{"response":{"docs":[{"id":"noa_sohpcr_b-0003","title":"Oral history interview with Clark Foreman, November 16, 1974","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd","Finger, William R.","Foreman, Mairi","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018","United States, North Carolina, Buncombe County, 35.61122, -82.5301","United States, North Carolina, Buncombe County, Black Mountain, 35.6179, -82.32123"],"dcterms_creator":["Foreman, Clark, 1902-1977"],"dc_date":["1974-11-16"],"dcterms_description":["This interview covers three separate conversations with Clark Foreman regarding his career in race relations, public service, and politics. His childhood in Georgia and his travels in Europe led to his work for the Commission on Interracial Cooperation in Atlanta with Will Alexander. His enduring reputation as a radical and rumored Communist began during his tenure with the Phelps-Stokes and Julius Rosenwald Funds. He acted out his growing commitment to integration and political equality while supervising New Deal projects for the Department of the Interior, the state parks, the interdepartmental committee on Negro affairs, and the power division of the Public Works Authority. This interview also addresses his attempts to provide more public housing for African Americans, and his opinion of leadership styles within the Interracial Commission and the Southern Conference for Human Welfare. He explains why the Southern Conference needed to endorse the Henry Wallace 1948 campaign, even though it was unsuccessful. He also compares the contributions of socialists and communists to the Southern Conference at state and national levels. Foreman lost jobs over false reports that he endorsed Communism or was too aggressive in his work. The interview concludes with comments by Clark and Mairi Foreman about his work with Black Mountain College, the Navy, and the National Citizens PAC, especially focusing on how his children developed radical views during those years.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Southern States--Economic conditions","Georgia--Race relations","Lynching--Georgia--History--20th century","Southern Conference for Human Welfare","Civil rights workers","Civil rights workers--Attitudes","United States--Officials and employees--Interviews","United States--Officials and employees--Attitudes","Southern States--Economic conditions--20th century","Civil rights--Southern States--20th century","Southern States--Race relations","New Deal, 1933-1939","United States--Politics and government--1933-1945","United States--Social conditions--1933-1945","Commission on Interracial Cooperation","Phelps-Stokes Fund","Julius Rosenwald Fund","Southern Regional Council","Black Mountain College (Black Mountain, N.C.)","National Citizens Political Action Committee"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Clark Foreman, November 16, 1974"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/B-0003/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on March 14, 2008).","Interview participants: Clark Foreman, interviewee; Mairi Foreman, interviewee; Jacquelyn Hall, interviewer; Bill Finger, interviewer.","Duration: 04:55:32.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Graham, Frank Porter, 1886-1972","Foreman, Clark, 1902-1977","Foreman, Mairi","Wallace, Henry A. (Henry Agard), 1888-1965"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_g-0056-1","title":"Oral history interview with Modjeska Simkins, November 15, 1974","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009"],"dcterms_creator":["Simkins, Modjeska Monteith, 1899-1992"],"dc_date":["1974-11-15"],"dcterms_description":["Modjeska Simkins was born into a prosperous African American family in Columbia, South Carolina, in 1899. Simkins begins the interview by briefly describing her family background and her upbringing. The daughter of an educated African American woman and an accomplished bricklayer whose birth was the product of an interracial relationship during Reconstruction, Simkins describes growing up on a sizable farm and attending private school at Benedict College, where she completed her elementary, secondary, and collegiate education. In describing her childhood, Simkins focuses on describing what she calls her lack of \"color consciousness\" in relationship to her own racial heritage and her education. In addition, she emphasizes the impact of her parents' \"fearlessness\" and their determination to help those less fortunate. Simkins cites their example as particularly influential in her own decision to later become involved in the South Carolina Commission on Interracial Cooperation and similar organizations, including the NAACP and the Southern Negro Youth Conference. In the second interview in this series of two (G-0056-2), Simkins describes her involvement in various organizations in much more detail; however, here she focuses more specifically on her involvement in the Interracial Commission, especially during its formative years in the 1920s and its evolution into the 1930s and 1940s. In so doing, she addresses the work of the Interracial Commission in confronting segregation and lynching. Of particular interest to researchers is her discussion of the roles of women in leadership positions within social justice movements during the 1920s and her effort to differentiate between the unique capabilities that southern social hierarchies afforded African American women and white women. Finally, Simkins offers a number of illuminating anecdotes regarding racial tension throughout the interview.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Women civil rights workers","Interracial Commission (S.C.)","African American women civil rights workers--South Carolina","Civil rights movements--Southern States","Leadership in women--Southern States","South Carolina Commission on Interracial Cooperation","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Southern States--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Modjeska Simkins, November 15, 1974"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0056-1/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on July 18, 2008).","Interview participants: Modjeska Simkins, interviewee; Jacquelyn Hall, interviewer.","Duration: 01:34:55.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Simkins, Modjeska Monteith, 1899-1992"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_b-0002","title":"Oral history interview with Robert Coles, October 24, 1974","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd","Campbell, D'Ann, 1949-","Roper, John Herbert, 1948-","Jones, Beverly Washington, 1948-","Kasson, John F., 1944-","Williamson, Joel","Randolph, Tom","Williams, Derrick","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, 39.76, -98.5","United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018"],"dcterms_creator":["Coles, Robert"],"dc_date":["1974-10-24"],"dcterms_description":["Robert Coles is a child psychiatrist and writer at Harvard University. While much of his professional career was based at Harvard, Coles spent most of the 1960s and 1970s living in Georgia and devoted considerable attention to studying minority children. Perhaps best known for his five-volume series  Children of Crisis, Coles contributed significantly to the emerging field of oral history during his years in the South. The interview is in the form of a discussion between Robert Coles and group of University of North Carolina professors and students. The interview is especially geared towards a discussion of Coles's thoughts on the developing methodologies of oral history, particularly as they relate to the use of tape recorders. Coles argues that he increasingly used tape recorders in order to appear more \"scientific\" in his research; however, he expresses reluctance about the use of such technology, arguing that it was more effective to spend considerable time with interviewees in order to better understand their experiences. In so doing, Coles argues that the purpose of oral history should strive to go beyond understanding the experiences of others in order to promote social change. Throughout the interview, Coles offers numerous examples of his own work with African Americans and other minority groups, especially migrant workers, in order to illustrate his own approach to oral history and its academic purposes. Coles also speaks more broadly about himself as a writer, often drawing comparisons between the work of academic writers and creative writers such as William Faulkner and Flannery O'Connor. Researchers interested in the institutional evolution of academia during the 1970s will be particularly interested in this interview.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Child psychiatrists--United States","Authors","Oral history--Methodology","Authorship","Psychiatry--Methodology","Interviewing in psychiatry--United States","Psychology and literature","Social justice in literature"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Robert Coles, October 24, 1974"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/B-0002/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Duration: 01:26:00"],"dlg_subject_personal":["Coles, Robert"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_e-0058","title":"Oral history interview with Elizabeth Brooks, October 2, 1974","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Jones, Beverly Washington, 1948-","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Orange County, 36.0613, -79.1206","United States, North Carolina, Orange County, Chapel Hill, 35.9132, -79.05584"],"dcterms_creator":["Brooks, Elizabeth"],"dc_date":["1974-10-02"],"dcterms_description":["Elizabeth Brooks discusses her role in the UNC Food Workers Strike of 1969. Originally from Caswell County, North Carolina, Brooks had lived in Hillsborough since 1949. Prior to working for food services at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Brooks spent her time raising nine children. The job at UNC was her first, and she had only recently started to work in Lenoir Dining Hall when the first stage of the strike began in February of 1969. Although she was a new employee, Brooks was one of the leaders of the strike. Here Brooks focuses on the workers' grievances regarding the unexpected firing of employees, low wages, unrealistic demands on workers' time, and withheld back pay. After failed negotiations with the administration, Brooks and some of the other workers organized the strike with the help of Preston Dobbins and the Black Student Movement at UNC. Within a month, the initial demands of the strikers had been met, but Brooks's interview ends by looking towards the beginning of the second strike that occurred after SAGA took over food services for the university.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Strikes and lockouts--North Carolina--Chapel Hill","African American women--North Carolina--Chapel Hill","Strikes and lockouts--Food industry and trade--North Carolina--Chapel Hill","Food service employees--North Carolina--Chapel Hill","Food service employees--Labor unions--North Carolina--Chapel Hill","Food industry and trade--Employees--Labor unions--North Carolina--Chapel Hill","University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Black Student Movement"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Elizabeth Brooks, October 2, 1974"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/E-0058/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on March 3, 2008).","Interview participants: Elizabeth Brooks, interviewee; Beverly Jones, interviewer.","Duration: 01:04:43.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Brooks, Elizabeth","Scott, Robert Walter, 1929-2009"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_e-0001","title":"Oral history interview with David Burgess, September 25, 1974","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd","Finger, William R.","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, 34.00043, -81.00009"],"dcterms_creator":["Burgess, David S., 1917-"],"dc_date":["1974-09-25"],"dcterms_description":["Following his early life in China as a child of missionary parents, David Burgess returned to the United States to attend Oberlin College and Union Theological Seminary, where he cultivated a social activist worldview. His religious beliefs dovetailed with his social activism: Burgess explains how his educational background initially led him to conscientiously object to World War II. However, his ideological intimacy with Union Theological Seminary professor Reinhold Niebuhr caused Burgess to enter the military draft. For health reasons, however, he was not admitted to the military. Burgess's relationship with Niebuhr also had a profound impact on his later labor activism. Burgess and his wife, Alice Stevens, eventually moved to south Florida to focus on southern labor issues. He worked tirelessly to improve the working conditions, political options, and housing status of southern workers. Burgess discusses obstacles to labor organizing he faced in the South, including charges that he was a communist. He discusses his organizational and administrative work with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), largely in Rock Hill, South Carolina, and Atlanta, Georgia, during the late 1940s and early 1950s. During this time, Burgess began to alter his perception of larger labor groups like the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the CIO. Working as a CIO administrator placed him in a difficult position as an enemy to both black and white workers. Burgess blames the lack of organizational strength of the CIO on Walter Reuther's leadership. As the CIO and AFL merged, Reuther failed to maintain labor organizing as the central focus of the labor group. Burgess came to view the AFL-CIO merger as the beginning of further racial and inter-union frictions and a decline in idealism. In 1955, Burgess requested a labor ambassadorship to Burma. Despite being rejected because of his affiliation with communist groups, Burgess conducted international labor work until the late 1970s. Burgess assesses the racial and social changes in the South following his return in 1977.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Southern States--Race relations","Trade-unions--Southern States","AFL-CIO","Fellowship of Southern Churchmen","Labor movement--South Carolina","Labor unions--Southern States--Officials and employees","Labor unions--Organizing--Southern States","Labor unions--Southern States--Political activity","Congress of Industrial Organizations (U.S.)","Labor unions--Southern States--Religious aspects","Church work with the working class--Southern States","Labor unions and communism"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with David Burgess, September 25, 1974"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/E-0001/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on July 31, 2008).","Interview participants: David Burgess, interviewee; Jacquelyn Hall, interviewer; Bill Finger, interviewer.","uration: 01:32:40.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Graham, Frank Porter, 1886-1972","Burgess, David S., 1917-"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_g-0007","title":"Oral history interview with Ella Baker, September 4, 1974","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Walker, Eugene P. (Eugene Pierce), 1936-","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Baker, Ella, 1903-1986"],"dc_date":["1974-09-04"],"dcterms_description":["Ella Baker was an instrumental figure in the formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) during the late 1950s and in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) during the early 1960s. Baker begins the interview by describing how her work in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from the late 1930s into the early 1950s gave her a strong background for understanding the conditions of racial segregation and discrimination in the Jim Crow South. According to Baker, the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, along with the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1954, generated strong momentum for direct, collective action against segregation in the South. According to Baker, the SCLC was born out of that momentum, primarily at the behest of southern clergy. Arguing that the initial seeds of the SCLC were planted in a meeting she held with Bayard Rustin and Stanley Levinson, Baker describes how an executive committee was formed and how Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as the chosen spokesperson and president of the organization. From there, Baker goes on to explain why ministers were seen as appropriate leaders in the civil rights movement and how they continued to serve as the primary leaders within the SCLC. Baker describes SCLC as less ideological and more spontaneously oriented around philosophies of Christianity and Ghandian nonviolence. Baker spends considerable time describing her perception of the roles various leaders such as Rustin, Levinson, and King played in the organization, as well as the influence she exerted in selecting the SCLC's first executive director, Reverend John Tilly. Additionally, Baker explains why she never was appointed to an official position of leadership within the SCLC, despite the fact that she exercised a high level of responsibility in organizing meetings and activities, citing her age, her gender, and the fact that she was not a minister as the primary reasons for her \"behind-the-scenes\" role. Baker also spends considerable time in describing her role in the formation of SNCC and tensions between SNCC and other organizations, including the SCLC and the NAACP. According to Baker, SNCC found itself at odds with the more established organizations because of its youthful membership and its adherence to direct action. Researchers will be especially interested by Baker's insider perspective on the formation of and interactions between these preeminent civil rights organizations, as well as her candid portrait of civil rights leaders.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["African American women civil rights workers--Southern States","Southern Christian Leadership Conference","Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Civil rights movements--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Ella Baker, September 4, 1974"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0007/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on Nov. 14, 2008).","Interview participants: Ella Baker, interviewee; unidentified speaker, interviewee; Eugene Walker, interviewer.","Duration: 03:34:21.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-Chapel Hill digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Jennifer Joyner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Baker, Ella, 1903-1986"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_b-0007-2","title":"Oral history interview with Howard Kester, August 25, 1974","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Frederickson, Mary","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, South Carolina, Beaufort County, Saint Helena Island, 32.38686, -80.56066","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434","United States, Tennessee, Davidson County, Nashville, 36.16589, -86.78444"],"dcterms_creator":["Kester, Howard, 1904-1977"],"dc_date":["1974-08-25"],"dcterms_description":["Howard Kester was a Socialist and Christian who advocated for social justice causes throughout the South from the mid-1920s through the 1960s. In this interview, he discusses his involvement with such organizations as the YMCA and YWCA, the Fellowship of Reconciliation, the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen, the Committee on Economic and Racial Justice, the Penn School, the Southern Summer School for Women Workers, and the Southern Tenant Farmers Union. Throughout the interview, Kester emphasizes his radical Christian values and Socialist leanings in relationship to his beliefs regarding fundamental human equality. Kester equates the struggles of African Americans with those of workers, and views social justice issues as relevant to all Americans, regardless of their social standing. He discusses both the progress made towards these ends as well as the obstacles that remained, primarily during the 1930s and 1940s. He also describes the leadership roles and beliefs of fellow social activists such as Reinhold Niebuhr, Elizabeth Gilman, Alva Taylor, Elizabeth Jones, Louise Young, Louise Leonard McLaren, and Kester's wife, Alice Harris Kester.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Trade-unions--Southern States","Southern Summer School for Women Workers in Industry (U.S.)","Social reformers--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Employee rights--Southern States","Working class--Civil rights--Southern States","Southern States--Race relations","Social justice--Southern States--Religious aspects","Penn School (Saint Helena Island, S.C.)","Young Women's Christian associations--Tennessee--Nashville","Fellowship of Southern Churchmen","Southern Tenant Farmers' Union","Fellowship of Reconciliation (U.S.)","Young Men's Christian associations--Tennessee--Nashville"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Howard Kester, August 25, 1974"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Documenting the American South (Project)"],"edm_is_shown_by":null,"edm_is_shown_at":["http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/B-0007-2/menu.html"],"dcterms_temporal":null,"dcterms_rights_holder":null,"dcterms_bibliographic_citation":null,"dlg_local_right":null,"dcterms_medium":["transcripts","sound recordings","oral histories (literary works)"],"dcterms_extent":["Title from menu page (viewed on May 22, 2008).","Interview participants: Howard Kester, interviewee; Mary Frederickson, interviewer.","Duration: 01:35:38.","This electronic edition is part of the UNC-CH digital library, Documenting the American South. It is a part of the collection Oral histories of the American South.","Text encoded by Mike Millner. Sound recordings digitized by Aaron Smithers."],"dlg_subject_personal":["Kester, Howard, 1904-1977"],"dcterms_subject_fast":null,"fulltext":null},{"id":"noa_sohpcr_b-0007-1","title":"Oral history interview with Howard Kester, July 22, 1974","collection_id":"noa_sohpcr","collection_title":"Oral Histories of the American South: The Civil Rights Movement","dcterms_contributor":["Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd","Finger, William R.","Southern Oral History Program"],"dcterms_spatial":["United States, North Carolina, Orange County, 36.0613, -79.1206","United States, North Carolina, Orange County, Chapel Hill, 35.9132, -79.05584","United States, Southern States, 33.346678, -84.119434"],"dcterms_creator":["Kester, Howard, 1904-1977"],"dc_date":["1974-07-22"],"dcterms_description":["Howard Kester was born in Virginia in 1904. Raised by his father, a merchant tailor and Klansman, and his religious mother, Kester left home to attend Lynchburg College during the early 1920s. During his time in college, Kester had the opportunity to tour war-torn Europe in 1923. After witnessing the devastation that World War I had wrought on Europe, Kester became a pacifist and abided by that philosophy for the rest of his life. Upon his return to Lynchburg, he became increasingly interested in race problems in the South. Likening the plight of Jews in Eastern Europe to that of African Americans in the South, Kester helped to organize the first interracial student group in the South. He describes in this interview how his efforts to find locales for interracial student meetings were often met with fierce opposition in the community. After graduating from Lynchburg, Kester continued to work for causes of social justice. In addition to his hope of eliminating racial hatred, Kester became an advocate of the labor movement and began to seek ways of uniting African American and white workers in the South. During the 1920s and 1930s, Kester worked with such groups as the Fellowship of Reconciliation and the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen. In the early 1930s, he worked closely with the NAACP in order to investigate incidents of lynching throughout the South. Around the same time, he began to work closely with the Southern Tenant Farmers Union, helping to establish the Delta and Providence Farms. Throughout the interview, Kester emphasizes the importance of his Christian faith and his adherence to the Social Gospel to his thoughts on social justice. In the early 1930s, Kester joined the Socialist Party, but remained fiercely opposed to Communism and its infiltration into the labor movement because he believed it was not in tune with Christian values. Kester's recollections throughout the interview are revealing of the problems of race and labor in the South during these years. Moreover, he offers illuminating anecdotes and insightful assessments of other social justice leaders such as Reinhold Niebuhr, Will Alexander, Jessie Daniel Ames, Will Campbell, and Kester's wife, Alice Harris Kester.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Southern States--Race relations","Southern Tenant Farmers' Union","African Americans--North Carolina--Chapel Hill","African Americans--North Carolina--Chapel Hill--Attitudes","African Americans--North Carolina--Chapel Hill--Social life and customs--20th century","African American students--Education (Secondary)--North Carolina--Chapel Hill","Segregation in education--North Carolina--Chapel Hill","Civil rights demonstrations--North Carolina--Chapel Hill","Chapel Hill High School (Chapel Hill, N.C.)","Social reformers--Southern States","Pacifists--Southern States","Social justice--Religious aspects--Christianity--Southern States","Social justice--Southern States--Societies, etc.","Social movements--Southern States","Labor movement--Southern States","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Lynching--Southern States"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Howard Kester, July 22, 1974"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 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Hamilton concludes the interview with a brief discussion of the sit-in movement of 1960 in Atlanta and her election to the Georgia state legislature in 1965.","The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata."],"dc_format":["text/html","text/xml","audio/mpeg"],"dcterms_identifier":null,"dcterms_language":["eng"],"dcterms_publisher":null,"dc_relation":["Forms part of Oral histories of the American South collection."],"dc_right":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dcterms_is_part_of":null,"dcterms_subject":["Southern Regional Council","Women civil rights workers","Young Women's Christian associations","Women in politics--Georgia","African American women civil rights workers--Georgia--Atlanta","African American women legislators--Georgia","African Americans--Civil rights--Southern States","Civil rights movements--Southern States","African Americans--Segregation--Georgia--Atlanta","Atlanta Urban League","Atlanta (Ga.)--Race relations"],"dcterms_title":["Oral history interview with Grace Towns Hamilton, July 19, 1974"],"dcterms_type":["Text","Sound"],"dcterms_provenance":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 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