{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"tuc_csid_csid037","title":"Print, Photographic","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Wilson, Delmont"],"dc_date":["1960-02"],"dcterms_description":["Black and white photograph of the Chattanooga sit-ins at a downtown department store lunch counter, in February 1960. On the first day of protests, a group of young African-American Howard High-school students sat at a downtown department store lunch counter. There was a sign on the counter indicating that it had been closed down. The name \"Wilson\" is written on the back referring to the photographer, likely Delmont Wilson of the Chattanooga News-Free Press."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Print, Photographic"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/photo/A83D86D2-5A6C-4E79-8964-942128481240"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid007","title":"Image, Digital","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Mahoney, Ann"],"dc_date":["1960/2017"],"dcterms_description":["Flyer designed by Ann Mahoney. These are pictures of a flyer designed by Ann Mahoney entitled, \"What can I do?\" This flyer was issued by the Chattanooga Panel of American Women and on the inside it lists various ways in which women can participate in the desegregation movement in their community, home, and church and school. Just a few ways in which women can build their community are \"volunteer in racially integrated projects, try to guide your children to appreciate the differences in others rather than belittle them, and insist that your congregation be open to all.\""],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Women civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Image, Digital"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/3314B501-A968-4362-9AF9-538640066218"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["digital images"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid008","title":"Clipping, Newspaper","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Chattanooga News-Free Press"],"dc_date":["1959-01-21/1959-08-25"],"dcterms_description":["Series of newspaper clippings about school integration in the U.S. South. a) \"Mixed Schools Claimed No Help for Negroes\" Grover C. Hall, Jr, editor of the Montgomery (AL) Advertiser holds that \"integrated schools won't advance the Southern Negro.\" January 21, 1959. b) \"Segregation Status Revealed in Reports\" Outlines a report from the Southern School News Association that indicates the degree of integration occurring in its region. January 21, 1959. c1,2) \"Talmadge Bill Asks Amendment Giving States Schools' Control\" Details a constitutional amendment offered by Sen. Talmadge (GA) and seven other Southern senators that would allow all states and their communities to decide how and when their schools would comply with the Supreme Court's integration decision. January 27, 1959. d1,2) \"Talmadge Offers School Proposal\" Details a constitutional amendment offered by Sen. Talmadge (GA) that would allow all states and their communities to decide how and when their schools would comply with the Supreme Court's integration decision. January 28, 1959. e1,2) \"15 Back Move Expected to Stir Battle\" Fifteen senators sponsored a bill that would authorize funds for school facilities, teachers, and community aid in an attempt to support the Supreme Court's integration decision. January 29, 1959. f) \"Memphis State Sees Integration In Fall\" President J. M. Smith of MSU said school integration is inevitable come fall but alluded to ways that could be controlled. February 1, 1959. g) \"Negroes Target In Baton Rouge\" Discussion of Louisiana's decision to purge over 100,000 African Americans from voter registration rolls. February 15, 1959. h1,2) \"Florida Dispute\" \"More Boycott Tactics Seen\" Details of a Florida plan to close Dade County schools rather than integrate them. Details a federal grand jury decision that ministers arrested in Birmingham had not had their civil rights violated. February 21, 1959. i) \"MSU Hearing Set March 6\" Details the postponement of a hearing to dismiss a suit for the immediate integration of Memphis State University. February 23, 1959. j) \"No Integration Problems Seen In Georgia Tech School Year\" Details a speech given by Fred Ajax, director of public relations at Georgia Tech, to the Chattanooga Engineers Club. August 25, 1959."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Chattanooga News-Free Press Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Clipping, Newspaper"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/7691CB73-D822-45C3-9241-923739861856"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid002","title":"Scrapbook","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Hamilton County (Tenn.). Department of Education"],"dc_date":["1956-01-04/1956-03-28"],"dcterms_description":["Red and gold scrapbook. Contains newspaper articles about Chattanooga public schools and focus on school desegregation. The articles are from the Chattanooga News Free Press and the Chattanooga TImes. Dates of articles are January through March 1956. Stickers on pages list the dates of the articles. Scrapbook held together by cord. Articles are glued onto pages. January 4, 1956. Letter to the Editor by T. D. Lewis \"Ethnic Groups; Lewis Points Out Negro, White Blood Mixes\" Lewis uses Bible-based reasoning for the unity of the races and argues that culture rather than race determines identifying characteristics. January 8, 1956. Article: \"Segregationists to Hear Lawyer\" Announces that R. Carter Pittman will speak at a public meeting of the Tennessee Society to Maintain Segregation. January 9, 1956. Photograph caption. R. Carter Pittman, speaker at the Tennessee Society to Maintain Segregation meeting. January 10, 1956. Article: \"Segregationists Ponder 2 Actions\" Details the public meeting of the Tennessee Society to Maintain Segregation, featuring R. Carter Pittman, which was attended by 300 people. Briefly outlines the positions of several speakers who believe the Supreme Court ruling was unconstitutional and should be resisted. Includes a photograph of four of the key speakers. Article: \"Virginia Speaks Against Mixing\" Details the vote in Virginia to hold a constitutional convention to allow public funds to be used for private schools as a way to deal with the desegregation ruling by the Supreme Court. Article: \"Segregationists Rap Race Rule, School Board, Kefauver, Clement\" Details the public meeting of the Tennessee Society to Maintain Segregation, featuring R. Carter Pittman, which was attended by 300 people. Briefly outlines the positions of several speakers who believe the Supreme Court ruling was unconstitutional and should be resisted. Includes a photograph of four of the key speakers. January 11, 1956. Letter to the Editor by T. L. Mitchell. \"Interposition\" Mitchell argues case as to why the Supreme Court did not have the authority to make desegregation \"the law of the land.\" Letter to the Editor by Mrs. Evelyn Kendrick. \"Racial Plan; Mrs. Kenrick Says God Started Segregation\" Kenrick uses Bible-based arguments to affirm racial diversity and segregation. January 12, 1956. Two Letters to the Editor. \"Racial Question\" by \"A Citizen of Chattanooga\" presents portions of an article by Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas about segregation practices in the Soviet Union. \"Desegregation\" by \"A Lodge Member\" mentions segregated secret societies and opines that if their members promote desegregation they need to include their societies. January 14, 1956. Letter to the Editor by \"Citizen.\" \"For Segregation\" argues that segregation should be maintained and encourages people to join the Tennessee Society to Maintain Segregation. January 17, 1956. Letter to the Editor by \"Practical.\" \"Racial Question\" examines the influence of Communist ideas as they relate to racial equality. January 18, 1956 Three Letters to the Editor. \"Against Mixing\" by James Burton supports segregation. \"On Segregation\" by Thomas G. Carson argues that Southerners cannot use the Bible or their traditions to justify segregation. \"Judge Praised\" by Mrs. L. V. Burroughs is addressed to U.S. District Court Judge John Druffel and commends him for defying the Supreme Court desegregation ruling. January 22, 1956. Article \"Japanese Newsman Touring South Checks Segregation Issues Here.\" Details a foreign exchange student, Masabumi Kobayashi, work in American newspapers, differences in publishing methods, and his impressions of America. Includes a photograph of the journalist. January 23, 1956. Article \"Segregationist Group to Call on Governor.\" Briefly details a planned trip by members of the Tennessee Society to Maintain Segregation and other segregationist groups to meet with Governor Frank Clement to discuss laws that would continue segregation practices in Tennessee. Article \"Session Asked to Ban Mixing\" Briefly details result of trip by segregationist groups that met with Governor Clement. January 24, 1956. Article \"Clement Says Racial Group Aiding NAACP.\" Detailed presentation of the meeting between segregationists groups and Governor Clement. Includes text from Clement's response, segregationist groups' demands, and crowd reactions in general. Editorial: \"Gov. Clement Refuses to Act\" Laments Governor Clement's position, presented yesterday, that local authorities should decide how to proceed with school desegregation. January 25, 1956. Editorial: \"When Clement Did 'Interfere'\" Presents example of when Governor Clement \"interfered\" in a local school board decision regarding desegregation and laments Clement's decision for the state to stand aside. January 26, 1956. Editorial: \"'Nibbling Away' at Segregation\" Presents a judge's order that Nashville's municipal golf courses be desegregated and extrapolates this as an example of what will happen until total desegregation is achieved, which the citizens of Tennessee do not support. Three Letters to the Editor: \"Letter Rapped\" by \"Disgusted\" objects to a previous editorial and rejects the Supreme Court ruling as overreach and Communist. \"Red Inspired?\" by \"A Communist Fighter\" maintains that Communists are behind the desegregation movement and people should be aware the motives of outside speakers. \"Racial Agitation\" by \"Practical\" condemns northern and eastern states for actions against southern states and proposes that African Americans supporting integration be relocated to those states. January 28, 1956. Letter to the Editor: \"Appeal to Forum\" by \"A Repentant Voter\" who regrets voting for Governor Clement given his position on how to proceed with desegregation. January 30, 1956. Two Letters to the Editor: \"Judge Praised\" by J. C. Pierce presents a letter to U.S. District Judge John Duffel supporting his stand against the Supreme Court desegregation ruling. \"N-FP Praised\" by Robert Adams praises the reporting of the News Free Press, and the greatness of Tennessee and Chattanooga. January 31, 1956 Editorial: \"Avoid Danger of Race Friction.\" Notes a potentially race-related altercation at Memorial Auditorium the previous night and cautions for good will between the races while endorsing segregation as a worthy policy. Two Letters to the Editor: \"Paper Praised\" by Paul B. Stahr quotes a GOP leadership report and military re-enlistment report that brings forth information to readers. \"Raps Clements\" by John H. Thomas admonishes Governor Clement's decision to let local authorities make decisions about segregation. Two Letters to the Editor: \"Russian Deceit\" by F. W. Muse laments the power of the Soviet Union and its nationalistic goals. \"Letter to Clement\" by \"Happy Go-Lucky Club\" presents a letter to Governor Clement using a Bible-based argument against desegregation. January 31, 1956. Front page news story: \"City Investigates Dance Brawl; 3 Fined $50 On Drunk Charges.\" Details a bottle-throwing brawl at Memorial Auditorium between African American dancers and Anglo spectators during an evening dance. \"Judge Deplores White Spectators at Dances.\" Provides the opinion by Judge Raulston Schoolfield that white spectators should not be allowed to attend dances hosted by African Americans. He indicates the brawl is an indication that \"we are not ready for integration.\" February 1, 1956. Editorial: \"Preach Against Violence.\" Laments on the racial brawl that happened at Memorial Auditorium and encourages ministers and community leaders to promote nonviolence. Article: \"City Will Be Asked to Bar Mixed Crowds at Dances.\" Details request by Commissioner George McInturff to have a special policy meeting to address mixed race attendance at dances in Memorial Auditorium. Also provides detailed accounting of brawl. Article: \"Board to Meet Friday On Auditorium Policy.\" Details scheduling of special meeting of the Memorial Auditorium board of directors. Letter to the Editor: \"Racial Issue\" by Jacob Frazier criticizes the school board, progressive education, and links desegregation to Communism. February 1, 1956. Editorial: \"More Segregation Needed\" agrees with the proposed policy to stop mixed race events at Memorial Auditorium. February 3, 1956. Editorial: \"'Separate But Equal'\" charges the Supreme Court desegregation ruling has raised racial tensions in the South. Editorial: \"A Difficult Problem\" disagrees with the proposed policy change at Memorial Auditorium. Letter to the Editor: \"Paper Attacked\" by Mrs. C. White chastises the newspaper for not relating positive desegregation news and for believing separate but equal is a viable policy. February 4, 1956. Article: \"Board Upsets Move to Avoid Mixed Crowds.\" Details the rejection by the Memorial Auditorium board of a new policy about mixed race attendance at events. Editorial: \"A Sound Position\" approves of the decision by the Memorial Auditorium board not to change its policy. Article: \"Auditorium Board Keeps Same Policy.\" Details the rejection by the Memorial Auditorium board of a new policy about mixed race attendance at events. Editorial: \"Asking for Another Brawl?\" disagrees with the private meeting held by the Memorial Auditorium board and its decision. February 5, 1956. Editorial: \"Opening Wedge\" by Springer Gibson who claims that the brawl at Memorial Auditorium was due to a mixture of alcohol and racial mixing. February 7, 1956. Three Letters to the Editor: \"Clement Rapped\" by Jeb Stewart who disagrees with Governor Clement's position about segregation, \"Divine Segregation\" by A. C. Bolton offers a Bible-based defense for segregation, \"On Racial Issues\" by Mrs. Theodore R. Smith rejects using the Bible to defend segregation. Editorial: \"Violence in Alabama\" opines that the Supreme Court ruling incites racial violence. February 8, 1956. Article: \"Segregation Society to Hear Rev. Morgan Thursday Night.\" Briefly details a meeting of the Tennessee Society to Maintain Segregation, featuring Reverend Herbert Morgan. February 9, 1956. Three Letters to the Editors: \"States' Rights\" by Deward Daves declares that only a constitutional amendment can legally change segregation, \"For Integration\" by O. John criticizes the newspaper editor for his anti-desegregation position, \"Reply to Matthews\" by Joe Trenner takes issue with a previous editorial that supported desegregation. February 10, 1956. Two Letters to the Editor: \"Judge Not\" by Joseph M. West uses the Bible to show the unity of mankind through heritage, \"Clement and Shivers\" by Bevis Smith compares the desegregation reactions by the TN governor and the Texas governor. February 13, 1956. Two Letters to the Editor: \"Governor Rapped\" by W. G. Thomas presents a letter to Governor Clement rejecting his desegregation position, \"On Segregation\" by Mrs. Evelyn Kendrick chastises the Eisenhowers for sending their children to a segregated private school. February 14, 1956. Three Letters to the Editor: \"Aid to Schools\" by T. L. Mitchell argues against federal funding of education, \"Racial Question\" by \"Practical\" uses Bible-based argument for segregation, \"Segregation Issue\" by S. Seaborn Smith maintains white tax payers primarily pay for African Americans' education. February 15, 1956. Editorial: \"What Can Be Done?\" presents a range of options to be considered in dealing with mandated desegregation. February 16, 1956. Two Letters to the Editor: \"Demos Blasted\" by \"Democrat\" decries progressive democrats as communists, \"On Integration\" by P. W. Stonestreet argues about the difference between civil rights and social rights. February 18, 1956. Article\" \"O'Dell Wants Segregation.\" Details the announcement by Otis O'Dell that he is running for the Third District county court judge seat on a pro-segregation platform. February 21, 1956. Editorial: \"Sense at Atlantic City\" discusses actions taken at the annual meeting of the National Education Association and a presentation by Lawrence Derthick. February 22, 1956. Two articles: \"Union Reigns, Darr Asserts\" Details a presentation by U.S. District Judge Leslie R. Darr to the Sons of the American Revolution regarding the shift in federal powers after the 14th Amendment. \"Saturday Parade Planned by Klan\" details a request to the city commission by the Ku Klux Klan for a motorcade parade through Chattanooga. February 22, 1956. Two editorials: \"KKK Deserves Contempt\" speaks out strongly against a planned KKK parade in Chattanooga. \"Progress Bartered Away\" examines the question of if race relations have deteriorated since the Brown v. Board decision. Article: \"City Holds Up Decision on Klan Parade\" details the city commission's decision to withhold a vote on a proposed Klan parade until a formal application was submitted. Article: \"Rights Loss Cited by Darr\" Briefly details a presentation by U.S. District Judge Leslie R. Darr to the Sons of the American Revolution regarding the shift in federal powers after the 14th Amendment. Letter to the Editor: \"Thanks Pastor\" by \"A Member\" encourages church congregations to withdraw from churches with a pro-segregation stance. February 23, 1956. Article: \"City Studies Klan Request\" details the Klan's formal application for a parade through Chattanooga. Editorial: \"The End- and a Beginning\" decries the \"forced\" desegregation of public schools and conjectures that private schools will become the de facto method of educating students. Letter to the Editor: \"Racial Issue\" by E. R. Evans explains why the Supreme Court ruling on desegregation is unconstitutional. February 24, 1956. Article: \"Pupils Held Easy to Desegregate\" details a discussion by school educators about desegregation at the annual American Association of School Administrators. Editorial: \"Next to the News\" by Alfred Mynders rejects the idea that the Supreme Court has \"made a law\" with regards to the Brown v. Board decision. February 25, 1956. Editorial: \"Majorities Have Rights, Too\" argues that, in the case of school desegregation, the rights of the minority have overruled the rights of the majority. February 26, 1956. Article: \"Applied Diplomacy\" details the closed door meeting between city commission and KKK representative and subsequent withdraw of their application for a parade permit. February 27, 1956. Article: \"Most White Southerners Believe Desegregation Inherently Wrong\" details the results of interviews with white people about the desegregation ruling. Interviews were conducted during an extensive tour of all 13 Southern states. Editorial: \"Legal Means of Appeal\" claims the Supreme Court overreached its powers and encourages states to adopt \"interposition\" as a legal means of rejecting desegregation. Letter to the Editor: \"On Racial Issue\" by \"Yankee\" shares his desegregated school experience in the North and agrees with the Southern view on segregation. February 28, 1956. Article: \"South's Negroes for Integration, But Minority Fear for Children.\" details the results of interviews with African American people about the desegregation ruling. Interviews were conducted during an extensive tour of all 13 Southern states. Editorial: \"He Doesn't Understand the South\" dismisses Adlai Stevenson's call for a race summit and promotes the unique relationship between blacks and whites in the South. Two Letters to the Editor: \"Likes Editorial\" by Montgomery Hicks condemns Northern interference in Southern ways. \"Raps Sit-Down\" by Ben A. Byrd, Jr. chastises a call for a national work stoppage protest by African Americans. February 29, 1956. Two Letters to the Editor: \"Ruling Unconstitutional\" by P. W. Stonestreet uses the federal and state constitutions to show that the Supreme Court ruling is unconstitutional. \"Eternal Damnation\" by T. D. Lewis uses the Bible to condemn those who are racially prejudice. March 1, 1956. Article: \"Faulkner Advises NAACP, Others to Slow Drive for Mixed Schools.\" Provides an abbreviated version of an article William Faulkner presented in Life magazine. Article: \"Majority of People in the South Concede Desegregation to Come\" details the results of interviews with black and white people about the desegregation ruling. Interviews were conducted during an extensive tour of all 13 Southern states. Editorial: \"The Pattern and Alternatives\" uses the desegregation of the University of Alabama as an example of what's in store for the South. Four Letters to the Editor: \"Editorial Praised\" by \"M. Sad\" praises a recent NFP anti-KKK editorial. \"Sound Advice\" by James C. White agrees with segregation. \"Still Punished\" by \"Practical\" argues the South was not treated as allowed by Article III of the constitution after the Civil War. \"Reply to Letter\" by Nathan B. Forrest takes issue with the author of an earlier letter to the editor. March 2, 1956. Editorial: \"The Trustees' Action.\" Reviews recent actions by the University of Alabama regarding desegregation. Editorial: \"NAACP Outsmarts Itself.\" Provides an overview of recent actions by the University of Alabama regarding desegregation. March 3, 1956. Editorial: \"Next to the News\" muses on the recent action by the University of Alabama and opinions presented by Adlai Stevenson. Four Letters to the Editor: \"Class Segregation\" by \"A Real Yankee\" disagrees with the author of an earlier letter to the editor. \"On Racial Issue\" by \"A Reader\" uses Bible-base argument for segregation. \"Birds of Feather\" by Frances M'Kenzie rails against the Supreme Court ruling. \"Dixie Patriots\" by John C. White encourages Southerners to champion the old ways. Two Editorials: \"They Mean the Same Thing\" laments that there are no presidential candidates who oppose desegregation. \"Critics to Be Proud of\" boasts about the promotion of Mississippi Senator James Eastland. Letter to the Editor: \"Praises Paper\" by \"Victim of Political Desertion\" states hopes that segregationist politicians will be elected in Tennessee. March 5, 1956. Article: \"Allen Sees No Mixing In Schools Next Fall.\" Details statement by Commissioner of Education Harry Allen and other school officials about upcoming desegregation plans. Editorial: \"The Plight of the South\" defends the record of President Eisenhower and points out previous administration actions as being detrimental to southern autonomy. March 6, 1956. Two Editorials: \"A Changing Pattern\" discusses extension of desegregation to public colleges and universities. \"Supreme Court 'Law' Extended\" states strong disagreements with inclusion of colleges and universities in desegregation. Three Letters to the Editor: \"On Racial Issue\" by \"Real Southerner\" encourages any \"Yankee\" who doesn't like the Southern culture to leave. \"Citizens' Rights\" by T. L. Mitchell uses the constitution and history to argue against the Supreme Court ruling. \"Blasts Letter\" by A. J. Strobel rejects integration arguments by transplanted Northerners. March 7, 1956. Editorial: \"Story of a Dying School\" uses Alton Park elementary school as an example of \"white flight.\" Two Letters to the Editors: \"A Word to the Wise\" by \"An American Yankee\" proposes that Northerners also disagree with the desegregation movement. \"Equal Rights\" by \"A Believer in Fairness\" argues that to have equalities African Americans should do for themselves. March 8, 1956. Two Letters to the Editor: \"Counter Reply\" by \"Yankee\" responds to a response to her previous letter to the editor. \"Raps Letter\" by Phil Daniel rejects the content of a previous letter to the editor. March 9, 1956. Article: \"2 County PTA Locals Vote for Segregation.\" Details the decision of two PTA groups that voted to support segregation and other PTA groups that are discussing what action to take. March 10, 1956. Letter to the Editor: \"News Coverage\" by J. I. Johnson disagrees with those who think the newspaper is spending too much time covering desegregation actions. March 11, 1956. Article: \"Dixie Legislators Unite in Backing Lawful Resistance to Integration.\" Details the signing by Southern congressmen a manifesto to resist \"by all lawful means\" attempts to end school segregation. March 12, 1956. Editorial: \"Manifesto.\" Discusses the manifesto signed by Southern congressmen, how it can be enforced, and the powers of the government. Article: \"Alabama Editor, New York Negro Cite Regional, Race Disharmony.\" Details a conversation between a Northern NAACP leader and an Alabama editor about the kinds of segregation and racial tension that exists in the North. Article: \"Southern Declaration.\" Verbatim text of Southern legislators' manifesto about Supreme Court decision and their resistance to it. Article: \"Congressmen Pledge Fight on Race Issue.\" Details the circumstances surrounding the manifesto and the stance it takes. Article: \"Southern Manifesto.\" Verbatim text of Southern legislators' manifesto about Supreme Court decision and their resistance to it. Article: \"Racial Stand Stirs Senate.\" Details the reaction in the U.S. Senate when the Southern Manifesto was read aloud. Editorial: \"A Southern Declaration\" supports the position stated in the Southern Manifesto. Letter to the Editor: \"Estes Ignores South\" by Ollie Kendrick strongly denounces TN Senator Estes Kefauver. March 13, 1956. Article: \"Alabama Serves as 'Anti' Symbol.\" Provides an overview of thoughts and attitudes of African Americans and Anglos in the South about segregation and attempts to integrate the races. Article: \"Citizens Councils Vary, Widespread in South.\" Briefly describes Citizens Councils and their makeup. Article: \"NAACP Began in '09, Now Has 13,000 Units.\" Briefly describes the NAACP and its makeup. Article: \"Court Does Not Rule on Mixed Marriages.\" Briefly details a Supreme Court pass on ruling on interracial marriage, which stemmed from a marriage between a Chinese man and a white American woman. Article: \"Georgia's Theme Is One of Delay.\" Ruminates on the history and culture of Georgia and how that is being played out in their response to desegregation. Article: \"Integration National Issue, Not One for the South Alone.\" Extensive survey and examination of the state of race relations and integration across the U.S. Article: \"Tennessee Taking Middle Course And Shows Attitude of Good Faith.\" Extensive examination of Tennessee's response to the school desegregation order. [Some text is missing due to poorly trimmed clippings.] March 12, 1956. Article: \"New Group Is Led By Schoolfield.\" Details the election of Judge Raulston Schoolfield as president of the States' Rights Council of Tennessee, a nonprofit organization opposed to segregation. March 13, 1956. Editorial: \"Next to the News\" Examines the out migration of African Americans from the South to Chicago and the impact it is having there. Article: \"Race Problem Cracks Unity of Democrats.\" Details the reading of the Southern Manifesto and reaction to it, including desegregation tensions among Democrats. Article: \"Five From Tennessee Support Declaration.\" Briefly details which Tennessean politicians support the Manifesto. Article: \"States Rights Council of Tennessee President Sees 'New Rallying Point' for Segregation Cause.\" Details the election of Judge Raulston Schoolfield as president of the States' Rights Council of Tennessee, a nonprofit organization opposed to segregation. Editorial: \"Shades of John C. Calhoun\" extols the Southern Manifesto and encourages Southern politicians to unite and use their political power. Article: \"Pittman Blasts Darr's Talks on Segregation.\" Details a presentation by R. Carter Pittman, president of the States' Rights Council of Georgia, rallying against Judge Darr's comments about the illegality of segregation based on the 14th Amendment. March 14, 1956. Article: \"Oklahoma Calm Over Integration.\" Details the reaction of Oklahoma to the desegregation ruling. Article: \"Capital Led Way with Compliance.\" Details the reaction of Washington D.C. to the desegregation ruling. Article: \"Virginia Is Calm And Isn't Mixing.\" Details the reaction of Virginia to the desgregation ruling. Article: \"Arkansas Shows Checked Pattern.\" Details the reaction of Arkansas to the desegregation ruling. Article: \"Florida Rolling with the Punch.\" Details the reaction of Florida to the desegregation ruling. Article: \"Geographic Lines Divide Delaware.\" Details the reaction of Delaware to the desegregation ruling, paying particular attention to the divide between the southern and northern portions of the state. Article: Kentucky Taking Immediate Action.\" Details the reaction of Kentucky to the desegregation ruling. Article: \"Mississippi Yet to Fulfill 'Separate, Equal' Doctrine.\" Details the reaction of Mississippi to the desegregation ruling. Includes statistics and graphs related to population in southern states. Editorial: \"A Truthful Survey\" applauds the objective reporting contained in the published surveys of southern states' reactions to desegregation. March 14, 1956. Article: \"Education Is Offered, Expelled Sophomore.\" Briefly details Georgia governor Marvin Griffin's offer to Leonard Wilson, who was expelled from the University of Alamaba for racial aggression, to attend a Georgia university. Article: \"Negroes Preponderant In Capital Enrollment.\" Notes the increase in African American population in Washington D.C. and a decrease in the Anglo population. Article: \"Reuther Aid to NAACP Stirs Local Union Revolt.\" Details conflict between local United Automobile Workers in Memphis and national UAW leaders concerning desegregation. Editorial: \"Betrayers of Their People\" condemns democratic politicians who don't oppose desegregation. Letter to the Editor: \"Aims of the NAACP\" by \"R. E. Bell\" sarcastically presents the demands of the NAACP by drawing a ridiculous parallel. Article: \"Race Issue Costs South Industries; Mounting Tension Slows Migration.\" Details the economic costs segregation takes, such as boycotts, marketing, and business expansion. Article: \"Change Resisted by East Texans.\" Details the reaction of Texas to the desegregation ruling, noting differences in the geographic distribution of African Americans in the state. The article is incomplete. Article: \"Louisiana Grants Gains to Negroes.\" Details the reaction of Louisiana to desegregation. Article is incomplete. Article: \"Pattern Changes in West Virginia.\" Details the reaction of West Virginia to desegregation. Article: \"South Carolina Segregation Likely to Last Indefinitely.\" Details the reaction of South Carolina to desegregation. Article: \"85% of Missouri Being Integrated.\" Details the reaction of Missouri to desegregation. Article is incomplete. Article: \"North Carolina Is on Borderline.\" Details the reaction of North Carolina to desegregation. Article is incomplete. Article: \"'Manifesto' Held Misleading Move.\" Details charges by TN Congressman Ross Bass that the \"Southern Manifesto\" was designed primarily for political motives in the upcoming election. March 15, 1956. Editorial: \"Better Schools?\" uses the initial results of school desegregation in Washington D.C. as a barometer for what will happen if Chattanooga schools desegregate. March 16, 1956. Editorial: \"Integration Policy Threatens Destruction of Chattanooga High, Alumni Leader Says\" by Bill Hagan exalts the standards of Chattanooga high school and lists the reasons why he believes it should not be integrated. Article: \"Bass to Talk on Manifesto.\" Details charges by TN Congressman Ross Bass that the \"Southern Manifesto\" was designed primarily for political motives in the upcoming election and presents reactions by fellow lawmakers. Two Letters to the Editor: \"Who but Parents?\" by J. C. Pierce believes each PTA has a say in whether its school should desegregate. \"Racial Issue\" by Albert Smith shows Rome, GA as a good example for an easy and smooth transition to desegregation. Editorial: \"The Unions and the NAACP\" reviews recent agitation between northern union officials and southern union members due to their press for desegregation in unions. March 17, 1956. Editorial: \"Third Party Talk\"muses about the possibility of Southern segregationists forming a third party in the upcoming national elections. Article: \"Fear CIO Fund Going to NAACP Stirs Row.\" Details discord between CIO union members about the distribution of a membership fee and wanting to keep it from benefiting the NAACP. Editorial: \"The Abolitionists Rant Again\" decries an editorial from Springfield, Missouri, which takes southern states to task for their resistance to the Supreme Court ruling on desegregation. Three Letters to the Editor: \"Praises County PTA\" by \"A PTA Member\" applauds PTAs that are activity resisting calls for desegregation. \"Confederate Flag\" by James L. Mathis regrets that the Confederate flag is being used as a political icon rather than as a memorial to Confederate dead. \"Without Malice\" by \"Chattanooga Baptist Ministers' Union,\" an African American ministers union, notes the need for open communication and goodwill between all citizens and pledges their cooperation during 'trying times.' March 19, 1956. Five Letters to the Editor: \"Booker T. Washington\" by F. W. Muse discusses Booker T. Washington's legacy and his position on integration. \"On PTA Vote\" by \"A PTA Member\" encourages PTA groups to vote on segregation before an April deadline. \"Individualism\" by P. W. Stonestreet mulls over social, religious, and American beliefs about individualism. \"On Manifesto\" by R. E. Barclay questions the position of Tennessee Republicans on the \"Southern Manifesto\" issue. \"On Equal Rights\" by \"A Digusted Reader And Also A Believer In Fairness\" condemns the position of segregationists and challenges \"white imperialism.\" March 20, 1956. Article: \"Integration Left to Court Action.\" Details the President's postion on withholding school construction funds for desegregation non-compliant states. Editorial: \"No Desegregated Park Wanted.\" Condemns consideration of the acquisition of a 550-acre tract of land at the Chickamauga Dam to turn into a park due to the fact that it would have to be a desegregated park. Four Letters to the Editor: \"Roman Rapped\" by Deward Daves disagrees with a previous letter to the editor that stated the benefits of Rome, GA and its racial harmony. \"On Racial Ruling\" by J. L. White calls on voters to vote against all candidates endorsed by the NAACP or ADA. \"Likes Editorial\" by P. W. Stonestreet agrees with a recent TFP editorial. \"Attacks Manifesto\" by Thomas G. Carson commends the two Tennessee senators who did not sign the \"Southern Manifesto.\" March 21, 1956. Article: \"3 City PTA Groups 'Thwarted' on Voting.\" Details the attempt by three city PTA groups to have a vote affirming segregation in their schools but their attempts were stopped by parliamentary actions. Letter to the Editor: \"Defends Georgians\" by \"Former Resident of Rome, GA\" disagrees with a previous letter to the editor about Rome, GA and its racial harmony and uses Bible-based arguments for segregation. March 22, 1956. Article: \"President Tells South to Move.\" Details President Eisenhower's statements regarding Southern resistance to school desegregation and mentions a civil rights bill being developed in the House. Article: \"Integration Study Fails in Nashville.\" Details the abandoning of a desegregation plan by Nashville city school board in advance of a court hearing. Editorial: \"How They Stand on Segregation\" compares the desegregation position of presidential candidates. Article: \"Nashville Delays Plan on Integration.\" Details the abandoning of a desegregation plan by Nashville city school board in advance of a court hearing. Presents actions in other southern states. March 23, 1956. Article: \"Nashville School Board Concedes Segregation Illegal, Seeks Time.\" Details a federal court brief submitted by the Nashville school board regarding their desegregation plans. Article: \"Race Issue Taken to the President.\" Details a request from Florida governor Leroy Collins to President Eisenhower to convene a conference of southern governors to discuss race relations. Article: \"Those Ordering Integrate 'or Else' Could Say 'Moderation.' TEA Told.\" Details presentations held at the annual Tennessee Education Association meeting held in Chattanooga. Two Letters to the Editor: \"On 'Corn Pone'\" by Ann Foster takes an previous letter to the editor to task about slandering the objectives of the NAACP. \"On Manifesto\" by Phillip Harris challenges those politicians who did not sign the Southern Manifesto. Editorial: \"Not Facing the Real Crisis\" condemns the participants of the Tennessee Educators Association for not addressing the threat of desegregation in TN schools. Article: \"Memphis Unit to Push Interposition in State.\" Details the formation of a new segregationist political organization in Memphis, and reports on other actions in the S"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Hamilton County Department of Education Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Public schools--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation in education--Tennessee--Chattanooga","School integration--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","Hamilton County (Tenn.)--Race relations","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Scrapbook"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/8EC55633-4030-4B2A-A1CA-090180161426"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["scrapbooks"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid001","title":"Scrapbook","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Hamilton County (Tenn.). Department of Education"],"dc_date":["1955-06/1955-12"],"dcterms_description":["Maroon and gold scrapbook. Contains newspaper articles about Chattanooga Public Schools. Dates of articles are July through December 1955. Stickers on pages list the dates of the articles. Scrapbook held together by cord. Articles glued onto pages. Most of the articles focus on the integration issue. July 23, 1955: There are three articles from this date regarding the Chattanooga Board of Education's decision to integrate Chattanooga public schools. The first is titled \"Bowing to Decree\" and announced the school board's decision to integrate the public schools in compliance with the Supreme Court's decree (Brown v Board of Education). The decision was unanimous, the board saying that \"it us our duty to uphold the law whether it is our wish or not.\" The second article is titled \"Board's Statement on Integration\", and prints the full statement of the Board of Education announcing its policy on integration. The statement declared that city schools would not be integrated in 1955, but that the Supreme Court's decree to end segregation would be complied with at a later date. The third article is an editorial which denounces the board's decision and the ruling of the Supreme Court regarding integration. The author calls the court's decision unconstitutional and accuses it of usurping the powers of the legislative branch. The author also writes that separate but equal should continue and gives the example of the recently completed Howard School for Negroes as proof that black schools aren't inferior to white ones. July 24, 1955: There are five articles from this date. The first, \"No Way to Turn Back Integration, School Board Tells People on Air\", details an appearance members of the Chattanooga School Board made on WDEF-TV clarifying and explaining their statement announcing their intention to integrate Chattanooga's public schools. The board said that they \"do not propose to evade or delay\" in complying with the court's decision, that they would assess problems associated with integration and not take hasty action, and that citizens had a duty to comply with the court's decision even if they disagreed with it. The second article, \"City Board Respects Law\", is a recap of the decision of the school board to comply with the Supreme Court's ruling and integrate public schools. The third article, \"City NAACP President Hails Board Decision\", explains that Mrs. Carrie M. Chapman, President of the Chattanooga NAACP, praised the school board's decision on integration. The Fourth Article, \"Segregation Stand by Local Board Respects Law\", is an argument for why the board's decision was sound and why citizens should comply with the new policy. The fifth article, \"No Integration Study for County's Schools\", reports that no study for the integration of Hamilton County Schools has been discussed by the Hamilton County board of education. July 25, 1955: There are three articles from this date, one from the Chattanooga Times, and two from the Chattanooga News Free Press. The Times article, \"Pressmen Blast School Decision\", reports that the resolutions committee of the Chattanooga Printing Pressmen's Union, local 165, denounced the Chattanooga school board's decision to comply with a Supreme Court decision and integrate Chattanooga Public Schools. The second article, from the Chattanooga News Free Press, also reports the Pressmen's denunciation. The third article is an editorial from the News Free Press and makes a constitutional argument against the ruling of the Supreme Court on integration. July 26, 1955: There are two articles from the Chattanooga Times, and two articles from the News Free Press on this date. The first Times article, \"CLU Endorses School Decision\", reports that the Chattanooga Central Labor Union agreed with the school board's decision to integrate public schools in Chattanooga. The second Times article,\"Growing in Understanding\", is an endorsement of the Supreme Court ruling on integration, and attacks the arguments of those who were against the decision. The first Free Press article, \" Integration in Schools Endorsed Here By CLU\", reports the endorsement of the school board's decision by the Chattanooga Central Labor Union. The second Free Press article,\"On Segregation\", is an editorial, and argues against the Supreme Court's ruling on integration. July 27, 1955: There are four articles from a publication called Labor World for this date. The first, \"City Board of Education Will Comply With U.S. Supreme Court Ruling on Integration of Schools; Central Labor Union Supports Proposed Plans\", announces the Chattanooga School Board's decision to comply with the court ruling on integration, and reports the CLU's endorsement of the school board's plans. The second article,\"The Chattanooga Board of Education Has Taken a Forthright Stand\", editorialized and heartily endorses the board of education and its decision to integrate public schools. The third article,\"Board Will Counsel With Community Groups and Citizens to Find Solution for Problems\", reports the intention of the Chattanooga board of education to not enact any hasty reform of the public schools, and to get as much input from the community as possible so as to ensure that integration was effected with as little friction as possible. The Fourth Article from Labor World is a reprinting of the statement from the Chattanooga Board of Education announcing its intention to comply with the Supreme Court ruling and integrate Chattanooga public schools. There is one article from the Chattanooga News Free Press, a letter to the editor agreeing with the classification of the school board's decision to integrate as \"cowardly\" and of the Supreme Court ruling as unconstitutional. July 28, 1955: There are two articles from this date, one from the Chattanooga Times, and one from the Chattanooga Free Press. The Times article,\"Tennessee, Chattanooga Race View Hit by Attorney General of Georgia\", reports the denunciation of the Governor of Tennessee, Tennessee Senator Kefauver, and the Chattanooga school board, for their failure to fight the Supreme Court decision on integration. Attorney General Eugene Cook said that this failure had lost Tennessee the friendship of his state, Georgia. The Free Press Article, \"Cook Attacks Tennesseeans\", reports on the same denunciation by the Georgia Attorney General. July 29, 1955: There are six articles from this date, four from the Chattanooga News Free Press, and two from the Hamilton County Herald. The first Free Press article, \"LWV Endorses Schools' Move\", reports that the League of Women Voters supported the school board decision to integrate public schools. The second article announced that the Tennessee Federation For Constitutional Government had free legal service available to any citizen who wished to maintain separate school facilities for white and black children. The third Free Press article, \"separate But Equal' Doctrine Said Not Against God's Will\", is an editorial and argues that being in favor of the separate but equal segregation doctrine is not incompatible with being a good Christian, with the author writing, \"I must love the Negro across the sea and here at home, but God did not say to live with or associate with him\". The fourth Free Press article, \"City Race Rule Spurs East Ridge on School\", reports the efforts of the East Ridge government to resist integrating its schools. The article reported that officials didn't believe that segregation was an issue in East Ridge because only two or three black families lived there. The first Hamilton County Herald article,\"Loyal Opposition\", laments that Tennessee government, and the Chattanooga School Board gave up the fight to keep segregation in public schools. The second Herald article, \"Dropped Stitches\", is an argument against the Chattanooga school board decision and the Supreme Court Decision. July 30, 1955: There are two articles from this date, one from the Chattanooga Times and one from the Chattanooga Free Press. The Times article, \"Elks Set Forum On School Issue\", announces that Armistice Lodge No. 440, colored Elks, announced it will sponsor an open forum discussion on integration of races in the city schools. The Free Press Article,\"Interested Party Wants to Know Advantages of Mixing Plan\", is a letter requesting that \"someone who knows please give me a list of the advantages to be gained for either race by the mixing of races in our public schools.\" July 31, 1955: There are two articles from the Chattanooga Times for this date. The first,\"Plans Pushed By Both Sides On Race Issue\", reports on white anti-integration groups across the south preparing resistance strategies to oppose integration of public schools for the upcoming school year. Activities were widespread in Mississippi, Alabama, Texas, and Georgia. The second article, \"Integration Plan Endorsed By LWV\", reports the endorsement of the plan to integrate Chattanooga schools by the League of Women Voters. August 1, 1955: There are two letters to the editor from the Chattanooga News Free Press for this date. The first,\"On Integration\", is an argument against the Supreme Court decision as unjust and illegal, and calls for citizens to fight against it using all legal means at their disposal. The second letter, \"Race Mixing\", says that integration would be a disadvantage for both races, but there would be political advantages in that politicians would play up the issue to gain black votes in the hopes of winning election. August 2, 1955: There is one article from the Chattanooga News Free Press for this date. \"Racial Issue\" is a letter to the editor appealing to all who don't want integrated schools to stand up for their conviction. August 3, 1955: There are three articles from the Chattanooga News Free Press for this date. The first, \"Pressmen Blast CLU On Integration Stand\", reports that the Chattanooga Printing Pressmen and Assistants Union, local 165, in a special meeting adopted two resolutions critical of recent public endorsement by labor leaders - national and local - of the Supreme Court's decree to end segregation in public schools. The second, a letter to the editor, \"Needed: A Leader\", laments that Tennessee's leaders have let the people down. A majority oppose integration and the author believes that the people aren't adequately represented. The third, also a letter to the editor, \"For Segregation\" argues that the majority of southerners want to keep segregation and that the Supreme Court is usurping democracy in the US as an unelected body imposing its will on the resistant populace. August 4, 1955: There are two articles for this date, one from the Chattanooga Times and one from the Chattanooga News Free Press. The Times article, \"Attack On Race Stand Renewed By Pressmen\", reports that union pressmen of the Chattanooga local again attacked verbally all union organizations and leaders who have supported the Supreme Court Decision against racial segregation in public schools. The Free Press article, \"For Segregation\", argues that segregation of the races should be maintained. The writer argues that God intended the races to be separate, and that if whites and blacks go to school together it will inevitably lead to intermarriage between the races. August 5, 1955: There are three articles for this date, two from the Chattanooga News Free Press, and one from the Hamilton County Herald. The first Free Press article,\"Racial Stand\", is a letter to the editor and argues for the creation of state's rights councils for the purpose of opposing the integration of schools. The second Free Press article, also a letter to the editor,\"10% and 9 Old Men\", argues that integration is a \"crime imposed on 90% of the people by 10% and 9 old men who think they have become so wise they can change God's plan and laws.\" The Hamilton County Herald article is an editorial, and denounces the CLU for its endorsement of the Supreme Court's integration decision, while hailing the local Pressmen union for its opposition to that same decision. August 6, 1955: There is one article for this date from the Chattanooga News Free Press. The article, \"Beyond Bounds\", is a letter to the editor criticizing a Bishop Claiborne for taking a stand against the decision of the state of Georgia to maintain segregation in its public schools. August 7, 1955: There is one article for this date from the Chattanooga Times. The article announces that an open forum to discuss the transition to desegregation in public schools would be held this night, sponsored by the Armistice Lodge No. 440, colored Elks. August 8, 1955: There are four articles for this date, three from the Chattanooga Times, and one from the Chattanooga News Free Press. The first Times article, \"Printers Attack Integration Plan\", reports that members of local 89, Chattanooga Typographical Union, adopted a resolution condemning the Chattanooga school board's policy on integration of public schools. The second Times article, \"Racial Mixing Under Attack\", reports that the Tennessee Federation for Constitutional Government \"will intervene in any attempt by the city of Chattanooga school board to desegregate city schools now or later\" a representative for the group said. The third Times article, \"Negro Elks' Forum Urges Prompt School Integration\", reported that integration of white and colored pupils in the public schools should be started as soon as possible, according to a consensus of some 200 people attending a forum on the subject. The Free Press article, \"Mixed School Issue Spurs Action In City\", summarizes the reactions of different groups around the city to the integration issue, the Typographical union, the TN Federation for Constitutional Government, and the Elks' club forum. August 9 1955: There are no articles for this date present in this scrapbook. August 10, 1955: There are two letters to the editor from the Chattanooga News Free Press, and one article from Labor World for this date. The first Free Press letter, \"Racial Issue\", argues that the Tennessee state government should stand up to the Supreme Court and not roll over in compliance to its decision. The second letter, \"Public Needs Facts\", argues that the school board acted cowardly, without need, and illegally in violation of Tennessee state law when it announced its desegregation policy. The third article, from Labor World, \"Printers Oppose Integration Plan of School Board\", reports that the Chattanooga Typographical Union passed a resolution condemning the actions of the Chattanooga School Board regarding desegregation of public schools. The paper condemns the union for this stance. August 11, 1955: There are four articles, one from the Chattanooga Times, and two from the Chattanooga News Free Press for this date. The Times Article, \"Against Integration\", argues for segregation of public schools. The first Free Press Article, \"Race Issue\", argues for segregation of public schools. The second Free Press article, \"School Board Hit\", argues that the Chattanooga school board sold the citizens of Chattanooga down the river. The third article reports on local unions coming out against the Chattanooga school board's decision to integrate schools. August 12, 1955: There are five articles for this date, one from the Chattanooga Times, one from the Hamilton County Herald, and three letters to the editor from the Chattanooga News Free Press. The Times article, \"CLU's Resolution Condemned Again\", reports on the condemnation by other local unions of the Chattanooga Central Labor Union and their endorsement of school integration. The Hamilton County Herald Article,\"Law of the Land\" editorializes against the decision to integrate public schools. The first Free Press editorial \"For Segregation\", is an argument for the maintainence of segregation in public schools. The second Free Press editorial, \" Where Is Governor?\", argues that the Tennessee Governor should have put up more of a fight against the Supreme Court decision. The third Free Press editorial, \"Racial Ruling\", argues that the members of the school board should resign and let a new one be selected. August 13-14: There are no materials for these dates. August 15, 1955: There are three articles for this date, one from the Chattanooga Times, and two from the Chattanooga News Free Press. The Times article,\" CLU Assailed By UAW Local\", reports that the United Auto Workers of America, local 176, passed resolutions condemning the Chattanooga Board of Education, The Central Labor Union, and The Labor World for their support of integration of public schools. The first Free Press Article, \"UAW-AFL Hits School Board\", reports the same UAW condemnations as the Times article. The second Free Press Article, a letter to the editor, argues against integration and laments that the Tennessee governor has so little backbone. August 16, 1955: There is one article from the Chattanooga News Free Press for this date. The article,\"Action Needed\", is a letter to the editor and argues against integration of the public schools. August 17, 1955: There are three articles from the Chattanooga News Free Press, and one article from Labor World for this date. The first, \"CLU Asks Locals Quit Raps on Mixing Stand\", reports that the Central Labor Union issued a general appeal to its member locals to refrain from issuing \"intemperate\" public statements condemning CLU's public endorsement of the city school board's announcement regarding school desegregation. The second Free Press article, \"Segregation\", is a letter to the editor endorsing the Georgia governor's stand against integration, and wishing that the Tennessee governor would make a similar stand. The third Free Press article, \"For Segregation\", is a letter to the editor, and it argues against integration of the public schools. The Labor World Article, \"To All AFL Locals in Chattanooga and to All CLU Delegates\", is a clarification of the CLU's position regarding the school board's policy to desegregate Chattanooga public schools. August 18, 1955: There are two articles for this date, one from the Chattanooga Times, and one from the Chattanooga News Free Press. The Free Press article,\"The Facts Remain\", editorializes on the Central Labor Union and its position on the desegregation issue, and the backlash that this position caused among its local affiliates. The Times article, \"Restraint Urged On School Issue\", reports on the Central Labor Union, its clarification of its position regarding desegregation, and the backlash that its position caused among its local affiliates. August 19, 1955: There are four articles for this date, one from the Chattanooga Times, three from the Chattanooga News Free Press, and one from the Hamilton County Herald. The Times article, \"Negro Ministers Push Integration\", reports that a seminar of ministers from the African Methodist Episcopal Youth Congress recommended a 10 point program to promote integration. The first Free Press article,\"Electrical Workers Repudiate CLU Stand, reports that the Electrical Workers Union, local 175, repudiated the stand the CLU took on the school integration issue. The second Free Press article, \"Racial Problem\", a letter to the editor, opposes suggestions to get rid of the NAACP, and argues against racism. The third Free Press article, \"Board's Decision\", is a letter to the editor, and argues for integration and attacks a previous letter writer who attacked the character of the members of the Chattanooga school board. The Herald article is an editorial opposing desegregation. August 20, 1955: There are five articles for this date, two from the Chattanooga Times, and three from the Chattanooga News Free Press. The first Times article, \"Electricians Hit Integration Move\", reports that the Electric Workers Union Local 175 protested the CLU's stand on the integration issue. The Second Times article,\"Conservatives and Reactionaries, is a letter to the editor argues for integration and states that segregation is discrimination. The first Free Press article,\"Pressmen Rap Appeal By CLU\", reports that the Printing Pressmen's Union criticized the CLU for its appeal to member unions not to issue public statements regarding integration. The second Free Press article, \"The Price Tag on Integration\", argues that blacks will suffer financially and socially if the public schools are integrated. The third Free Press article, \"Desegregation\", argues that the Supreme Court ruling on school segregation was unconstitutional. August 21, 1955: There is no material for this date. August 22, 1955: There are two articles, both from the Chattanooga News Free Press, both letters to the editor. The first letter,\"Likes School Board\", praises the school board for the stand it took on the desegregation issue. The second letter,\"Red Influence?\", argues that some of the justices who voted to desegregate schools may have been influenced by socialist texts. August 23, 1955: There are five articles for this date, two from the Chattanooga Times, and three from the Chattanooga News Free Press. The first Times article, \"Carpenters Ask Integration Ban\", reports that the Carpenters Local Union 74 has urged Governor Frank Clement to call a special session of the legislature to enact laws that will represent both white and colored in reference to integration of schools. The second Times article, \"District Baptists Back Integration\", reports that the Chattanooga District Association of Negro Baptist Churches adopted a resolution commending the city school board for its stand on integration in schools. The first Free Press Article, \"CLU Favors Rescinding Stand For School Board's Mixing Plan\", reports that at a meeting the Central Labor Union adopted a recommendation to rescind its unanimous action to support a decision by the school board to end segregation in city schools. The second Free Press article, \"Negroes Oppose Integration\", is an editorial and praises some black teachers in Oklahoma who oppose integration of their schools. The third Free Press article, \"Carpenters' Union Hits School Board Decision\", reports that the local carpenters union opposes the school board's decision to integrate city schools. August 24, 1955: There are two articles for this date, one from the Chattanooga Times and one from The Labor World. The Times article,\"CLU Acts Sept. 12 on Move Against Integration Support\", reports that delegates to the Chattanooga Central Labor Union would vote on Sept. 12 on the question whether it will rescind its action of July 22 giving approval to a policy statement of the Chattanooga Board of Education, agreeing that segregation should end in the schools. The Labor World article,\"Carpenters Oppose Central Body Stand\", reported that the carpenters local 74 adopted a resolution in opposition to the decision of the Chattanooga Board of Education regarding integration of city schools. August 25, 1955: There is no material for this date. August 26, 1955: There are two articles from The Chattanooga News Free Press and one article from the Hamilton County Herald for this date. The first Free Press article, \"Society to Maintain Segregation Formed\", reports that an organization of The Tennessee Society to Maintain Segregation was formed with 5,00 charter members, whose primary objective was to maintain segregation in public schools. The second Free Press article, \"Negroes Better Off\", is a letter to the editor, and argues that Negroes are better off in the segregated south than the desegregated north, and that blacks would lose more than they would gain by desegregation. The Herald article, \"CLU Is Nervous\", editorializes about the CLU, its stand agreeing with school board decision to integrate, and it member unions resistance to that stand. August 27, 1955: There is one article from the Chattanooga Times, and one article from The Chattanooga News Free Press for this date. The Times article, \"Segregation Unit Hits Board Stand\", reports that the Tennessee Society to Maintain Segregation launched an all out attack against what it called the city school board's traitorous decision to integrate Chattanooga schools. The Free press Article, \"Ironworkers State Policy\", reports that the ironworkers union, local 704, gave undisclosed instructions to delegates which will represent the union in an election held Sept. 12 by the Central Labor Union to decide whether to rescind a previously announced stand supporting desegregation in city schools. August 28, 1955: There is one article from the Chattanooga Times for this date. The article, \"Electrical Union Asks Segregation\", reports that local no. 311, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, has joined other unions here which have adopted resolutions opposing the city school board's policy regarding integration in city schools. August 29, 1955: There are two articles from the Chattanooga News Free Press for this date. The first, \"CLU Action Hit By IBEW Union\", reports that the local electrical workers union passed a resolution condemning the CLU's endorsement of the city school board's decision to integrate city schools. The second article, \"Smith Rapped\", is a letter to the editor, written by a member of the Central Labor Union, expressing his disagreement with the unions leader and his support of \"social integration\". August 30, 1955: There is one article from the Chattanooga Times for this date. The article, \"Unexpected Stand\", a letter to the editor, expresses condemnation of segregation and makes a case that discrimination and segregation is immoral, and unconstitutional. August 31, 1955: There are two articles from the Chattanooga News Free Press for this date. The first article, \"A Georgia Negro's Suggestion\", an editorial, details the suggestions of a black attorney from Georgia, a former official of the NAACP, who because of his disagreement with desegregation, resigned from that institution. The lawyer was praised by the attorney general of Georgia for his views. The second article, \"Racial Issue\", is a letter to the editor, and argues that the segregated system of the south produces an adequate number of black college graduates,\"more than the number produced by all of the British Kingdom.\" This being the case, according to this author, there is no problem with the status quo segregated system of schooling in the south. The third letter,\"Praises Unions\", is a letter to the editor in which the author praises the \"revolt\" of several member unions against the CLU and its stand in favor of desegregation of Chattanooga schools. September 1, 1955: There is one article from the Chattanooga News Free Press for this date. The article, \"Racial Debate\", argues that the school boards integration decision goes against God's law, that some members of the Supreme Court are connected with Communists, and that desegregation is tantamount to \"Hitlerism\". September 2, 1955: There are three articles from this date, two from the Chattanooga Times, and one from the Chattanooga News Free Press. The first Times article, \"Integration Problems Cited in Washington\" reports on the progress of integration of the public schools in Washington D.C. The second Times article, \"Segregation-- A Reply\", responds sarcastically to an earlier letter to the editor that favored desegregation and made an argument that it was morally wrong and unconstitutional. This letter writer disagrees vehemently and maintains that segregation is constitutional and not morally wrong. The Free Press article,\"School Board Hit\", is a letter to the editor that questions whether the school board represents the will of the people of Chattanooga, who don't want integration, and believes that their decision violates existing state law. September 3, 1955: There is no material for this date. September 4, 1955: There is one article from the Chattanooga Times for this date. The article, \"Methodists Back No-Bias Decision\", reports that the Tennessee Conference of the Methodist Church endorsed the Supreme Court decision to end segregation in public schools. September 5, 1955: There is one article from the Chattanooga News Free Press for this date. The article,\"On Segregation\", is a letter to the editor, and argues that whites and blacks already intermingle, so having blacks and whites in the same school wouldn't change too much. A tortured argument that school integration isn't a very big deal. September 6, 1955: There are no materials for this date. September 7, 1955: There are five articles from this date, four from the Chattanooga News Free Press, and one from The Labor World. The first Free Press article, \"Freedom of Choice\", is a letter to the editor and argues that \"the devil's work\" is behind the integration decision. The second Free Press article, \"Some Schools Mixed On U.S. Bases In Dixie\", reports that some of the schools on US military bases in the South have already been desegregated. The third Free Press article, \"Commissioner Urges Others To Speak Out\", reports that Harry Allen, commissioner of health and education and chairman of the city school board, issued a statement favoring continued segregation in city schools, reversing his original stand from July 22. The fourth Free Press article, \"Letter Rapped\", arguing for the continuation of segregation in the schools and in all other aspects of society. The Labor World article, \"CLU Delegates to Vote On Motion to Rescind Previous School Stand\", reports that a September 12 vote will take place on whether or not to rescind the CLU's statement of support it issued for the city school board and their decision to integrate Chattanooga schools. September 8, 1955: There are no materials for this date. September 9, 1955: There are no materials for this date. September 10, 1955: There are four articles for this date, two from the Chattanooga Times, and two from the Chattanooga News Free Press. The first Times article, \"Allen Alters His Position On Race Issue\", reports that commissioner Harry Allen of the Chattanooga city school board had altered his position on integration of the schools, from support of integration, to opposition. The second Times article, \"Right The First Time\", is an editorial and argues that Harry Allen was right with his original decision to support integration. The first Free Press article, \"Commissioner Allen Is Right\", is an editorial praising Harry Allen's change of position on the integration question from support to opposition. The second Free Press article, \"Allen Stand Given Praise\", reports the praise given Commissioner Allen by the Tennessee Federation for Constitutional Government, an anti-integration group. September 11, 1955: There is one article from the Chattanooga Times for this date. The article,\"Political Trap Play\", reports that there is an undercover movement started in Chattanooga to oust the city school board and Superintendent Lawrence Derthick as a result of the board's statement relative to segregation. September 12, 1955: There are five articles for this date, two from the Chattanooga Times, and three from the Chattanooga News Free Press. The first Times article, \"Says Mr. Allen Disqualifies Self\", is a letter to the editor and contends that Henry Allen should have stuck to his original pro-integration position. The second Times article, \"School Decision Misunderstood\", reports that a Nashville attorney told a conference of Kentucky school officials that the scope of the Supreme Court decisions on segregation is widely misunderstood. The first Free Press article, \"CLU to Vote Tonight On Segregation Stand\", reports that members of the Central Labor Union would vote on whether to endorse or oppose the city school boards policy of integrating city schools. The second Free Press article, \"Allen Hailed, Derthick Hit\", reports that the Tennessee Society to Maintain Segregation issued a formal statement commending Education commissioner Harry Allen and criticizing City Schools Superintendent L.G. Derthick. The third Free Press article, \"Problem of Segregation Must Be Faced By Every Institution, Dean Robb Says\", reports on a talk given by Dr. Felix Robb, dean of instruction at Peabody College, Nashville, to the faculty of the University of Chattanooga. September 13, 1955: There are four articles for this date, two from the Chattanooga Times, and two from the Chattanooga News Free Press. The first Times article, \"CLU Rescinds Its Support Of Integration; Is Neutral\", reports that the Central Labor Union voted to rescind its support of integration of city schools, and took a neutral stand on the issue. The second Times article, \"Segregationists Like Allen Shift\", reports on the praise given Harry Allen by the Tennessee Society to Maintain Segregation, and the condemnation by that or"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Hamilton County Department of Education Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Public schools--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation in education--Tennessee--Chattanooga","School integration--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","Hamilton County (Tenn.)--Race relations","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Scrapbook"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/AD8B73FB-4A3E-4886-94A0-431266539900"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["scrapbooks"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null}],"pages":{"current_page":8,"next_page":null,"prev_page":7,"total_pages":8,"limit_value":12,"offset_value":84,"total_count":89,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":true},"facets":[{"name":"type_facet","items":[{"value":"StillImage","hits":61},{"value":"Text","hits":28}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"creator_facet","items":[{"value":"Wilson, Delmont","hits":36},{"value":"Chattanooga News-Free Press","hits":29},{"value":"Mooney, Jim","hits":12},{"value":"Hamilton County (Tenn.). 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