \"Jim Crow Donovan Must Go\" and a Spanish phrase that may be translated to \"Integration is a great education.\" The crowd chants \"Jim Crow must go!\" The clip goes silent for a few moments during the march and later as African American students bundled in warm clothes walk past a fence and into a building. Sound resumes, and women enter the same building. Later, a crowd stands in front of another building, many holding picket signs.","After the demonstration, a reporter interviews Malcolm X, who says he has come to see segregation exposed in the New York City school system, proving \"you don't have to go to Mississippi to find a segregated school system.\" He goes on to explain that he supports the boycott because it shows that some of the problems for which the South has been condemned also exist in New York.","Next, the reporter interviews to Adam Clayton Powell, minister and member of the House of Representatives. Powell declares that the Urban League, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Congress of Racial Equality have lost their influence on African Americans in New York. He claims that those organizations demonstrate their irrelevance by not coming supporting the school boycott and not coming to meetings about it. He claims that young African Americans will not \"let Ivory Tower, big-name Negro leaders control them anymore.\" Powell suggests that the next moves are more demonstrations \"until we make democracy work as it should work.\"","Although discussions of school integration had been taking place in New York City since 1954, attempts by the school board to integrate white, African American, and Puerto Rican schools were stymied by large-scale racial housing patterns and by white parents moving their children to private schools or to suburbs. The school board, reluctant to enforce mandatory busing, was unsuccessful in attempts to integrate schools with voluntary transfer programs. African American community leaders, led by Reverend Milton Galamison, worked with local chapters of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to organize a school boycott for February 13, 1964. That day, nearly forty-five percent of students stayed away from school. When the school board did not immediately respond to the boycott, Galamison organized a second boycott for March 16 and began demanding total, immediate desegregation of the schools with widespread forced busing. Leaders of the NAACP and CORE felt Galamison had not given the school board enough time to work out a solution and did not support the second boycott. In contrast, Malcolm X and Adam Clayton Powell, seen by some as more militant in their approach to civil rights, did support the boycott and Galamison's efforts to force the school board to act. Just over twenty-five percent of students stayed away from school during the second boycott on March 16, approximately half the amount of the first boycott.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn36360"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights demonstrations--New York (State)--New York","Civil rights workers--New York (State)--New York","African American civil rights workers--New York (State)--New York","African Americans--Civil rights--New York (State)--New York","De facto school segregation--New York (State)--New York","Segregation in education--New York (State)--New York","New York (N.Y.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Boycotts--New York (State)--New York","Picketing--New York (State)--New York","Signs and signboards--New York (State)--New York","African American students--New York (State)--New York","African American clergy--New York (State)--New York","Direct action--New York (State)--New York","African American leadership--United States","Black power--United States"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstrators protesting against de facto school segregation and of African American leaders Malcolm X and Adam Clayton Powell speaking in favor of the school boycott in New York City, New York, 1964 March 16"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36360"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36360"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964-03-16"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn36360, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstrators protesting against de facto school segregation and of African American leaders Malcolm X and Adam Clayton Powell speaking in favor of the school boycott in New York City, New York, 1964 March 16, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0802, 53:34/55:26, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 52 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["X, Malcolm, 1925-1965","Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 1908-1972"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36337","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstrators protesting school segregation and Malcolm X speaking in favor of the school boycott in New York City, New York, 1964 March 16","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["X, Malcolm, 1925-1965"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, New York, New York County, New York, 40.7142691, -74.0059729"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-03-16"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip from March 16, 1964, an interracial group of demonstrators protests school segregation in New York City, New York, and Malcolm X speaks in favor of the school boycott.","The clip begins with a crowd of interracial demonstrators standing in front of a building. Other demonstrators walk down the street chanting \"Jim Crow must go.\" What appears to be an effigy is thrown among the crowd as they walk down the street. Later a reporter interviews Malcolm X who is dressed in warm clothes and wears sunglasses. Malcolm X, who earlier that month had announced his departure from the Nation of Islam, criticizes the African American leaders of the Civil Rights movement who try to please both African Americans and whites. He asserts that African American leaders should lead, fight, and work for the satisfaction of African Americans, because \"you have to please one or the other.\"","After the comments by Malcolm X, the camera returns to the protesters who are again marching and chanting \"Jim Crow must go.\" Another group of African Americans sits near an unidentified building and chants in a call-and-response style. Nearby, white people stand with signs around their necks, and policemen in dark uniforms hold batons and block access to a closed door.","Although discussions of school integration had been taking place in New York City since 1954, attempts by the school board to integrate white, African American, and Puerto Rican schools were stymied by large-scale racial housing patterns and by white parents moving their children to private schools or to the suburbs. The school board, reluctant to enforce mandatory busing, was unsuccessful in attempts to integrate schools with voluntary transfer programs. African American community leaders, led by Reverend Milton Galamison, worked with local chapters of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to organize a school boycott for February 3, 1964. That day, nearly forty-five percent of students stayed away from school. When the school board did not immediately respond to the boycott, Galamison organized a second boycott for March 16 and began demanding total, immediate desegregation of the schools through the use of wide-spread forced busing. Leaders of the NAACP and CORE felt Galamison had not given the school board time to work out a solution and did not support the second boycott. In contrast, Malcolm X and Adam Clayton Powell, seen by some as more militant in their approach to civil rights, did support the boycott and Galamison's efforts to force the school board to act. Just over twenty-five percent of students stayed away from school during the second boycott on March 16, approximately half the amount of the first boycott.","Title supplied by cataloger."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn36337"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights demonstrations--New York (State)--New York","Civil rights workers--New York (State)--New York","African American civil rights workers--New York (State)--New York","African Americans--Civil rights--New York (State)--New York","De facto school segregation--New York (State)--New York","Segregation in education--New York (State)--New York","New York (N.Y.)--Race relations--History--20th century","Boycotts--New York (State)--New York","Signs and signboards--New York (State)--New York","African American students--New York (State)--New York","African American clergy--New York (State)--New York","Black power--United States","African American leadership--United States","Direct action--New York (State)--New York"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstrators protesting school segregation and Malcolm X speaking in favor of the school boycott in New York City, New York, 1964 March 16"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36337"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn36337"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964-03-16"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn36337, WSB-TV newsfilm clip of demonstrators protesting school segregation and Malcolm X speaking in favor of the school boycott in New York City, New York, 1964 March 16, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0802, 21:36/23:00, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 24 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["X, Malcolm, 1925-1965"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35569","title":"Series of WSB newsfilm clips of attorney Melvin M. Belli commenting on his dismissal by Jack Ruby and on the state of Ruby's mental health, San Francisco, California, 1964 March","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Belli, Melvin M., 1907-1996"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, California, City and County of San Francisco, San Francisco, 37.77493, -122.41942"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-03"],"dcterms_description":["In this series of WSB newsfilm clips probably from March, 1964, in San Francisco, California, attorney Melvin M. Belli comments on his dismissal by Jack Ruby and on the state of Ruby's mental health.","The clips begin with a shot of lettering on a building which reads, \"Belli Bldg 722.\" The clips cut to a shot of an unidentified white male walking on a sidewalk past storefronts, and then to a few different shots of unidentified white males in a room, many of them holding cameras, which are seen in succession. Then the clips cut to a shot of attorney Melvin M. Belli, who previously represented Jack Ruby, but was recently fired by Ruby in favor of attorney Percy Foreman. Belli says, \"I never was so happy to get back to San Francisco in all my life as when I came back --\" Belli's statement is interrupted as the clips cut to a shot of an unidentified white female who holds a photograph of a child in her lap. The clips cut back to Belli, who says, \"Jack Ruby has the right to have any counsel that he wants in the world. A man has a right to his own choice of doctor, of lawyer, or priest. It's a sacred relationship. I understand that he's hired Percy Foreman of Houston, and, from Percy Foreman's reputation, he'll not want for adept counsel in the trial court or in the appellate court. I'm not going to answer anything in the letter that was sent to me by Jack Ruby and his family because Jack and I are not on an equal basis. This man has been condemned to the electric chair and I'm a free man and a free lawyer. I'd be a damned poor lawyer if I would debate with my client, and particularly after I've said that my client is sick, and I say it again today that he is sick.\"","Title supplied by cataloger.","Supporting information was taken from the following source: \u003ci\u003eThe Atlanta Constitution\u003c/i\u003e, Mar. 20, 1964:3. Web. 20 May 2020."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn35569"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Insanity (Law)--United States","Mentally ill offenders--United States"],"dcterms_title":["Series of WSB newsfilm clips of attorney Melvin M. Belli commenting on his dismissal by Jack Ruby and on the state of Ruby's mental health, San Francisco, California, 1964 March"],"dcterms_type":["MovingImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection"],"edm_is_shown_by":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35569"],"edm_is_shown_at":["https://crdl.usg.edu/id:ugabma_wsbn_wsbn35569"],"dcterms_temporal":["1964-03"],"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":["Cite as: wsbn35569, Series of WSB newsfilm clips of attorney Melvin M. Belli commenting on his dismissal by Jack Ruby and on the state of Ruby's mental health, San Francisco, California, 1964 March, WSB-TV newsfilm collection, reel 0788, 23:17/24:32, Walter J. Brown Media Archives and Peabody Awards Collection, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia"],"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["moving images","news","unedited footage"],"dcterms_extent":["1 clip (about 1 mins., 15 secs.): black-and-white, sound ; 16 mm."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Belli, Melvin M., 1907-1996","Foreman, Percy Eugene, 1902-","Ruby, Jack--Trials, litigation, etc."],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"ugabma_wsbn_wsbn46073","title":"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting with Atlanta civic leaders about recent desegregation demonstrations, and Fulton county solicitor William T. Boyd pledging to prosecute demonstrators who break the law, Atlanta, Georgia 1964 January 27 and 1964 January 29","collection_id":"ugabma_wsbn","collection_title":"WSB-TV Newsfilm Collection","dcterms_contributor":["Allen, Ivan, 1911-2003","Boyd, William T., 1920-1965","Forman, James, 1928-2005"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Fulton County, 33.79025, -84.46702","United States, Georgia, Fulton County, Atlanta, 33.749, -84.38798"],"dcterms_creator":["WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)"],"dc_date":["1964-01-27"],"dcterms_description":["In this WSB newsfilm clip dated January 27 and 29, 1964, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. addresses a body of white and African American business, religious, and civic group leaders at City Hall with regard to recent demonstrations centered around segregated restaurants and hotels involving members of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR), and the Ku Klux Klan that resulted in violence; members of SNCC, SCLC and several Atlanta community leaders address the same audience in City Hall; and Fulton county solicitor general William T. Boyd makes an announcement at a press conference where he pledges to prosecute demonstrators who violate the law. Several segments of the clip appear to be out of sequence.","The clip is divided into two parts. The first part, approximately six minutes long, begins with a silent portion comprised of several scenes of a government assembly. A poorly-lit close-up of an unidentified speaker is followed by another unidentified speaker at a podium, and then a shot of several men, presumably city legislators, who are working at a long desk. Behind them, a wall is lined with portraits. A different group of men, who are also presumably city legislators, are seated listening. The screen goes black. The next several silent scenes are taken","inside of Atlanta City Hall, and show Mayor Allen speaking to a full audience comprised of both whites and African Americans. The next portion of the clip contains sound. Reading from a prepared statement, Mayor Allen says \"this irresponsible element that chooses to assume threatening posture and attack our city destructively will find that they cannot undermine Atlanta's solid foundation of fairness and freedom built so patiently over many years by men and women of good sense and good will of both races.\" The sound drops out at the end of Allen's statement. The next few silent scenes include a close-up of men taking notes, a shot of an unidentified African American man with a cane speaking into a standing microphone that is taken from behind two video cameras, and several more shots of the audience.","The next shot contains sound. Here, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) executive secretary James Forman says \"there is no malice in the hearts of anyone who adheres to the principle of nonviolence against a particular individual; in fact, we love our white brothers even though they make it difficult for us to love. We even love the Ku Klux Klan that was demonstrating against us, even though they may not understand that . . .\" He is interrupted by Mayor Allen, who reminds Forman to remain on subject; Allen reminds him that he is extending him every courtesy he has of other speakers. Forman defends his speech by replying \"Well, I am speaking to the subject, because the subject involves the rationale of the demonstrations in the city of Atlanta. Some of us have been called irresponsible, and I think it's necessary for the city of Atlanta at this moment to understand some of the reservoir which produces the need for demonstrations.\" The sound drops out at the end of Forman's statement.","In the next few silent shots, Mayor Allen speaks to the audience from the podium, pointing for emphasis; this is followed by several shots of the audience. The camera closes in on the front row where restaurateur Lester Maddox, owner of the segregated Pickrick restaurant is seated; Maddox raises his hand to speak. This is followed by several shots of an unidentified white man, reading from a prepared statement at the standing microphone. The clip jumps to several shots of segregated Leb's restaurant, where a small group of African American and white demonstrators picket along the sidewalk carrying a banner that reads \"Democracy on the line why are students in jail?\" These shots are interspersed with shots of a white police officer directing traffic, and two white police officers standing on a street corner, presumably the corner of Forsyth and Luckie Streets, and the location of Leb's restaurant. In the next shot, Mayor Allen speaks from a podium at the meeting in city hall.","The next shot contains sound. Here, Mayor Allen states \"I have asked you to meet here this afternoon to help evaluate and work out a solution to a situation which threatens not only the good name, but beyond that, even the public safety of this city.\" The clip breaks and skips to another section of Allen's address, where he says \"Atlanta's tolerance has been almost unlimited. Atlanta's desire for every citizen to have liberty, freedom, and equal rights is unabated. Atlanta will not slow down or stop in its efforts to work out solutions to all problems of racial relations. That is the course of action to which Atlanta has been and shall continue to be committed.\"  The sound drops out again. Several Atlanta business and community leaders speak to the audience from the stand microphone; the leaders include Atlanta board of education member Dr. Rufus E. Clement, executive secretary of the Atlanta Restaurant Association Ed England, an unidentified African American leader, and executive director of SCLC Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker. There are several more silent shots of the audience interspersed with close-up shots of Maddox, and shots of cameramen filming Mayor Allen speaking at the podium; one of the cameramen is operating his camera while simultaneously holding a lit cigarette. There are further shots of the audience and of Mayor Allen guiding an unidentified white man to the microphone; the man goes on to read from a prepared statement. There are several exterior shots of Atlanta city hall, including one where three men in overcoats and hats enter the building; this is followed by further scenes from the meeting, where the mayor and members of the audience are led in prayer by a young white clergyman. After the clergyman concludes the prayer, the standing audience collectively sits down. Next, a white audience member asks a question from his seat; the clip jumps to a shot of the audience taken from behind Mayor Allen as people are looking for places to sit down. The last shot in the first part of the clip shows Mayor Allen arranging his documents at the podium.","In the second segment of the clip, which is approximately five minutes long, William T. Boyd, solicitor general of the Atlanta judicial circuit reads from a prepared statement delivered on January 27, 1964. He is filmed seated inside an office; there is a typewriter at the desk and a file cabinet in the background. After a false start, Boyd states \"Tragedy, bloodshed and death were narrowly averted in the streets of Atlanta this past weekend. That some persons of both races, white and Negro, escaped serious and possibly fatal injuries was the merest accident and I thank God for that accident.\" He pauses, the clip breaks, then he resumes speaking; the beginning of his statement is recorded incompletely.  He argues that the conflict that broke out during protests the previous weekend provides the nation with a false picture of Atlanta \"which does not show the harmony with which our Negro and white citizens have worked to improve the lot of both races here\" and points to examples of peaceful school desegregation, voluntary desegregation by some merchants and restaurant owners, and peaceful demonstrations as examples of Atlanta's successful race relations. Boyd expresses his faith in the law, notes that law enforcement groups cannot uphold the law without the help of the public, noting \"here respect for it is weakened, where the prophets of hate and deceit, who love not themselves, their nation, or their god prevail against it, there is tragedy. \" He urges citizens to uphold the law in order to preserve public safety. Boyd stops, asks the cameraman \"How was it, alright?\" grabs his waiting cigarette, and takes a puff. The clip breaks, and then returns to a shot of Boyd leaving the desk with a stack of papers in his hand. The clip breaks to a gray screen, and resumes with what is probably an earlier shot of Boyd, seated at the desk.  He announces that he is bringing twenty-four cases to the Fulton county grand jury on Tuesday, that they are known as \"the Krystal cases\" (presumably cases involving demonstrators attempting to desegregate Atlanta-area Krystal restaurants), and involve Georgia's anti-trespass law.  He announces \"I will use this office and its resources to curb violence by hoodlums and thugs of any race.\" The clip breaks, and Boyd expresses that as solicitor general of the Atlanta judicial circuit, that it is his \"duty to speak out against those who would seek their day in court in the streets jeopardizing the lives of innocent bystanders as well as those who are in direct and violent disagreement with them.\" He acknowledges \"Vital forces are at work in the Negroes' rightful attempt to gain their full constitutional recognition as Americans. Equally vital forces, and not always purely racial ones, are behind the opposition to Negro goals.\" He asserts \"it is my sworn duty as solicitor general to uphold the law, to prosecute without fear or favor those who would violate the law. The law stands between us and chaos, no matter what our station in life, no matter what our beliefs, no matter what our race. The law is our promise that we can walk the very streets in safety . . .\" He refers once more to the violent events of the previous weekend, before the clip ends; Boyd's comments are incompletely recorded.","On January 29, 1964, Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen, Jr. convened a meeting of African American and white community leaders at Atlanta city hall; he hoped to resolve heightened tensions over the partial desegregation of Atlanta restaurants and hotels, and the lack of a public accommodations law barring segregation in Atlanta. Allen's actions were prompted by a series of demonstrations organized by members of SNCC and COAHR that had elevated in intensity since December of 1963. In the four days prior to the meeting at city hall, more than three hundred people had been arrested in connection to these demonstrations. The most disruptive of these protests took place on Sunday, January 26 at segregated Leb's Restaurant in downtown Atlanta, where picketers had attracted approximately one thousand white spectators, some of whom were members of the Ku Klux Klan. Clashes between civil rights demonstrators, spectators, and restaurant personnel resulted in the injury of several demonstrators and police officers, property damages to the restaurant, and the blocking of street traffic.  The Atlanta Restaurant Association placed full page ads in Atlanta papers, declaring that the city had placed too much pressure on restaurant owners to desegregate, and denied segregated establishments full protection by law enforcement when demonstrators picketed their establishments.","At the January 29 meeting, Mayor Allen requested a thirty-day moratorium on desegregation demonstrations, and upheld his support for an active federal civil rights bill to desegregate public accommodations. He announced that city police would begin to enforce the arrest of trespassers at sit-ins to accommodate restaurateurs, but that lawful picketing would be permitted and protected. Time was also allotted to Atlanta police chief Herbert Jenkins to summarize the police department's policy regarding the enforcement of laws related to public demonstrations. The mayor requested the attendance of members of the Atlanta Board of Aldermen, legislators from Fulton and DeKalb counties, members of the Summit Leadership Conference, a coordinating body for more than eighty civil rights groups in Atlanta, and representatives from SCLC, COAHR and SNCC. The meeting was also attended by members of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce and the Atlanta Restaurant Association. Despite Mayor Allen's efforts, the meeting accomplished little beyond demonstrating his engagement in the ongoing problem. The Chamber of Commerce and the Atlanta Restaurant Association declared that they favored voluntary desegregation rather than a public accommodations law; the elder and more conservative members of the Atlanta Summit Leadership Conference were in agreement with the mayor regarding the thirty-day \"cooling off period,\" but the members of SCLC and SNCC refused to comply; and Allen's proposed thirty-day moratorium on demonstrations went unheeded.  Six months later, with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in July, Atlanta restaurants were finally required to integrate by law.","Title supplied by cataloger.","Former title read \"WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting about demonstrations by African Americans in Atlanta, Georgia, 1964 January 27.\" Research of the events in the clip determine that the date of Mayor Allen's address was January 29, 1964, and that William Boyd's statement was made on January 27, 1964."],"dc_format":["video/mp4"],"dcterms_identifier":["Clip number: wsbn46073"],"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Original found in the WSB-TV newsfilm collection."],"dcterms_subject":["Civil rights demonstrations--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Police--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Lawyers--Georgia--Atlanta","County attorneys--Georgia--Atlanta","Politicians--Georgia--Atlanta","Meetings--Georgia--Atlanta","Audiences--Georgia--Atlanta","Mayors--Georgia--Atlanta","Clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","African American clergy--Georgia--Atlanta","Picketing--Georgia--Atlanta","Signs and signboards--Georgia--Atlanta","Traffic police--Georgia--Atlanta","Riots--United States","Riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Race riots--United States","Race riots--Georgia--Atlanta","Riot control--United States","Riot control--Georgia--Atlanta","Social conflict--Georgia--Atlanta","Interpersonal confrontation--Georgia--Atlanta","Violence--Forecasting","Political violence--Southern States--History--20th century","Race discrimination--Georgia--Atlanta","Race discrimination--Southern States","Segregation--Southern States","Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Georgia--Atlanta","Segregationists--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights demonstrations--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","Civil rights workers--Southern States","African American civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American civil rights workers--Southern States","Community activists--Georgia--Atlanta","Civic leaders--Georgia--Atlanta","Educators--Georgia--Atlanta","African American educators--Georgia--Atlanta","City halls--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in restaurants--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in restaurants--Southern States","Discrimination in public accommodations--Georgia--Atlanta","Discrimination in public accommodations--Southern States","Discrimination in education--Georgia","Discrimination in education--Southern States","Segregation in education--Georgia","Segregation in education--Southern States","School integration--Georgia--Atlanta","Grand jury--Georgia--Atlanta","Television camera operators--Georgia--Atlanta","Smoking--Georgia--Atlanta","Smoking in the workplace--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta (Ga.)--Officials and employees","Atlanta (Ga.)--Politics and government--20th century","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations--History--20th century"],"dcterms_title":["WSB-TV newsfilm clip of mayor Ivan Allen holding a meeting with Atlanta civic leaders about recent desegregation demonstrations, and Fulton county solicitor William T. 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