{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"tuc_csid_csid014","title":"Clipping, Newspaper","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Chattanooga News-Free Press"],"dc_date":["1960-06-01/1960-06-22"],"dcterms_description":["Series of Chattanooga News-Free Press clippings about desegregation actions in June 1960. a) \"Lawyers Quiz School Heads In 'Mix\" Suit\" Details the depositions taken from the Chattanooga school board and school Superintendent regarding the pending integration suit. June 1, 1960. b) \"Testimony Taken For School Case\" Details the depositions taken from the integration suit plaintiffs and school board members. June 2, 1960. c) \"Jury Would Get 5 Issues In Suit\" Details a request from the school board attorneys for an advisory jury which could answer five questions related to how the school board has dealt with integration since the 1955 Supreme Court decision. June 8, 1960. d1,2) \"School Board Asks More Time on 'Mix'\" Details response from school board regarding pending integration suit, requesting more time to educate the public and develop a suitable policy for the community. Thirteen points are presented. June 8, 1960. e1,2) \"Board Asks Delay In Desegregation\" Details response from school board regarding pending integration suit, their request for an advisory jury, and their request for more time to educate the public and develop a suitable policy for the community. June 8, 1960. f) \"Negroes Allowed Time To Respond\" Details Judge Leslie Darr's agreement to a motion by the plaintiffs that allow them to respond to the defense's request for an advisory jury by June 20. June 11, 1960. g) \"Summary Judgment Motion Filed By Negroes' Attorneys\" Details request by plaintiffs' attorneys for a summary judgment rather than a trial. h1,2) \"Negroes Seeking Summary Ruling\" Details request by plaintiffs' attorneys for a summary judgment rather than a trial and possible dates for ruling. June 21, 1960. i) \"Darr To Hear Plea July 20\" Briefly details the setting of a summary judgment date, July 20, for the school integration suit. June 22, 1960. j) \"Hearing July 20 For School Plea\" Details the setting of a summary judgment date, July 20, for the school integration suit and provides background on the case. June 22, 1960."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Chattanooga News-Free Press Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Clipping, Newspaper"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/C466E9EA-C905-4005-8C55-104495961693"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid013","title":"Clipping, Newspaper","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Chattanooga News-Free Press"],"dc_date":["1960-05-01/1960-05-27"],"dcterms_description":["Series of Chattanooga News-Free Press clippings about desegregation actions in May 1960. a1,2) \"Counter Sit-Ins at 4 City Stores\" Details sit-ins held at four downtown stores' lunch counters by African American youths, particularly the sit-in that occurred at Kress. May 1, 1960. b) \"Integration Motion Filed\" Details response of attorneys for African Americans involved in integrations suit regarding the school board's motion to remove school personnel from integration consideration. May 4, 1960. c1,2) \"Brief Entered In School Case\" Details response of attorneys for African Americans involved in integrations suit regarding the school board's motion to remove school personnel from integration consideration. May 4, 1960. d) \"Darr Spurns Negroes' Bid\" Details Federal Judge Leslie R. Darr's decision to exclude school personnel from the pending Chattanooga school integration suit. May 6, 1960. e1,2) \"Negroes' Effort To Broaden Suit Is Turned Down\" Details Federal Judge Leslie R. Darr's decision to exclude school personnel from the pending Chattanooga school integration suit, including Darr's justifications. May 6, 1960. f) \"Times To Carry Dynamic Reports On Negro Life In Northern Cities\" Details the \"Times\" plans to run 12 articles by Harry S. Ashmore. The series is entitled \"Negro Ghettos of 'The Deep North'\" and is proposed to be a \"penetrating study of the race problem outside of the South.\" May 8, 1960. g1,2) \"Negro Extremists Rouse Harlem; Migration From South Continues\" The first article in a 12-part series by Harry S. Ashmore. Discusses the impact of African American migration out of the South on urban cities and the rise of \"Negro Fascism.\" May 9, 1960. h) \"Presbytery Action Due\" Briefly details a meeting, called by four Knoxville area churches, to discuss a decision to integrate the Presbytery's camp and conference center near Kingston, TN. May 10, 1960. i) \"Presbytery Mixes Camp\" Details the final decision coming out of the Presbytery meeting regarding integration of its camp and conference center near Kingston, TN. May 11, 1960. j) \"Church Approves Integrated Camp\" Details the final decision coming out of the Presbytery meeting regarding integration of its camp and conference center near Kingston, TN. May 11, 1960. k) \"Profile of the Poor\" The fourth article in a 12-part series by Harry S. Ashmore. Details the experience of an African American family, formerly from Georgia, living in a tenement in Harlem, New York. May 12, 1960. L1,2) \"50 Are Booked In Kress Sit-In\" Details the arrest of 50 Howard students who were engaged in a sit-in at the Kress lunch counter. May 13, 1960. m1,2) \"'Sit-in' Negro Fined $50 In City Court, 17 Others Due Same If Penalty Affirmed\" Details the arrest of 50 students in a sit-in at Kress lunch counter and the beginning of a test case to determine if the city's anti-loitering ordinance is constitutional. Also lists names and addresses of those arrested. May 13, 1960. n1,2) \"24 Held, Negroes Picket City Jail\" Details the arrest of 24 students in a sit-in at Kress lunch counter and a subsequent protest march around the city jail block. May 14, 1960. o1,2) \"11 Negroes Back In Court\" Details the arrest of 24 students in a sit-in at Kress lunch counter and a subsequent protest march around the city jail block. Also lists names and addresses of those arrested. May 14, 1960. p1,2) \"Negro Cases Postponed\" Notes the illness of students' attorney R. H. Craig and postponement of hearing. Details the arrest of 24 students in a sit-in at Kress lunch counter and a subsequent protest march around the city jail block. May 14, 1960. q) \"Judge Postpones Sit-In Hearings\" Briefly details the illness of attorney R. H. Craig and fines levied against defendants involved in the lunch counter sit-ins at Kress. May 15, 1960. r1,2) \"D.A. Studies Sit-In Cases\" Details State Attorney General, Edward E. Davis, announcement that he is considering placing state charges against the demonstrators but did not indicate what those charges would be. May 17, 1960. s1,2) \"Kress Drops Charges On 21 Negroes\" Details the decision of Kress department store to drop charges against 21 youths arrested during a sit-in and the agreement reached between demonstrators and Kress management on how many students can demonstrate at the store. May 18, 1960. t1,2) \"Court Order Alters Sit-In\" Details the decision of Kress department store to drop charges against 21 youths arrested during a sit-in and the agreement reached between demonstrators and Kress management on how many students can demonstrate at the store. May 18, 1960. u1,2) \"Judge Notes Rights Of Juveniles In Sit-Ins, But Limits Number To 6\" Details Judge Burrell Barker's position that African American juveniles had the right to engage in sit-in demonstrations but the courts had the right to limit their numbers. May 18, 1960. v1,2) \"21 Sit-In Charges Retired By Judge\" Details the decision of Kress department store to drop charges against 21 youths arrested during a sit-in and the agreement reached between demonstrators and Kress management on how many students can demonstrate at the store. May 19, 1960. w) \"Assignment Part Of Suit Stricken\" Details U.S. District Judge Leslie R. Darr's order removing the part of the integration suit against Chattanooga schools that dealt with school personnel. May 19, 1960. x1,2) \"Sit-Ins Resumed; Numbers Limited\" Details sit-ins at seven downtown department store lunch counters. Also covers Judge Burrell Barker's decision regarding 11 African American boys who were arrested on May 12. May 20, 1960. y) \"No Appeal Yet By NAACP\" Briefly details Thurgood Marshall's announcement that there won't be an appeal regarding Judge Darr's decision to remove school personnel from the pending integration suit. May 23, 1960. z) \"22 Negro Youths 'Wards Of Court'\" Briefly details Judge Burrell Barker's decision to make 22 African American boys and girls wards of the court for their part in demonstrations at Kress store earlier in May. May 25, 1960. aa) \"22 Negro Youths Warned By Judge\" Details Judge Burrell Barker's decision to make 22 African American boys and girls wards of the court for their part in demonstrations at Kress store earlier in May. Includes text from Judge Barker's comments to the court. May 25, 1960. bb) \"School Unit Notified\" Briefly details formal notification of the Chattanooga school board members and Superintendent Letson that depositions related to the pending lawsuit will start June 1st. May 25, 1960. cc) \"Integration Action Starts\" Briefly details formal notification of the Chattanooga school board members and Superintendent Letson that depositions related to the pending lawsuit will start June 1st. May 25, 1960. dd) \"Attorney Lauds Barker's Ruling\" Details Judge Burrell Barker's decision to make 19 African American boys and girls wards of the court for their part in demonstrations at Kress store earlier in May. Contains statement from their attorney, R. H. Craig, supporting Barker's balanced judgment regarding the students and the students' responsibilities as citizens. Contains statement from Judge Barker regarding his reasons for his position. May 27, 1960. ee) \"'Rule of Six' Used Again\" Briefly details Judge Burrell Barker's decision to make 19 African American boys and girls wards of the court for their part in demonstrations at Kress store earlier in May. May 27, 1960. ff(1), ff(2) \"Sit-In Arrests Net 24 Negroes\" Details the arrest of 24 African American youths in sit-in protests at Kress' lunch counter. May 17, 1960 gg(1), gg(2) \"Negro Fined $50 On Sit-In\" Details the hearings of 18 of 50 Howard students who were charged with loitering at the Kress lunch counter. Details the events surrounding that recent civil rights protests. Also lists names of those arrested. May 13, 1960."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Chattanooga News-Free Press Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Discrimination in public accommodations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","S.H. Kress \u0026 Co."],"dcterms_title":["Clipping, Newspaper"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/57AEF3C4-ACCF-478A-B4B2-043093383720"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid003","title":"Scrapbook","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Hamilton County (Tenn.). Department of Education"],"dc_date":["1960-04-12/1960-07-31"],"dcterms_description":["Maroon and gold scrapbook. Contains newspaper articles about Chattanooga Public Schools. Dates of articles are April 12 through July 31, 1960. Articles glued onto pages. Dates of the articles are written on pages next to the articles. Scrapbook held together by maroon cord. The articles focus on the integration issue and sit-ins, demonstrations. April 12, 1960: There are four articles from the Chattanooga News Free Press for this date. The first, \"Negro Seized in Bomb-Placing Near Another's Vine St. Home\", reports that a Negro man, accused of placing three sticks of dynamite outside the home of another Negro on March 30, was put under bond for a grand jury investigation. The second article, \"The Need and The Time\", is an editorial opposing forced integration of public schools in Chattanooga, and urges Hamilton County voters to elect state representatives who would pass legislation that would present an alternative to forced integration. The third article, \"Expel All Students Convicted of 'Misconduct', State Orders\", reports that the State Board of Education ordered the dismissal from state-supported institutions of any student who in the future \"shall be arrested and convicted of charges involving personal misconduct\", such as sit-ins and other civil rights protest activity. The fourth article is a letter to the editor in which a local attorney suggests a plan for more funding for private schools which would not have to be integrated. April 13, 1960: There are two articles from the Chattanooga Times and three articles from The News Free Press for this date. The first Times article reports that in Nashville, police riot squads were called out twice to quell minor disturbance as students, mostly black, continued sit-in protests against segregated lunch counters. The second Times article is a letter to the editors that makes the argument that Communists are to blame for stirring up civil rights trouble, for the purpose of dividing America and weakening it enough to take over. The first Free Press article is an editorial praising the Chattanooga Police for their investigation of a recent bomb plot. The second Free Press article is an editorial praising the stance of the State Board of Education for its decision to dismiss any student attending a state school if they were convicted of misconduct, such as sit-ins or other civil rights protest activity. The third Free Press article reports that four Negro college students faced expulsion from school if convicted on disorderly conduct charges resulting from protests they participated in. April 14, 1960: There are three News Free Press articles for this date.The first Free Press article reports that police investigated a report of a sit down by several Negroes at a Krystal Restaurant in Chattanooga. The second article is a letter to the editor. The letter argues that local authorities should be able to decide whether or not their schools and businesses should be integrated. The third article is a letter to the editor, and argues against \"race mixing\" of any kind. April 15, 1960: There are three articles for this date, two from the Times, and one from the Free Press. The first Times article is a letter to the editor from some Birmingham residents, who take issue with the characterization of that city's police force and police chief, Bull Conner, by the Times. The second Times article is also a letter to the editor and uses the Bible to justify segregation. The Free Press article, an editorial, takes exception with the Florida Governor making disparaging remarks about the South in a speech he gave while he was in New Jersey. April 16, 1960: There is one article from the Free Press for this date. The article reports that a group of about ten young Negroes demonstrated against the segregation of downtown lunch counters, especially along Market Street, in the downtown area of Chattanooga. April 17, 1960: There are four articles from the Chattanooga Times for this date. The first article reports that twenty young Negroes carrying cardboard sign paraded the crowded downtown section (of Chattanooga) for four hours, and that the demonstrators, who began picketing some of the stores in the 700 and 800 blocks of Market Street were all but ignored by the thousands of last minute Easter shoppers. The second article reports on a disagreement in strategy that occurred at a conference for Southern Negro student leaders, with students advocating more drastic action and losing patience with the legal approach of the NAACP. The third article reports that a Negro man got into a car wreck with another vehicle carrying four men wearing robes, likely members of the Ku Klux Klan. The fourth article reports on the challenges facing the two newest members of the Chattanooga city school board. April 18, 1960: There are three articles from the Free Press for this date. The first article is an editorial describing the peaceful protests of lunch counters by blacks on Market Street. The article then goes on to basically warn blacks to keep their protests peaceful or they would face all sorts of retribution from the white majority. The second article reports a resumption of protests by blacks of downtown stores. The third article is a letter to the editor which laments the fact that the Federal government can tell anyone (especially this author) what to do. April 19, 1960: There are three articles from the Times and three articles from the Free Press for this date. The first Times article reports that a new tactic was put into effect by black protesters in Chattanooga, consisting of seven black ministers standing and praying silently on a traffic island at ninth and market streets, while holding a sign saying \"We Pray For Our City In Christian Love Stop Jim Crow\". The second Times article reports that former President Harry S Truman expressed the belief that Communists were engineering the student sit-downs at lunch counters in the south. The third Times article report that the bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Alabama has asked the national council of his church to repudiate a recent document expressing sympathy for the current Negro sitdown movement in the south. The first Free Press article reports that city school authorities were making an investigation to determine whether a recent conduct directive by Superintendent J.W. Letson was violated is a series of sit-down demonstrations at four downtown stores. The second Free Press article is a letter to the editor and argues that Methodist pastors are afraid to preach against church integration because the national Methodist authority was taken over by communist infiltrators who wanted to stir up trouble. The third Free Press article is a letter to the editor detailing the intertwining of politics, religion, and the issue of segregation and civil rights applied to Chattanooga. April 20, 1960: There are two articles from the Chattanooga Times for this date, and one article from the Free Press.The first article, a letter to the editor, decries the expulsion of students from public universities for participating in sit-ins and other anti-segregation protests, saying that it is undemocratic and stifles academic freedom. The second Times article reports on the ongoing protests against segregated businesses taking place along Market Street, saying that they were peaceful and \"quiet\". The Free Press article is an editorial condemning the bombing of the house of a prominent NAACP lawyer in Nashville. April 21, 1960: There are two articles from the Chattanooga Times for this date. The first article reports that Harry Truman claimed he was misquoted when it was reported that he said Communists were to blame for the sitdown movement by students in the south. The second article reports that Howard students who participated in the sitdown demonstrations at four downtown businesses came from their homes or churches, not school, Howard Principal C.C. Bond said. April 22, 1960: There are four articles from the Free Press for this date. The first article is an editorial bemoaning the policy of the Eisenhower administration in regards to the use of federal troops to enforce the integration of public schools (Little Rock, AR). The second article is a report on Evangelist Billy Graham's views on the subject of race. The third article reports that John W. Letson, superintendent of city schools, said that he felt there had been no violation of his conduct directive to city pupils by the sit-down demonstration by Howard students in a downtown store. The fourth article is a letter to the editor written by a Northerner giving his perspective on the race and segregation issues that were rocking the south. April 23, 1960: There is one article from the Chattanooga Times, and six articles from the Free Press for this date. The Times article reports that WDEF-TV, Channel 12 would not carry a CBS FYI program showing the organization of sit-in demonstrations in Nashville. The first Free Press article reports on the refusal of WDEF-TV to carry this program as well. The second Free Press article reports that Mississippi's new anti-sit-down law would get its first test when seven black men from Arkansas appear in court for entering a white bathroom at a gas station and seeking service at an adjoining cafe. The third Free Press article is a letter to the editor vehemently denouncing everything about the civil right movement and desegregation. The fourth Free Press article reports the sitdown protest of seven young blacks at a Kress lunch counter in downtown Chattanooga. The fifth article is an editorial describing the proposed amendment by an Ohio senator that would apply penalties to any citizen interfering with the carrying out of a Federal court order. The sixth article is a letter to the editor which argues that blacks have a higher rate of illegitimacy and a higher rate of venereal disease, and that integration may have cause some of this, and because of these \"facts\" desegregation would be dangerous to the society and white people. April 24, 1960: There is one article from the Chattanooga Times for this date. The article reports that southern students are being recruited for an \"Interracial Action Institute\" to be held in Miami in August. Applications being distributed stated that the participants would receive training in action, and that evaluation would be based on actual successes and failures experienced in direct, nonviolent action projects. April 25, 1960: There are three articles from the Free Press for this date. The first reports that three white men were accused of beating and shooting at a black man, one of whom was an ex-policeman. One of them men was fined $50 for assault and battery and put under a $500 bond for a grand jury investigation. The ex-policeman was fined $50 for drunkenness. The second article reports that the city school board has given final approval of the awarding of construction contracts for the new Orchard Knob Junior High School for Negroes. The third article is an editorial which argues that the term nonviolence is a misnomer, since one of the goals of civil rights activists is to try and incite violence through their tactics. April 26, 1960: There are two Times articles for this date. The first article reports that former president Harry Truman was sticking to his contention that he was misquoted when it was reported that he blamed communists for sit-ins and other protests in the south. The former President maintained his assertion despite there being audio recordings proving he did actually say that communists were to blame. The second article reports that a black farmer had his barn \"mysteriously\" burned down. The farmer said that it looked like it was deliberately set. April 27, 1960: There is one article from the Chattanooga Times, and one article from the News Free Press for this date. The Free Press article reports that the Chattanooga Board of Education filed a motion asking US District Judge Leslie R. Darr to eliminate all issues relative to the assignment of teachers form the recent integration suit filed in Chattanooga. The integration suit requests the court to issue an injunction restraining the board of education from assigning teachers to classroom duty on the basis of race and color. The Chattanooga Times reports on the same story regarding the integration suit. April 28, 1960: There is no material for this date. April 29, 1960: There is one article from the Chattanooga Times for this date. The article reports that fifteen black youth carrying Bibles staged a sit-in at the lunch counter of the F.W. Woolworth Co. at 729 Market Street for approximately 20 minutes. April 30, 1960: There are three articles for this date, two from the Times and one from the Free Press. The first Times article reports that black students staged sit-ins at four lunch counters at variety stores on Market street. The second Times article is a letter to the editor which criticizes the conditions at a work farm for legally troubles black youth, arguing that the \"criminals\" at this farm have an easier time and better amenities than law-abiding white folks in elementary schools in the same area. Basically the author argues that this somehow constitutes revers discrimination against whites. The Free Press article reports on the sit-in protests staged in four lunch counters on Market street, the same event reported in the Times article. May 1, 1960: There are two articles from the Times for this date. The first article reports that young blacks, many carrying Bibles staged sit-ins at four lunch counters on Market street, and that police had to break up several verbal altercations that broke out between whites and blacks. The second Times article reports that two incidents involving reported attacks on whites by blacks were investigated by city officers. May 2, 1960: There is on article from the Free Press for this date. The article is an editorial and, using statistics about the number of children attending independent, or private schools in New York City, makes the argument that Chattanooga could provide a sufficient number of private schools to accommodate those who wanted to avoid attending integrated public schools. The author calls the decision of the Warren Court ordering the integration of public schools unconstitutional, and is obviously an opponent of school integration. May 3, 1960: There is no material for this date. May 4, 1960: There are five articles for this date, three from the Times, and two from the Free Press. The first Times article reports that formal opposition developed to the Chattanooga board of education's proposal to exclude the teacher, principal, and other personnel assignment issue from the city school system integration suit in federal court, and that a brief was filed in the US District Court clerk's office in opposition to a motion to exclude the assignment issue. The second Times article reports that John Letson, superintendent of city schools addressed a luncheon hosted by the sons of the American Revolution on the topic of race and school integration, saying that some integration was inevitable. The third Times article is a letter to the editor which basically argues that the Supreme Court, in their integration decision, did not create a new law, but that it is up to Federal and local law making bodies to create laws which would comply with the decision of the court. The first Free Press article, reports on the integration motion filed with the US district Court regarding school integration, the same one reported by the Times. The second Free Press article reports on the talk that superintendent Letson gave regarding integration, the same one reported on by the Times. May 5, 1960: There are two article from the Free Press for this date. In the first, a letter to the editor, the author first establishes his non-racist bona fides, his church is integrated and he went to an integrated eastern college after all, then proceeds to argue that the Supreme Court acted unconstitutionally when issuing its integration decisions in the mid-1950s. The second article, also a letter to the editor, argues that sit-ins and other civil rights protests were harmful to the progress (what progress?) that was being made, and that the most serious racial incidents were occurring not in the south, but in the north. The author then gives some examples of the heinous Yankee race problem. May 6, 1960: There are three articles for this date, two from the Times, and one from the Free Press. The first Times article is a letter to the editor in which the author uses the Bible to argue that God separated the races and therefore man has no business trying to undo what God did. The second Times article reports that the teacher assignment issue was stricken from the Chattanooga school system integration suit in a decision which narrowed the case solely to the question whether the four black children initiating the litigation are entitled to have all city schools desegregated only at the pupil level. The Free Press article reports on the same integration suit decision as the Times article already described. May 7, 1960: There is no material for this date. May 8, 1960: There is one article for this date from the Chattanooga Times. It reports that the Times would be running a series of articles portraying in factual and dynamic terms the challenging story of black life in northern cities. May 9, 1960: There is one article for this date from the Times. The article focuses on \"Negro Extremist\" Adam Clayton Powell and his preaching of a message of black nationalism in his church in Harlem. The reporter comments on the more aggressive message of these black nationalists, calling them fascists. He goes on to note however that these extremists are a minority within the overall black population. The tone of the article is one of slight alarm however, as the author seems to believe that the resentment of large populations of urban blacks living in \"ghettos\" might herald the start of some new movement, some new era. May 10, 1960: There are five articles for this date, two from the Times, and three from the Free Press. The first Times article reports on crime among blacks in the \"ghettos\" of northern cities, focusing especially on New York. The article argues that though blacks are overrepresented in crime statistics in big cities in the north, it is not their race that leads them to a life of crime, but rather poverty. The article also argues that in the north whites and blacks are more isolated than in the south and this leads to an irrational fear by whites of blacks, and a tendency to group blacks into poor squalid areas where turning to crime is pretty much the only option left. The second Times article is a letter to the editor in which the author argues that Chattanoogans were surrendering too easily in the school integration fight and that many white residents would feel differently about the issue if they had children in the public school system. The first Free Press article reports that action was scheduled to be taken by the Knoxville Presbytery on the controversial question of whether to integrate its $243,000 camp and conference development on Watts Bar Lake. The second Free Press article is an editorial and laments the decision of Federal Judge Frank Hooper of Atlanta ordering Atlanta's public schools to comply with the Supreme Court ruling on the integration of public schools by September of 1961. The third Free Press article, a letter to the editor ridiculously tries to draw a parallel between the ancient pagan practice of child sacrifice and the Chattanooga school board's decision to integrate public schools, saying that they were sacrificing the children of the poor (those who couldn't afford to attend private schools) to the god of togetherness, while imagining a horrifying \"coffee colored future\" as the result of this barbarity. May 11, 1960: There are two articles for this date, one from the Times, and on from the Free Press. The Times article goes into a detailed description of the burgeoning movement, connected with black nationalism, black Islam. The author describes the religion and its tenets focusing mainly on its growth out of Harlem. The Free Press article reports that delegates to the Knoxville Presbyter voted to integrate their new camp and conference development on Watts Bar Lake. They voted to conduct one integrated session, and two segregated sessions at the camp over the summer. May 12, 1960: There are three articles for this date, one from the Times and two from the Free Press. The Times article details the plight of poor blacks in the slums of Harlem, and seeks to understand why they migrate from the south despite the awful conditions that confront them in the Harlem and other northern slums. Those the author interviewed still say the northern urban slums are better than the south they came from. The first Free Press Article reports that the city school board named one of its members, Raymond B. Witt Jr, to serve as chief counsel for the board in the pending school integration suit in federal court. The second Free Press article is an editorial which sentimentalizes the love and good feeling whites have for blacks in the south. May 13, 1960: There are four articles for this date, two from the Times, and two from the Free Press. The first Times article reports that fifty black boys and girls, all students at Howard School, were arrested at the S.H. Kress \u0026 Co. store, during a sit-in protest. The second Times article reports on the voting patterns of blacks in large Northern cities, calling them the last real bloc vote. The first Free Press article reports that one of the 50 teenage black boys and girls arrested on loitering charges after a sit-in at a downtown dime store was fined $50 in city court as the group's lawyer started a test case to determine the constitutionality of the ordinance invoked against them. The second Free Press article is an editorial which cites the case of a group of rowdy whites who were kicked out of some drive ins in the late fifties, which caused the city to pass an ordinance reinforcing property owner's right to use and control their property any way they saw fit. The author then argues that this law was applied to whites as well as blacks in sit-in demonstrations making it a fair and equitable law. May 14, 1960: There are four articles for this date, two from the Times and two from the Free Press. The first Times article reported 24 arrests and a protest march by 62 around the city jail block for approximately half an hour. The protest was in response to arrests of sit-in protesters the day before. The second Times article details the problems facing middle class blacks in suburbs, where their money and investments in housing are welcome, but where they a tacit kind of discrimination and racism. The article focuses especially on the Washington D.C. suburb of Mount Vernon. The first Free Press article reports the delay of the preliminary hearing for the 24 youths arrested in sit-in demonstrations due to the NAACP lawyer representing them taking ill. The second Free Press article is a letter to the editor which laments that the grown ups who force integration on their children do not practice what they preach when it comes to associating with members of the other race themselves. May 15, 1960: There is no material for this date. May 16, 1960: There is on article for this date from the Times. The article details the plight of Puerto Ricans in the north, noting that because of the lighter pigmentation of their skin would most likely result in their climb up the American social ladder easier. May 17, 1960: There are three articles for this date, two from the Times, and one from the Free Press. The first details the \"lily white unions\" of the northern cities and their attempts to keep out blacks. The second article reports that sit-in arrests were made for the third consecutive school day (Monday) at the S.H. Kress \u0026 Co. store on market street. The Free Press article reports that city policemen investigated two reports that white youths were attacked and beaten by black boys in Highland Park. May 18, 1960: There are two articles from the Times for this date. The first article reports that the Hamilton County juvenile court in effect went on record as \"recognizing the right\" of black juveniles to engage in sit-in demonstrations in limited numbers and orderly fashion. The second article details the lamentable state of housing conditions and housing opportunities available to blacks, both poor and reasonably well to do. May 19, 1960: There are six articles for this date, four from the Times, and two from the Free Press. The first Times article reports that city judge Riley Graham retired charges against 21 black sit-in demonstrators after the attorney for the S.H. Kress Co. said that management did not wish to prosecute. The second Times article reports that an order taking out of the suit for integration of Chattanooga's schools all pleading seeking to prevent assignment of teachers, principals, and other school personnel on the basis of race or color was signed by US District Judge Leslie Darr. The third Times article reports that F.W. Woolworth Stores would continue to refuse to serve blacks at lunch counters in the south. The fourth Times article details the use of the legal system and court decisions by blacks to fight back against the injustices they have suffered. The first Free Press article reports on the talk that Raymond B. Witt, member of the Chattanooga board of education delivered to a Rotary Club meeting regarding the state of education in Tennessee. The second Free Press article is an editorial arguing that the city ordinance that allows loitering charges to be brought against people by business owners was not racially motivated and its use not specific to the sit-in demonstrators. May 20, 1960: There are seven articles for this date, five from the Times and two from the Free Press. The first Times article is an editorial praising the speech gave by Raymond Witt of the Chattanooga board of education to the Rotary Club. The second article details the speech given by Witt at Rotary, on education in Tennessee and the challenges it faced. The third Times article reports that sit-ins resumed, but in smaller numbers, with no more than six to a group, as black students staged sit-ins at seven downtown stores. The fourth Times article reports that eleven black boys involved in sit-in demonstrations at Kress May 12 were made wards of the juvenile court Thursday and enjoined from participating in mass demonstrations where there were more than six of their number present. The fifth Times article argues that the NAACP had been left behind by the youth who were the true driving force behind the burgeoning civil rights movement, with sit-ins being the prime example of this. The first Free Press article reports the staging of sit-ins at seven lunch counters by groups of six. The second Free Press article reports that a black man who was injured in an altercation with policemen outside the downtown Kress store was released from Erlanger Hospital and booked at the city jail on charges of drunkenness, disorderly conduct, resisting arrest, using public profanity, and assaulting an officer. May 21, 1960: There are two articles for this date, on from the Times, and one from the Free Press. The Times article is a letter to the editor lamenting the fact the claim that communists were somehow behind the sit-in demonstrations, arguing that blaming anything new or unorthodox on the communists is common, but not likely to be true. The Free Press article is also a letter to the editor and it praises the Free Press for its unflinching championing of all things biased towards white people. The author goes on to lament that property owners are so put upon by the federal government and champions any owner's right to serve whoever they wish. May 22, 1960: There are three articles for this date, one from the Times and two for the Free Press. The Times article summarized the plight of the black population in the North and in the south, and gives some insight into the new movements within the populace. He also examines the goals, the new radicals within the black community and the barriers that still existed for blacks in the country and what the blacks were planning to do to overcome these obstacles. The first Free Press article is a letter to the editor in which the author argues that those who would use the Bible to advocate integration or the idea that all people are equal are misreading that text. The second Free Press article reports that NAACP Counsel Thurgood Marshall announced that there would be no appeal at this time on US District Court Judge Leslie R. Darr's recent action striking the plea for racial mixing of teachers and pupils from the Chattanooga City Council integration suit. May 24, 1960: There is no material for this date. May 25, 1960: There are four articles from the Free Press for this date. The first article reports that lawyers for four black youngsters seeking admission to all-white Chattanooga public schools that they will take depositions in the case next month. The second article reports that juvenile judge Burrell Barker made 22 black boys and girls wards of the court for their part in demonstrations at a white lunch counter at Kress May 12, 13, and 16. The third article is an editorial that argues for less Federal government intervention in schools. The fourth article is a letter to the editor that praises an editorial from a previous issue written about the speech of Raymond Witt of the Chattanooga board of education on the state of schools in Tennessee. May 26, 1960: There is no material for this date. May 27, 1960: There are nine articles for this date, five from the Times, and four from the Free Press. The first Times article reports that 22 black boys and girls were made wards of the court for their participation in sit-in demonstrations May12, 13, and 16. The second Times article is a letter to the editor arguing that the Bible supports discrimination and regrets that the Methodist Church has come out in support of integration. The third article is a letter to the editor that uses the Bible to argue for integration and praises the Methodist Church for supporting it. The fourth Times article reports that recent action by Juvenile Court Judge Burrell Barker in granting black juveniles the right to engage in equality demonstrations in limited numbers and orderly fashion was hailed by the defense attorney representing the youth charged in some of the sit-in demonstrations. The fifth Times article is a letter to the editor in which the author vigorously disagrees with Judge Barker's ruling deeming it acceptable for black youth to engage in sit-in demonstrations as long as their numbers were small and they did it in an orderly fashion. The first Free Press article is a letter to the editor arguing that while he and other southerners don't hate blacks and are not racist, they don't think it is right for blacks or anyone else to dictate to private business owners who they must serve. The second Free Press article reports that Juvenile Court judge Barker issued an order for 19 more black youths arrested during a sit-in demonstration a the Kress store May 12, the same restraining order as before against more than six taking part in the lunch counter protests. The third Free Press article reports that a 23 year old black man drew a ten year prison term on a count of assaulting with the intent to ravish a white woman in the Confederate cemetery. The fourth Free Press article is an editorial decrying the fact that those school districts complying with integration got more federal aid for schools than those not complying. May 28, 1960: There is no material for this date. May 29, 1960: There are two articles for this date from the Times. The first article is an editorial and criticizes Rep. Adam Clayton Powell, an African American congressman from the north and desegregation crusader. The author's Cartesian has to do with Powell's attaching a desegregation amendment to a bill that would provide Federal aid to local school systems across the country. This action, according to the author of the editorial, would put the whole bill in jeopardy. The author believes that cities were basically being held hostage by rural congressmen and that federal aid was important in helping city school systems meet the basic requirements of their students. The second article is a letter to the editor in which the author argues that communis"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Hamilton County Department of Education Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Public schools--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation in education--Tennessee--Chattanooga","School integration--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","Hamilton County (Tenn.)--Race relations","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Scrapbook"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/DCB0F3C3-C89C-415D-8229-370171440860"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["scrapbooks"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid012","title":"Clipping, Newspaper","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Chattanooga News-Free Press"],"dc_date":["1960-04-07/1960-04-30"],"dcterms_description":["Series of Chattanooga News-Free Press clippings about desegregation actions and protests in April 1960. a1,2) \"School Board Meets To Face Integration Suit Next Week\" Details a federal suit seeking desegregation of Chattanooga public schools and the response of the city school board. April 7, 1960. b) \"To Avoid Integration: What To Do\" Newspaper editorial concerning the Supreme Court decision against racial segregation in schools and their proposed alternative to that decision. April 7, 1960. c1,2) \"Negroes Ask Integration Within City\" Provides detailed discussion of federal suit brought against Chattanooga city schools to force racial integration of the schools. April 7, 1960. d1,2) \"Board Expected Federal Appeal\" Details the city school board's response to desegregate its school since the 1955 Supreme Court decision and their justifications. April 7, 1960. e) \"Integration Suit Papers Being Served On Supt. Letson, Others\" Details the summonses served to eight Chattanooga city school authorities regarding the integration suit. April 8, 1960. f) \"Letson, Petersen Are Served Writs\" Details federal marshall's serving of writs to three Chattanooga school board authorities and the outstanding warrants. April 9, 1960. g) \"Integration Suits Served\" Details the summonses served to eight Chattanooga city school authorities regarding the integration suit. April 9, 1960. h1,2) \"6 School Locations Would Avoid Mixing\" Details assessment of schools based on zoning of how desegregation would impact local schools. April 11, 1960. i1,2) \"City School Integration Suit's Hearing Unlikely Until '61\" Details the timeline for the suit against the city school board to be heard in court. April 11, 1960. j) \"Central Not In Race Suit\" Correction to article on April 11, 1960 regarding which schools would be impacted by desegregation. April 12, 1960. k) \"Integration Writ Given 5 On Board\" Details the delivery of five more summonses to school board authorities regarding the integration suit. April 12, 1960. L) \"School Board Plans Discussion On Suit\" Details planned school board meeting to discuss its answer to the suit. April 14, 1960. m) \"Sit-Down Here Investigated\" Details police response to report of sit-down at Krystal restaurant, which turned out to be an error. April 14, 1960. n) \"Negroes Picket On Market St.; 10 Youths Carry Signs Urging Boycott Of Stores With Segregated Facilities\" Details a picket on Market Street by ten African American youths urging a boycott of stores with segregated facilities. April 16, 1960. o1,2) \"Negroes Picket Variety Stores In Boycott Plea\" Details a picket on Market Street by 20 African American youths urging a boycott of stores with segregated facilities. Also, a side story of an automobile accident involving Klu Klux Klansmen and an African American man. April 17, 1960. p) \"Negroes Pray In Mid-Street\" Short notice of seven African American ministers who prayed for the end of Jim Crow at the intersection of Market and E. 9th Streets. April 18, 1960. q1,2) \"Segregation Hit By Negro Groups In Actions Here\" Details three sets of actions taken by African Americans in town including, seven ministers praying at the intersection of Market and E. 9th Streets, picketing Market Street stores, and sit-ins at variety stores' lunch counters. April 19, 1960. r1,2) \"Principal To See (1) If Any Howard High Pupils In Monday Sit-Down, (2) If Letson Order Applies\" Details Howard School principal, C.C. Bond, questioning if school superintendent's directive against students participation in demonstrations applied in recent sit-ins and if his students were involved. April 19, 1960. s) Photograph used in newspaper article, April 19, 1960, found in 2016.004.007.r(1). t1,2) \"Picketing Quiet By Negroes Here\" Details picketing actions of seven African American youths on Market Street and some following sit-ins at downtown variety store lunch counters. As well as school principals responses to these actions. April 20, 1960. u) \"New Question For 'Mixing'\" Briefly details the education board's motion to eliminate the inclusion of teachers from the recent integration suit. April 26, 1960. v1,2) \"Education Board Asks Limitation In Negroes' Suit\" Details the education board's motion to eliminate the inclusion of teachers from the city's recent integration suit. April 26, 1960. w) \"15 Negro Youths Hold New Sit-In\" Briefly details a lunch counter sit-in by African American students. April 20, 1960. x1,2) \"Sitdown Link Denied By Howard Principal\" Details Howard school principal C.C. Bond's investigation of the students who participated in the new sit-in and his conclusion that they were not in violation of a non-participation directive issued by the school board following the February demonstrations. April 21, 1960. y) \"Sit-Ins Are Held At 4 Stores Here\" Briefly details a lunch counter sit-in at McClellan, Woolworth, and W. T. Grant stores. April 30, 1960. z) \"Police Called In Kress Sit-In\" Details an incident at Kress Store in which African American students were conducting a sit-in and complaining about a lack of courtesy by the store's staff. April 30, 1960. aa) \"Letson Finds 'Sit-In' Order Not Violated\" Details position of John Letson, superintendent of city schools, that there had not been a violation of his February conduct directive by students who gathered downtown in early April. April 22, 1960"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Chattanooga News-Free Press Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Clipping, Newspaper"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/425FF1E7-36C0-4CD8-986A-011388397918"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid011","title":"Clipping, Newspaper","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Chattanooga News-Free Press"],"dc_date":["1960-03-01/1960-03-26"],"dcterms_description":["Series of Chattanooga News-Free Press clippings about desegregation actions and protests in March 1960. a) \"Police Back On Schedule\" Details the resumption of normal work hours for city police and firemen. March 1, 1960. b) \"Downtown Quiet With No Arrests\" Details police review of overtime policies and decision to resume normal police work hours and reason behind increase in police presence. March 1, 1960. c1,2) \"9 Youths Seized In Mob Punished\" Details the court proceedings against ten white youths who were arrested during the downtown unrest. March 2, 1960. d) \"Police, Firemen Praised By City\" Details the City Commission's commendation to police and fire departments and posts a commendation resolution by the Chattanooga Kiwanis Club. March 2, 1960. e) \"Youth's Peace Bond at $250\" Details the penalties levied against ten white youths who were involved in the downtown unrest. March 2, 1960. f) \"Russell Cites Chattanooga 'Sitdown' In Senate Talk\" Details GA Senator Richard Russell's speech to the U.S. Senate alleging that outside agitators incite racial demonstrations in the South. March 3, 1960 g) \"8 Negroes Heard On Racial Clash\" Details the penalties levied against eight African American youths who were involved in the downtown unrest. March 4, 1960. h) \"9 White Youths Heard By Barker\" Details the penalties levied against nine white youths who were involved in the downtown unrest. March 5, 1960. i) \"Barker Hears 9 More Cases\" Details the penalties levied against nine white youths who were involved in the downtown unrest. March 5, 1960. j1,2) \"Negroes' Demand For Integration Is Denied By City\" Details the City School Board decision to deny a demand that total integration of city schools happen immediately. Includes the full text of the school board's statement. March 8, 1960. k1,2) \"NAACP Probes Rejection Of Mix Demand\" Details NAACP President James Mapp's response to the city school board's decision not to integrate schools. Includes text of the school board's decision. March 8, 1960. L1,2) \"Governor Charges, CBS Denies Network Instigated Sit-Downs\" Details Tennessee Governor Buford Ellington's charges that CBS conspired with African American activists to stage demonstrations in Nashville and the response from CBS and African American activists to those charges. Also provides a list of demonstrations across the United States. March 26, 1960. m1,2) \"Ellington Asks Agitation Curb; Governor Charges, CBS Denies Network Instigated Sit-Downs\" Details Tennessee Governor Buford Ellington's charges that CBS conspired with African American activists to stage demonstrations in Nashville and the response from CBS and African American activists to those charges. Also provides a list of demonstrations across the United States. March 26, 1960. n) \"Judge Tries Negro Youths\" Details the sentences of eight teenaged African American boys who participated in the \"downtown racial disturbances.\" March 4, 1960 o) \"Negro Group Meets With Commission\" Briefly details a closed door meeting between four African American leaders and Mayor Olgiati and three city commission members. March 19, 1960 p) \"City Commission, Ministers Of Both Races In Conference\" Briefly details an interracial meeting of religious leaders and Mayor Olgiati and city commission members at St. Paul's Episcopal Church. March 24, 1960"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Chattanooga News-Free Press Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Clipping, Newspaper"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/C9BAE7CA-489A-400A-8FCC-270863828558"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid010","title":"Clipping, Newspaper","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Chattanooga News-Free Press"],"dc_date":["1960-02-25/1960-02-29"],"dcterms_description":["Series of Chattanooga News-Free Press clippings about desegregation actions and protests in February 1960. a1,2) \"Officials Forced To Resort To Fire Hose As City Has Worst Racial Disturbance\" Provides detailed account of congregation of blacks and whites during downtown \"racial disturbance\" and the use of water on the demonstrators. February 25, 1960. b1,2) \"Police To Continue Downtown Area Patrol; Mayor Praises Citizens As Tension Eases\" Details increased police presence and the lack of protests occurring downtown, helped by school policies against student participation and calls for calm by ministers. Story supported by six photographs. February 26, 1960. c) \"Clock Strikes 5 And Loudspeaker Sounds Benediction To Good Day\" A literary description of the police actions and lack of confrontation downtown. February 26, 1960. d) \"Ministers Meet, Call For Peace\" Presents a statement developed by 15 ministers of three major religions appealing to citizens to stop violence and demonstrations so peace can be restored. Also includes a statement by the local NAACP supporting youth who participate in non-violent demonstrations. February 26, 1960. e1,2) \"Demand Received By School Board\" Presents text of letter from three African American parents to the city school board demanding desegregation be instituted. February 26, 1960. f1,2) \"Few Bystanders; 150 Police, Firemen Keep Crowd Moving Along Market Street\" Details police control of small crowds, arrests made, and plans for upcoming days. February 26, 1960. g) Photograph with caption. Image shows Market Street during \"quiet\" day after previous day's raucous confrontation. February 26, 1960. h) \"NAACP Asks School Mix Bid Despite Riot\" Details James Mapp's position that the NAACP's press for school integration would continue despite recent conflicts. February 26, 1960. i) Photograph with caption. Image shows City High School Dean Jim Henry questioning three boys who were downtown. February 26, 1960. j1,2) \"Peace Returns To City; Students Off Streets, School Men Are Lauded\" Details the actions school officials, principals, and teachers took to ensure students did not protest and stayed away from downtown. Includes three photographs. February 26, 1960. k) \"Officials Voice Gratitude For Day Without Incident\" Details city, police, school, and religious leaders' relief that there were no demonstrations downtown. February 26, 1960 L1,2) \"Mayor, Letson, Are 'Grateful'\" Presents a statement by Mayor Olgiati and Superintendent Letson expressing their gratitude for the peaceful conduct of adults and youths. February 26, 1960. m1,2) \"Olgiati Appeals For Leadership\" Details Mayor Olgiati's address to the Chattanooga Rotary Club appealing for bi-racial leadership to solve \"its race problem.\" There was also discussion about \"home rule\" on tax bases for increased infrastructure and education expenses. February 26, 1960. n1,2) \"Downtown Quiet; Bolstered Police To Maintain Vigil\" Relates the activities of police and school officials during second day of \"quiet\" in the downtown area, notes arrests that were made. February 27, 1960. o) \"Police Alert Kept Despite Friday Calm\" Details continued police presence downtown on second day of \"quiet.\" February 27, 1960. p) \"Atlanta Leader Here To Aid NAACP Suit\" Notes the arrival of the Southeastern Regional Director of the NAACP, Ruby Hurley, and pending local demands for school integration. February 27, 1960. q) \"Notre Dame Expels 13 For Going Downtown\" Details actions taken by the private Catholic high school against 13 of its students for disobeying its directive against being downtown. Also indicates lack of action needed by city schools. February 27, 1960. r1,2) \"18 Booked Here; Downtown Quiet\" Details arrests made on Saturday despite calm in the downtown area and notes a false bomb threat to Howard School during a basketball game. Makes note of student expulsions at Notre Dame high school. Posts appreciation statement from Commissioner Dunlap regarding calm. Presents information about meeting regarding the non-violent protest movement to be lead by Ruby Hurley, Southeastern Regional Director of the NAACP, and James Lawson, of the Fellowship for Reconciliation. February 28, 1960. s) \"Local Police Easing Vigil\" Details announcement by Commissioner Dunlap that fire trucks will no longer be posted downtown and fewer officers will be on patrols. February 29, 1960. t) \"NAACP Leader, Theology Student Say: 'Negro 'Sit-Ins' Not Planned, Gave Races Look At Selves\" Details meeting lead by Rev. James Lawson, Vanderbilt University, and Ruby Hurley, Southeastern Regional Director of the NAACP, that was attended by some 400 African Americans. Also details a statement issued by the Committee for a Better Chattanooga outlining \"points of progress in promoting better race relations.\" February 29, 1960. u) \"Police Continue Downtown Alert\" Notes continued police presence downtown but with fewer officers and no fire trucks. February 29, 1960. v) \"'Sit-In' Purpose Told To Negroes; Nashville Minister States Strategy Is To Make Both Races Study Selves\" Details meeting lead by Rev. James Lawson, Vanderbilt University, and Ruby Hurley, Southeastern Regional Director of the NAACP, that was attended by some 300-400 African Americans. Notes economic clout African Americans have in pressing for change and spontaneous involvement of youth in driving change. February 29, 1960."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Chattanooga News-Free Press Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Clipping, Newspaper"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/90613D07-B10D-4425-BAF4-473381905680"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid089","title":"Image, Digital","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Associated Press"],"dc_date":["1960-02-24"],"dcterms_description":["Digitized photograph from the Associated Press, February 24, 1960, during the protests that followed the Chattanooga sit-ins of February 1960 begun by Howard High School students. Caption: \"Officers work to disperse the thousands of person who massed in the downtown section today in Chattanooga's 2nd straight day of race trouble. Later, fire hoses were used to break up the crowds. The scene is at the intersection of Market and Eighth Streets.\" - See more at: http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/photo/84CA6532-4710-402B-9C74-783815823646#sthash.r0nWpdqh.dpuf"],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Mitchell and Sherra Kinder Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Discrimination in public accommodations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Police brutality--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Image, Digital"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/photo/84CA6532-4710-402B-9C74-783815823646"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["digital images"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid021","title":"Photograph","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Chattanooga News-Free Press"],"dc_date":["1960-02-24/1960-07-22"],"dcterms_description":["Series of News-Free Press photographs found in a Chattanooga News Free Press Company envelope labeled \"Segregation--1959-60.\" The images date stamped July 22, 1960 are related to the court proceedings held before Judge Darr regarding the summary judgment requests for the pending desegregation case against Chattanooga public schools. The image date stamped February 24, 1960 is related to the clashes among integration protesters and counter protesters that occurred downtown. a) Photograph of a middle aged man wearing a dark suit is walking on the front steps of the Hamilton County courthouse. He has short, grey hair and is wearing eyeglasses. He holds a piece of paper in his hand. \"Delmont Wilson\" and \"July 22, 1960\" stamped on the back. b) Photograph of a middle aged African American man wearing a dark suit is walking up the steps of the Hamilton County courthouse. He has short hair, a moustache, and is wearing large, dark eyeglasses. He holds a folder against his hip. He is identified on the back as Reverend Doyan Williams. \"Bill Truer\" and \"July 22, 1960\" stamped on back. c) Photograph of a young middle aged man wearing a dark suit is walking up the steps of the Hamilton County courthouse. He has short dark hair and is wearing wire-rimmed glasses. He is identified on the back as Dr. Nolan Estes. \"Bill Turer\" and \"July 22, 1960\" stamped on the back. d) Photograph of a middle aged African American man wearing a medium colored suit and striped tie is walking up the steps of the Hamilton County courthouse. He has very short hair and is wearing wire-rimmed eyeglasses. His hand is resting on the metal stair railing. He is not identified on the back. \"Delmont Wilson\" and \"July 22, 1960\" are stamped on the back. e) Photograph of an older middle aged man wearing a medium colored suit is walking up the steps of the Hamilton County courthouse. He has thinning grey hair and is holding a cigar in this left hand. He is not identified on the back. \"Delmont Wilson\" and \"July 22, 1960\" are stamped on the back. f) Photograph of two older middle aged men are walking on the sidewalk towards the Hamilton County courthouse. One is wearing a light plaid suit, has thinning dark hair, and is wearing eyeglasses. The other is wearing a dark suit, a white fedora, and eyeglasses. They are identified as Ellis (Ellis Meacham) and Anderson (Joe Anderson), city attorneys. \"Delmont Wilson\" and \"July 22, 1960\" are stamped on the back. g) Photograph of a young African American woman is at the doors of the Hamilton County courthouse getting ready to open the doors. She is wearing a short-sleeved, white dress and short white gloves. She is holding a black purse in her left hand. The picture is taken from the side and does not show her face. She is not identified on the back although \"Parent?\" is written on it. \"Delmont Wilson\" and \"July 22, 1960\" are stamped on the back. h) Photograph of two African American women are getting ready to enter the doors of the Hamilton County courthouse. A middle aged woman is wearing a sleeveless plaid dress, short white gloves, and dark glasses. An older woman is wearing a short-sleeved, floral print dress, and a white hat. Neither woman are identified on the back. \"Delmont Wilson\" and \"July 22, 1960\" are stamped on the back. i) Photograph of three African American women are walking up the steps of the Hamilton County courthouse. A younger woman is wearing a dark, short-sleeved dress, a small hat, cat-eye glasses and is carrying a large purse over her shoulder. An older woman is wearing a short-sleeved floral print dress, a tall white hat, and wire-rimmed glasses. A middle aged woman is wearing a short-sleeved gingham print dress and a small hat. None of the women are identified on the back. \"Delmont Wilson\" and \"July 22, 1960\" are stamped on the back. j) Photograph of a young African American man wearing a checkered jacket and a medium-colored fedora is looking off into the distance. The picture was taken from the side. Behind him is a sign saying \"Car Park.\" There are several African American men standing beneath the sign. The man is not identified. \"Delmont Wilson\" is stamped on the back. \"2-24-60\" is written on the back. k) Photograph of two young African American men and an a young African American woman are holding boycott signs and walking in front of Kress' department store diner. The signs say \"Think Before You Buy\" \"Don't Buy Where Not Wanted\" and \"Don't Buy Pray!\" There is a standing sign for Kress' diner advertising the cost of coffee and iced tea. None of the people are identified. \"George Moody\" is stamped on the back. The image is not dated."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Chattanooga News-Free Press Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Photograph"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/photo/17071AA6-CA29-4647-8ADB-192541397109"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid084","title":"Print, Photographic","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Wilson, Delmont"],"dc_date":["1960-02-24"],"dcterms_description":["Black and white photograph of firemen hosing crowds during the Chattanooga sit-ins of February 1960. This was taken on the fourth day of protests, Wednesday, February 24, 1960. Around 5:00 pm that day, police in Chattanooga began the notorious fire hose crowd control tactic that is strongly associated with the Civil Rights movement. The name \"Wilson\" is written on the back referring to the photographer, likely Delmont Wilson of the Chattanooga News-Free Press."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Print, Photographic"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/photo/5925D4C2-9459-4FDE-B308-802899766211"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid082","title":"Print, Photographic","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Mooney, Jim"],"dc_date":["1960-02-24"],"dcterms_description":["Black and white photograph of firemen using firehoses as crowd control during the Chattanooga sit-ins of February 1960. This was taken on the fourth day of protests, Wednesday, February 24, 1960. Around 5:00 pm that day, police in Chattanooga began the notorious fire hose crowd control tactic that is strongly associated with the Civil Rights movement. The scene occurs on Market Street in front of Burt's Shoes, Robin's, Busch's, Gordon's, a drugstore, Baker's, Kay's, and Haverty's stores. The name \"Mooney\" is written on the back."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Segregation--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Discrimination in public accommodations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Police brutality--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Print, Photographic"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/photo/77536023-BC0B-4B4E-AFEA-347853446730"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid009","title":"Clipping, Newspaper","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Chattanooga News-Free Press"],"dc_date":["1960-02-05/1960-02-26"],"dcterms_description":["Series of Chattanooga News-Free Press clippings about the Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation actions in February 1960. a) \"Revises Petition On Court Stand\" Details a revised Congressional petition by Charles Ballinger, and supported by J. P. McCallie, charging the Supreme Court with over-reach in its 1955 school desegregation ruling. February 5, 1960. b1,2) \"Negroes 'Sit Down' Here; No Incident, No Service\" Details the actions of 30 Howard School students sitting at the lunch counters of F. W. Woolworth and McLellan Stores. Additional information about other lunch counter sit ins in the South. February 20, 1960. c1,2) \"About 200 Negroes In Sitdowns at Four Stores\" Details the actions of 200 students sitting at the lunch counters of F. W. Woolworth, McLellan Stores, W. T. Grant Co., and S. H. Kress \u0026 Co. February 23, 1960. d1,2) \"200 Negro Students Sit Down At 4 Stores\" Details the actions of 200 students sitting at the lunch counters of F. W. Woolworth, McLellan Stores, W. T. Grant Co., and S. H. Kress \u0026 Co. February 23, 1960. e) \"The Sitdown\" Two photographs, one showing a mostly unoccupied lunch counter for \"Negroes,\" the other shows the white lunch counter with African American students sitting at it. There is a sign on that counter saying it is closed. February 23, 1960. f1,2) \"Negroes Seek Admission To city White Schools Now\" Details the request by James R. Mapp, Josephine Maxey, Rev. H. H. Kirnon to move their children to Glenwood School and to immediately and totally integrate Chattanooga schools. February 23, 1960. g1,2) \"Mixing Lawsuit Expected Here\" Details the Chattanooga School Board's response to the request for \"total integration\" of city schools, headed by James Mapp, president of the Chattanooga chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). February 23, 1960. h) \"Chamber's Education Committee Keeps Hands-Off On Integration\" Details the Chamber of Commerce's decision to defer studying school integration until the School Board resolves the issue. February 23, 1960. i1,2) \"Mixed School Demand Seen\" Details the James Mapps' \"request\" for school integration will formally be changed to a \"demand\" with an answer within 10 days. February 24, 1960. j1,2) \"Board to Receive Written Demand\" Details James Mapp change from a verbal request to a written demand to the school board to integrate the public schools. February 24, 1960. k1,2) \"All Police Called To Duty, Patrols Being Stepped Up\" Details Police Chief Ed Brown's emergency order to call in off-duty patrolmen and 40 auxiliary officers in response to the \"brawling\" that happened that afternoon due to lunch counter sit-ins. February 24, 1960. L1,2) \"Near Race Riot of 500 Teen-Agers Leaves 12 Arrested, Several Injured, 1 in Hospital\" Details results of \"near race riot\" after white students confronted African American students who were engaged in a lunch counter sit-in at Kress, Woolworths, W, T, Grant, and McLellan's. The 11 white students arrested are named, along with the single black student. There are numerous photographs in this article. February 24, 1960. m1,2) \"Racial Fight Breaks Out In Market Street Store; Negro, 11 Whites Arrested\" Gives detailed account of the \"race riot\" at Kress store caused by 150 white students resisting the 50 black students involved in a lunch counter sit-in and its aftermath. February 24, 1960. n1,2) \"School Head Acts To Stop Riots\" Details school superintendent John Letson's request that all students stay away from the downtown area during the afternoon and the developments following the \"race riot\" with regards to charges against the white students and black student. February 24, 1960. o1,2) \"White Boy Fined, Negro Is Bound\" Details court actions taken on students arrested during the \"racial fight.\" February 25, 1960. p) \"Mayor Calls On Citizens To Limit Trips Downtown\" Details Mayor Olgiati's request that citizens limit their activities downtown, parents have their children come straight home after school, and that everyone respect police requests for disperse. February 25, 1960. q1,2) \"Expulsions Await Those Joining Mobs\" Details school superintendent John Letson's policy aimed at limiting student involvement in either demonstrations or counter-demonstrations downtown. Also mentioned are the responses of private and parochial schools. February 25, 1960. r1,2) \"Police Crackdown, Stiff Penalties Brought To Bear On Mobs To Cool Heat Of Downtown Racial Rioting\" Details police actions related to demonstration and crowds including the arrest of 14 whites and 13 blacks, providing names of those arrested. February 25, 1960. s) \"Scenes of Racial Rioting As Mobs Shifted Over Downtown Area\" Five photographs with captions of the police response to the crowds surrounding the second demonstration. February 25, 1960. t1,2) \"Restraint Noted City Officials, Policemen, Public Generally Keep Down Mob Temper\" Provides detailed description of second demonstration and resulting tension. Includes five photographs with captions. February 25, 1960. u) \"'God Help Us,' A Woman Cries At Spectacle on Alien Streets\" A literary description of the protest and crowd response of the second demonstration. February 35, 1960. v) \"Firemen Switch To Police Duty\" Details city decision to assign 25 firemen to police duty \"for as long as needed\" and to increase shifts to 12 hours. February 25, 1960. w) \"Second Time For City To Use Hose On Crowd\" Notes the last time firemen has to use water against a crowd was in 1917 during a strike. February 25, 1960. x) Two photographs with captions. One shows firemen hosing down the crowd. The other shows police chasing after a rock thrower. February 25, 1960. y1,2) \"Fire Hoses Curb Milling Crowd, Negroes Turned Off Market, Cool Heads Prevent Big Blowup\" Gives detailed account of police and fire actions related to demonstration and gathered crowds, including names of people arrested. February 25, 1960. z) \"Pastor Asks End To Hostile Acts\" Details statement from Rev. Samuel Wiley, president of the Chattanooga Pastor's Association, appealing to all citizens for an immediate end to all hostile acts and to come together for the sake of the community. February 26, 1960. aa) Photograph used in newspaper article 2016.004.004.e. A white woman wearing a uniform is behind a lunch counter, working. The lunch counter is empty except for two African American young men who are sitting at the counter. Another African American young man is walking towards the counter."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":["Chattanooga News-Free Press Collection"],"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Discrimination in public accommodations--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Clipping, Newspaper"],"dcterms_type":["Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/archive/4CDE5151-C2C1-438A-888C-512417512147"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["clippings (information artifacts)"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"tuc_csid_csid086","title":"Print, Photographic","collection_id":"tuc_csid","collection_title":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","dcterms_contributor":null,"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968"],"dcterms_creator":["Mooney, Jim"],"dc_date":["1960-02"],"dcterms_description":["A sheet containing four photographs during the Chattanooga sit-ins of February 1960. These photographs were taken on the fourth day of protests. The first, second, and fourth photograph are of officers arresting African American protestors. The third photograph is of two city buses. The name \"Mooney\" is written on the back."],"dc_format":["image/jpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":null,"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Race relations","Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","African Americans--Social conditions","Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga"],"dcterms_title":["Print, Photographic"],"dcterms_type":["StillImage"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of Tennessee at Chattanooga"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://chattanooga.pastperfectonline.com/photo/FFFCB988-70AA-4288-B8AE-736688294616"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["photographs"],"dcterms_extent":null,"dlg_subject_personal":null,"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null}],"pages":{"current_page":3,"next_page":4,"prev_page":2,"total_pages":8,"limit_value":12,"offset_value":24,"total_count":89,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false},"facets":[{"name":"type_facet","items":[{"value":"StillImage","hits":61},{"value":"Text","hits":28}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"creator_facet","items":[{"value":"Wilson, Delmont","hits":36},{"value":"Chattanooga News-Free Press","hits":29},{"value":"Mooney, Jim","hits":12},{"value":"Hamilton County (Tenn.). Department of Education","hits":4},{"value":"Moody, George","hits":2},{"value":"Sherrill, Bob","hits":2},{"value":"Associated Press","hits":1},{"value":"Mahoney, Ann","hits":1},{"value":"Mooney, Jim; Moody, George","hits":1},{"value":"Sherrill, Bob; Baker, George; King, William C.","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"subject_facet","items":[{"value":"Chattanooga (Tenn.)--Race relations","hits":89},{"value":"Race relations","hits":89},{"value":"African Americans--Tennessee--Chattanooga","hits":88},{"value":"African Americans--Social conditions","hits":84},{"value":"Civil rights workers--Tennessee--Chattanooga","hits":79},{"value":"Civil rights demonstrations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","hits":68},{"value":"Segregation--Tennessee--Chattanooga","hits":41},{"value":"Discrimination in public accommodations--Tennessee--Chattanooga","hits":21},{"value":"F.W. Woolworth Company","hits":6},{"value":"S.H. Kress \u0026 Co.","hits":6},{"value":"Public schools--Tennessee--Chattanooga","hits":5}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"event_title_sms","items":[{"value":"Freedom Rides","hits":3}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"location_facet","items":[{"value":"United States, Tennessee, Hamilton County, Chattanooga, 35.04563, -85.30968","hits":89},{"value":"United States, Tennessee, Fayette County, 35.19708, -89.41437","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"us_states_facet","items":[{"value":"Tennessee","hits":89}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"year_facet","items":[{"value":"1960","hits":69},{"value":"1961","hits":16},{"value":"1968","hits":2},{"value":"1974","hits":2},{"value":"1975","hits":2},{"value":"1976","hits":2},{"value":"1977","hits":2},{"value":"1978","hits":2},{"value":"1979","hits":2},{"value":"1980","hits":2},{"value":"1955","hits":1},{"value":"1956","hits":1},{"value":"1959","hits":1},{"value":"1962","hits":1},{"value":"1963","hits":1},{"value":"1964","hits":1},{"value":"1965","hits":1},{"value":"1966","hits":1},{"value":"1967","hits":1},{"value":"1969","hits":1},{"value":"1970","hits":1},{"value":"1971","hits":1},{"value":"1972","hits":1},{"value":"1973","hits":1},{"value":"1981","hits":1},{"value":"1982","hits":1},{"value":"1983","hits":1},{"value":"1984","hits":1},{"value":"1985","hits":1},{"value":"1986","hits":1},{"value":"1987","hits":1},{"value":"1988","hits":1},{"value":"1989","hits":1},{"value":"1990","hits":1},{"value":"1991","hits":1},{"value":"1992","hits":1},{"value":"1993","hits":1},{"value":"1994","hits":1},{"value":"1995","hits":1},{"value":"1996","hits":1},{"value":"1997","hits":1},{"value":"1998","hits":1},{"value":"1999","hits":1},{"value":"2000","hits":1},{"value":"2001","hits":1},{"value":"2002","hits":1},{"value":"2003","hits":1},{"value":"2004","hits":1},{"value":"2005","hits":1},{"value":"2006","hits":1},{"value":"2007","hits":1},{"value":"2008","hits":1},{"value":"2009","hits":1},{"value":"2010","hits":1},{"value":"2011","hits":1},{"value":"2012","hits":1},{"value":"2013","hits":1},{"value":"2014","hits":1},{"value":"2015","hits":1},{"value":"2016","hits":1},{"value":"2017","hits":1}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null},"min":"1955","max":"2017","count":152,"missing":0},{"name":"medium_facet","items":[{"value":"photographs","hits":55},{"value":"clippings (information artifacts)","hits":28},{"value":"scrapbooks","hits":4},{"value":"digital images","hits":2}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"rights_facet","items":[{"value":"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/","hits":89}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"collection_titles_sms","items":[{"value":"Chattanooga Sit-ins and desegregation","hits":89}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"provenance_facet","items":[{"value":"University of Tennessee at Chattanooga","hits":89}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":11,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"class_name","items":[{"value":"Item","hits":89}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"educator_resource_b","items":[{"value":"false","hits":89}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":100,"offset":0,"prefix":null}}]}}