{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"noa_sohpcr_b-0009-2","title":"Oral history interview with Arthur Raper, January 30, 1974","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Raper, Arthur Franklin, 1899-1979"],"dc_date":["1974-01-30"],"dcterms_description":["Arthur Raper was a noted southern sociologist and civil rights activist. During the late 1920s and 1930s, Raper served as the research director for the Commission on Interracial Cooperation, based in Atlanta, Georgia. Focusing primarily on those years in this interview, Raper speaks at length about his interactions with Jessie Daniel Ames and the role of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL) within the Commission's broader program. Describing the ASWPL as a relatively small, independent branch of the Commission, Raper argues that Ames was both an effective and contentious leader. He describes her as an \"excessive feminist\" in this interview, explaining that she advocated for the importance and necessity of separate women's groups in dealing with social problems such as lynching. While Raper indicates that this stance was beneficial in allowing Ames to garner support for her declaration that white southerners ought not to use racist violence to \"protect\" white southern womanhood, he also suggests repeatedly that Ames's outspoken nature and ambition generated tensions between her and the male leaders of the Commission, including executive director Will Alexander and director of education Robert Eleazer. Raper cites only one instance in which he personally came into conflict with Ames, arguing that she sought to sabotage his testimony during the Senate hearings on the Wagner-Van Nuys federal anti-lynching bill because the bill did not reflect her views on how to best combat lynching. Raper concludes by discussing the contributing role of the ASWPL in the declining number of lynchings during the 1930s, and the exclusion of African American women from the organization. Researchers might find particularly interesting the ways in which Raper's assessment of both the negative and positive aspects of Jessie Daniel Ames reveal the underlying tensions and assumptions that characterized the challenges all women faced in public roles during that era.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching","Commission on Interracial Cooperation","Lynching--Southern States","Southern States--Race relations","Women civil rights workers--Southern States","Civil rights workers--Southern States"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Arthur Raper, January 30, 1974"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/B-0009-2/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on March 4, 2008).","Interview participants: Arthur Raper, interviewee; Jacquelyn Hall, interviewer.","Duration: 01:04:21.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Raper, Arthur Franklin, 1899-1979","Ames, Jessie Daniel, 1883-1972","Alexander, Will Winton, 1884-1956"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_a-0073","title":"Oral history interview with John Lewis, November 20, 1973","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Bass, Jack","De Vries, Walter","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Lewis, John, 1940 Feb. 21-"],"dc_date":["1973-11-20"],"dcterms_description":["As the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) from 1963 to 1966, future Georgia Congressman John Lewis was a prominent leader of the civil rights movement. Lewis begins the story of his involvement in the movement in 1957, when he left his family of tenant farmers in rural Pike County, Alabama, to attend the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville, Tennessee. While a seminary student in Nashville, Lewis began to participate in workshops on nonviolence and became an active and leading participant in the sit-in movement of 1960 in Nashville. For Lewis, the sit-in movement was substantial both for changing his personal views on the civil rights movement and for its ability to generate solidarity within the movement. Shortly after his introduction to civil rights activism, Lewis graduated and was ordained. Seeing the civil rights movement as \"an extension of the Church,\" Lewis devoted his energy to the movement full-time thereafter. In 1961, Lewis participated in the Freedom Rides through Mississippi and Alabama, and he offers an extensive overview of their purpose, the violent opposition the Riders faced, and the support they received from civil rights leaders and the White House. After the Freedom Rides, Lewis returned to Nashville, where he headed the Nashville student movement as a graduate student at Fisk University until 1963. That year, Lewis became the chairman of SNCC, a position he held for three years. In vivid detail, Lewis describes the major activities of SNCC during those years, focusing particularly on the Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964, as well as on the voter registration drives in Selma and the subsequent march to Montgomery in 1965. Throughout the interview, Lewis situates the role of SNCC more broadly within the civil rights movement as a whole, speaking at length about the transition from religious to political leadership within the movement, the growing importance of voter registration and political participation, and the need for solidarity within the African American community, particularly at the local level. Additionally, Lewis offers his thoughts on the role of Martin Luther King Jr. as a leader of the movement, focusing on King's influence both on him personally and on the movement nationally. Lewis concludes the interview with an overview of the tensions that began to develop within SNCC during his chairmanship, leading to his decision to leave the organization following Stokely Carmichael's rise to power and the shift towards the politics of black power in 1966.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American civil rights workers--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","Southern States--Race relations--Political aspects","African Americans--Suffrage--Southern States","Voter registration--Southern States","Freedom Rides, 1961","Civil rights--Religious aspects--Christianity"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with John Lewis, November 20, 1973"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0073/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Nov. 20, 2008).","Interview participants: John Lewis, interviewee; Jack Bass, interviewer; Walter DeVries, interviewer.","Duration: 02:00:42.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Lewis, John, 1940-2020"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_b-0057","title":"Oral history interview with Ruth Vick, 1973","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd","Hall, Bob, 1944-","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Polk County, Cedartown, 34.01123, -85.25593"],"dcterms_creator":["Vick, Ruth, 1916-"],"dc_date":["1973"],"dcterms_description":["Ruth Vick joined the Southern Regional Council (SRC) in the 1940s, becoming its only black employee at the time, and rising through the ranks to become a board member at the time of the interview. In her lengthy conversation with two interviewers, Vick discusses decades of SRC history, describing its leadership, organizational details, internal politics, and the SRC's place in the growing civil rights movement. The SRC supported the direct action strategies of the civil rights movement that emerged in force in the 1950s and 1960s, but chose study over sit-ins as a means of change. Vick devotes a great deal of time to discussing the role of African Americans within the organization. The SRC was not immune to the pervasive racism of the segregated South, and African Americans struggled for recognition and equal treatment within the organization.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Southern States--Race relations","Southern Regional Council","African American women civil rights workers--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Cedartown (Ga.)--Social life and customs"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Ruth Vick, 1973"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/B-0057/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on July 3, 2008).","Interview participants: Ruth Vick, interviewee; Jacquelyn Hall, interviewer; Bob Hall, interviewer.","Duration: 06:33:17.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Vick, Ruth, 1916-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_a-0140","title":"Oral history interview with Terry Sanford, date unknown","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["De Vries, Walter","Bass, Jack","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, 35.50069, -80.00032"],"dcterms_creator":["Sanford, Terry, 1917-1998"],"dc_date":["1973/1998"],"dcterms_description":["Former North Carolina Governor Terry Sanford assesses the progressivism of North Carolina politics, arguing that though North Carolinians as a whole are not solidly progressive, they do tend to embrace progressive ideas. Sanford points to Chapel Hill as the beacon of North Carolina politics, where progressivism dominated the political discourse. He also discusses the potency of race in political campaigns, highlighting the 1950 Frank Graham-Willis Smith Senate race and his 1960 gubernatorial campaign against I. Beverly Lake. Sanford contends that racially charged campaigns often determined the direction and fate of politicians' careers. His work with established Democratic Party organizations taught him important lessons on how to divert the public's attention from racial matters to other campaign issues.","Sanford explains that North Carolina did not support machine politics, although the state was dominated by the Democratic Party for nearly a century. Bert Bennett's integral role as political campaigner helped ensure Democratic rule over the state. However, as the Republican Party began to challenge the Democratic Party, North Carolina's one-party system was abandoned. Sanford asserts that the realignment of political parties was able to occur because unfavorable public memories about Republicans faded and internal fighting among Democrats increased. With his 1972 presidential bid, Sanford realized that Republican use of conservative political ideology and rhetoric heavily influenced the future of North Carolina politics. Sanford contends that southern distinctiveness no longer divides the nation, as ideology replaced race as important campaign issues in the 1970s. Sanford finishes the interview by emphasizing the importance of ethics and credibility in political campaigns. He discusses how the increased use of television ads changes campaign strategies and how they impact the ethics of politicians.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["North Carolina--Race relations","Press and politics--North Carolina","Politicians--North Carolina","North Carolina--Politics and government--1951-","Political parties--North Carolina","Political campaigns--North Carolina","Democratic Party (N.C.)","Governors--North Carolina"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Terry Sanford, date unknown"],"dcterms_type":["Sound","Text"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0140/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on June 26, 2008).","Interview participants: Terry Sanford, interviewee; Jack Bass, interviewer; Walter DeVries, interviewer.","Duration: 02:02:36.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Helms, Jesse","Sanford, Terry, 1917-1998"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_g-0066","title":"Oral history interview with Louise Young, February 14, 1972","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd","Hall, Bob, 1944-","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Tennessee, Franklin County, 35.15496, -86.09218","United States, Tennessee, Grundy County, 35.38837, -85.72258","United States, Tennessee, Marion County, Monteagle, 35.24008, -85.8397"],"dcterms_creator":["Young, Louise, b. 1892"],"dc_date":["1972-02-14"],"dcterms_description":["Louise Young was born in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1892 and grew up there with her seven siblings. The Young family highly valued education, and Louise and her brothers and sisters were all expected to attend college, Vanderbilt University for the boys, Vassar College for the girls. Young, however, attended Vanderbilt with her brothers. Vanderbilt had become a coeducational institution, although men still constituted a disproportionate majority of the student body. While at Vanderbilt, Young studied to become a teacher, graduating at the age of sixteen. She spent the next three years working towards her graduate degrees while studying on fellowship at the University of Wisconsin and Bryn Mawr College. While living in the North, Young became increasingly cognizant of her own lack of knowledge of the nature of race relations in the South and became determined to better understand and combat racial injustice. Having grown up in a Methodist home with relatively progressive racial politics, Young explains that her upbringing had led her to believe in the basic equality of all people, although she acknowledges that others with similar backgrounds did not share her progressive views on race at that time.","In 1919, Young accepted a position teaching at Paine College, an African American institution of higher learning, in Augusta, Georgia. She taught there for several years and describes what it was like to work with a predominantly African American faculty. In 1922, Young resigned from her post at Paine College and was hired as the Dean of Women at the Hampton Institute in Virginia, where she continued her work in African American education. She suggests that racial dynamics at Hampton Institute were different from those at Paine College because of the role of white educators from the North. Three years later, in 1925, Young was appointed director of the Department of Home Missions at Scarritt College for Christian Workers in Nashville, Tennessee. Young explains that her position essentially was geared towards facilitating race relations between students at Scarritt College and Fisk University in Nashville. In particular, she worked with white students at Scarritt who were commissioned by the church to draw in African American membership and to work within the community to promote better relationships between the races. Young held this position for more than thirty years, she discusses in great detail the role of women's church groups (especially in relationship to men's groups), dynamics between students at Scarritt and at Fisk, and efforts of the Home Missions Department to advocate for integration in Nashville. In addition, Young describes her involvement with women's groups, such as the YWCA and the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, and her support of labor activism during the 1930s and 1940s, specifically as espoused by the Highland Folk School in Tennessee. Throughout the interview, Young consistently emphasizes themes of social justice in relationship to race, gender, and class.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching","Highlander Folk School (Monteagle, Tenn.)","Women teachers","Women social reformers--Southern States","Women college teachers--Southern States","Women college administrators--Southern States","Methodist women--Southern States","Southern States--Race relations","Race relations--Religious aspects--Christianity","Women in church work--Southern States","Social movements--Religious aspects--Christianity--Southern States"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Louise Young, February 14, 1972"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0066/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Dec. 2, 2008).","Interview participants: Louise Young, interviewee; Jacquelyn Hall, interviewer; Bob Hall, interviewer.","Duration: 03:09:02.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Young, Louise, 1892-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_g-0058","title":"Oral history interview with Thelma Stevens, February 13, 1972","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd","Hall, Bob, 1944-","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, Richmond County, Augusta, 33.47097, -81.97484","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Stevens, Thelma"],"dc_date":["1972-02-13"],"dcterms_description":["Thelma Stevens was a lifelong advocate of social justice and spent much of her career working to better race relations for African Americans in the South. She begins the interview with a discussion of her formative years in rural Mississippi. One of her earliest memories was of the inhumane treatment of African American prisoners who worked on a nearby farm. Her childhood was also shaped by limited economic means and a strong sense of social responsibility. Following the death of her parents, Stevens, who was ten at the time, went to live with her older sister. She describes her struggles in school and her career as a teacher following her graduation from high school in 1919. In 1922, Stevens left her job as a teacher to pursue a degree at the State Teachers College (now the University of Southern Mississippi at Hattiesburg). While there, Stevens was active in the YWCA. Despite opposition from the college administration, she worked to develop better communication between the college and the community and to alleviate racial tensions and discrimination. After graduating, Stevens continued her education at Scarritt College for Christian Workers. Stevens outlines the history of Scarritt College and describes her own experiences there. Although she was hesitant to work for the Methodist Church, which she feared did not do enough to improve race relations, Stevens ultimately found employment with the Women's Division of the Methodist Church, accepting the position of director of the Bethlehem Center, a community center for African Americans, in Augusta, Georgia. Stevens describes the history of the Bethlehem Center, originally founded in 1911, in great detail and provides vivid anecdotes about her own work there. She describes the center's work in the African American community, which included service activities and leadership development. In addition, she describes how the dictates of Jim Crow segregation sometimes shaped the nature of the center's work. Stevens offers her observations of other social justice organizations and activities of the era. She discusses the relationship of radical politics to social justice movements of the 1930s; the role of women like Jessie Daniel Ames and Dorothy Tilly in organizing southern women; and the purpose of groups like the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching and the Fellowship of the Concerned. The interview concludes with a discussion of her promotion to the post of Superintendent of Christian Social Relations of the Women's Missionary Council for the Methodist Episcopal Church. Stevens describes her efforts to promote more interaction between white and black women in the North and the South during her brief interim in Nashville, and she concludes with a brief discussion of her work in New York beginning in 1940. Her work with the Methodist Church continued until her retirement in 1968.","NOTE: Audio for this interview is not available.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Mississippi--Race relations","Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching","Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Women's Division","Women social reformers--Southern States","Methodist Church (U.S.). Board of Missions Woman's Division--Employees","Woman's Missionary Council--Employees","Church and social problems--Methodist Church","Community development--Georgia--Augusta","African Americans--Civil rights--United States","Southern States--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Thelma Stevens, February 13, 1972"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 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Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Stevens, Thelma","Tilly, Dorothy Rogers, 1883-1970"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null}],"pages":{"current_page":22,"next_page":null,"prev_page":21,"total_pages":22,"limit_value":12,"offset_value":252,"total_count":258,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":true},"facets":[{"name":"type_facet","items":[{"value":"Sound","hits":258},{"value":"Text","hits":258}],"options":{"sort":"count","limit":16,"offset":0,"prefix":null}},{"name":"creator_facet","items":[{"value":"Pollitt, Daniel H.","hits":10},{"value":"Talmadge, Herman E. (Herman Eugene), 1913-2002","hits":4},{"value":"Spaulding, Asa T. (Asa Timothy), 1902-1990","hits":3},{"value":"Baker, Ella, 1903-1986","hits":2},{"value":"Barnes, Billy E. 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